IMPACT OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN NORTH AND MIDDLE ANDAMAN DISTRICT OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS

Transcription

1 IMPACT OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN NORTH AND MIDDLE ANDAMAN DISTRICT OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS BY M.LATHA B.Sc. (Ag.) THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE PROFESSOR JAYASHANKARTELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION) CHAIRPERSON: Dr. I.SREENIVASA RAO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERISTY 2015 i

2 DECLARATION I, Mrs. M.LATHA, hereby declare that the thesis entitled IMPACT OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN NORTH AND MIDDLE ANDAMAN DISTRICT OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS submitted to the Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University for the Degree of Master of Science in Agriculture is the result of original research work done by me. I also declare that no material contained in the thesis has been published earlier in any manner. Place: Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. ( M. LATHA) I. D. No. RAM/13-20 Date: ii

3 CERTIFICATE Mrs. M. LATHA has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of research and that the thesis entitled IMPACT OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN NORTH AND MIDDLE ANDAMAN DISTRICT OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS submitted is the result of original research work and is of sufficiently high standard to warrant its presentation to the examination. I also certify that neither the thesis nor part thereof has been previously submitted by her for a degree of any University. Date : Place: Rajendranagar Hyderabad (Dr. I.SREENIVASA RAO) Chairperson iii

4 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled IMPACT OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN NORTH AND MIDDLE ANDAMAN DISTRICT OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE of the Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University Hyderabad, is a record of the bonafide original research work carried out by Mrs. M.LATHA under our guidance and supervision. No part of the thesis has been submitted by the student for any other degree or diploma. The published part and all assistance received during the course of the investigation have been duly acknowledged by the author of the thesis.. ( Dr.I.SREENIVASA RAO) Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee. Chairman of the Advisory Committee Chairperson: Dr. I.SREENIVASA RAO Professor and Head Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Member :. Member : Member Dr. R.VASANTHA Associate Professor Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Dr.K,B SUNEETHA DEVI Professor Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Mrs. K. SUPRIYA Assistant Professor Department of Statistics and Mathematics, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Date of final viva -voice iv

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is by the lavish love and blessings of the almighty that I have been able to complete my studies successfully hitherto and present this piece of work for which I am eternally indebted. I dedicate this thesis to my Department of Agriculture, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, for providing me the wonderful chance to complete my Masters through the Department as an inservice Candidate. It gives me an immense pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. I. Sreenivasa Rao Chairman of my Advisory committee,professor and Head Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture,Rajendranagar, Hyderabad for his inspiring and meticulous guidance all through the course of this study. Words fail to express the extent of appreciation and thankfulness for his unending benevolence and constant encouragement through out my post graduate programme. I extend my deep sense of reverence and rectitude etiquette to Dr. R. Vasantha, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, Dr. K.B Suneeta Devi, Professor,Department of Agronomy and Ms. K. Supriya Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Statistics and Mathematics,College of Agriculture Rajendranagar as members of my advisory committee for their constant encouragement and transcendent suggestion and heartful cooperation to accomplish this research work. Diction is not enough to express my unbound gratitude and regards to Andaman and Nicobar Administration, officers and staffs of Directorate of Agriculture,North and Middle Andaman district for sponsoring me and providing me a gracious opportunity to complete my post graduation. It is time to surface out genuflect love and affectionate gratitude to my beloved parents in-laws Shri S. Laxmanan and Smti L. Kodainachiyar and my Mother Smti M. Ramathilakam and other family members who constantly inspired, educated, guided and moulded me into the present position and where encouragement brings out my best in every sphere of my endeavours including the present research. v

6 All language fall short of to express my love and affection to my Husband Shri L. Solairaj who inspired me to study the course with full affection and motivation and having shouldered all my responsibility of home and family affairs and the treasure of my twin daughter Nitha and Nitisha and their morality enabled me to engross and complete the course of my study well in time. I wish to record my gratitude with utmost reverence and gracious faithfulness to my beloved friends of my parent department and friends at PJTSAU, Hyderabad for inspiring me and advising me in proper way to proceed up my studies. I am thankful to all the officers and staff of Department of Agriculture, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andaman and Nicobar Islandsfor having helped me and providing all the required data during data collection, which played as a key event in my thesis. Finally I am highly indebted to all the respondent beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of High Value Agriculture scheme encompassing National Horticulture Mission of North and Middle Andaman District, who responded readily and willingly to my enquiries for the required information on which my thesis is based. Date : ( M. LATHA ) Place: Rajendranagar vi

7 LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter No. Title Page No. I INTRODUCTION II REVIEW OF LITERATURE III MATERIAL AND METHODS IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION LITERATURE CITED APPENDICES vii

8 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title 3.1 Variables and their Empirical Measurement 4.1 Distribution of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers according to their age 4.2 Distribution of respondents based on their education 4.3 Distribution of respondents based on their annual income 4.4 Distribution of respondents based on their farm size 4.5 Distribution of respondents according to the farming experience 4.6 Distribution of respondents according to their information seeking behaviour 4.7 Distribution of respondents according to socio political participation 4.8 Distribution of respondents according to the Risk taking ability 4.9 Distribution of respondent according to their innovativeness 4.10 Distribution of respondents according to subsidy orientation 4.11 Distribution of respondents according to the level of achievement motivation 4.12 Distribution of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries according to their awareness about National Horticulture Mission 4.13 Distribution of respondents based on their awareness on various activities of National Horticulture Mission 4.14 Distribution of respondents based on difference of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries regarding awareness about National Horticulture Mission Distribution of respondents based on knowledge about the recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana Distribution of respondents based on their Practice wise knowledge about package and practices of Tissue culture Banana 4.17 Difference in mean knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about recommended package of practices of Tissue culture Banana 4.18 Distribution of respondents based on knowledge about the recommended package of practices of Black pepper 4.19 Distribution of respondents based on their Practice wise knowledge about package and practices of Black pepper 4.20 Difference in mean knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about recommended package of practices of Black pepper 4.21 Distribution of respondents based on their adoption of improved package of practices in Tissue culture Banana 4.22 Distribution of respondents according to the level of adoption of package and practices on T.C Banana Difference in adoption of recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana between the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmer 4.24 Distribution of respondents according to the extent of adoption for black pepper 4.25 Distribution of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries according to the level of adoption of black pepper 4.26 Distribution of respondents based on their difference in adoption of recommended package of practices on black pepper between beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers 4.27 Area Production and Productivity of fruits and spices crops of Page No. viii

9 Andaman and Nicobar Islands Compounded Annual Growth Rate trend for the NHM ( TO ) period 4.29 Area Production of Productivity of two selected crops ( T.C Banana and Black pepper )in Andaman and Nicobar Islands 4.30 Difference between beneficiary and non beneficiary about the difference in income from the cultivation of T.C Banana 4.31 Difference between beneficiary and non beneficiary about the difference in income from the cultivation of Black pepper 4.32 Employment Generation in Mandays by both beneficiary and non beneficiary during the pre and post NHM period by cultivation of T.C Banana 4.33 Employment Generation in Mandays by both beneficiary and non beneficiary during the pre and post NHM period by cultivation of Black pepper 4.34 Creation for permanent assests for individual and community under NHM 4.35 Distribution of respondents based on their relationship between selected independent variables and awareness about National Horticulture Mission 4.36 Distribution of respondents based on their relationship between selected independent variables and knowledge about the recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana 4.37 Distribution of respondents based on their relationship between selected independent variables and knowledge about the recommended package of practices on Black pepper pertaining to beneficiary and non beneficiary 4.38 Distribution of respondents based on their relationship between selected independent variables and adoption of recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana pertaining to beneficiary farmers and non beneficiary farmers 4.39 Distribution of respondents based on their relationship between selected independent variables and adoption of recommended package of practices on black pepper pertaining to beneficiary farmers and non beneficiary farmers 4.40 Distribution of beneficiaries based on their problems perceived and suggestions offered by them for effective implementation of National Horticulture Mission Distribution of non beneficiaries according to the problem perceived by them and suggestion offered by non beneficiaries for effective implementation of NHM ix

10 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure No Title Page No. 2.1 Conceptual model of study 3.1 Map of Andaman and Nicobar Islands showing North and Middle Andaman District 3.2 Map of Middle Andaman showing selected villages for study 3.3 Map of North Andaman showing selected villages for study 3.4 Sampling procedure followed in the study 4.1 Distribution of respondents according to age group 4.2 Distribution of beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM according to education 4.3 Distribution of beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM according to the annual income 4.4 Distribution of respondents according to the land holding 4.5 Distribution of respondents according to the level of farming experience 4.6 Distribution of respondents according to the Information seeking behaviour 4.7 Distribution of respondents according to the degree of sociopolitical participation 4.8 Distribution of beneficiary and non beneficiary according to their Risk taking ability 4.9 Distribution of respondents according to the level of Innovativeness 4.10 Distribution of respondents according to subsidy orientation 4.11 Distribution of respondents according to the level of achievement motivation 4.12 Distribution of respondents based on their awareness about National Horticulture Mission 4.13 Distribution of respondent according to their level of knowledge on Tissue culture Banana 4.14 Distribution of respondents according to their level of knowledge regarding Black pepper Distribution of respondents according to their level of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana Distribution of Respondents according to the adoption of recommended package of practices of Black pepper Trend Analysis of Area, Production and Productivity of banana in Andaman and Nicobar Islands Trend Analysis of Area, production and productivity of Black pepper over years in Andaman and Nicobar Islands x

11 4.19 Empirical model of study LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS % : Per cent AEZs, : Agro Ecological Zones A &N : Andaman and Nicobar Islands ATMA : Agricultural Technology Management Agency CA : Controlled Atmosphere CARI : Central Institute of Agricultural Research CDB : Coconut Development Board CIGs : Commodity Interest Groups DME : Directorate of Marketing and Inspection DWCRA : Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas. et al. : And others Fig : Figure F : Frequency GOI : Govt. of India Ha : Hectare HMNEH : Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan States HRD : Human Resource Development HVADA ; High Value Agriculture Development Agency ICAR : Indian Council of Agricultural Research IDBI : Industrial Development Bank of India INM : Integrated Nutrient Management IPM : Integrated Pest Management IRDP : Integrated Rural Development Programme IVLP : Institute Village Linkage Programme JUP : Jana Utkarsha Programme Kg : Kilo gram Kg/ha : Kilogram per hectare MFPI : Ministry of Food Processing Industry MI : Micro Irrigation MT/Ha : Million tonnes per hectare xi

12 NABARD NATP NCDC NDDB NERAMAC NGOs NHB NREGA NREGP NWDPRA PHM R&D SAU s SHG TMIDH TMNE TRIFED Vs : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development : National Agriculture Technology Project : National Cooperative Development Corporation : National Dairy Development Board : North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation : Non-governmental Organizations : National Horticulture Board : National Rural Employment Guarantee Act : National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme : National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas : Post Harvest Management : Research and Development : State Agricultural Universities : Self Help Group : Technology Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture : Technology Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture in the North Eastern States : Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development : Versus xii

13 Author I.D.No. Title of the thesis Degree to which it is submitted Faculty Department Chair person University : Ms. M.LATHA : RAM/ : IMPACT OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN NORTH AND MIDDLE ANDAMAN DISTRICT OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS : MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE : AGRICULTURE : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION : Dr.I.Sreenivasa Rao Professor and University Head, Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderbad : PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of submission : 2015 ABSTRACT The present study entitled Impact of National Horticulture Mission in North and Middle Andaman District of Andaman and Nicobar Islands was undertaken to assess the Impact of National Horticulture Mission, vis-a vis objectives of NHM scheme especially for the major focused crops i.e Tissue culture banana and black pepper in terms of area expansion, increase in production and productivity, income generation, employment generation and creation of assets. An Ex-post facto research design with a sample 120 farmers i.e 60 each beneficiaries non beneficiaries of NHM from 6(six) villages was adopted.a total of 11(eleven) independent variables to their profile and dependent variables namely Awareness, Knowledge and Adoption of recommended package and practices of selected crops were analyzed for the study. The analysis of profile characteristics of NHM beneficiary indicated that majority were old aged, had primary education, holding small farm size, high farming experience, socio political participation, innovativeness and subsidy orientation and medium in annual income, information seeking behaviour, risk taking ability and xiii

