科別 : 外語群 作品名稱 : 臺灣百老匯 歌仔戲的復甦之道 Taiwan Broadway Ways to Revive Taiwanese Opera

Transcription

1 科別 : 外語群 作品名稱 : 臺灣百老匯 歌仔戲的復甦之道 Taiwan Broadway Ways to Revive Taiwanese Opera 關鍵字 :Gezaixi Culture Revival [ 鍵入文字 ] [ 鍵入文字 ] [ 鍵入文字 ]

2 Abstract With the advancement of science and technology, entertainment programs have flourished and progressively replaced traditional Taiwanese musical arts, such as Taiwanese Opera. Alternatively, Western Musicals have remained relatively unaffected by time. They have even introduced musical films like Phantom of the Opera and Les Miserables. We would like to discover why Taiwanese Opera is no longer popular among Modern Taiwanese. In contrast, Western Musicals have attracted many viewers around the world. For better understanding, we used literature reviews to explore the origin, advancement and the beauty of Taiwanese Opera. Moreover, we distributed a questionnaire and conducted several interviews to find out the current situation of Taiwanese Opera. We realized that one of the main reasons why Taiwanese Opera is no longer popular among the younger generation is that young people are not aware of its development. Therefore, they have a stereotype that Taiwanese Opera is boring and it s only a show for the elderly. To return Taiwanese Opera to its previous popularity, we elicited a solution to this problem, and offered some suggestions to make it more appealing to the modern population. Taiwanese Opera evokes childhood memories for most Taiwanese and is part of our historical heritage. After completing our research, we strongly believe that this art is worth endorsing. Keywords: Gezaixi, Culture, Revival i [ 鍵入文字 ] [ 鍵入文字 ] [ 鍵入文字 ]

3 Table of Contents I. Introduction Background Motivation Purposes & Research Question.. 1 II. Methodology Participants Instruments Interview III. Findings & Discussion Meaning & Origin of Gezaixi...3 Classic Actors & Works Beauty of Taiwanese Opera... 4 Comparison between Musicals & Taiwanese Opera.5 Questionnaire & Data analysis..6 Interview....8 IV. Conclusion... 9 [ 鍵入文字 ] [ 鍵入文字 ] [ 鍵入文字 ] ii

4 Ⅰ. Introduction 1. Background Why Taiwan Broadway? Broadway is a famous venue for Western musicals. When talking about Broadway, we envision musicals that include singing and dancing. Taiwanese opera is similar, so this is the topic we would like to research. 2. Motivation Recently, we saw a musical movie called La La Land which we found really interesting. It reminded us of its counterpart in Taiwan, Taiwanese Opera. However, the truth is, Taiwanese Opera is diminishing in popularity, and we are worried about its future. After we did intensive research of Taiwanese Opera, we saw the beauty in it, such as its tones and profound lyrics. Therefore, we decided to investigate how to revive it. 3. Purposes and Research Questions Both Western musicals and Taiwanese opera use singing to relay a plot. Why have Western musicals remained unaffected by time while the crowds around a Taiwanese opera have disappeared? a. Using a comparison between Western Musicals and Taiwanese operas, we will discuss why Taiwanese opera is less prosperous than its counterpart. b. Designing a questionnaire to understand why Taiwanese opera has diminished in popularity. c. Offering ways to help revive Taiwanese Opera. Ⅱ. Methodology 1. Participants We adopted a questionnaire to collect data. There were three major groups of participants: teenagers, the middle-aged and the elderly. There were fifty 1

5 participants in each age group. 2. Instruments We employed a camera, video recorder, a questionnaire, excel, word, power point, and costumes. 3. Interview We visited Minghuayueng, Feng Sheng Yizhen Opera and Hsiaocheng Opera. We interviewed the chief members of each opera. Picture 1. Feng Sheng Yizhen Opera Picture 2. Interview with Feng Sheng Yizhen Opera members Picture 3.Minghuayueng Opera Picture 4. Interview with Hsiaocheng Opera members 2

