CASE STUDIES OF SAMPLE VILLAGES

Transcription

1 CHAPTER-VI CASE STUDIES OF SAMPLE VILLAGES 6.1 General Introduction 6.2 Basis of Sampling 6.3 Landuse Pattern of Sample villages (a) Nimbut Village (a) Padali Village (a) Naigaon Village 6.4 Resume 146

2 CHAPTER-VI CASE STUDIES OF SAMPLE VILLAGES 6.1 General Introduction The sampling can determine the adequate respondents from the total number of farmers in study region and adequate to warrant generalization of findings to target population. The sample size represents the characteristics of the whole population. The samplings possess economical and practical, faster and cheaper. It yields more comprehensive information, accurately and savings of time and money. In addition to this sample survey makes possible the use of larger and more varied populations that would be possible for same expenditure if one makes a complete enumeration. In preceding chapters-iv and V regional pattern of agriculture landuse is extensively described to study spatial and temporal variations in Pune district. The present study is carried out with analytical approach by applying quantitative measures to identify agricultural regions in Pune district. Physiography, soil, climate, irrigation facilities and many other socio-economic factors influence on crop pattern in study region. Village-wise study of landuse and cropping pattern at microlevel helps for intensive landuse. Pune district consists of 1866 villages and 25 towns covering 15,642 square kilometers area. Stamp and Mohammed Shafi have emphasized sample survey during their studies in order to save time, money and man power at village level. In present, investigation, it is an attempt to study in-depth of three sample villages in Pune district, namely, Nimbut, Padali and Padali. Data for these three villages related to general landuse and crop-landuse have collected from Agriculture Office and Revenue Department of concerned talukas for The obtained data was then converted in percentage. The questionnaires have circulated among farmers, sarpanch, talathi and gramsevak. Besides this, frequent personal visits were made to three sample villages to collect primary data and relevant information. 6.2 Basis of Sampling The sample villages were selected by purposive systematic sampling method for comprehensive study of agricultural pattern and problems of villages. It was based on agriculture regions evolved in study region by applying Factor Analysis Technique. The present study region has identified three agriculture regions, namely, backward region, developing region and developed region. 147

3 Fig.-6.1 : Location of Sample Villages 148

4 One village from each region was further selected by considering the various aspects like accessibility, population and distance from weekly market center. The location of selected sample villages is shown in Table-6.1 and Fig In order to identify the village and their boundaries both topographical and as cadastral maps have been used. The crop landuse of every parcel of land was shown in map. The separate questionnaires were used to generate primary data from farmers and concerned authorities. Questionnaire consists of questions on family background, income, expenditure, crop landuse, inputs, production, irrigation, occupation and problems faced by farmers etc. The questionnaires were then circulated to farmers, talathi, sarpanch, gramsevak. Table-6.1 : Agricultural Regions and Sample Villages Sr. No. Agricultural Regions Villages Population (2001) Area (Hectares) 1 Developed Nimbut Developing Padali Backward Naigaon Source: Village Revenue Records, Pune District. 6.3 Landuse Pattern of Sample Villages 1. Nimbut village The village Nimbut lies in Baramati taluka of Pune district. It extends from north latitudes and east longitudes. It is 38 kilometers away from Baramati towards west and 87 kilometers away from Pune city towards southeast. It is confined by Guluncha in northwest, Murud and Karanja in east, Padegaon and Kusar in south and Shivtakrar in west (Fig 6.2). This village extends over hectares area and has population of 5670 in 2001 Census. The density of population is 374 persons per square kilometers which is more because of irrigation facilitiy. Physiography, Climate and Soil Nimbut lies at 545 metres above mean sea level. General slope of village is towards southeast. This village is situated along the bank of Nira river which flows from west to east direction in southern part of this village. This village receives rainfall from southwest monsoon begins in June and lasts upto October. The winter season experiences from November to February. Summer season is from March to May. The soils of village are classified into four categories, namely, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam and silt clay (Fig.-6.3). 149