14 achievement motivation.majority of beneficiaries had medium awareness about NHM, high knowledge in cultivation of tissue culture banana and black pepper with high adoption. The analysis of profile characteristics of non beneficiaries National Horticulture Mission indicated that majority of them old aged, capable of read and write, holding marginal farm size (below1.00 ha),high sociopolitical participation, innovativeness, subsidy orientation, achievement motivation.where as they were medium in risk taking ability and information seeking behaviour and low farming experience, annual income. Majority of respondents of non beneficiary had medium level of awareness about NHM, had medium knowledge of the scientific package of practices of tissue culture banana and black pepper and medium adoption recommended package of practices tissue culture banana and black pepper. No significant difference was observed between beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers regarding awareness of NHM, but there was a significant difference between beneficiaries and non beneficiaries regarding the knowledge and adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana and black pepper. The impact analysis revealed that NHM scheme showed positive impact with regard to area, production and productivity of the selected crops, income and employment generations and assests creation in the selected district. The independent variable namely farming experience, Sociopolitical participation, information seeking behaviour, risk taking ability and achievement motivation had positive significant relationship with awareness of beneficiaries, all the independent variables except age had positive correlation with knowledge and adoption of recommended package and practices of tissue culture banana and black pepper, where as risk taking ability had non significant relationship with knowledge of beneficiaries The independent variable namely education, farming experience, Sociopolitical participation, information seeking behaviour, risk taking bility, subsidy orientation and innovativeness had positive significant relationship with awareness and others showed non significant relationship with awareness about NHM. The independent variable namely annual income,risk taking ability, information seeking behaviour had non significant relationship with knowledge of banana, where as the variables namely age, annual income, farming experience, risk taking ability and achievement motivation showed negative and non significant relationship with knowledge and adoption of recommended package and practices of tissue culture banana and black pepper with respect to non beneficiaries of NHM. The major constraints perceived by them were lengthy documentation, lack of irrigation facility, transportation, post harvest management and infrastructural facility and suggested to provide training and capacity building in pots harvest technology for horticultural crops and provision of subsidy on drip and sprinkler irrigation. *********** xiv

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16 Chapter I INTRODUCTION Horticulture sector is an integral element for food and nutritional security in the country. Horticulture is the main segment, while its various sub-segments are fruits, vegetables, aromatic and herbal plants, flowers, spices and plantation crops. All these are regarded as the essential ingredients of economic security. The wide range of agro-climatic conditions of India is conducive for growing a large variety of horticultural crops, including, root and tuber crops, mushroom, ornamental crops, plantation crops like coconut, arecanut, cashew and cocoa. Horticultural development had not been a priority in India until recent years. In the period of , the main focus of the country was on cereals. Much planned efforts had not been made for horticultural development, except for some technical support and development efforts for specific commodities like spices, coconut and potato. During , there was consolidation of institutional support and a planned process for the development of horticulture. It was in the post 1993 period that a focused attention was given to horticulture development through a enhancement of plan allocation and knowledge based technology. Despite of last decade being called a golden revolution in horticultural production, the productivity of horticultural crops has increased only marginally from 7.5 MT/ha in to MT/ha in (Indian Horticulture Database ). The Government of India has recognized horticulture crops as a means of diversification in agriculture in an eco-friendly manner through efficient use of land and optimum utilization of natural resources. Horticulture seeks to create ample opportunities for employment, particularly for unemployed youths and women folk. India has maintained leadership in the production of many commodities like mango, banana, acid lime, coconut, arecanut, cashew, ginger, turmeric and black pepper. Presently, it is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. India is next only to China in area and production of vegetables and occupies prime position in the production of cauliflower, second in onions and third in cabbage in the world. India has also made noticeable advancement in the production of flowers. Further, it is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices. India is home to a wide variety of spices like black pepper, cardamom (small and large), ginger, garlic, turmeric, chilli and a large variety of tree and seed spices. Almost all the States in the country grow one or more spices.

17 Endowed with diverse soil and climate conditions, India produces a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, root and tuber crops, flowers, ornamental plants, medicinal and aromatic plants, spices, condiments, plantation crops and mushrooms. These crops form a significant part of total agricultural produce in the country. All horticulture crops put together covered nearly million hectares area with an annual production of million tonnes during (NHB, 2010). Though these crops occupy about 10.7 per cent of the gross cropped area, they contribute over 30 per cent to the agricultural Gross Domestic Product and 37 per cent of total export of agricultural commodities in the country. The area and production of horticultural crops have increased considerably as compared to the situation a couple of decades ago. The area under horticulture crops has increased from million ha in to million ha in with the corresponding increase in production from million tonnes to million tonnes. Thus, there has been an unparalleled increase in area and production during this period amounting to 63.5 and per cent, respectively. So the horticulture sector is expected to play a major role in the overall development of agriculture in the country in the coming years. Furthermore, the Indian farmers are eager to find new avenues for diversifying their crops through interventions in horticulture. India has made significant strides in area expansion, overall increase in production and productivity of horticultural crops. The horticultural crops play a unique role in India s economy by improving the income of the rural people. Cultivation of these crops generates lot of employment opportunities for the rural population. The per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables has increased over the plan periods. As against the recommended dose of per capita consumption of 120 gm of fruits and 280 gm of vegetables the present availability of fruits is 97 gm and 195 gm of vegetables (GOI, 2007). However, due to increasing export of horticultural crops, the per capita availability of these crops has been further reduced. We are yet to produce adequate fruit and vegetable to satisfy the per capita supply of fruits and vegetables for the growing population. Overall there is huge potential for horticulture sector to grow to meet the rising demands in Indian market. Fruits and vegetables are not only used for domestic consumption and processing into various products such as pickles, preserves sauces, jam, jelly squash etc. but also substantial quantities are exported in fresh and processed form, bringing much-needed

18 foreign exchange for the country. India with more than 71.5 million tonnes of fruits and million tonnes of vegetables is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world next only to Brazil (for fruits) and China (for vegetables). India is the largest producer of fruits like mango, banana, papaya, sapota, pomegranate and aonla (NHB, 2010). In terms of productivity of grapes, India ranks first in the world. India also ranks first in production of peas and okra. India ranks second in cultivation of vegetables like brinjal, cauliflower, cabbage, potato and onion. India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices and spice products in the world. As a result of synergy between focused research, technological and policy initiatives, horticulture in India has become a sustainable and viable venture for the small and marginal farmers. Besides, the sector has also started attracting entrepreneurs for taking up horticulture as a commercial venture. A large number of programmes are in operation for further development of this sector in the country. The production, productivity and export of horticultural output have significantly increased over few decades in the country. The demand of horticultural produce is also on rise due to increasing population, changing food habits, realization of high nutritional value of horticultural crops and greater emphasis on value addition and export. Therefore, there is a great scope for the horticulture industry to grow and flourish in our country. The prospect of horticulture in our country vis-à-vis the need for attaining nutritional security and more profitable use of available land has brought about a significant change in the outlook of the growers. The need for great utilization of available wastelands against the background of dwindling water and energy resources has focused attention to dry, arid and semi-arid tracts and to horticultural crops that demand less water and other inputs besides being more remunerative than field crops. It is estimated that India has million hectares of uncultivated lands and fallow lands which can be brought under horticultural crops without curtailing the area under food crops. The country has abundant sunshine throughout year, surplus labour and widely varied agro-climatic conditions, which offer high potential for successful and profitable commercial horticulture. The Government of India has launched National Horticulture Mission (NHM) scheme to facilitate further development of horticultural crops in India and to ensure forward and backward linkages with the active participation of all the stakeholders. The main objective of the mission are

19 To provide holistic growth of the horticulture sector through an area based regionally differentiated strategies which include research, technology promotion, extension, post harvest management, processing and marketing, in consonance with comparative advantage of each State/region and its diverse agro-climatic feature; To enhance horticulture production, improve nutritional security and income support to farm households; To establish convergence and synergy among multiple on-going and planned programmes for horticulture development; To promote, develop and disseminate technologies, through a seamless blend of traditional wisdom and modern scientific knowledge, and To create opportunities for employment generation for skilled and unskilled persons, especially unemployed youth. National Horticulture Mission (NHM) has been implemented in in 18 States and 3 Union Territories of India excluding the states covered under Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan States (HMNEH) to promote holistic growth of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetables, root & tuber crops, mushroom, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, cashew and cocoa. HMNEH is a separate Technology Mission restructured in for integrated development of horticulture in North Eastern States including Sikkim and the states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttaranchal. All the States and Union Territories are covered under the Mission except the eight North Eastern States including Sikkim and the States of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, which are covered under another Mission namely the Technology Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture in the North Eastern States (TMNE). During XI plan, the assistance from Government of India will be 85 per cent with 15 per cent contribution by the State Government. The major thrust areas under NHM and HMNEH are setting up and nurturing of nurseries for production of quality planting materials, area expansion, rejuvenation of old orchards, high density planting, canopy management, protected cultivation, organic farming, Integrated Pest Management, Integrated Nutrient Management, creation of pack house / on farm handling, collection and storage unit, pre cooling unit, mobile pre cooling unit, cold storage units (construction/expansion/modernization),controlled atmosphere /Modified atmosphere storage units, refer vans, containers, primary / mobile / minimal processing unit, ripening

20 chamber, evaporative / low energy cool chamber, preservation unit, low cost onion storage, and market infrastructure development etc. For proper implementation of the scheme, an amount of Rs crore was allotted during Annual allocation during and was Rs crore and Rs crore respectively. During the outlay for the scheme was Rs crore. At present the scheme is being implemented in 18 states and 2 union territories covering 344 districts of the country for the development of the potential crops.. The mission adopts a cluster approach and promotes specific commodities in specific regions. Subsidy is extended to farmers for adopting the crop and for greenhouses, organic certification and training. Subsidies are also offered to other private agents for creating nurseries, seed production, seed infrastructure, and post-harvest infrastructure. Financial assistance is also given to research institutions for horticulture related research. In pursuance of the above goals, the National Horticulture Mission will focus in the areas of horticultural research, development, post harvest management, processing and marketing. The programmes under horticulture research will concentrate on technology generation appropriate to each region/state keep in view their specific agro climatic and socioeconomic conditions. Emphasis will be given for effective transfer of technologies in production, which are already available in India and abroad. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in association with State Agriculture Universities (SAU s) and other research institutes /organizations in the public and private sector having capabilities will be involved in the research programme. The programme under the horticultural development aims at increasing the production and productivity of all horticultural crops through adoption of improved technologies in crop production. Under this programme, special emphasis will be given for regionally differentiated crops, which are most suitable for the state /region. This programme will be implemented by the Horticultural Departments of the State Government, which may also include cooperative organizations, self-help group, NGOs and economically viable organizations for achieving the targeted production and productivity of identified crops. Risk management in the form of crop insurance is also proposed Post harvest management would include creating suitable infrastructure for efficient post harvest management and marketing of horticulture produce such as handling, transfer, storage and markets etc. besides taking up market promotional activities such as dissemination of market information to the farmers,

21 processors, traders, and consumers. Special thrust would be provided to promote the export of horticultural produce through establishment of AEZs (Agro Ecological Zones) for which there is potential global market. National Horticulture Board, Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, National Cooperative Development Corporation, NERAMAC (North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation), TRIFED (Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development) and Agriculture and Processed Food Products export Development authority will be involved for the purpose. It is proposed to make use of the existing schemes of the National Horticulture Board (NHB), Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DME) and National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) to maximum possible extent. The Mission will also focus on promoting processing of horticultural produce and value addition by providing incentives for setting up of horticulture processing industries and food parks in potential areas and to encourage linkages between the markets for the horticulture produce and processing industry. This activity will be supported by the Ministry of Food Processing Industry (MFPI) and implemented through agencies under the administrative control of MFPI and other organizations and the concerned departments of the State Governments. These programmes would be credit-linked through NABARD/IDBI/State Financial Corporations. To achieve the above objectives, the mission adopted the following strategies: NHM Strategies Ensure an end-to-end holistic approach covering production, post harvest management, processing and marketing to assure appropriate returns to growers/producers; Promote R&D technologies for production, post-harvest management and processing; Enhance acreage, coverage, and productivity through: (a) Diversification, from traditional crops to plantations, orchards, vineyards, flower and vegetable gardens; (b) Extension of appropriate technology to the farmers for high-tech horticulture cultivation and precision farming. Assist setting up post harvest facilities such as pack house, ripening chamber, cold storages, Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storages etc, processing units for value addition and marketing infrastructure; Adopt a coordinated approach and promotion of partnership, convergence and synergy among R&D, processing and marketing agencies in public as well as private sectors, at the National, Regional, State and sub-state levels;

22 Where appropriate and feasible, promote National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) model of cooperatives to ensure support and adequate returns to farmers; Promote capacity-building and Human Resource Development at all levels. The main objective of the Mission is to promote the holistic growth of the horticulture sector through area based regionally differentiated cluster approach for development of horticultural crops having comparative advantage. The mission envisages an end- to-end approach covering production, post harvest management (PHM), primary processing and marketing for which, assistance is being provided to farmers, entrepreneurs, besides organizations in the public and private sector. Since the programme has entered in the sixth year, there was a need to access and analyze the impact of the programme vis-à-vis objectives of the NHM scheme especially for the major focused crops in terms of area expansion, increase in production and productivity. Since the focus is on cluster approach for holistic development of potential crops, it was necessary to undertake in-depth study in respect of selected crops taken up for development. COMPONENTS OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION A. Research B.1.Plantation infrastructure development: includes production of Planting materials by establishment of model nursery / large nursery. 2. Establishment of New Garden (Area Expansion) includes area expansion of new garden perennial and non perennial, High density planting etc. 3. Mushroom including integrated mushroom unit for spawn, compost production, spawn making unit, compost making unit. 4. Flowers including cut flowers, Bulbous flowers, loose flowers. 5. Spices seed spices and rhizomatic spices,perennial spices like black pepper, cinnamon, clove and nutmeg. 6. Aromatic plants: cost intensive aromatic plants, other aromatic plants. 7. Plantation crops including cashew area expansion. C. rejuvenation / Replacement of senile plantation. D.creation of water resources including community tanks / farm ponds and water harvesting system etc.

