PLANNING. I don t know how to get started DEFINE GOALS. PLAN PIECE global planning local planning

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1 PLANNING I don t know how to get started DEFINE GOALS I want to persuade I want my story to be humorous I need 3 paragraphs, 3 pages PLAN PIECE global planning local planning GATHER INFORMATION external sources appropriate content from knowledge base

2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING PLANNING SKILLS pick a topic a child is already familiar with start with a simple outline if information gathering is required, teach students how to take notes model ongoing decision-making processes

3 PICK AN OUTLINE! Select five topics, Order them from first to last COUNTRY REPORT 1. People and Customs 2. Museums 3. Economy 4. Holidays 5. Geography 6. Points of Interest 7. Rivers 8. Famous Leaders 9. History 10. Manufactured Products ANIMAL REPORT 1. Care of Young 2. Summer Home 3. Relationship to Man 4. Type of Prey 5. Size of Animal 6. Where Animal Lives 7. Mother s Role in Family 8. Decreasing Population 9. Hunting Behavior 10. Physical Characteristics

4 PICK AN OUTLINE! Select five topics, Order them from first to last COUNTRY REPORT 1. People and Customs 4 2. Museums 3. Economy 3 4. Holidays 5. Geography 1 6. Points of Interest 5 7. Rivers 8. Famous Leaders 9. History Manufactured Products ANIMAL REPORT 1. Care of Young 4 2. Summer Home 3. Relationship to Man 5 4. Type of Prey 5. Size of Animal 6. Where Animal Lives 2 7. Mother s Role in Family 8. Decreasing Population 9. Hunting Behavior Physical Characteristics 1

5 COMPONENTS OF A STORY SCHEMA The Frog That Could Talk by a first grader SETTING: Once there was a frog that could talk. All the other frogs thought he was magical because no other frog could talk. So every other frog was scared of him. CHARACTER WITH A PROBLEM/GOAL: The frog that would talk had no friends and was very, very sad. GOAL ATTEMPT: Then one night a fairy came and said, Mr. Frog, I will grant you one wish. His wish was not to be able to talk. GOAL RESOLUTION: In a second he could not talk. CONCLUSION: The frog has many friends now. The end.

6 COMPOSING My thoughts are faster than my hand, so I forget what I wanted to say. The process of writing down actual content RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENHANCING COMPOSING allow for pre-writing experience 1st draft helps produce a better 2nd draft (as long as 1st doesn t have to be polished) outlines facilitate content generation and passage organization, enable the child to focus on composing practice in oral expression eliminates mechanical demands, gives practice in composing

7 REVISING My paper is done. Well, almost done. I have to read it over to check it. The process of both detecting errors in text and correcting them KEY FINDINGS FROM STUDIES ON REVISING SKILLS younger writers detect and correct mostly specific errors they show local revising, no evidence of global revising writers find it easier to revise another s text, they tend to be egocentric with respect to their own writing

8 A STUDY IN REVISING Can you improve on this description? (you are provided with the sentences on strips so you can rearrange content before you write your version on a separate sheet of paper) Original Description: A Farm There are cows that are used for milk. There s a house on the farm, naturally. You can spot the farmer because he has to dress differently than a man who has a job in the city. Many of the animals take shelter in the barn. The farmer is going to be walking around in the mud. Often the gardens have scarecrows to keep birds away. The buildings are usually surrounded by a fence. There are horses that are used for work. The farmer wears some old jeans. People live on the farm in the house. Most farmers raise chickens for eggs. The farmer wears a hat to protect himself from the sun. Even if people grow things to sell, they have gardens for themselves. There are horses that are used for riding. The farmer generally wears boots. There s a barn.

9 A STUDY IN REVISING Can you improve on this description? Fifth Grade Revision (Local Revising): A Farm In a farm most people raise cows for milk. If there were cows on the farm there would be a house on the farm too. People live on the farm. You can tell a man who works on a farm because he wears different clothes. Many animals live in the barn and some live outside. To raise the pigs the farmer has to walk in the mud. The farmer wears old jeans so he does not get his new clothes dirty. The gardens have scarecrows to scare the birds away so they don t eat the food. Horses are used for work. The barn is usually surrounded by a fence so the animals don t get out. The horses are used for riding. The farmer mostly wears boots. Farmers like to raise chickens for their eggs that they lay. Farmers wear a hat to protect himself from the sun. People grow things to sell and they have a garden for themselves. There is a barn with lots of animals in it.

10 A STUDY IN REVISING Can you improve on this description? Eighth Grade Revision (Global Revising): A Farm The main buildings of a farm consist of the barn and a house, which is where the people live. The buildings are usually surrounded by a fence. You will find animals such as cows used for milk, chickens raised for their eggs, horses used for riding, and horses used for work purposes. Many of these animals are kept in the barn. Although the farmers may grow things to sell, they have gardens for themselves. Often the gardens have scarecrows to keep birds away. You can spot the farmer because he has to dress differently than a man who has a job in the city. He will generally wear a hat to protect himself from the sun, old jeans, and boots for his job requires him to walk in the mud.

11 A STUDY IN REVISING Can you improve on this description? College Revision (Theme-based Global Revising): A Farm Life on a farm is quite often interpreted as an easy and relaxing way of life. Although it is true that life in the city is more hectic and more tense, farm, life is not quite as simple as it seems. Firstly, the farmer may not dress in a business suit suitable for office work in the city. He must wear a hat to protect himself from the boiling sun. He must wear boots appropriate for walking around in the mud. He must wear old jeans so as not to spoil another pair. Once the farmer has dressed himself in such a way as described above, he must then proceed with his work. He must milk the cows. He then has to feed the animals which are kept secure in a barn. Once he has done this, he must plow the land with the aid of his horses. Continued on next slide

12 A STUDY IN REVISING Can you improve on this description? College Revision (Theme-based Global Revising): A Farm continued The farmer has a lot of responsibilities. He must not only make enough food to feed his family (which lives on a house on the farm), he must also make extra food to sell and thus make a profit. As a result it is important that his property is well defended. For this reason all the buildings on the farm are surrounded by a fence. Furthermore all the gardens have scarecrows to keep birds away. And lastly the chickens are kept in cages so that at night foxes will not be able to attack them, which, if it occurred, would mean no more eggs to sell.

13 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING REVISION SKILLS writers need to be encouraged to revise need instruction in specific strategies for detecting and correcting errors (model revision process) use of word processor should be encouraged, makes revising easier practice revising other s text, easier to detect errors