5 Fig.-6.2 : Nimbut Villages 150

6 Fig.-6.3 : Soil Nimbut 151

7 Sandy clay loam and clay soil is ranging from 7 cm to more than 100 cm in depth and sandy clay loam soil is having slope from 1 to 15 percent towards south with moderate erosion-prone. Sandy loam soil occupies on percent land in north and central part. Sandy clay loam occupies in north, west and east parts in this village on percent area. Clay loam appears in central part in this village covering 9.73 percent area. Silt Clay has found in largest area (48.93 percent) in south and east part in this village and has 1 to 3 percent slope towards Nira river. Clay soil along the Nira canal is moderate and it is slowly turning into saline due to excessive irrigation. Spatial Landuse Pattern The present landuse pattern in Nimbut is determined by soil types and availability of irrigation. The Nira left canal enters this village area from west and leaves at southeast corner. This canal provides water for eight months in a year. Net sown area accounts for percent in 2010 spreadding over central, east and south parts (Fig.-6.4). Fallow land covers 5.21 percent area appearing in north where it called malran. This part is slightly elevated than the south part in this village. Forest is found negligible. Land not available for cultivation accounts for percent area, consisting of houses, school building, temples, roads etc. Generally, village experiences kharif and rabi seasons. The major kharif crops cultivated are, namely, sugarcane, jowar, onion, maize and vegetables (Fig.-6.5) and wheat, sugarcane and maize as rabi crops. Onion is ploughed in summer season also. Among crops, sugarcane ranks first on percent on clay and clay loam soil types. This is the main crop because of irrigation facilties from Nira Left Canal. Onion is cultivated over 80 hectares which is important cash crop both in kharif and summer seasons. It is mainly cultivated in east and south parts in this village. Vegetables are mainly grown in south and central parts. Vegetables include methi, tomato, brinjal, dudhi bhopala, ladies fingers, gawar, cabbage and coriander etc. The vegetables are ploughed as an intercrop in sugarcane and wheat cultivation. Tomato is cultivated on 62 hectares area in kharif season. The vegetables are sold in Baramati and Pune markets. In addition to this vegetables are also directly send to Mumbai market as Mumbai is accessible by road and rail. Jowar is found in north part in this village on malran elevated area on rainfed. This area is under rainshadow and has less irrigation due to elevated topography. 152

8 Fig.-6.4 : General Landusr - Nimbut 153

9 Fig.-6.5 : Kharif Crops in Nimbut Villages 154

10 Fig.-6.6 : Rabi Crops in Nimbut Villages 155

11 Kharif bajara is cultivated around 40 hectares in study region. Bajara and jowar are cultivated at subsistence level by farmer. This area is 95 percent irrigated by Nira Left Canal. Rabi crops include wheat, vegetables, maize, onion, sugarcane and fodder crops in this village (Fig.-6.6). Wheat ranks first as a rabi crop occupying percent area. Climate and soils are suitable for wheat cultivation. Wheat appears in different patches spreading in central, western and eastern parts in this village. Rabi jowar has found in study region. Maize is cultivated mostly for fodder crop on 6.56 percent area. Fodder crops include maize, kadwal and grass. Intercrop vegetables have less than 5.35 percent area during rabi seaon. There is a maximum use of land in rabi season because of irrigation facility. Fruits include local variety of chikoo, dalimb (pomegranate), sitaphal (custard apple) and lemon in this village. Climate and soils are suitable for chikoo, dalimb and sitaphal which are semiarid fruits. In Nimbut 79 hectares land is fallow. Landuse and Population Table-6.2 presents per capita share for different landuse categories in Nimbut. It is observed that per capita land availability is 0.27 hectares. Average net sown area contributes 0.21 hectares while double cropped area is hectares per head. In Nimbut, irrigated area is observed 0.21 hectares per head. Nimbut is 95 percent irrigated by Nira Left Canal which flows from west to southeast through the village area. In between Nira river which is south of the Nimbut Gavthan and Nira Left Canal which is north of the village farm size is very less and very fertile. Nira Left Canal originates from Veer dam which is constructed across Nira river in Purandar taluka having 30 kilometres distance from the village. Table-6.2 : Landuse And Population in Nimbut village (in Hectare) Sr. No. Landuse Categories Area in Hectare Land Per Head of Population (Hectares) 1 Total village area Net sown area Double cropped area Gross cropped area Irrigated area Source: Village Revenue Record ( ), Pune. 156