23 E. Protected cultivation including Green House structure, Plastic mulching, shade net, Plastic tunnel. F. Precision farming development and extension through Precision farming development centre. G. promotion of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) / Integrated Pest Management H. Organic farming I. Pollination support through Bee Keeping J. Technology Dissemination through Demonstration front line demonstration. K. Human resource Development (HRD) L. Exposure visit of farmers M. Mission Management In Andaman and Nicobar Islands the UT Administration implemented a handful of centrally sponsored schemes to benefit the small and marginal farmers.despite the efforts being made by the Department of Agriculture there has been no tangible impact in terms of increasing crop production and income generation to small and marginal farmers. Therefore, there is a need to make agriculture a vibrant industry for the overall economic development of the Island by giving focused attention through integrated efforts in a mission mode having horizontal and verbal linkages. The programme shall address HVA to promote Coconut or Arecanut based farming system, giving high value fruits, flowers and spices giving emphasis on value addition, organic farming, contract farming, enhancement of assistance, promotion of technological intervention and strengthening of administrative mechanism. Keeping the above circumstances in view, all the activities under NHM, NHB AND CDB have been clubbed and formulated a new programme popularly called as HVA. The programme is tailored for boosting the productivity of various horticulture crops in this Islands.High Value Agriculture Development Agency (HVADA) has been constituted in the year 2004 with the objective to implement the schemes of National Horticulture Mission) for holistic development of Horticulture sector based on the guidelines of NHM. The components of Establishment of New garden (Perennial and Non perennial fruits, spices, aromatic plants, floriculture), protected cultivation, pollination support through Bee keeping, promotion of IPM / INM, HRD, Mission management etc.

24 Horticulture Status of Andaman and Nicobar Island Andaman and Nicobar Islands enjoys tropical & humid climate and receive rainfall of nearly 3000 mm commencing from May-January and receive both Southwest and Northwest monsoon. The average mean temperature varies from 23 o C to 32 o C with to 70-90% humidity. Topography is undulating and climate is congenial for plantation crops like coconut, areca nut and Horticulture crops like tropical fruits and spices. Plantation crops like coconut, areca nut and cashew are the major crops grown in the Island. Coconut covers maximum area of ha followed by areca nut ( ) and cashew nut ( ha). All these are yielding far below the expectations due to low input management and also to due old age plantations and senility. Despite repeated efforts to develop horticulture there has been no tangible impact in term of increase in productivity and income generated by farmers. The productivity of the most of the horticulture crops is however low, mainly due to inadequate awareness of hi-tech intervention & primitive methods of cultivation being practiced by the local population. Agriculture in Andaman & Nicobar Islands Department of Agriculture was established in 1945 to develop Agriculture in these Islands in a systematic and scientific manner. After the blanket ban on clearance of further forest, land trust was diverted from area expansion to intensive agriculture practices in the existing areas. Out of the total geographical area of 8249 sq. km, agricultural activities occupy a mere 50,000 ha out of which ha is under field crops and ha under plantation crops. Due to Tsunami Disaster which occurred on 26th December, 2004, extensive damage was caused to agricultural land. About 4206 ha of agriculture land is under permanent submergence since than which has dramatically decreased the area available under agriculture/horticulture. The major responsibilities of the Department are to provide extension support to improve the production in a sustainable manner and ensure timely supply of quality inputs like seeds, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and other implements. The farmers are also assisted to develop the agriculture field through soil and water conservation measures. The irrigation requirements are assessed and supported through minor irrigation schemes

25 Potential of Horticulture The agro-climatic conditions of these islands are congenial for the horticulture crops like Fruits, Spices and Flowers. The Islands being the biodiversity rich one are the veritable treasure house of valuable medicinal aromatic and dye herbs, trees & shrubs. There is good scope for the production of tropical fruits like Mangosteen, Durian,Dragon fruit, Rambutan, Grapefruit, Pomelo and Longan which has high export potential. The productivity of most of the horticultural crops is quite low as compared to the national average, mainly due to the inadequate awareness of hi tech interventions and adoption of primitive cultivation methods by the farmers. High Value Agriculture programme is tailored for these islands for boosting productivity of various horticulture crops. All the schemes have been formulated based on the guidelines of National Horticulture Mission, National Horticulture Board and Coconut Development Board. The estimated costs of all components are higher in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands as compared to the mainland condition hence the subsidy as per the existing pattern is not sufficient. The island being away from the mainland, transportation of various input creation of infrastructure for protected cultivation etc increases the cost estimate many folds and developing such structures within the estimated cost given in the guidelines is not possible. Considering the higher cost index of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, subsidy pattern needs scheme needs to be formulated considering the Andaman condition. By Keeping these views into consideration, the present research study entitled Impact of National Horticulture Mission in North and Middle Andaman District of Andaman and Nicobar Islands With the following objectives. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of National Horticulture mission in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Specific Objective 1. To study the profile characteristics of the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission. 2. To study the awareness of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries with reference to implementation of National Horticulture Mission. 3. To study the knowledge and adoption of recommended package of practices for cultivation of identified horticulture crops among beneficiaries and non beneficiaries.

26 4. To assess the impact of the mission in terms of increase in area, production and productivity of different crops, employment as well as income generation and assets created due to the implementation of NHM. 5. To find out the association between the profile characteristics and awareness, knowledge and adoption of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM. 6. To analyze the problems in implementation of NHM and to elicit the suggestions for the effectiveness of NHM. NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY The NHM has completed initial phase of its implementation in the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands Hence, its impact assessment in terms of out-comes and constraints would be useful for the policy makers. This study deals with some of these aspects and it is a departure from earlier literature in terms of its focus on issues related to horticultural crops at the macro as well as micro levels in the UT of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The main objective of this research is to examine economics of selected horticultural crops vis-à-vis other crops grown by the farmers during the year and Knowledge of farmers about the recommended package and practices of identified crops and its adoption along with the awareness of the Mission. Further, it seeks to highlight the status of horticultural crops at the district and UT levels. In addition, it is tried to assess the prospects of increasing employment through cultivation of horticultural crops and income generation and assets created due to the implementation of the National Horticulture Mission. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The present investigation was undertaken to know the impact of National Horticulture Mission and its importance in improving the standard of living of the horticulture farmers. The findings of the study would help to reveal the facts about the Knowledge and adoption level of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers regarding the recommended package and practices of the two identified crop namely Banana and Black pepper representing both fruit and spice category. The findings of the study will be useful to Governmental agencies namely High Value Agriculture Development Agency, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Extension field functionaries to implement the Plan, policies and Programmes for the benefit of the farmers, The study also gives information about the

27 problems and constraints faced by the farmer in adoption of the recommended practices. It also provided suitable suggestions to overcome the problems. It would be of great use to find out the relationship between the selected independent variable and the dependent variables. Identification of problem faced by beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission in adopting the recommended package and practices and their perceived solutions will be of immediate use in removing the existing deficiencies and to plan for a sound strategy for effective implementation of National Horticulture Mission Scheme under High Value Agriculture scheme implemented by HVADA. The present study therefore was designed to assess the knowledge and adoption level of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries towards the recommended package and practices of two identified crops namely Tissue culture banana under Non perennial fruit group and Black pepper under Spices group, and also to study the relationship with selected socio economic and personal characteristics. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY As it is true of any scientific investigation carried out by a student researcher, this study also had the following limitation. 1.The findings of the study were based on verbal expression of the respondents therefore the findings were conditioned by the extent of reliable and verbal information provided by the selected for the purpose of investigation. 2. Due to the limitation of time and other resources this study could not be taken up in a large area. It was confined to only one district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, so it can be generalized to only to locations of such nature. 3. In spite of the limitations, the findings of the study would provide a better insight in identifying the impact of National Horticulture Mission on beneficiaries and non beneficiaries farmers by improvement of farmers in terms of increase of income and employment generation in mandays along with assets created under NHM in the study area.

28 PRESENTATION OF THE THESIS This report of study is presented in six chapters. The first chapter dealt with the brief introduction including objectives, scope and limitations of the study. Review of literature is presented in second chapter. The Third chapter dealt with material and methods used in the process of my investigation. It includes location of the study, selection of respondents and sampling procedure, selection of variables and their empirical measurement, devices and methods used for collection of data and statistical tools used. Results and discussion is presented in fourth chapter. The Fifth chapter brought out Summary and conclusion with implication of the study. The literature cited is presented by following the guidelines of ANGR Agricultural University and appendices were provided at the end.

29 Chapter II REVIEW OF LITERATURE A thorough review of literature is necessary to acquaint with the research area and was felt essential in developing sound research methodology and operationalising the needed concept. This also helps to find out the available information related to the objectives of the proposed research and provides a basis for interpretation of findings. As the research on Impact of National Horticulture Mission is scarce. However, an earnest attempt is made to reveal the available literature having direct or indirect bearing on this study by considering other Developmental Programs implemented by Central as well as State Govts. The review has been organized under the following heads. 2.1 Profile Characteristics of farmers, 2.2 Awareness of the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries towards National Horticulture Mission. 2.3 Knowledge about recommended package of practices of selected crops. 2.4 Adoption of recommended package of practices of selected crops. 2.5 Increase in Area, Production and productivity of horticulture crops with special reference to identified crops under NHM. 2.6 Enhancement of income generation, increase in employment ( mandays ) and assests creation under National Horticulture Mission. 2.7 Association between profile characteristics, awareness, knowledge and adoption of recommended package of practices among beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. 2.8 Problems in implementation and suggestions for improvement. 2.9 Conceptual model of the study.

30 2.1 PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS OF FARMERS AGE Age has been stated as the chronological age of the respondent at the time of investigation. Agre (1996) reported that majority of beneficiaries of Horticulture Development Programme i,e per cent were from middle age group followed by young age per cent followed by per cent were of old age group. Kausadikar (2000) found out that majority of the respondents (60.00%) were from middle age group followed by one forth them young age group per cent and per cent of the respondents were old age group. Rakeshkumar (2003) revealed that 64 per cent of the fruit growers belonged to the middle age groups followed by young per cent and old age per cent. Noorjehan (2004) stated that more than half (58.33%) of the organic farmers were in the old age category with maximum age of 65 years followed by per cent in the middle age category and per cent were under young category. Bharathi (2005) opined that majority of SHG members (51.20%) were young age and per cent of them were middle aged under NATP on empowerment of women in agriculture. Satheshkumar (2006) observed that majority of beneficiaries per cent of Horticultural Development Programme were from Middle age group, followed by per cent and per cent were from young and old age group respectively. Pallavi (2006) indicated that a little less than half of the respondents belonged to young age per cent followed by middle (40.00%) and old age (11.25 %). Swati (2007) states that per cent of the beneficiaries were belonged to middle age, followed by young age (33.75%) and old (17.50%) age respectively under Jana Utkarsha Programme ( JUP).