6 Picture 5. Interview with Minghuayueng Opera members Picture 6. Actors of Minghuayueng Opera Ⅲ. Findings & Discussion 1. Meaning and origin of Gezaixi a. Meaning Gezaixi, also called Kerhhsi, is currently the most representative aspect of Taiwan s culture. Gezaixi is mainly performed with Han poetry, classical Chinese and the Minan dialect. It was also the main recreation for people in agricultural society. Gezaixi was officially recognized as an important asset of traditional Taiwanese culture. b. Origin Taiwanese Opera originated during the Japanese occupation, mainly known as the Kominka movement. At that time, the Japanese considered Taiwanese opera as a product from Han culture, therefore, Taiwanese Opera was forbidden. They were ordered to wear traditional Japanese clothes and Katana blades. Even in 福建, the KMT forbade Taiwanese Opera because it sounded like wailing during the performance and was even viewed as bad luck. It was not until the Japanese lost the war that Taiwan loosened its limits on Taiwanese Opera. Later on, in 1947, the government promoted the Mandarin Policy that oppressed Taiwanese Opera. Although they faced many difficulties, through the hard work of many entertainers, Taiwanese Opera became accepted again. 3

7 c. Change of performance sites Outdoor Gezaixi Indoor Gezaixi Broadcast Gezaixi Movie Gezaixi TV Gezaixi Stage Gezaixi Chart.1 Outdoor Gezaixi Indoor Gezaixi Broadcast Gezaixi Movie Gezaixi TV Gezaixi Stage Gezaixi Seen at road sides and in front of temples Performed in theaters and profitable Recorded and sung in the studio by a broadcast Gezaixi troupe. Made into movies and were quite popular at that time Moved from stage to TV and was filmed using lip sync Supported by the government and went on stage at the National Theater and other important sites. 2. Classic actors and works Under the voluntary and passionate promotion of Gezaishi s entertainers and after years of improvement, each story has become nostalgic to people. a. Senior actors: Yang Li-Hua( 楊麗花 ), Sun Cui-Feng( 孫翠鳳 ), Tang Mei-Yun( 唐美雲 ), Guo Chun-Mei( 郭春美 ), Wu Ming-Xia ( 巫明霞 ), Ye Qing( 葉青 ), and Chen Ya-Lan( 陳亞蘭 ). b. Well-known works: Princess Wenchen( 文成公主 ), Duck King( 鴨母王 ), White Snake Biography( 白蛇傳 ), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingta( 梁山伯與祝英台 ), Smelly Hongwu Jun( 臭頭仔洪武君 ), and Zhaojun Wang( 王昭君 ). 3. Beauty of Taiwanese Opera The beauty of traditional culture lies in its art and lasts for a long time without change. The beauty of Taiwanese Opera is vividly found in the actors language, costume, makeup, tone, instrument and story 4

8 Chart.2 Taiwanese Opera Language Costume Makeup Tone Instrument Stage Plot Minan dialect, Hakka dialect and Taiwanese folk slang Distinguished according to the characters such as gender, wealth, Wen & Wu Sheng and age. Thick makeup and varies according to the characters; uses of colors and exaggerating lines to highlight their facial features. Integrating folk songs, drama music and opera minors. The main tones are the Chitzu tone, weeping tone, memorizing tone, murmuring tone, walking tone, duma tone, and reciting tone. Wen stage on right hand side: strings, erhu, flute, suona and yueqin. Wu stage on the left hand side: different drums and gongs. Theater stage: performance section, back stage and Wen Wu stage. Outdoor stage: simple equipment normally with a table and two chairs. Historical stories, folk legends and love stories 4. Comparison between Western musicals and Taiwanese Opera Chart.3 Taiwanese Opera Western Musicals ( 註五 ) ( 註六 ) Costume Mandarin jacket ( 長袍馬褂 ) Changes based on the story Tone Excessive tones Mainly Pop & Classical music 5