12 Out of total farmers, 6.49 percent are big farmers having more than five acres land. Whereas percent farmers belongs to medium farmers who have 2 to 5 acres land, while percent are small farmers of 1 to 2 acres of agricultural land and percent farmers are meager holding of less than one acre land. The nearest market centre is Nira having just 5 kilometres from Nimbut village. This village is connected to Nira, Baramati and Pune for commodity transportation. Krishi Seva Kendra is located at Vadgaon Nimbalkar which is 5 km away from village. There are 287 tractors available for agricultural practices. There are 209 wells, 27 boring pumps and 3 lift irrigation found in this village. Electrified water pumps are 250 in numbers. The sugarcane producation is supplied to Someshwar Cooperative Sugar Industry located at Someshwarnagar have 5 kilometers from Nimbut. This sugar factory turned the traditional agriculture to irrigation based cash crop. Occupational Structure Nimbut has witnessed percent population growth from 1981 to The percent of main workers has decreased by 7.53 percent. Among the main workers cultivators have decreased of 7.76 percent from 1981 to 2001, whereas agricultural labourers and other workers have increased by 2.2 and 5.56 percent respectively. The percentage of marginal workers has increased by 6.82 percent while non-workers have increased by 0.71 percent. In 2001 Census, there were percent of main workers and 6.96 percent of marginal workers. Actual cultivators were percent, whereas percent were agricultural labours in this village. Sr. No. Category Table-6.3 : Occupational Structure in Nimbut Population 1981 Percent 1991 Percent 2001 Percent Percent Change 1 Total Population Total Main Workers (i) Cultivators (ii) Agricultural Labours (iii) Other Workers Marginal Workers Non Workers Source : District Census Handbook, Pune District,

13 Problems of the Village During the field visits and personal interviews with farmers, talathi, gramsevak have revealed different problems faced by farmers in this village. It was noted that percent farmers have unfolded water scarcity during summer season. The Nira left canal goes through this area but it does not provide water during summer season as required. Whenever less rainfall receives in Nira catchment area, water is less available in summer season. Salinity problem is identified along Nira river bed because of excessive irrigation by farmers. This land is called chopan locally. Veer dam is constructed across the Nira river. The discharge of water from canal is not regular during summer season. Lack of political support and mismanagement of water distribution are basic reasons. Irregular electricity supply and load shedding are adversely affecting agricultural landuse. Five to six hours electricity load shedding is found affecting irrigation schedule in this village. Small farmers face the problems of expansion of land under cultivation due to high population pressure. It is revealed from the field survey that the northern part in this village has found soil erosion in south. This village belong water scarcity zone of rain-shadow. In order to prevent this Continuous Contour trenches and nalla bunding work are essential. During the field work more than percent house-holders expressed the view that government should provide job opportunity to rural youth and unskilled labours. There is a need to implement employment guarantee scheme for job seekers in this village. The big farmers are facing the problem of non availability of agricultural labours. Such farmers have to pay more wages to the labours which reduce the profit of the farmers in this village. Resume Nimbut has found dominant of agricultural activity involving percent workers in agricultural activities. The soil of this village is grouped into three categories, namely, sandy clay loam, clay loam and clay. Cropping pattern is governed by soil types, climate and water availability. There is percent area in this village under cultivation. 95 percent area is under irrigation by Nira left canal. Sugarcane is a leading crop on percent area. Wheat is followed by maize and jowar accounting percent area. Other important crops are bajara, vegetables and fodder crops. Saline soil, electricity load shedding, unemployment, labour problems are the main problems faced by farmers in this village. 158

14 2. Padali Village Padali is situated in central part of Junnar taluka in Pune district. Junnar taluka is lying in north part in Pune district. This is located 5 kilometers from Junnar and is well connected by road. This village extends east longitudes to north latitudes (Fig.-6.7) and covers hectares having population of 1755 in Padali shares its boundary with Samatawadi in south, Barpe in southeast, Pimpalgaon Sidhnath in north, Junnar in east and Manikdoh in west part. Physiography, Climate and Soil Padali lies 684 meters above mean sea level. The general slope is from south to north. The village experiences wet climate during rainy season and warm climate in summer. This region receives 500 millimeters rainfall from southwest monsoon which begins in June and lasts in October. Kukdi river lies on northern boundary of this village. This river flows from west to east along the north boundary. Physiography and soils show positive impact on cropping pattern. The soils of this village is classified into three categories, namely, sandy loam, sandy clay and clay loam (Fig.- 6.8) Sandy loam occupies percent area in west part towards the boundary of Manikdoh. Manikdoh dam is constructed across Kukdi river. Here the farm size is large because of less fertility and loamy structure. Sandy loam appears lying on high relief and has less fertile. Sandy clay loam identifies on percent area in a continuous patch occupying north to south towards west and east part in this village. Jowar, bajara, wheat, moong are cultivated in this soil. Clay loam is spreaded over central, northwest and northeast parts occupying percent area. Jowar, onion, gram, maize, green peas, sugarcane, grapes, potatoes, soyabean are cultivated in this soil. Spatial landuse Pattern The partial rugged topography, availability of irrigation and typical soil have contributed present landuse pattern in Padali. The net sown area in this village is hectares accountig for percent. Out of which 215 hectares land is irrigated (bagayat) and hectares land is un-irrigated (jirayat). The net sown area is concentrated in central, west and north parts in this village (Fig.-6.9). Fallow land occupies percent area. It appears in three patches, one patch of fallow land appears in east occupying large area. Second patch is found in northwest part and third patch is in southwest. 159