31 Thore et al. (2009) inferred from their study on Knowledge of farmers about National Horticulture Mission that majority of the respondents per cent were from middle age group followed by the young age group per cent and old age group of per cent. Sarthak and Prabuddha (2010) revealed that a majority of the vegetable growing farmers (34.41%) belonged to middle age group (35-45 years), followed by per cent under young age group (up to 35 years) and per cent belonging to old age group (above 45 years). Shantinirmala (2010) reported that 56.67% of participant farmers of Rythu Chaitanya Yatra programme were belonged to middle age category followed by young (23.33%) and old (20.00%) age categories respectively.in case of non participant farmers (60.00%) were belonged to middle age group followed by young (21.67%) and old (18.33%) age group respectively. Udaykumar (2010) found that per cent of IVLP participant were under middle age category followed by old age (38.82%) and young age (7.06%) categories respectively. Chattoapadhayay and Debajit (2011) revealed that age-group of 16 to 60 years as the working age-group, and almost per cent of household members belong to this age-group. Usha (2011) inferred that majority of the beneficiaries (68.85%) belonged to the age group of years followed by 23.7 per cent of respondent fall under the category of less than 16 years and nearly 7.45 per cent of the respondents fall under the category of more than 60 years of age. Mrutyunjay et al. (2012) inferred that 67.5 per cent of horticulture beneficiary respondents belonged to years which was considered as productive age group.only 7 per cent were aged above 60 years. Mankar et al. (2013) inferred that two third about per cent of beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission belonged to middle age group of years and per cent of beneficiaries belonged to young group up to 35 years and 5.83 per cent belonged to old age group of more than 50 years.

32 Sahil et al. (2013) revealed that nearly per cent of national horticulture mission respondents fall under years marked as young group followed by per cent belonged to age group marked as middle group and per cent belonged to years of old group. Sahil et al.(2014) inferred that more than per cent of the respondents belonged to the age group of years and 23 per cent of the respondents belong to age group of years. In the nutshell, from the above studies it can be inferred that majority of the respondents were from middle age group which is seems to be as productive age for taking up the Horticulture Development Programmes EDUCATION Education is nothing but the formal education completed by the respondent. The most general usage of this term denotes bringing up intellectual and modern training, systematic instruction, developmental power and characters of the individuals. Education can be viewed as including all communicating knowledge and shaping of the values (Sills, 1968) Venugopalarao (1996) revealed that the coconut farmers had functionally literate (23.33 %), primary school education (22.50%) illiterate (21.67%),collegiate education (17.50% ) and middle school and High school education (7.50%) each. Jassi et al. (1998) revealed that per cent of vegetable farmers were illiterate followed by per cent were primary, per cent were middle and per cent were higher school and above education. Kausadikar (2000) found that about one third (30.67%) beneficiaries of Horticulture Development Programme were educated up to High school, followed by per cent, per cent, percent were educated up middle school level, college level, primary level respectively and only 8 per cent were illiterate. Thanajabian and Manoharan (2001) revealed that half of the Kitchen garden respondents had education upto collegiate level (57.50 %) followed by the secondary level

33 (35.84%). The Middle (5.85 %) and primary (0.83%) education were found with meager percentage of respondents only. Sajithkumar (2004) found that per cent of coconut farmers were having high school level of education followed by those having secondary school (16.67%), collegiate (12.67%), middle school (12.00%), primary school (2.67%) and those who can read and write only (0.66%). Gopiram (2005) revealed that per cent of the turmeric respondents had middle school level of education followed by these who had primary school (23.33 %), high school (17.33 %) functionally literate (13.33 %),illiterate (10.67 %) and college level and above (8.67 %) education. Satheshkumar ( 2006) found that one fourth of respondents were educated up to secondary school level followed by per cent, per cent, per cent were educated up to higher secondary, primary education, illiterate respectively. About 8.33 per cent of them were educated up to college level and 4.16 per cent were educated up to the post graduation level. Karpagam (2007) revealed that per cent of the grape growers had primary school level of education and per cent of the farmers had middle school level of education only. Whereas per cent, per cent,10 per cent and 7.50 per cent of farmers fall under the category of collegiate, high school, illiterate and higher secondary categories respectively. Swati (2007) stated that majority (56.25%) of the beneficiaries of JUP were belonged to illiterate, followed by primary school (15.00%). High school (13.75%), pre university (8.75%), can read and write (3.75%) and can read only (2.50%) respectively. In case of non beneficiaries per cent of them were belonged to illiterate, high school (10.00%), primary school (7.50%), can read and write (5.00%), pre university ( 5.00%) and can read only ( 2.50%) respectively. Saini et al. (2008) reported that per cent of the vegetable growers were illiterate, per cent of them studied upto elementary level and only 3.34 per cent of them were graduated.

34 Sureshkumar (2009) found that majority of the respondents had high school education (31.33%) while, per cent were illiterate. The other respondents were educated up to primary school (18.67%), middle school (13.33%), PUC (8.67%) and graduate level (2.67%). Thore et al. (2009) found out that majority of the respondents were educated up to primary school level. One eighth of them educated up to middle school level (12.50 %) followed by per cent of farmers were educated up to graduation level and 9.17 per cent of respondents were illiterate. Archana (2012) revealed that majority of the respondents were illiterate (43.33%), followed by primary school (19.17%), read and write only (15.00%), upper primary school (14.17%), high school (4.16%), intermediate (2.50%) and under graduation (1.67%). Kale et al. (2012) reported that the majority of the respondents (55.85 %) were educated up to secondary school, followed by per cent respondents were educated up to primary level. About per cent of the respondents were educated up to graduation level, while 10 per cent of respondents were educated up to high school level and 3.34 per cent of them were illiterate and 0.83 per cent reported under the group of can read and write. Mankar et al. (2013) from their studies on Impact assessment of National Horticulture Mission on its beneficiaries were reported that nearly one third per cent of the respondents completed high school education followed by middle school education (28.33 %). Ranjan (2013) conducted study on impact assessment of National Horticulture Mission in Bihar revealed the fact that only per cent are illiterate. About per cent have attained the educational level of up to primary, per cent upto secondary, 7.38 per cent upto graduation level and 2.95 per cent only upto above graduation level. Sahil et al.(2013) conducted study on satisfaction of fruit growers in availing subsidies under National Horticulture mission revealed that per cent of respondents were illiterate followed by per cent of respondent were matriculate and 5.83 per cent

35 were educated up to senior secondary school, about per cent of the respondent were studied up to graduation level. Sahil et al. (2014) revealed during the study of problems of fruit growers under National Horticulture Mission that 23 per cent of the respondents were illiterate while only per cent of the respondents were educated up to graduation and above level and 5.83 per cent had education up to senior secondary level and per cent studied up to matric level. In precise of the above said findings reveal that most of the farmers were primary school and higher school education. However it was also found in some of the studies that majority of them belong to collegiate, illiterate and functionally illiterate FARM SIZE It was operationalized as the number of acres of land actually possessed by the individual farmer. Kausadikar (2000) observed that about half of the beneficiaries (44.00%) were from medium land holding group followed by small land holders per cent and per cent had registered themselves from high land holding capacity. Satish (2003) indicated that per cent of the Papaya growers had small farm size followed by medium (37.67 %) and (21.66 %) large farm size. Karpagam (2007) observed that majority (87.50%) of the grape growers were under medium farm size category followed by high (7.50%) and low (5.00%) farm size category. Kapse et al. (2009) reported that majority (46.66%) of banana growers were medium farmers, followed by big (18.00%), semi-medium (15.33%), small (12.67 %) and marginal (07.34%) farmers respectively. Sureshkumar (2009) revealed that per cent of farmers belonged medium land holding category ( acres) while per cent of them belonged to semimedium land holding category ( acres), whereas per cent of them were

36 small farmers ( acres), per cent were marginal farmers (<2.5 acres) and 4.67 per cent belonged to big land holding category (>25 acres). Thore et al. (2009) inferred that majority of the respondents per cent were having semi medium size land.whereas per cent and per cent were having medium and large size farms respectively. Only per cent were having small land holding. Anup (2010) revealed that per cent of respondents had medium land holdings, followed by per cent had small land holdings and per cent of them were large farmers. Chattopadhayay et al. (2011) studied from impact study of National horticulture Mission at West Bengal revealed the fact that average land holding operated by small farmers are 3.32 acres followed by marginal farmers operate nearly 1.61 acres of land, and 6.93 acres by medium farmers respectively. Sangeeta (2011) in her study on Horticulture Development programme in Maharastra found that per cent of famers have are small holding out of which 53 per cent of the number of holding belong to small and marginal category which occupy only 26 per cent of the area, in contrast the number of large and very large holding is per cent but they occupy 57 per cent of the area. Further the study revealed that even though the percent holding under large farmers is less but occupies more area under fruit cultivation, which provides a way to harness the potential through Horticulture programmes. Archana (2012) revealed that majority (46.67%) of the respondents had small farm size followed by marginal (29.17%) and large (24.16%) farm size. Mrutyunjay et al. (2011) inferred that more than half of the respondents 22 per cent were marginal farmers, 22.5 per cent were small farmers, 28.5 per cent were medium farmers and per cent were large farmers. Mankar et al. (2013) revealed that 60 per cent of beneficiaries of Horticulture scheme had 0.6 to 1.0 ha under Horticulture crop followed by per cent of respondents belong to the small land holding from 1.01 to 2.00 ha and per cent

37 belong to semi medium category of 2.01 to 4.00 ha of land holding. Only per cent of respondent belong to large category holding above ha of land. Sinha (2013) while conducting study of impact assessment of National Horticulture Mission revealed the fact that sample constitutes per cent from marginal farms, per cent from small farms, per cent from medium farms and per cent from large farms. Kakkar et al. (2014) conducted study of National food security mission revealed the fact that per cent of the sampled respondents had more than 25 acres of land holding belong to group of large farmers. Whereas 36 per cent of respondent had medium land holding that is acres and 1.67 per cent of respondents had semi medium land holding that is 5-10 acres. Sahil et a.l (2014) revealed from their study on problem faced by fruit growers that per cent of the respondents had land holding was from 4.40 to acres, per cent of the respondents had operational land holding from to acres followed by per cent of operational land holding falls between acres acres. In nutshell, it was indicative of the studies that majority of the farmers had medium land holding (farm size), But the above studies stated that they also belonged to small and high land holding category ANNUAL INCOME It is considered as the annual income of the beneficiaries family from the agriculture as well as subsidiary occupation like dairy unit, income from hiring out agricultural implements, rent of leased out land, other income such as salary, pension etc. Kausadikar (2000) observed that slightly more than half of the beneficiaries (52.66%) had medium level of annual income followed by per cent of the beneficiaries belonged to high income group and about one seventh of them (15.34 %) were having low income.

38 Dixit (2001) observed that per cent of the beneficiaries of Agricultural Development Scheme had annual income up to Rs , followed by per cent of the beneficiaries had an annual income of Rs , per cent of the beneficiaries had above Rs.15,000 annual income and per cent of the beneficiaries had up to Rs as annual income. Suryawanshi (2002) observed that per cent of the beneficiaries of Women development programmes had medium level of annual income,16.66 per cent of the beneficiaries had low level of annual income and per cent had high level of annual income. Karegaonkar (2003) observed that a large number of the respondents (82.50%) were placed in low annual income group followed by high (15.00%) and medium (2.50%) annual income group. Telagapudi (2004) revealed that majority (49.44%) of women respondents had low income followed by high (16.67 %) and medium (10.00%) income group. Sengar et al. (2008) from the study on NWDPRA revealed that average annual income of the beneficiaries was quite high as compared to non beneficiaries. About per cent change was observed in case of beneficiaries where as per cent change was observed in case of non beneficiaries. Ramesh and Krishnakumar (2009) indicated that one fourth of credit borrowers (27.00%) had annual income between Rs to Rs.18000, per cent of each belonged to Rs ,000 range and above 24,000 income groups respectively, the rest of the borrowers were equally (9.00%) distributed under below Rs.8000 and Rs annual income categories respectively. Thore et al. (2009) detailed that the data were highly dominated by the respondents with medium annual income per cent. Farmers having high income were one tenth (10.00) per cent of total respondents followed by 5.83 per cent of respondents with low annual income. Anup et al. (2010) reported that majority ( 42.66%) of the respondents belonged to Rs ,00,000 annual income group followed by 34.66% belonged up to Rs. 50,000

39 annual income group and about per cent belonged to more than 1,00,000 annual income group. Mandal and Dipak (2010) revealed that majority of farmers (58.67%) were in annual income up to Rs. 25,000 category followed by (16.67%) farmers in annual income between annual income between Rs.25,000 to 50,000, per cent of farmers having annual income between Rs.50,000 to 75,000, (3.67%) farmers in annual income between Rs. 1,00,000 to 1,25,000, (2.67%) in annual income in between Rs.75,000 to 1,00,000, (1.32%) in annual income between Rs. 2,25,000 to 2,50,000, (0.67%) farmers in annual income Rs. 1,75,000 to 2,00,000 respectively. Painkra et al (2010) revealed that majority of the respondents i,e per cent farmers had annual income up to Rs.30,000 followed by (33.33%) of farmers with annual income between Rs.30,000 to 60,000 and (7.50%) had annual income of Rs.more than 60,000. Mrutyunjay et al. (2012) conducted impact assessment study of National Horticulture mission at Rajasthan revealed the fact that the average family income generated by the respondents of the study from various farm and non farm oriented activities was Rs per household after implementation of NHM. Mankar et al. (2013) studied the impact of National Horticulture Mission on its beneficiaries revealed from their study that maximum number of beneficiaries per cent belong to had annual income in the category of 1.01 lakh to 2.00 lakh followed by per cent belong to the category of annual income above 2.00 lakh FARMING EXPERIENCE Farming experience is referred to as the number of years of farming by an individual farmer had in cultivation of crops. Kishorbabu (2004) indicated that per cent of vegetable growers had medium experience followed by low (36.67%) and high experience (23.33%) in vegetable cultivation.

