Nutrient Availability from Natural Fertilizers. Bruce Hoskins Maine Soil Testing Service (anlab.umesci.maine.edu)

Transcription

1 Nutrient Availability from Natural Fertilizers Bruce Hoskins Maine Soil Testing Service (anlab.umesci.maine.edu)

2 Organic/Natural Nutrient Sources Purchased Plant or Animal Byproducts Animal Manures Cover Crops Compost Soil Organic Matter (Natural mineral deposits)

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4 Potato Nitrogen Uptake Profile

5 Corn Nitrogen Uptake Profile

6 Nitrogen Mineralization Studies Organic N Fertilizers Agehara & Warnke, Michigan St. (2005) 3 temperatures (15, 20, 25 C) x 3 moisture levels Hartz & Johnstone, Cal. Davis (2006) 4 temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 C) Gale, et. al (2006) > OSU Calculator 22 C Darby, UVM (2012) 2 soil textures (sandy & clay), 22 C

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12 Mineralization Rate Summary - UMaine 2014 measured mg/kg N % total N mineralized to NO3-N Fertilizer % N C:N applied 1 week 2 weeks 4 weeks 8 weeks 12 weeks Feather Blood Soy Alfalfa Fishmeal Gluten Broiler NatureSafe Urea Am. Sulfate

13 90 Single Source N Mineralization 60 F/15 C 80 % Mineralized Feather Blood Soy Alfalfa Fishmeal Gluten Nutriwave NatureSafe Urea Amm. Sulfate Week

14 Mineralization Rate vs C:N Ratio (Darby 2012)

15 70 Blended Fertilizer N Mineralization 60 F/15 C % Mineralized Bradfield ProGro Espoma Blood Nutriwave Week

16 Hatrz & Rutgers Agehara& Maine OSU Johnstone 1942 Warnke Darby Fertilizer 8 wks/60f 4 wks/72f 8 wks/60f 7 wks/? 8 wks/60f 10 wks/70f Feather Blood Soy Alfalfa Fishmeal NCO Broiler (50) 23

17 N concentration, C/N, release of N. (Soil Science, 1942, Vol 54: ) Fertilizer N ratio Total C/N Added N converted Material % to nitrate in soil at %-20 days %-40day Seed Meals: Soybean meal Cottonseed meal Castor pomace Cocoa meal Plant materials: Alfalfa hay Peanut hull meal Wheat straw Animal products: Hoof meal Bone meal Dried Blood Dry fish scrap Animal tankage Manures: Peruvian guano Horse manure

18 OSU Fertilizer Calculator

19 Nitrogen from Manures

20 Liquid swine: 1.9, 3.2 (NH 4 = 75% total N) Manure C:N Ratios (UK Project NT2106) Bedded cattle: 13.7, 15.6 (NH 4 = 10% total N) Bedded swine: 9.3, 10.0 (NH 4 = 10% total N) Poultry layer: 3.8, 5.0 (NH 4 = 46% total N) Liquid cattle: 5.3, 9.6 (NH 4 = 54% total N)

21 Manure N Release Rates (full mineralization) Ammonium-N: 2 4 weeks similar to chemical N somewhat depends on soil temperature Organic N: ~ ½ of annual in 4 8 weeks depends on soil temperature depends on C:N ratio Remaining organic N over several years

22 Long Term Release Rates Manure Organic N (Cornell) Year 1: 55 % (poultry) 35 % (all other liquid) 25% (all other solid) Year 2: 12 % (all sources) Year 3: 5 % (all sources)

23 Organic N Release (UK Project NT2106) 60 % manure organic N Pig slurry Cattle 0 FebY1 JulY1 DecY1 MayY2 OctY2 MarY3 AugY3 Date

24 Nitrogen from Cover Crops

25 Cover Crop Nitrogen Credits (Cornell) Grass sod plowdown lb N credit Release rate temp. dependent Legume sod plowdown 50 % Stand: lb N credit 50+ % Stand: lb N credit Release rate temp. dependent Cool soil release rate roughly 50% in days assumes spring incorporation

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27 Nitrogen Release Summary Fresh Organic Matter C:N Balance Effect < 10 C:N = rapid release of plant available N most plant, animal meals, manures > 5 % N (DW) C:N = gradual release of available N C:N = very slow release of available N > 40 C:N = tie up of available N (Immobilization)

28 Nitrogen Release Summary Fresh Organic Matter Soil Temperature Effect Each F (8-10 C) increase Doubles Rate Q10 Factor: N mineralization rate change for every 10 C change in soil temperature Q10 = 2X to 3X in most studies

29 Nitrogen Release from Biologically Processed Materials

30 Compost N Mineralization Study - UMaine ppm total N Application 68 F % total N mineralized Compost C:N Ratio week 0 week 2 week 4 week 6 week 8 Beef Food Dairy Poultry SOM Soil Only ppm -> (2100 ppm total N)

31 30.0 Compost N Mineralization Rates UMaine % Total N Mineralized Food Dairy Beef Poultry Soil OM Week