15 Fig.-6.7 : Padali Villages 160

16 Fig.-6.8 : Soil Padali 161

17 Fig.-6.9 : General Landuse - Padali 162

18 The land not available for cultivation is percent which utilized for houses, roads, school and temple. Area under forest accounts for 4.74 percent lying west part in this village. Groundnut, bajara, soyabean, potatoes, sugarcane and grapes are major kharif crops (Fig.-6.10). Groundnut is a leading kharif crop occupying percent area. This crop is mainly grown on sandy clay loam soil in central and west part in this village. Soyabean is grown on percent area in central and north parts. The cultivation of bajara is mainly found in east and south parts occuping 6.34 percent area. This crop is evenly grown in kharif and summer seasons too. Sugarcane is cultivated on 4.71 percent in eastern part in this village. Potato is found along the river channel occupies percent as vegetable. Other vegetables are grown in north part, namely, tomato, onion, cucumber, coriander etc. Grapes are grown on suitable soil and availability of water. Sugarcane and grapes are grown along eastern part in this village on suitable soil. Jowar is grown as fodder crop as food for animals. This crop is grown in both kharif and rabi seasons in this village. Wheat, gram and onion are grown in rabi season in this village (Fig.-6.11). Wheat is grown on percent area in central and east parts. Onion is grown on percent area in north and west parts in this study region. Gram is cultivated in percent area and is spreaded throughout the village area. Jowar is cultivated for domestic need. In some patches, groundnut is grown in summer season. Landuse and population Table-6.4 exhibits per capita share for different landuse categories in Padali. The net sown area in this village accounts for percent to total geographical area accounting 0.31 hectare per head of the village. The irrigated area has 0.12 hectares per head while double cropped area is 0.23 hectares per head. There are 418 land holders in this village. Out of these percent are small farmers (less than one acre land) and are having land between 1 to 2 acres. There are percent farmers are medium farmers having 2 to 5 acres land while 8.13 percent are big farmers possessing more than five acres of land. 163

19 Fig : Kharif Crops in Padali Villages 164

20 Fig : Rabi Crops in Padali Villages 165

21 Sr. No. Table-6.4 : Landuse And Population in Padali Landuse Categories Area in Hectare Land per Head of Population (ha) 1 Total village area Net sown area Double cropped area Gross cropped area Irrigated area Source : Village Revenue Record, ( ), Padali Village. Occupational Structure Padali has found percent population growth from 1981 to The main worker has increased by percent. Among the main workers cultivators have decreased by 2.27 percent from 1981 to 2001 whereas agricultural labourers and other workers have increased of 2.1 and 0.17 percent respectively. The marginal workers have decreased by 9.45 percent while non-workers have decreased by 8.61 percent. There were percent of cultivators in village and percent of actual agricultural labours. Marginal workers have been recorded only 1.77 percent in this village. Sr. No. Category Table-6.5 : Occupational Structure in Padali Population 1981 Percent 1991 Percent 2001 Percent Percent Change 1 Total Population Total Main Workers (i) Cultivators (ii) Agricultural Labours (iii) Other Workers Marginal Workers Non Workers Source : District Census Handbook, Pune District, ( ). 166