40 Natarajan (2004) observed that per cent of the beneficiaries of Farmers Field School had high level of farming experience followed by low (36.67%) and medium ( 14.44%) level of farming experience respectively.however, in case of non beneficiaries per cent of the respondents had high level of farming experience followed by low (34.44%) and medium level (26.67%) of farming experience respectively. Karpagam (2007) reported that majority (67.50%) of the members of grape growers association had medium level of farming experience, followed by per cent of the farmers with low level of experience and very few respondents per cent fell under high level of experience. Swati (2007) expressed that per cent of the beneficiaries of JUP had medium level of farming experience followed by high (35.00%), very low (11.25%) and low (8.75%) level of farming experience respectively. In case of non beneficiaries, per cent of them had high level of farming experience, followed by medium (41.25%), low ( 7.50%) and very low (5.00%) level of farming experience respectively. Suresh (2009) indicated that majority (58.67%) of the respondents had medium farming experience (10 to 20 years), while (30.66%) of the respondents had high farming experience (more than 20 years) and per cent of respondents had low farming experience Shanti nirmala (2010) reported that (66.67%) of participant farmers had medium level of farming experience followed by low (18.33%) and high (15.00%) level of farming experience respectively under Rythu Chaitanya Yatra programme. In case of non participant farmers, per cent of respondents had medium level of farming experience followed by low (16.67%) and high (13.33%) level of farming experience respectively. Udaykumar (2010) revealed that per cent of the IVLP (Institution Village Linkage Programme)participant were having high farming experience followed by medium(42.35%), low ( 9.41%) and very low ( 2.36%) of farming experience. Divaker (2013) observed that majority of respondents were having high level of farming experience (68.12%), followed by medium (21.87%) and low level (10.00%).

41 Sahil et al. (2013) in their study on satisfaction of fruit growers in availing services under National Horticulture Mission,revealed the fact that per cent of respondents falls under the group of years of farming experience especially in fruit cultivation followed by per cent of category years and per cent of respondents fall under the category of having farming experience of more than 24 years. It was evident from the above studies that majority of farmers were having medium farming experience followed by high and low, but two of the studies stated that they also belonged to high followed by medium and low farming experience SOCIO - POLITICAL PARTICIPATION Socio-politico participation is the degree to which the respondents is associated with different organizations like political organizations, panchayats, co-operatives, etc. which lends to acquire knowledge about different aspects of agriculture and others. Participation should include notions of contributing, influencing, showing or distributing power and of control, resources, benefit, knowledge and skills to be gained through beneficiary involvement in decision making (Saxena,1998). Kausadikar (2000) observed that more than half per cent of respondents were having medium social participation where as 6.00 per cent and per cent were having high and low social participation. Dixit (2001) observed that majority of the beneficiaries of Agriculture Development Scheme (61.33 %) were having low level of social participation, per cent of the beneficiaries have medium level of social participation followed by (4.6 % ) of the beneficiaries having high level of social participation. Thanajabin and Manoharan (2001) reported that majority of the kitchen garden respondents (62.50%) had medium level of social participation followed by high (21.67%) and low (15.83%) level of social participation. Suryawanshi (2002) observed majority of the beneficiaries of Women Development Programme per cent had medium level of social participation, followed by per cent had high level of social participation and 8.33 per cent having low level of social participation.

42 Gayathri et al. (2004) opined that majority of the respondents (68.00%) had low level of participation in the extension programmes followed by per cent with medium level and rest (2.00%) with high level of participation. Milkah(2006) reported that majority (44.79 %) of women respondents had medium social participation followed by low (41.67%) and high (13.54 %) social participation. Karpagam (2007) reported that the majority of the grape growers per cent had low level of social participation, per cent with medium level and rest (2.50%) with high level of social participation. Manoj (2008) reported that majority (62.50%) of farmers of KVK adopted villages had medium level of social participation followed by high (27.50%) and low (10.00%) level of social participation. Thore et al. (2009) detailed from his study of knowledge of farmers about National Horticulture Mission revealed the fact that most of the respondents (80.00 per cent) were having medium level of social participation, per cent of respondents were low social participation, it was surprisingly noted that only (3.33%) were having high social participation. Deshmukh et al. (2011) reported that majority of respondents (71.67%) had low Socio-political participation followed by (15.83%) had medium Socio-political participation and (12.50%) had high Socio-political participation. Vinod et al. (2011) reported that per cent of respondents had membership in one organization followed by per cent of respondents having membership in two organization and 8.82 per cent of respondents having membership in more than one or two organization. Savita and Deep (2014) reported that majority (64.00%) respondents had non social participation, followed by low (28.00%) and high (7.00%) and medium (1.00%) social participation.

43 2.1.7 INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIOUR Information seeking behaviour has been described in terms of whether respondents search of information or not, which all different sources of information do the farmers use for seeking information in agriculture. Deshmukh (2003) found out that more than half (58.12%) of the respondents were making medium use of sources of information followed by per cent of respondents were with low category of use of sources of information. Only per cent of respondents had high exposure to sources of information. Purnima (2004) indicated that, majority (42.08%) of the respondents fell under medium information source utilization category followed by low (31.67%) and high (26.25%) information source utilization categories. Gahukar (2007) opined that per cent of cotton farmers of Nagpur region sought technical guidance from Krishi Kendras, followed by government staff (58.00%), NGOs and consultants (39.00%), whereas per cent of cotton farmers of Wardha region of Maharashtra sought technical guidance from NGOs followed by government staff (39.00%) and neighbouring farmers (26.00%). Makawa et al.( 2007) reported that the banana growers have expressed their needs for information about market management, tissue culture based variety of banana and plant protection management.the information needs were fulfilled by friends and relatives and progressive farmers. Ashok et al.(2008) reported that personal localite sources like neighbours, friends, progressive farmers and opinion leaders were playing important role in transfer of rapeseed technologies to the fellow farmers. These sources with high credibility were widely used by majority of the respondents. The most revealing finding of the study was that village level workers or agriculture supervisors had lost their credibility among the farmers while the input dealers and agents of commercial seeds, fertilizers, plant protection etc. played a critical oral information network of rapeseed mustard farmers. Chinchmalatpure et al. (2010) indicated that the non-institutional media viz., friends, relatives, neighbour and progressive farmers were used in great extent (80.29%).

44 The most predominant communication media for getting information under noninstitutional media category was friends (97.71%), it was followed by progressive farmers (82.29%), relatives (74.86%) whereas the source of neighbours was least used (66.29%). Shanti nirmala (2010) observed that per cent participant farmers had medium information seeking behaviour followed by high (20.00%) and low (18.33%) information seeking behaviour respectively. In case of non beneficiaries, per cent of them had medium information seeking behaviour followed by low (28.33%) and high (18.33%) information seeking behaviour respectively. Jahagirdar (2011) informed that majority (71.00%) of the government extension personnel were classified under medium information acquisition behaviour category followed by low (17.00%) and high (12.00%) information acquisition behaviour categories respectively. Where as in case of private extension personnel, majority (45.00%) of them were classified under rmedium information acquisition behaviour category followed by high (29.00%) and low (26.00%) information acquisition behaviour categories respectively. Mankar et al. (2013) from their study of impact of National Horticulture Mission on its beneficiaries inferred that majority of the beneficiaries (84.15%) of NHM uses informal personal sources like friends, relatives and local leaders and progressive farmers. Majority of respondents (60.83%) had fall in medium category of use of information sources followed by low and high sources of information category. Mukesh et al. (2013 ) indicated that majority of the respondents (45.83%) were belonged to medium information seeking behaviour category followed by high ( 31.67%) and low ( 22.50%) information seeking behaviour categories respectively under WDP. Rao et al. (2013) conducted a research study on adoption of Tissue culture Banana in Horticulture in Andhra Pradesh conclude from the work that about 10.6 per cent of respondents got awareness through Horticulture Department officials and 9.28 per cent respondents got the information through the News paper. Sahil et al. (2013) inferred from their study on satisfaction of fruit growers in availing the financial assistance under National Horticulture Mission that majority of the

45 respondents (70.83 %) got information from officials of Department of Horticulture, followed by per cent of respondent got the information from their friends. Whereas very less respondents got the information from seminars organized by National Horticulture Mission followed by 1.67 per cent of the respondent got the information from television programme on NHM. Biswarup and Ranjita (2014) reported that majority of respondents (65.00%) were belonged to the medium category followed by high (21.25%) and low (13.75%) information seeking behaviour categories respectively. Kavaskar and Govind (2014) revealed from their study that about (75.00%) bananan growers seek information about banana production technologies from friends and relatives, ( 60.00%) from Progressive farmers,(54.16%) from Assistant Agriculture officer, ( 45.00%) from local leaders and per cent from horticulture officers. Prathyusha (2014) revealed that under personal localite sources majority (85.00%) of the respondents contacted friends frequently whereas per cent of them contacted other farmers sometimes (once in a month or more than that). Under personal cosmopolite sources majority (76.67%) of the respondents contacted input dealers, whereas per cent of them contacted scientists some times. Under mass media sources, majority (43.33%) of the respondents got information frequently about Bt cotton cultivation through television, whereas per cent of the respondents depended on cell phones for information on Bt cotton and per cent of the respondents never used radio for information followed by Agricultural Magazines. Richan et al. (2014) studied on information seeking and sharing behaviour of farmers inferred from his studies that majority of the respondents own mobile (100 %), television (100%) and newspaper (81.1%),mobile phone was used daily by the respondents. some of the agriculture input dealers (53.3 %) were contacted by the farmers for information and 22.2 per cent of the respondents contacted BDO for information. All the respondents getting information and share it with friends and relatives followed by neighbours.84.4 per cent of respondents contact the progressive farmers for seeking information n related to Agriculture.

46 2.1.8 RISK TAKING ABILITY It is referred to as the degree to which the respondents are able to take up the risk and accept uncertainty while adopting new farming techniques in agriculture. In other words, the more the risk taking ability of the farmer more will be rate of adoption of any technology. Kumar (1998) indicated that majority of the banana growers (41.00%) had medium risk orientation, followed by per cent and per cent of them had low and high risk orientation respectively. Kausadikar (2000) observed that only per cent beneficiaries had low risk bearing ability. It also observed that per cent of the beneficiaries were from medium and per cent of them were from high risk bearing group. Sajithkumar(2004) inferred that per cent of the coconut farmers had medium risk orientation followed by farmers had high (30.67%) and low (16.00%) risk orientation. Lakshman et al. (2006) revealed that majority of the respondents (80.00%) of them are ready to take up medium level of risk, followed by (3.33%) under high level of risk orientation followed by (16.66%) were fall under low level of risk orientation and not ready to bear the risk. Karpagam (2007) majority of the grape growers (75.00%) had medium level of risk orientation, followed by low (15.00%) and high ( 10.00%) level of risk orientation. Thore et al (2009) while conducting study on knowledge of farmers about National Horticulture Mission and found that per cent of the respondents were having medium risk bearing ability followed by per cent of respondents were with low risk bearing ability, and only per cent of the respondents were with high risk bearing ability. Kale et al (2012) conducted study on knowledge of farmers about National Agriculture Insurance scheme revealed the fact that majority of per cent of the respondents found in medium risk orientation category followed by per cent and

47 10.84 per cent of the respondents were from high and low risk orientation category respectively. Sahil et al. (2013) conducted a study on satisfaction of fruit growers in availing subsidy under NHM revealed that about per cent of respondents shows medium level of risk bearing capacity followed by (6.00 %) had low level of risk bearing capacity, while per cent of respondent possess high level of risk bearing capacity. In nutshell, it was an indicative of the fact that majority of the farmers had medium risk orientation followed by high INNOVATIVENESS Innovativeness was operationalized as the degree to which an individual adopted new ideas relatively earlier than others in his social system. Sridevi (2003) observed that majority (72.50%) of the respondents were medium innovativeness followed by high (14.17%) and low (13.33%) from her study on the media exposure and consumption by farmers in Guntur district. Sajith (2004) revealed that majority (53.34%) of the respondents were had low innovativeness followed by medium (35.33%) and high (11.33%) level of innovativeness from his study on adoption of recommended package and practices of coconut farmers of Pondicherry. Obaiah (2004) in his study on capacity building of Rice growing farmers of Farmer Field Schools revealed that majority (56.43 %) of the respondents were medium innovativeness followed by high (22.14%) and low (21.43%). Premavathi (2005) reported that majority (64.00%) of the respondents were high innovativeness followed by (36.00%) medium innovativeness from her study on profile of farm women in imparting knowledge and skills to farm women. Lakshman et al. (2006) revealed that majority of the respondents (73.33 %) belonged to medium level of innovativeness followed by( 3.33%) under high level and (23.33%) under low level of innovativeness.