9 Stage Plot Summary Sparse decoration with little Various settings with the story change Humor, satire, sentiment, love & Folk legends & Love stories anger The main reasons that Western Musicals attract the public may lie in their diversity and a close connection to modern people. 5. Questionnaire and data analysis Age Above Would you like to watch Taiwanese Opera in the psat or when you were a kid? 10% 90% Taiwanese Opera used to be most people s childhood memories. 31~49 26% 74% 12~30 38% 62% No Yes 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Age Above Do you watch Taiwaneese Opera? 42% 58% Compared with chart 1, it can be seen that the viewers of Taiwanese Opera have decreased. 31~49 30% 70% 98% No 12~30 2% Yes 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Age Above 50 31~49 3. What is your impression of Taiwanese Opera now? 14% 86% Boring 16% 84% Interesting According to chart 3, except the middle aged and the elders, most youngsters think Taiwanese opera is boring. 12~30 16% 84% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6

10 Age Above 50 31~49 12~30 4. Why don't you watch Taiwanese Opera gradually? 8% 64% 24% 4% 0% 50% 28% 22% 0% 20% 8% 72% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Others Have no time Don't know the Boring It is shown by chart 4 that the main reasons for its decline are that people don t have time, don t know the passages and think it s boring. Age Above Speaking of Taiwanese Opera, could you think of a famous actor or work immediately? 22% 78% From chart 5, we can understand that Taiwanese Opera can t impress young people. 31~49 12~30 12% 22% 78% 88% No Yes Age 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6. Do you know Taiwanese Opera is popular that they have conducted tour performances overseas? Above 50 31~49 10% 34% 66% 90% No Yes Chart 6 shows that the advertisement of Taiwanese Opera in Taiwan is not vast and strong. 12~30 27% 73% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Age Above Do you know high technological splendid effects and even wire-flying are added into Taiwanese Opera? 31~49 12~30 17% 30% 42% 58% 70% 83% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Don't know Know Based on chart7, most people have a stereotype in Taiwanese Opera and they are not willing to watch it. Therefore this is causing the public to be not aware of the development of Taiwanese Opera. 7

11 Age Above 50 31~49 12~30 8. Will you be interested in Taiwanese Opera if you know it has become diversified? 1% 1% 3% 15% 22% 29% 70% 75% 84% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Interested in it all the time No Yes From chart 8, we can learn that if everyone knows that Taiwanese Opera has become so advanced, their interest will be stimulated. According to the questionnaire, the reasons why the middle-aged and the elders don t watch Taiwanese Opera are that they don t have time or they don t know where to watch it. On the other hand, youngsters have a stereotype that Taiwanese Opera is boring and it is a show that old people watch. The only thing we can be sure of is that if there are more ways of watching Taiwanese Opera and youngsters know the progress of it, more people will be attracted and willing to spend time on enjoying our precious culture. 6. Interview For further understanding of current Gezaishi, we personally visited the Gezaishi troupe and asked the actors some questions. Q1: Please name some common instruments used in the performance. A1: Erhu and saxophone were used in the beginning; electronic piano, Jazz drums and an electronic guitar were added later on. Gezaishi is a drama that is open to change. Western instruments are used, such as string and wind instruments on the Wen stage and percussion on the Wu stage. Q2: Are there any special requirements for the performers? A2: Without drama schools, past performers were instructed by professionals. They were sometimes scolded and whipped to learn. Nowadays, performers are lucky to learn Gezaishi in drama schools. Q3: Have there been any changes between past and current Gezaishi? A3: Currently, Gezaishi costumes and props are more intricate. Q4: Has anything new been introduced into traditional Gezaishi? A4: Yes, the shows at night are usually not traditional. They add pop music to the shows. Q5: Would you accept modernization of the plot? A5: For sure. 8