22 Problems of Village In Padali percent main workers are engaged in agricultural activity. Partial uneven topography and medium soil quality and moderate irrigation facilities hampered the agricultural development of this village. During the field visit it was noted that irrigation facilities have increased from 70 hectares to 215 hectares. But this is not remarkable progress in irrigation. There is percent of dryland/ rainfed land in this village. Farmers have faced water shortage from January to till May end. Bore and tube wells are the only source of water for crop cultivation during summer season. To solve this problem, water shortage, rainwater conservation measures should be introduced by constructing continuous contour trenches and nalla bundings on hill slopes in west side of village on Tuljai hill. Manikdoh dam is constructed on Kukdi river appears just westside of this village percent farmers are small farmers who cannot afford to buy modern farm equipments, fertilizers, costly hybreed seeds and pesticides. Over 90 percent farmers expressed the view that the government should provide capital to farmers for farm operations. Proper guidance should be provided regarding modern agriculture techniques. Agriculture in this village is suffering from shortage of electricity, load shedding for 5 to 6 hours daily affecting the productivity of crops. Farmers are facing labour problems in their fields have to pay the labours charges resulting less profit for their commodities. Youth of this village are facing problem of unemployment. The government should provide financial support to the youths to start agriculture allied business in this village. Resume Padali is located in central part in Junnar taluka. This village experiences moderate climate and warm temperature. The village has sandy loam, sandy clay and clay loam soil. Cropping pattern is influenced by rugged topography, soil types and availability of irrigation. The net sown area accounts for percent. Groundnut, bajara, soyabean, potatoes, sugarcane and grapes are major kharif crops. Groundnut is a leading kharif crop occupying percent to net sown area. Wheat, gram and onion are the main crops grown in rabi season in this village. Wheat is a main rabi crop grown on percent percent are small farmers having less than two acre land. There were percent of cultivators in the village and percent of agricultural labours. Rugged topography, water scarcity, lack of irrigation, load 167

23 shedding, soil erosion, lack of financial support, unemployment are common problems of this village. 3. Naigaon Village Naigaon is located in central part in Maval taluka and is 8 kilometres from Talegaon Dabhade and 18 kilometres from Lonavle town having areal extent of hectares. Naigaon extends from North latitude and East longitude (Fig.-6.12). This village shares its boundaries with six neighbouring villages. Nanwali and Nane to north, Kamshet to west, Chikhalche and Airwade to south and Kanhe to east. Naigaon has 1600 population in 2001 Census (822 male) and (778 female). The population density is 277 persons per square kilometer in 2001 which was 164 in Talegaon Dabhade is a weekly market centre located 8 kilometers from this village. Kanhe is another big village for weekly market and two kilometers away from Mumbai-Pune highway for transportation. Physiography, Climate and Soil Naigaon lies east part in Sahyadri offshoots having height of 645 metres from mean sea level. The slope is towards west and northward. This village has a gentle topography with exceptional undulation. Indrayani river is flowing at the north boundary of this village and flows from west to east. This is a perennial river in this area. Naigaon village lies between Indrayani river to north and Sahyadriyan offshoots to south. This village experiences seasonal wet climate because of orographic rainfall and receives rainfall from south west monsoon from June to September. The village has sandy loam and sandy clay loam and clay loam soil types. Sandy loam soil occurs on percent area where sugarcane, wheat, masur, gram and vegetables are cultivated. Sandy clay loam spreads over percent area. Jowar, bajara, wheat, maize are grown in this soil. While clay loam covers percent area and village settlement, rivers and forest area combined covers percent area (Fig.-6.13). Spatial Landuse Pattern The present landuse of Naigaon has influenced by soil types, climate and irrigation. The net sown area covers percent of total geographical area percent area is irrigated in this village. Area not available for cultivation extends over hectares which include river, houses, roads, temple and school. Area under forest is hectares lying towards south of in this village along the slopes of hill ranges (Fig.-6.14). 168

24 Fig : Naigaon Villages 169

25 Fig : Soil Types in Naigaon 170

26 Fig General Landuse - Naigaon 171

27 Fallow land occupies hectares area and is found in central part and south part. Rice is a main kharif crop grown on hectares. This region is very suitable for rice cultivation because of heavy rainfall during autumn season. Sugarcane is cultivated on 53 hectares. High rainfall in autumn and lift irrigation from Indrayani river facilitates the crops. Jowar, tur, masur are grown on subsistence level on small scale. Jowar and maize are used as fodder crops (Fig.-6.15). During rabi season, wheat, jowar, green peas, gram, maize, bajara are grown in this village. Wheat and maize are cultivates along the Indrayani river where lift irrigation is possible. Most of the farmers are drawn pipeline for irrigation from Indrayani river which is one kilometer from this village. Water is lifted throughout the year which helps in rabi season for wheat, peas, maize, coriander, methi, mula, spinach, onions, potatoes and cucumber. Some farmers also take onions during summer. The nearness market centres are Kanhe, Kamshet and Vadgaon. The vegetables are generally sent to these markets and Mumbai and Pune too. Maize, jowar and bajara are used as fodder crops. Wheat is grown on hectares land in south west part in this village. Green peas and gram are cultivated on hectares land in central and north parts. Jowar covers hectares land. Masur and bajara are grown on small scale (5 percent). Sugarcane is grown throughout year along the Indrayani river and central part in this village (Fig.-6.16). Landuse and Population Table-6.6 summarizes per capita share of land to various categories of landuse in Naigaon. As per 2001 Census population of Naigaon has 1600 persons including 822 males and 778 females. The density of population is 277 persons per square kilometers. Out of total farmers, percent are very small farmers having less than 1 acre land. There are percent small farmers having 1 to 2 acres and percent are medium farmers possessing 2 to 5 acres land, and 4.67 percent large farmers having more than 5 acres land. Per capita land availability is 0.36 hectares. Per capita net sown area is 0.22 hectares whereas double cropped area is 0.08 hectares per head. Irrigated area observed is hectare per person in Naigaon village. 172