48 Vanitha (2006) in her research article on the characteristics of farm women reported that majority (50.83%) of the respondents had medium level of innovativeness followed by remaining with low (25.00%) and High (14.17%) innovativeness respectively. Prasanth (2007) observed that majority (70.00%) of the trained respondents were medium level of innovativeness followed by high ( 20.00%) and low (10.00%) level of innovativeness from his study on the knowledge and adoption of AMC level trained and untrained farmers. Ashokan et al. (2008) revealed that majority of per cent of the respondents had high level of innovativeness followed by per cent had medium and 9.00 per cent had low level of innovativeness. Abhishek (2009) found that majority of (68.33%) of the sugarcane growers had medium innovativeness followed by (22.50 %) and (9.17%) of respondents had low and high innovativeness respectively. Patil et al. (2011) revealed from their study that majority of 67 per cent the respondents of grape exporters belong to medium level of innovativeness followed by 19 per cent and 14 per cent of high level of innovativeness. Savita and Ratnakar (2011) found out that majority of (38.33%) the beneficiaries of organic farming were under the medium level of innovativeness followed by (8.33%) of low and (51.67%) of high level of innovativeness. Sanjay et al. (2013) revealed from the study that 80 per cent the marginal and small, 35 per cent of medium and 65 per cent of the large farmers belong to medium level of innovativeness followed by 7.50 per cent of low and per cent of high level of innovativeness. Ramalakshmi et al. (2013) revealed that majority of per cent of respondents fall under the category of medium level of innovativeness followed by per cent of low and per cent of high level of innovativeness.

49 Sabale et al. (2014) inferred from their study that majority of the respondents (51.20%) fall under the medium level of innovativeness followed by (24.00%) low and (24.80%) under high level of innovativeness. It was clear from the above studies that most of the farmers belonged to medium level of innovativeness to high and low. However, it was also found from two of the studies that most of the farmers belong to low to high and vice- versa ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION Achievement Motivation was operationalised as the degree for excellence to attain a sense of personal accomplishment as reported by Rogers and Svenning (1969) Chatterjee (2000) concluded that little more than two thirds of NWDPRA beneficiaries (68.33%) had medium achievement motivation followed by high (20.00%) and low (11.67%) achievement motivation. Kumar (2001) in his study on Entrepreneurial behaviour of farmers friend in Rangareddy district of Andhra Pradesh that per cent of respondents had medium achievement motivation followed by per cent and per cent of respondents in low and high achievement motivation respectively. Geetha (2002) in her analytical study on diversified farming in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh inferred that majority (37.50%) of the respondents were high achievement motivation followed by low ( 32.50%) and medium ( 30.00%). Kumar (2002) concluded that majority (64.17%) of the tobacco farmers had medium achievement motivation followed by high (20.00%) and low (15.83%) of achievement motivation. Sridevi (2003) observed in her study on the media exposure and consumption by farmers of adopted village machavaram in Guntur District that majority (74.17%) of respondent belonged to medium category of achievement motivation followed by high (14.17%) and low (11.67%).

50 Natarajan (2004) stated from his study on impact of Farmers Field School on rice in Pondicherry that majority (41.11%) of the respondents belonged to low achievement motivation followed by high ( 30.00%) and medium ( 28.89%). Obaiah (2004) revealed that majority (58.57%) of the respondent were medium achievement motivation followed by high (21.43%) and low (20.00%) from his study on farmers of Farmers Field Schools in Krishna-Godavari zone. In nutshell, it was an indicative of the fact that majority of the farmers were having medium motivation followed by high and low. It was also found in one study that most of the farmers belonged to low to high achievement motivation SUBSIDY ORIENTATION Subsidy orientation can be operationally defined as the degree to which an individual is oriented to look towards or receive the subsidy for taking up an any venture in his field.it is ought to be used as the motivational factor. Ranjan (2013) conducted Impact assessment of National Horticulture Mission in Bihar inferred from his study that the subsidy was provided to the 100 per cent of sampled farmers. The average aggregate amount of subsidy was Rs per household. However it varies from Rs per household to Rs per household across the farm size. The percentage of subsidy as a percentage of total investment was indicated at per cent comprising per cent on account of supply of sapling and per cent under the cash benefit. Usha (2011) conducted study on Impact Assessment of National Horticulture Mission in Haryana under Agro economic research centre inferred that Subsidy was listed as most important factor by per cent of sampled farmers. Financial Assistance was an important factor which helped per cent of the sampled farmer to take up the Mission. Sahil et al (2013) conducted a study on satisfaction of fruit growers regarding the services availed under National Horticulture Mission inferred from the study that per cent of the sampled respondent showed satisfaction towards the financial

51 assistance in terms of subsidy which is playing a key role in implementation of National Horticulture Mission. Chattopadhay et al (2011) conducted the impact assessment study on Implementation of National Horticulture Mission at West Bengal they revealed the fact that subsidy provided under NHM forms only a negligible amount of total investments required. Mrutyunjay et al (2011) in his study on impact assessment of National Horticulture Mission (NHM ) conducted at Rajasthan inferred that to per cent of subsidy was availed by medium farmers followed by per cent by small farmers and 8.00 per cent were small famers as beneficiaries of NHM, Majority of farmers percent got subsidy for planting material, input cost, and drip / sprinkler irrigation, very few farmers availed the benefit under Vermicomposting and establishment of model nursery. 2.2 AWARENESS OF BENEFICIARIES AND NON BENEFICIARIES ABOUT NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION SCHEME Awareness is operationalised as the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of vision, mission, objectives and inputs delivered through NHM. More broadly, it is the state or quality of being aware of something. Awareness is perceived as an essential condition for adoption of innovations in the diffusion model (Hooks et al 1983) Nagamani (2000) revealed that majority (59.25%) of Janmabhoomi Programme beneficiaries had medium awareness about Janmabhoomi programme followed by high (22.22 %) and low (18.15%) awareness. Samuel (2000) reported that majority (52.67%) of IRDP beneficiaries had medium level of awareness about IRDP activities followed by low (34.33%) and high (13.00%) levels of awareness. Shivamurthy et al. (2001) concluded that from his study on integrated Rural Development Programme revealed the fact that per cent of the beneficiaries were aware of the Animal Husbandry programme under IRDP, while less number of

52 beneficiaries were aware of the Agriculture (21.66%), Sericulture ( 20.00%), horticulture (16.66%) and minor irrigation (13.33%) programme. Majority of them aware of different functions involved in Implementing the IRDP, while none of them knew about the name of the implementing agency. Ramesh (2002) reported that majority (65.88%) of beneficiaries had medium level of awareness about Indo-Dutch Network Operational Research project activities followed by high and low levels with and per cent respectively. Sreeramamurthy et al. (2005) indicated that more than half (59.20%) of Janmabhoomi programme beneficiaries had medium awareness followed by high (21.60%) and low (19.20%) awareness. Indira and Singh (2007) studied about the DWCRA Programme and revealed that only 37 per cent of the beneficiaries of less than 30 years of age had knowledge and aware about the various component of the scheme.another important findings of the study states that lower caste women were more aware than middle and higher caste women. Vinaykumar (2009) studied that majority (73.33%) of women beneficiaries of DWCRA belonged to medium level of awareness followed by high (18.84%) and low (10.83%) levels of awareness. Vidya et al. (2010) observed that majority of (58.33 %) of the respondents belong to medium awareness followed by per cent and per cent respondents having high and low awareness respectively towards the women empowerment programme. Neelam et al. (2011) concluded from his study on awareness of fruit growers about Horticulture Development programme under employment guarantee scheme that majority per cent of fruit growers had medium level of awareness about the Horticulture Development programme under employment guarantee scheme. A large majority (92.50%) aware about the beneficiary farmers himself incurred the additional expenditure.

53 Mrutyunjay et al.( 2011) conducted the study on impact assessment of National Horticulture Mission scheme at Rajasthan inferred that majority of beneficiaries of small and marginal farmers (93.13 %) were aware about the various components and their subsidy pattern. Suresh et al. (2011) revealed that the survey has revealed that most farmers (65%) are aware of risk mitigation measures of the government. But, only half of the farmers have been found aware about the crop insurance schemes/products. Kiyanoush (2013 ) conducted a study on National Agricultural Insurance scheme and its adoption among farmers found that majority of the sampled respondents have awareness about the goals and advantages of crop insurance to overcome the natural calamity. Awareness considered as the special condition for adoption of innovations. 2.3 KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED PACKAGE AND PRACTICES OF SELECTED CROPS KNOWLEDGE OF RECOMMENDED PACKAGE OF PRACTICES Knowledge is defined as that behaviour and test situation which emphasizes the remembering either recognition or by recall of ideas and material on some phenomena (Bloom et al, 1955). The behaviour expected of the farmers in recall stimulation is very similar to the behaviour they expected to have during original situation. For the present study knowledge is operationally defined as the recalling or recognizing the recommended package and practices of cultivation of Tissue culture Banana and Black pepper, two selected crops in NHM. Saravanakumar (1996) reported that per cent of mango growers had medium level of knowledge, per cent had low level of knowledge and only 5.83 per cent of mango growers had high level of knowledge. Deshmukh et al.(1998) revealed that majority (45.83%) of custard apple growers had medium level of knowledge, while per cent had low level of knowledge, followed by per cent higher level of knowledge category.

54 Manvar et al. (2003) found from his study on Knowledge and adoption of recommended package of practices of Mango by farmers in Marathwada region that majority of the mango growers had medium knowledge and adoption level. About per cent of Mango growers have knowledge about storage of fruit under shade, grading and packing, irrigation management, selection of soils, and use of recommended varieties etc. Lakshman et al. (2006) revealed from their study on micro irrigation system that one fifth of the respondents (20.00%) were under high level of knowledge followed by (63.33%) of respondents fall under medium level of knowledge and (16.66%) under low level of knowledge respectively. Thore et al. (2009) detailed from his study on Knowledge of farmers about National Horticulture Mission that most of the respondents (69.17%) were having medium level of knowledge about National Horticulture Mission, followed by per cent of respondents were with low level of Knowledge. Only per cent of the respondents were having high level of knowledge. Waman et al. (2009) from his study on extent of adoption on Banana production technology revealed that majority (60.00%) of the respondent had medium level of knowledge followed by per cent were having high level of knowledge and only few 9.17 per cent had very low level of knowledge. Rombade et al.(2011 ) inferred that majority of the respondents (47.50%) of them had medium level of knowledge about the recommended package and practices about Kagzi lime followed by per cent and per cent of low and high level of knowledge respectively. Bhandare et al (2013) while study the adoption of recommended package by sweet orange growers revealed that per cent of the respondent had medium level of knowledge followed by per cent and per cent of the respondents had low and high level of knowledge about recommended package and practices of sweet orange cultivation. Choudhary et al. (2013) conducted a study on knowledge level of farmers about improved Mango cultivation found out that as a whole per cent of mango

55 growers possessed medium knowledge level about mango cultivation practices. About per cent respondents had low knowledge level whereas only per cent farmers had high knowledge level about improved mango cultivation. Gavade et al. (2013) study revealed that with regards to knowledge level, majority of the respondents (89.00%) were having high level of knowledge on grape cultivation, while few (11.00%) of the respondents were having medium level of knowledge, it is surprisingly to note that none of the respondents were observed in low level of knowledge category. Kavita et al. (2013) conducted study on Knowledge level of Farm women engaged in Floriculture inferred that per cent of the marigold growers were found in the category of medium level of knowledge about improved package of practice of marigold followed by per cent of respondents who were in high category of knowledge level, less than one fourth per cent of the respondents had low knowledge level. Mankar et al.(2013) conducted a study on Impact Assessment of National Horticulture Mission on its beneficiary revealed that per cent of the respondents beneficiaries had complete knowledge about fruit crops selected under National Horticulture Mission followed by per cent beneficiaries had complete knowledge about essential criteria for field selection in NHM. Thombre et al. (2013) studied knowledge of grape growers about the recommended package of practices found out that per cent of the grape growers had medium level of knowledge followed by per cent had low level of knowledge regarding recommended cultivation practices. Only per cent of grape growers had high level of knowledge. Badgujar (2014) revealed from the study of knowledge of package and practices of banana revealed that majority of (60.00%) of the respondents fall under medium level of knowledge followed by (26.00%) under high (14.00%) under low level of knowledge respectively.