12 Q6: Do you think the audience has become smaller, why? A6: A little bit. The younger generation come to enjoy the added technology such as the light show. Q7: Will a small audience influence your mood? A7: Never. Our major audience is the Gods and people are the minority. We won t perform casually even there is nobody watching. Q8: To pass on our tradition, do you have any suggestions? A8: More support offered by the government, such as money and promotions. Teenagers can also help promote it to other youngsters. Q9: How many times do you perform every year? A9: Around 230~250. There is a peak season and an off-season. Q10: Do you think it s necessary for the Minnan dialect to be replaced by other languages to enhance understanding? A10: Yes, there are performances in the Hakka dialect and the aboriginal dialect. Q11: What part of Taiwanese opera is irreplaceable? A11: Gestures and tones. Q12: Do you think there are fewer people who want to perform Gezaishi than in the past? A12: No. In the past, some people were sent to be apprentices because they were poor. But now, they come to learn by themselves. Q13: Why is Gezaishi so important to you? A13: It s a way for me to make a living and pass on this art form to future generations. Based on our interviews, we found Gezaishi is a highly inclusive drama and willing to change with the time. With the emergence of jazz drums, stylish costumes and high-tech light effects, Gezaishi is actually more detailed than it was before. It has conducted tour performance overseas and attracted lots of interest. Ⅳ. Conclusion After we analyzed the results of all our research, we realized that the reason why Taiwanese opera has had a decrease in popularity is that it is stereotyped by youngsters as an a show for the elderly and boring with nothing new. They believe that compared to Western musicals, they are dull. In fact, Taiwanese opera is not as it used to be. Therefore, we suggested some possible ways to attract young 9

13 people and promote this alternative Taiwanese opera while keeping its traditional elements. 1. With the decline of Taiwanese Opera, the government should pay more attention, so our culture can flourish. For example, they could increase funding and advertise. The government should subsidize the operas so more are performed and they should award playwrights so they can produce famous works. 2. Immigrant communities can learn about the beauty of Taiwanese opera. 3. Communities can set up competitions and offer awards to attract spectators. 4. Schools can integrate Taiwanese opera into their curriculum and use opera to teach Tang poetry. They can also play videos of Taiwanese opera during Mother Language Day. Posters could be put up educating students about Taiwanese opera. Now, there are many schools that offer a Taiwanese opera club. Schools can hire opera actors to teach. 5. Taiwanese opera can include current events and humorous elements so the plot can be more resonant and comedic. 6. They can attempt to incorporate modern technology to be more appealing to the younger generation. From our research, we found that people nowadays like different things. We can t make everyone happy but we can satisfy what most people like while keeping its traditions. It is worth trying to save a part of our culture. After all, passing on our culture to future generations is an obligation of every Taiwanese citizen. Ⅴ.References Ⅰ. Books 1. 曾永義 (1997) 台灣歌仔戲的發展與變遷 聯經出版事業公司 2. 楊馥菱 (2002) 台灣歌仔戲 漢光文化事業股份有限公司 3. 顏綠芬 (2006) 台灣的音樂 財團法人群策會李登輝學校 4. 慕羽 (2012) 百老匯音樂劇 大地出版社 Ⅱ. Thesis 1. 王秀惠 台灣歌仔戲的發展與演變 取自 10

