Increasing Yields Through Improved Management

Transcription

1 Increasing Yields Through Improved Management Dr. Ignacio A. Ciampitti Associate Professor, Cropping Systems Specialist, KSUCROPS Lab, Department of Agronomy, K-State University K-State Research & /KSUCROPS Guillermo Balboa, PhD Student KSUCROPS Lab Santiago Tamagno, PhD Student KSUCROPS Osler Ortez, MS Student KSUCROPS Lab Outline for the Presentation 1 Historical Characterization 2 Managing Soybeans for Superior Yield 3 Yield and N Demand 4 5 Management to close yield gaps in soybeans Summary 1

2 1 Historical Characterization Environmental conditions Yield Genetic Management Increase improvement practices Nutritional Status? Seed composition? Sorghum (Ciampitti and Prasad, 2016), corn (Ciampitti and Vyn, 2014), wheat (Guttieri et al., 2017), legumes and oil seed crops (Sadras, 2006a). Soybean P K 1922 Balboa, Sadras, and Ciampitti, 2017 (Crop Science J.) 3 Historical Characterization +360% Yield +410% Biomass +23% N = 80 studies n = +1,000 Data points Historical yield changes mainly governed by biomass improvement Harvest Index = Seed to Total Biomass Balboa, Sadras, and Ciampitti, 2017 (Crop Science J.) 2

3 2 Managing Soybeans for Superior Yield 8. Weekly scouting 1. Variety selection 7. Fertility tests 6. Control weeds early Yield 2. Crop rotation 3. Planting Date 5. Seeding rate 4. Row spacing < 30 inches Adapted from P. Pedersen. Iowa State University IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ 2 Management Practices to close yield gaps for soybeans in a corn soybean rotation ( ) Intensification (+) Treatments CP CF PI EI AD Seeding rate S/C 110k 110k 174k 174k 174k Row spacing Inoculation No Yes Yes Yes Yes Fertilization No P K P K No P K P K P K 50N 50N 50N 50N+100N 50N+100N Micronutrients (Zn B Fe) Fungicide Insecticide No No No 1x 2x CP=Common practices, CF= comprehensive fertilization, PI= production intensification, EI= ecological intensification (CF+PI), AD= advanced plus. *Fertilizer N only applied in the corn study. S: Soybean. C: Corn. 3

4 Management Practices to close yield gaps for soybeans in a corn soybean rotation PH: S. Varela Management Practices to close yield gaps for soybeans in a corn soybean rotation 1. Common Practices 4. Ecological Intensification BMPs +light harvested early in the season 0.76 m 42% 66% 0.38 m Canopy coverage at vegetative stage in soybean (V4) Scandia, KS (2014). Software for imagery analysis: Siscob. 4

5 Management Practices to close yield gaps for soybeans in a corn soybean rotation Results I: Soybean Yields Irrigation greatly increased yields Narrow rows, seeding rate, fertilization 110k 110k+ fertilized 174k 174k+fertilized+Fung.Insect 30-inch 30-inch 15-inch 15-inch 15-inch 174k+fertilized+Fung.Insect (a) FP 41.8% Greater partition efficiency of biomass and nutrients to the grain fraction. Narrow Rows + Plant Density= Light Interception, +Conversion, +Duration 66.3% (b) EI Balanced fertilization + Intensive Use Inputs Balboa, Ciampitti et al. 5

6 3 Yield and N Demand: Review Y = 0.20X 100 Seed Yield (bu a -1 ) Y = 0.35X Y = 0.10X Plant N content (lbs N a -1 ) IA Ciampitti, Plant N K-State demand Univincreases with yield, 100 lbs N/a per 20 bu/a Yield and N Demand: Seasonal N Demand under different Intensification levels Results III: Nitrogen Uptake (irrigated) Common Practices (1) Ecological Intensification (4) Ecological Intensification: Greater Plant N Uptake and Nitrogen Harvest Index 6

7 Management Practices to close yield gaps in a corn soybean rotation N derived from the air - Ndfa- (%) IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ %Ndfa = N fixation Contribution 50 from N fixation averaged 58% of the total N demand, but tended 40 to increase with higher productivity +65% CP CF PI EI AD Ciampitti, Balboa, et al. Positive N budgets (excluding the N-root) were observed in 15% (from the entire data) when BNF averaged 58% of the total N contribution 7

8 Management Practices to close yield gaps for soybeans in a corn soybean rotation Results IV: Partial Factor Productivity of Fertilizer Yield Fertilizer applied 2 4 Treatment Comprehensive Fertilization 30-inch 110k - fertilized Ecological Intensification 15-inch 174k fertilized fung. Insect. lb seed lb fertilizer -1 lb seed lb fertilizer -1 Irrigated Rainfed lb of fertilizer applied in treatment 4 produced 22% and 28% + seed (bushel) under irrigated and rainfed conditions Take home messages Historical yield changes were primarily driven by changes in biomass for modern varieties. Intensified systems increased soybean yield. Strong demand of N in soybeans (0.2 bu/lbs N), partially satisfied with the N fixation (ranging from 30-80%, ~50-60%). N balance is positive with +80% N fixation levels, but negative when field N fixation was close to 50-60% (excluding root N). Partial factor productivity of fertilizer and N uptake increased with intensification. 8

9 THANKS! QUESTIONS? Dr. Ignacio A. Ciampitti Associate Professor, Cropping Systems Specialist Kansas State /KSUCROPS 9

10 Dr. Ignacio A. Ciampitti was born in Buenos Aires City, in Argentina. He received his degree in Agricultural Engineer at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. During the previous study, Ignacio, worked in a thesis project related to nitrous oxide emissions from soybean. During his time pursuing a Ph.D. at Purdue University, Ignacio worked as a research assistant, and was actively involved in the graduate students' representatives committee. Ignacio received several honors among them, Marschner Young Scientist Award, Gamma Sigma Delta Professional Award, M.O. Pence Memorial Scholarship, Gerald O. Mott Award, Bilsland Dissertation Fellowship, Outstanding Ph.D. Student in Research Award, George D. Scarseth Scholarship, and the International Scholar Award from IPNI. Currently, he is an Associate Editor for Crop Science Journal, and he is also actively involved in the reviewing process for several International Journals (i.e. Agronomy Journal, Crop Science, Field Crops Research, and Frontiers in Plant Science). He is also an active member of the Crop Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, the Soil Science Society of America, Sigma Xi, Gamma Sigma Delta, CAST and Epsilon Sigma Phi. He recently has received awards for his early professional career achievements such as the Early Career Awards for Epsilon Sigma Phi and Gamma Sigma Delta. Ignacio married Gloria in 2007 and they have three children, Simon, Josefina and Jeremías. For recreation, Ignacio enjoys time spent with family and friends, the outdoors and cooking. Education Ph.D. Crop Physiology and Nutrition, Purdue University, 2012 M.S. Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2009 B.S. Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2005