32 Phosphorus & Potassium Availability from Natural Fertilizers

33 Phosphorus Soil Chemistry P forms many stable compounds & complexes with Al & Fe at low ph with Ca and Mg at high ph with organic matter/humus at any ph in microbial biomass after recent application Many forms become unavailable (temp or perm) Minimize losses to unavailable forms Maintain soil ph between 6 & 7 Stable OM additions: compost, cover crops

34 Potassium Soil Chemistry Plant available K + held as exchangeable cation organic matter/humus exchange sites primarily on clay exchange sites K held by humus or on clay surfaces readily available K held inside clay lattices can become unavailable

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36 Phosphorus Mineralization Study Montgomery, Ohno, et al (2004) Dairy, Poultry, Swine vs Triple superphosphate Blended with soil at 40 ppm total P (80 lb/a equiv.) Perennial rye grown 18 weeks in greenhouse Plant uptake 5 7 % recovery of applied P from manures 4.5 % recovery of applied P from TSP Residual soil test levels (MM) 4 7 % recovery of applied P from manures 2.5 % recovery of applied P from TSP

37 Auxiliary Incubation for P & K (UMaine 2014) Remaining soil/fertilizer mix from N-mineralization experiment incubated at room temp (70 F) Unsealed plastic bags dried slowly Rewet each month to original wt Analyzed for available P & K after 4 months Not all fertilizers contained significant P or K

38 Phosphorus recovery at 16 weeks lb/a Mehlich 3 Mod Morgan applied % P % P Fertilizer P recovery recovery Fishmeal % 5.6% Bradfield % 9.3% NCO % 1.5% Espoma % 4.7% Nutriwave % 9.9%

39 Potassium recovery at 16 weeks lb/a Mehlich 3 Mod Morgan applied % K % K Fertilizer K recovery recovery Soy 58 62% 81% Alfalfa % 72% Bradfield % 80% NCO % 93% Espoma % 55% Nutriwave % 87%

40 Secondary and Micronutrient Content of Natural Fertilizers

41 Assorted Natural Fertilizers (Unofficial Analysis) Primary, Secondary & Micronutrients Total Content from ashing unless otherwise specified Typical % % % % % % % mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Label N C:N P K Mg Ca S Na Al B Cu Fe Mn Mo Zn (combust) * * (acid dig) Nutriwave Bradfield Plantone ProHolly Microstart ProGro Fertrell Ocean Organics Sustain Kelp Azomite Fishmeal Crabmeal Greensand Bonemeal BoneChar Alfalfa Soybean Bloodmeal NatureSafe Feather Gluten Sea < < 1 21 < 0.5 < < 0.5 * To convert % P to % P2O5, multiply by To convert % K to % K2O, multiply by Please Note: This listing does NOT constitute an official analysis. It is meant as a general guideline for relative nutrient content.

42 General Observations Natural materials are not purified chemicals Micronutrients & trace elements are a bonus! BUT, expect more variable content Marine origin materials good sources of Boron and other trace elements Seaweed (kelp) good source of Sulfur does not acidify

43 Thank You! Paul Sachs, North Country Organics FEDCO Organic Growers Supply Maine Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station

44 Questions?

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46 P & K Fixation Index Solution of K 2 HPO 4 added to dry soil Incubated (wet) at room temp for 7 days Soil dried and extracted normally Compared to soil incubated with water only Calculate amount of added P & K recovered Shows tendency of soil to tie up added P & K

47 P & K Fixation Index trial set Forage production field soils (n=37) ppm K Avg MM recovery 60 % (range = 49 74) Avg M3 recovery 62 % (range = 45 80) + 83 ppm P Avg MM recovery 2.7 % (range = 0.7 8) Avg M3 recovery 27 % (range = 5 50)

48 Crop Residue C:N Ratios (USDA)

49 Nitrogen Cycle

50 P & K Fixation Index in-house data Potato field soils (n=37) ppm K Avg MM recovery 63 % (range = 50 75) Avg M3 recovery 64 % (range = 40 80) + 83 ppm P Avg MM recovery 3.8 % (range = 1 8) Avg M3 recovery 48 % (range = 20-70)

51 Long Term Release Rates Manure Organic N (Vermont) Year 1: % (liquid) % (solid) Year 2: % (all sources) Year 3: 4-5 % (all sources)

52 Best Nitrogen Mgt Practices Every growing season will be different Better N efficiency in warm/dry years Poor N efficiency in cool/wet years High potential losses from high rainfall events Flexibility and multiple sources are needed

53 Best Nitrogen Mgt Practices Multiple N sources Nitrate forms most prone to immediate loss Low C:N (< 10:1) sources release quickly Higher C:N (10-20:1) sources release more gradually Compost organic N release rates generally poor

54 Best Nitrogen Mgt Practices Split N application Soil OM and Compost for slow background release Slow(er) release N fertilizer at planting (ex: broiler) 30 days to spot check available N DAP with faster release N source (if needed)

55 Best Nitrogen Mgt Practices Include legumes in rotation Can provide % total N requirement Extended release (esp. mature higher C:N) Provides foundation nitrogen well into season

56 Best Nitrogen Mgt Practices Break up traffic/tillage pans Drastically improves soil drainage Better able to infiltrate high rainfall events reduces denitrification losses from saturated soil Mechanical ripping Strong taproot crops ( bio-drilling ) Sweet clovers Canola Tillage radish