28 Fig : Kharif Crops in Naigaon Villages 173

29 Fig : Rabi Crops in Naigaon Villages 174

30 Table-6.6 : Landuse And Population in Naigaon Sr. No. Landuse Categories Area in Hectare Land Per Head of Population 1 Total village area Net sown area Double cropped area Gross cropped area Irrigated area Source : Village Revenue Record, , Naigaon. Occupational Structure Occupation structure in Naigaon is depicted in Table-6.7 showing spatial changes in population structure related agriculture. The population of this village was 1600 in 2001 while in 1981 it was 946. Thus, this village has witnessed (69.13 percent) population growth from 1981 to The density of population was 164 in 1981 and it has increased upto 277 in The percent of main workers has decreased by 3.34 percent. Table-6.7 : Occupational Structure in Naigaon Sr. No. Category Population 1981 Percent 1991 Percent 2001 Percent Percent Change 1 Total Population Total Main Workers (i) Cultivators (ii) Agricultural Labours (iii) Other Workers Marginal Workers Non Workers Source : District Census Handbook, Pune District. Among main workers, cultivators have shown substantial decrease of percent from 1981 to 2001 whereas agricultural labourers have shown little decrease 175

31 of 1.92 percent and other workers at large increase (22.26 percent). Percentage of marginal workers have increased by 0.26 percent in 20 years span while non- workers increased by 3.08 percent. The increase in the non-working population indicates the increasing dependency ratio in this village. Problems of Naigaon The personal visits, observations and interviews with farmers and talathi, gramsevak of Naigaon village revealed the problems of this village. Soil types and availability of irrigation influence crop cultivation in Naigaon. Village has percent of irrigated area. Agriculture in this village depends on rain water. Lift from river, tube wells (22) and wells (20) are the main sources of water. Indrayani river is flowing along the boundary of the village. Small barrage is constructed across the river. The farmers do lift irrigation project individually or in grouped which costs more. Also there is no security of electric motors which are fitted for lift irrigation along river bank. Internal roads are kuchha and became muddy during rainy season because of high rainfall. On this road, Mumbai-Pune railway disturbs transport due to crossing from fields. More than 50 trains passes in a day, therefore road is blocked. Electric load shedding is common in this village. Morning and evening 3 hours load shedding curbs the supply of water to crops. Over 95 percent farmers expressed their concern about electricity supply as it has uncertainty and inadequacy supply that affects the productivity of crops in this village. Schooling is only upto 7 th standard. Students have to go at Kamshet or Kanhe for further education which is 5 kilometers away from the village. There is scarcity of water for drinking purpose also. Every house is water tapped but water comes thrice in a week through taps. Villagers face sewage problems as it has open drainage affectting health. The percent of small farmers is high in this village. Farmers practice traditional methods of agriculture. Land fragmentation is identified in this village that hampers the growth of agriculture. Lack of labourers is a sever problem. New generation is now willing to go Kamshet, Vadgaon for their livelihood in service sector. Resume Naigaon village has basically dominance of agriculture involving percent cultivators along with percent of other workers to the main working force. Cultivators have decreased by percent and other workers are increased by 176

32 20.26 percent over during the span of 20 years. Rice, sugarcane, gram, wheat, vegetables and fodder crops are major crops grown in this village. Rice is cultivated on percent while gram and peas are raised over percent while sugarcane, jowar and wheat crops are grown in the village at medium scale. Coarse soils in some patches, lack of irrigation, load shedding and traditional methods of cultivation are the major problems of this village. 177