14 III. The Internet 1. 歌仔戲維基百科 取自 2. 音樂劇維基百科 取自 IV. Pictures 1. (Picture7) 取自 2. (Picture8) 取自 3. (Picture9) 取自 11

15 附件 10 全國高級中等學校專業群科 106 年專題及創意製作競賽 競賽日誌 群 作品名稱 科外語群 專題組 創意組 參賽人數 Taiwan Broadway Ways to Revive Taiwanese Opera 台灣百老匯 歌仔戲復甦之道 年月日進度紀錄工作分配 例 : 蒐集資料 第一次實例 : 地點 器材 時數 驗 校內初賽等 4 同學 A: 準備器材 同學 B: 查資料 同學 C: 借場地 ~ 主題討論 收集資料 訂地點 : 學校教室 學校圖書同學 ABCD: 共同討論 ~ ~ 30 定主題方向 館 時數 : 一週 器材 : 書面資料 電腦 圖書館找資料 統整資料地點 : 各高雄市立圖書館 撰寫小論文 製作問卷 ~ 發放網路問卷 5 時數 : 一週 器材 : 書面資料 電腦 地點 : 學校教室 時數 : 兩週 器材 : 書面資料 電腦 地點 : 學校教室 時數 : 三天 器材 : 電腦 紙筆 題目 與老師討論題 目 同學 ABCD: 共同收集 資料 同學 A C: 帶電腦 同學 A B: 撰寫內容 同學 C D: 製作問卷 彙整收集資料 同學 A: 發放問卷 同學 B: 校正問卷 同學 C: 帶電腦 同學 D: 紀錄 ~ 統整問卷資料 製作圖表地點 : 學校教室 電腦教室同學 A: 問卷分析 ~ 28 彙整小論文 時數 : 七天 器材 : 紙筆 電腦 地點 : 學校教室 時數 : 兩週 器材 : 紙筆 電腦 同學 B: 問卷分析 同學 C: 統計問卷 同學 D: 統計問卷 同學 A: 寫小論文 同學 B: 寫小論文 同學 C: 寫小論文 同學 D: 帶電腦 ~ 編寫講稿 製作 PPT 老地點 : 學校教室 電腦教室同學 A: 編寫講稿 11 師指導 時數 : 兩週 器材 : 紙筆 電腦 簡報軟同學 C: 製作 PPT 體 同學 B: 編寫講稿 同學 D: 製作 PPT 12

16 中學生網站小論文比賽 結果 : 優等 定稿 修改 PPT 地點 : 學校教室 學校圖書同學 A: 編寫講稿 ~ 24 館時數 : 七天 同學 B: 編寫講稿同學 C: 製作 PPT 器材 : 紙筆 電腦 簡報軟同學 D: 製作 PPT 體 班內初選 評審 : 英文科老師地點 :302 教室時數 :8~10 分鐘器材 : 投影布幕 電腦 同學 ABCD: 上台發表同學 A: 回答問題同學 B: 回答問題同學 C: 詢問意見同學 D: 操作 PPT 檢討不足之處 老師指 地點 : 學校教室 電腦教室同學 ABCD: 共同參與 ~ 12 ~8 導 修改稿子 時數 : 九天器材 : 紙筆 電腦 討論 校內初選 ( 共 11 組 ) 評審 : 英文科老師群地點 : 第一會議室時間 : 三小時器材 : 電腦 投影機 麥克風 同學 ABCD: 上台發表, 榮獲校內英文科第一名 檢討比賽結果並加以改進 地點 : 學校教室時數 : 三小時器材 : 紙筆 電腦 同學 ABCD: 共同討論及提出改進之處 練習 修稿 改 PPT 地點 : 學校教室 電腦教室同學 A: 編寫講稿 ~ 30 時數 : 三週器材 : 紙筆 電腦 同學 B: 編寫講稿同學 C: 製作 PPT 同學 D: 製作 PPT ~ 計畫採訪 地點 : 學校教室 同學 A: 設計問題 5 時數 : 三天器材 : 紙筆 電腦 電話 同學 B: 設計問題同學 C: 負責聯絡同學 D: 找地點 實地參訪 參訪對象 : 鳳山藝人歌劇團同學 ABCD: 共同參與 地點 : 高雄大寮聖帝廟 訪問 時數 : 三個半小時器材 : 相機 紙筆 統整實地參資料 地點 : 學校教室時數 : 一天器材 : 紙筆 電腦 同學 A: 帶電腦同學 B: 整理資料同學 C: 帶電腦同學 D: 整理資料 13