56 Mohammed et al. (2014) revealed that majority (70.00%) of the respondents had medium knowledge about recommended cultivation practices of marigold crop, while majority of (45.00 %) of the respondents had low level of knowledge about recommended cultivation practices of Gladiolus crop followed by low level (7.50%) and per cent of High level of knowledge. Sandeep et al. (2014) indicated from their study that majority (68.33%) of the respondents were having medium level of knowledge, whereas (19.66%) and (15.00%) of the respondents were found having low and high level of knowledge respectively. Yadav et al (2014 ) from their study on Knowledge level of respondents regarding improved production technologies of Mandarin orange cultivation observed that per cent of mandarin growers were having medium knowledge level followed by per cent of farmers having high knowledge level and per cent farmers having low knowledge level about improved production technologies of mandarin cultivation. 2.4 ADOPTION OF RECEOMMENDED PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF SELECTED CROPS UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION. Adoption is a decision to make full use of innovations at the best course of action available. (Rogers,1983). Adoption is a mental process. In the modern era many new innovations are being developed by our agricultural scientists but all the innovations are not being adopted by many of the farmers in social system. Adoption of an innovation depends on many factors viz., awareness and knowledge of adopters, innovativeness, characteristics, complexity and visibility of the innovation. It is generally assumed that if an individual has more knowledge with different aspects of technologies, he is likely to adopt the innovations with higher speed. Adoption in the present study operationalised as recommended practices actually put into practice by the respondents in Banana and Black pepper crops who undertaken the scientific cultivation of these two crops under National Horticulture Mission Scheme. Vinothkumar (2002) stated that majority (43.33%) of the respondents belonged to low adoption level category followed by medium ((31.67%) and high

57 (25.00%) adoption level categories with regard to adoption of recommended coconut practices. Manvar et al.(2003) reported from his study on Knowledge and adoption of recommended package of practices of Mango by farmers in Marathwada region that majority of the farmers had high adoption level in case fertilizer use, plant protection and methods of inducing regular bearing. Sajithkumar (2004) found that per cent of coconut farmers had medium level of adoption followed by respondents having high (28.00%) and low (26.67%) adoption levels. Gopiram (2005) revealed that per cent of turmeric farmers had medium level of adoption followed by high adoption (25.34%) and low (23.33 % ) adoption level. Waman et al.(2009) from his study on extent of adoption of Banana production technology reported that (69.17%) of the respondents had medium level of adoption followed by per cent and 5.83 per cent of respondents had high and low level of adoption of recommended improved package and practices of Banana production technology respectively. Singh et al. (2010 ) revealed the fact that nearly 60 per cent of the fruit growers had moderate extent of adoption of mango production technology, majority of them had fully adopted land preparation, method of propogation, time and method of fertilizer application and distance of planting, irrigation time, training and pruning and harvesting method etc. majority of farmers had partial adoption of such practices on adoption of HYV, selecting good nursery, intercultural practices, harvesting, packing and handling etc. Study also revealed that majority of farmers did not adopt such practices as summer ploughing, application of manures and fertilizers etc. Harish and Manjunatha (2011) revealed from their study that majority of crossandra farmers fall under the high adoption category (37.50%) followed by low (34.17%) and (28.33%) as medium category of adoption.

58 Vijaya and Thakarar (2011) revealed that per cent of the onion growers were medium adopters of post harvest techniques of onion. A considerably less per cent of onion growers (25.00%) and (20.00%) in low and high adoption group respectively. Meena et al.(2012) revealed from their study on Adoption level of practices in growing and trading of Mandarin oranges in Rajasthan that per cent of respondents even did not get the soil analyzed either at the time of plating or at the bearing stage. About per cent follow proper time of application of manure and per cent follow proper method of application. On an average more than per cent of respondents come under medium adopter category. Bhandare et al. (2013) from his study on adoption of recommended package of practices of sweet orange reported that considerable (64.17%) of the sweet orange growers had medium level of adoption of recommended package of practices while one fifth per cent of respondents had low adoption followed by per cent had high level of adoption. Venkatesh et al.(2013) inferred that overall adoption of cashew production technologies by farmers are under low category (55.62%) followed by medium adoption (31.88%) and high adoption (12.50%) of technologies from his study on adoption of cashew production technology in coastal Karnataka. Yadav et al. (2013) reported that majority (69.00%) of the respondents were found to have medium level of knowledge about varieties and measures. majority of respondents (64.00%) had medium level of adoption of mandarin varieties and low adoption towards manures and fertilizers and plant protection measures. The knowledge of farmers about improved production technology of mandarin cultivation were significantly associated with their caste, occupation, educational level, size of land holding were found positively correlated with adoption of the mandarin recommended practices. Badgujar (2014) revealed from his study on banana that majority of respondents (72.00%) belonged to medium level of adoption of package and practices of banana crop followed by (12.00%) under low and (16.00%) under high category of respondents.

59 Sandeep et al. (2014) indicated from the study that majority (74.17%) of the respondents were found having medium level of adoption followed by (10.00%) of the respondents fall under the category of high level of adoption, where as per cent of the respondents were found having low level of adoption IMPACT OF MISSION IN TERMS OF INCREASE IN AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY HORTICULTURE CROPS UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION The National Horticulture Mission scheme is aimed at to increase the area, production and productivity of crops through holistic development approach, due to the increase in area it also focus on increase in employment opportunity and there by an enhancement in income level of farmers are seen INCREASE IN AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY Surabhi (2007) in her study on strengthening Backward and forward linkages in Horticulture reported that the trend of increase in Area, Production and Productivity covering the area and fruit and vegetables is per cent. The rate of area growth which was 3.28 per cent per year was increased to 6.67 per cent after launch of Horticulture Development programmes in Maharashtra. Sangeet and Jayanti (2008) conducted a study on government Intervention in Horticulture Development in Maharashtra reported that the area under the Horticulture crops which was 2.4 lakh ha in increased over the years and reached to lakh ha out of which 22 per cent was fallow land due to the implementation of Horticulture Development programme linked with Employment Guarantee Scheme. Usha (2011) conducted impact assessment study of National Horticulture Mission under Agro Ecological Research Centre reported that the overall increase in area and production of fruit crops was observed as per cent increase from to , similarly tremendous increase was shown in fruit production by per cent. Sujatha et al. (2012) revealed that growth rate in area and production of fruits, vegetables,flowers and spices in all the regions of Andhra Pradesh showed in increase in area at an annual rate of 1.34 %, 9,67 % and 15.25% in three different regions of Andhra

60 Pradesh. The main factor responsible for the significant growth in area under fruit and vegetables include higher return relation to other crops groups, higher demand for fruit and vegetables, big pushing force from Government from NHM and Technology Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture in AP due to the shift and diversification from field crops to Horticulture crops. Mankar et al. (2013) conducted study on Impact of National Horticulture Mission on its beneficiaries revealed that before participation in NHM per cent of beneficiaries possessed land between 1.51 to 2.00 ha under cultivation.after participation in NHM, nearly one half ( 49.16%) beneficiaries have brought above 2.00 ha of area under cultivation. The per cent of change in the land use of the total land possessed by the beneficiaries was per cent. Moromi et al. ( 2013 ) conducted study on Technology Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture found out that the area, production and productivity of Horticulture crops were increased during the period of to The compound growth rate (CGR %) was found higher in case of fruits (19.12 %) followed by vegetables (16.17%), spices (15.13%) and tuber crops (6.67%).The production and productivity of horticulture crops was found highest when compared to cereals. Ranjan (2013) conducted impact evaluation study of National Horticulture Mission in collaboration with Agro Economic Research centre, pointed out that there was a average increase in area from 0.26 per household during to 0.75 acre per household during indicating 2.88 times increase in area during In case of a selected crop of Mango, Similar trend was noticed in litchi crop that area has increased from acre per household during to acre per household during indicating 4.06 times increase during to Majority of about per cent of sampled households revealed that by increasing the area under horticultural crops employment opportunities have increased.

61 2.6 ENHANCEMENT OF INCOME, EMPLOYMENT GENERATION AND CREATION OF ASSETS UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION INCREASE IN INCOME Samuel (2000) indicated that before introduction of IRDP, majority (64.44%) of beneficiaries had medium income generation followed by low (20.56%) and high (15.00%) income generation. After introduction of IRDP, majority (68.33%) of beneficiaries had medium income generation followed by high (18.89%) and low (12.78%) income generation. Ashokkumar (2004) found out that horticultural crops has the potential to increase the income of the farmer when it is adopted as diversified cropping system. It was revealed that per cent of beneficiaries were found to have an increase income from 70 per cent to 117 percent from horticulture sector. Ramesh and Krishnakumar (2009) found that income level of beneficiaries of NREGP had increased per cent due to increased daily wage income besides the expenditure level had increased and reduced debt burden to some extent after implementation of NREGP. Agro Economic Research on Diversification of Agriculture (2010) revealed that by providing subsidy to the farmers under Employment Guarantee scheme linked Horticulture Development programme in Maharashtra, the income of farmer has increased from Rs lakhs to Rs.2.5 Lakhs per ha by cultivating Oranges. Mrutyunjay (2011) conducted impact study on National Horticulture Mission reported the effects of NHM on the income levels of the farmers, that about 34.5 percent of all farmers revealed that their income has increased up to 20 per cent after adopting horticultural crops. Ranjan ( 2011 ) from his study on Impact study of National Horticulture Mission in Bihar reported that the over all net returns was Rs.61524/ household and Rs.4278/ acre, followed by Rs. 5701/ household is the overall non farm income and the total income is traced out at Rs / household on overall farms for the beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission.

62 Mankar et al.(2013) conducted study on Impact of National horticulture Mission on its beneficiaries revealed that per cent of respondents had income of more than one lakh rupees from horticultural Plantation. Before participation in NHM only 5.00 per cent of respondent fall under the category of income range of above 2.50 lakhs per annum, whereas after participation the number of farmers fall under this category has been increased to per cent bringing up a per cent change in income level of beneficiaries. Annual income of the beneficiaries increased from Rs.1.65 lakhs per annum to Rs.2.49 lakhs per annum. Moromi et al. (2013) conducted study on Technology Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture observed that the returns from the horticultural crops cultivation was much higher than the paddy cultivation. The Benefit Cost Ratio was found 1:1:25 for paddy, while it was 1:1:54 for orange, 1:1:61 for Banana, 1:2:87 for vegetables and 1:2:08 for potato cultivation. At an average the combined Benefit Cost for Horticulture crops it was found 1:1: INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT GENERATION Ashokkumar (2004) found out that per cent of the beneficiaries of Horticulture development programme has gained an improved employment generation to a tune of 94 to 168 mandays from horticultural crops taken on diversification of crops. Joshi et al. (2004) revealed from their study on crop diversification found that the horticulture crops generate more mandays in general when compared to cereal crop. They identified that about per cent more of employment generation was observed in Haryana for small holders through crop diversification. Sangeeta and Jayanti (2008) from their study on Government Interventions in Horticulture Development in Maharastra revealed that per cent of workforce is engaged in Agriculture as Agriculture labour, which can also generate the nonfarm employment. Tilekar et a.l (2008) reported from their study on impact of Horticulture Development programme on Employment Generation in Maharastra that direct employment generation through Horticulture Production has been grown significantly at