17 ~ 12 計畫採訪 地點 : 學校教室時數 : 三天器材 : 紙筆 電腦 同學 A: 設計問題同學 B: 設計問題同學 C: 負責聯絡同學 D: 找地點 實地參訪 參訪對象 : 明華園月字團地點 : 鳳山文衡殿時數 : 四個小時器材 : 紙筆 相機 手機 同學 ABCD: 共同參與訪問 ~ 20 統整實地參訪資料 地點 : 學校教室時數 : 一週器材 : 紙筆 電腦 同學 A: 帶電腦同學 B: 整理資料同學 C: 帶電腦同學 D: 整理資料 ~ 集合討論 練習 修稿 & 地點 : 學校教室 同學 A: 帶電腦 修稿 17 PPT 時數 : 兩週器材 : 紙筆 電腦 同學 B: 修稿同學 C: 修改 PPT 同學 D: 修改 PPT ~ 22 填寫複賽報名表及準備參賽資料 地點 : 辦公室時數 : 兩天器材 : 紙筆 電腦 同學 ABCD: 共同填寫複賽報名資料 最後一次順稿 地點 : 選手教室時數 : 一天 同學 A: 修改 PPT 同學 B: 稿子微修 器材 : 紙筆 電腦 投影機同學 C: 修改 PPT 同學 D: 計時 調整語 調 第一次錄影 地點 : 第二會議室時數 : 四個小時 同學 A: 微修 PPT 同學 B: 修稿 器材 : 電腦 相機 投影機同學 C: 計時 同學 D: 借場地 ( 第二會 議室 ) 最後一次錄影 地點 : 第二會議室時數 : 一天器材 : 電腦 相機 投影機 同學 ABCD: 共同著正式服裝參與錄影 燒錄光碟 寄送報名資料地點 : 辦公室時數 : 一天 同學 ABCD: 共同參與燒錄光碟 寄送名資料 器材 : 電腦 紙筆 實地參訪 參訪對象 : 小倩歌仔戲團地點 : 大港埔鼓壽宮時數 : 四個小時 同學 ABCD: 共同參與訪問 14

18 器材 : 手機 相機 填寫決賽報名表與準備參考資料 地點 : 辦公室時數 : 三個半小時器材 : 紙筆 電腦 同學 ABCD: 共同參與填寫決賽報名表與準備參考資料 製作作品說明書及作品說明書 地點 : 選手教室及辦公室時數 ; 兩天器材 : 紙筆 電腦 同學 ABCD: 共同參與製作作品說明書及作品簡介 教新住民唱歌仔戲 地點 : 室內會議室時數 : 一天 同學 ABCD 共同參與教唱歌仔戲 器材 : 紙本 相機 教學生唱歌仔戲 地點 : 室內會議室時數 : 一天 同學 ABCD 共同參與教唱歌仔戲 器材 : 紙本 相機 錄音檔 因參賽組員林儀儒出車禍傷勢未完全癒合, 故無法繼續參予本專題製作 統整教唱歌仔戲影片及撰寫六分鐘講稿 地點 : 選手教室時數 : 一天器材 : 紙筆 電腦 同學 ABCD 共同參與統整教唱歌仔戲影片及撰寫六分鐘講稿 拍攝及剪接六分鐘影片 地點 : 選手教室 時數 : 兩天器材 : 紙筆 電腦 投影設備 同學 ABC: 共同參與拍攝及錄製六分鐘影片 檢查所有相關資料 撰寫地點 : 辦公室 同學 ABC: 共同檢查所 心得 燒錄光碟 時數 : 一天 有相關資料 撰寫心得 器材 : 紙筆 電腦 燒錄光及燒錄光碟 碟機 備齊資料 將所有比賽資地點 : 辦公室 同學 ABC: 共同參與備 料寄至外語群科中心 時數 : 一天器材 : 紙筆 電腦 報名資料檔案 齊報名決賽資料 15

19 附件 11 全國高級中等學校專業群科 106 年專題及創意製作競賽 作品分工表 一 群科 : 外語群二 作品名稱 :Taiwan Broadway Ways to Revive Taiwanese Opera 參賽學生 工作任務 A 收集文獻資料 編輯文書 設計問卷及問題 採訪專家 製作 PPT 拍照及記錄訪問 統整結論 B 收集文獻資料 編輯文書 設計問卷及問題 採訪專家 撰寫講稿 美工編輯 拍照及記錄訪問 統整結論 C 收集文獻資料 編輯文書 設計問卷及問題 採訪專家 準備拍攝地點 準備服裝及道具 收集圖片 聯絡單位 拍照及記錄訪問 統整結論 16

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