63 the rate of per cent per annum. The employment generation through horticultural production was lakh manday which increased to lakh mandays after launch of NHM. The growth in employment generation through horticultural production was per cent per annum. Sangeeta and Jayanti (2010) from their study on Agro Economic Research on Diversification of Agriculture revealed that Horticulture activities are more labour intensive and can provide employment throughout the year. It was observed in the field survey in Ratnagiri Dist of Maharashtra that Mandays generated was lakhs and lakhs mandays in case of Amravati district since incepted Employment Guarantee scheme linked Horticulture Development programme. Sheikh and Patel (2011) indicated from their study of impact of NWDPRA project that overall employment generation, mandays and wages were increased by per cent, per cent and per cent respectively after watershed project. Sujatha et al.(2012) revealed from the study on increasing the viability of small and marginal farmers through Horticulture that on an average 858 mandyas per hectare are required in fruit cultivation varying from 460 mandays/ ha for sapota and guava to 2510 mandays/ ha in grapes cultivation and horticulture is an important sector through possibly enhancing the employment opportunities besides improving the nutritional standards of people. Kareemulla et al. (2013) revealed from their study that the annual employment generation though National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme was worked out to 11 person days for the families covered under the scheme. Mankar et al. (2013) conducted study on Impact of National Horticulture Mission on its beneficiaries found out that before participation in NHM nearly one fourth of the respondents (24.17%) was engaged in 51 to 100 days and 101 to 150 days in terms of man days per year, whereas per cent and per cent beneficiaries were engaged in 201 to 250 days and 151 to 200 days respectively.the mean employment days of farmers after participation in NHM was were higher than that before participation was , which reveals that farmers differ significantly in employment

64 days before and after NHM participation. There was per cent change noted in employment days in a year. Moromi et al. (2013) in the study on potentialities of Horticulture crops in Assam after introduction of Technology Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (TMIDH) in North Eastern states, it was observed that employment of mandays was much higher in different horticultural crops cultivation as compared to Paddy cultivation. The per hectare labour engagement in paddy cultivation was estimated at 133 mandays, but in Horticulture crop cultivation, it was 174 for orange, 181 for Banana, 202 for vegetables and 145 for potato cultivation. At an average the per hectare employment of mandays was found 175 from Horticulture crops. So it is clear that Horticulture sector enabled the farmer to provide employment and there by improved the economy of the rural people INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY ASSETS Kohli (2009) studied that the workers as well as the survey team felt that most of community assets namely renovation of traditional water bodies. Ponds, ring well, micro irrigation works, land development work, Horticulture plantations in unutilized lands, and water conservation and harvesting created under NREGA would help to address the basic needs of the rural people. Usha (2011) while the study on impact assessment of National Horticulture Mission in Harayana revealed the fact that the sampled farm households on an average possessed assets worth Rs.3,59,030 at the overall level. The marginal category of farm households owned farm assets worth Rs.56,088 against Rs.4,55,755 by the large farm category. And also that value of farm assets increased with increasing size of holding and indicated a positive relationship. They owned per acre assets worth Rs and Rs.20,460 and this value was around half of the medium category household. On an average farmers owned a variety of farm assets and value of farm assets was Rs. 3,59,030 per household. Mirtyunjay (2011) reported from his study on Impact study on National Horticulture Mission revealed the fact that after implementation of NHM project, the area has been bestowed with cold storage and various nurseries to supply the planting materials.

65 Bajpai (2012) found out that IPM/ INM infrastructure facilities were created such as bio control labs, leaf / tissue analysis labs, plant health clinic, 34 community water structures and bee colonies with hives were distributed under the component of Post Harvest Management during implementation of National horticulture Mission in Uttar Pradesh. Ranjan (2014) conducted impact evaluation of National Horticulture Mission in Bihar reported that each households in the project area owns productive assets specially farm assets like tractor, trolley, tiller, plank, threshing machine, reaper and pumpsets etc. for a total of Rs at current rate of prices at the rate of Rs.5284/ acre and the possession of assests increases as per the farm size of the beneficiaries. 2.7 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS WITH AWARENESS, KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF BENEFICIARIES AND NON BENEFICIARIES Surve (2002) observed that out of eight characteristics the six variables namely education,land holding, annual income, socio-economic status, social participation and sources of information had positively significant relationship with the knowledge. Suryawanshi (2002) observed that age, occupation, education, land holding, annual income, social participation and use of mass media were significantly related with knowledge about rural development programmes. But caste, type of family, marital status established non significant relationship with the knowledge of the beneficiaries. Deshmukh (2003) found out that education and cosmopoliteness had positive and significant relationship with attitude towards Adarsh Gaon Yojana where as age was observed to be having negative and significant relationship with attitude. Karegaonkar (2003) observed that education, land holding, annual income, socio-economic status, social participation and mass media exposure were positively and significant associated with their attitude, where as variable age was not significantly associated with attitude towards ATMA. Ashokkumar (2004) observed that the independent variable namely education, land holding, income of the family, mass media exposure, extension contact

66 were positively and significantly correlated with the horticulture development programme leading to horticulture crop cultivation where as age was negatively and non significant correlated with the attitudes of farmers towards the Horticulture crop cultivation. Puri et al. (2004) revealed that irrigation status, social participation, extension contact and level of knowledge were significantly related with the extent of adoption, However age, education, land holding, occupation, mass media exposure, risk orientation etc were not significantly related with the extent of adoption. Lakshman et al.(2006) revealed that knowledge and adoption of farmers were not influenced by land area, risk orientation, scientific orientation, and innovative proneness. Makawa et al.( 2007) reported that the basic information needs of banana growers were positively and significantly associated with education, information seeking behaviour, extension participation,size of land holding, land under banana cultivation, irrigated land, economic motivation, scientific orientation as well as market orientation. Thore et al. (2009) reported from his study on knowledge of farmers about National Horticulture Mission observed that education, land holding, annual income, social participation, extension contact, sources of information and risk bearing ability had positive and significant relationship with knowledge of the respondent about National Horticulture Mission. Whereas age has shown the negative and significant relationship with knowledge, but family size and caste were having non significant relationship with knowledge of the respondents. Singh et al.( 2010) revealed that the independent variables namely religion, farm size, education socio economic status, risk taking ability, innovativeness, economic aspiration, scientific orientation and economic orientation were positively and significantly associated with extent of adoption of improved mango production technology. Lanjewar et al.(2011) revealed that the independent variables namely age, education, land holding, annual income, social participation, extension contact, innovativeness had significant correlation with respect to impact of National Horticulture Mission activities.whereas economic motivation has showed the non significant relationship towards impact of NHM activities.

67 Neelam et al.(2011) observed that the characters of fruit growers namely education, size of land holding, social participation, extension contact, risk taking ability etc had positive association with awareness, while age, caste and annual income did not show any association with awareness. Suresh et al. ( 2011) found out from their study on awareness of farmers about crop insurance scheme that social participation and education level of farmers found to be significantly influence the farmers awareness about crop insurance schemes or products. Participation in social and community-based organizations like farmers association, self-help groups, watershed association, and cooperative credit societies, increased the probability of being aware. Gopala et al. (2012) reported that there was a significant difference in overall knowledge level of participants and non participants of Farmers Field School,More number of participants per cent belonged to high level of Knowledge, where as more number of non participants 45 per cent belong to low level of knowledge. The Variables like age, education, extension participation, extension contact, Mass media exposure and achievement motivation of farmers were found to be have significantly associated with the Knowledge level of participants. Kale et al.( 2012 ) revealed from their study on knowledge of farmers about National Agriculture Insurance Scheme that education, socio-economic status, sources of information were having significant and positive relationship with knowledge at 0.01 level of significance. Where as age had negatively significant relationship with knowledge and attributed like land holding, annual income, social participation and risk orientation having non significant relationship with knowledge. Saju et al.( 2012) indicated from their study on adoption of IPM practices in vegetable crops that the characteristics like socio- political participation, education, annual income, risk orientation, economic motivation, information seeking behaviour and mass media contact had positive and significant relationship with the adoption of the farmers on improved package of practices. Surendra et al. (2013) found out that seven independent variables namely age, education level, size of land holding, and annual income were found to be positively and

68 significantly associated with the Knowledge level of farmers about the Coriander production technology, while the variables like caste, family type and family size were found to be non significantly associated with the Knowledge level of farmers about coriander production technology. Badhala et al.(2014) their study also revealed that the knowledge level of beneficiary and non beneficiary respondents of moth bean production technology significantly associated with variables namely age, education and income. Hanuman et al. (2014) studied the association between knowledge level of beneficiaries towards drip irrigation technology found out that the knowledge level of beneficiary was found to be positively and significantly associated with age, education, economic motivation and annual income, where as the socioeconomic status and size of land holding were found to be non significantly associated with the knowledge level. 2.8 PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION Wakle et al. (1999) observed that non availability of quality suckers, finance and credit availability,assured irrigation at proper time. Non availability of fertilizers mixture containing required nutrient, lack of knowledge about scientific compost making and complexity in use of plant protection measures are some of the major constraints faced by the Banana growers. Kausadikar (2000) observed that the most of the beneficiaries of Horticultural Development Programme per cent reported that the less finance provided by the Govt. was the main problems followed non availability of seedlings/ grafts in time (70.00%), inadequate irrigation facilities(65.33%), sub standard of grafts/ seedlings (58.00%) and inadequate and untimely technical guidance (52.66%). A considerable proportion of the farmers had expressed the problems viz., delay in getting subsidy (40.33%) and non availability of desired fruit crop variety (35.33 %). Kharb (2000) found out that self marketing (84.00%), more irrigation requirement (78.00%) and maintaining orchards is not an easy task (76.00%) were the psychological constraints perceived by respondents.

69 Verma and Ram Kumar (2000) from their study on Fruit cultivation in Haryana the Problems and Prospects revealed that major constraints encountered by fruit growers were found as lack of pruning, level of knowledge in identification of diseases, insect pests and lack of knowledge of fertilizer application technology,monopoly of contractors as well as fruit merchants, and non availability of good planting material. Bharathi (2005) confirmed that continuance of project in other village, increase of loan amount, provision of required information of banking and marketing aspects along with marketing facilities, conduct training on extraction of oil from soyabean were the suggestions towards the SHGs provided by the respondents under NATP. Satheshkumar (2006) studied constraints faced by the beneficiaries while availing the beneficiaries of Horticultural Development Programme, the major constraints were good quality seedling/ cutting were not available (71.66%), pesticides, fertilizers were not available at proper time and in required quantity (79.16%), followed by granted subsidy was paid be lately (91.66%), seedling or cutting was not available at proper time (69.16%). Swati (2007) indicated that the suggestions given by beneficiaries for further improvement of the Jana Utkarsha Programme (JUP) were the need for other income generating activities, more facilities for irrigation, provision of more technical information, guidance on different aspects of soil and water conservation, information on low cost and simple technology and provision of technical information for cultivation of cash crops, provision of sufficient financial assistance to agriculture development, guidance from Subject matter specialist at proper line, create awareness about the programme, involve farmers in the planning process, exposure visits and awareness about improved agriculture production respectively. Patel et al.(2008) revealed majority of the respondents inferred that the fluctuation prices of roses (90.60%), non-availability of laborers for various rose cultivation practices (74.80%), high cost of inputs (67.70%), commission rate of agents, very high ( 66.10%) and weed problem (64.60%), high rate of transportation m lack of technical guidance in proper time (59.80%),lack of marketing (50.40% ) respectively are the major constraints faced by the farmers in rose cultivation.

70 Sangeeta and Jayanti (2008) found out from their study on Government interventions in Horticulture Development in Maharashtra that majority of the respondents felt that Marketing of Horticulture produce followed by high level of wastage and value loss and quality control to meet the export standards are the major problem in Horticulture sector. Wankhade et al. (2009) observed from the study constraints perceived by floriculturist that unavailability of equipment (42.50%) was a major constraint expressed by entire floriculturist followed by unavailability of seeds/ sets/cuttings( 40.00%) among the production constraints as well as unavailability of cold storage facility (80.00%) was another constraints, followed by unavailability of preservatives/ chemicals (57.50%) as encountered in floriculture enterprise. Singh et al. (2010 ) pointed out that rate of subsidy, lack of information about prevalent subsidies and long documentation procedure are the major factors that influence the decision regarding the availing of subsidies under fruit cultivation. Further it was also reiterated that low awareness, lack of orientation progress and non proximity to sanctioning authority office are the major constraints faced by the fruit growers while availing the Government subsidies. Shanti (2010) inferred that majority of the participants farmers were suggested to provide subsidies on agricultural inputs to encourage adoption of recommended technologies, to educate and convince the beneficiaries about the long term benefits of the programme, rather than immediate results. Proper fallow up activity by implementing agency for future guidance, participation of all departments, co-operation between the departments, avoid political interference selection of real beneficiaries without any bias, ascertain contacts of officials with majority of farmers, provision of good training facilities and time and scope to clarify doubts are the suggestion given by beneficiaries for effective implementation of Rythu Chaitanya Yatra programme in future. Manjula et al. (2011) inferred from the study on constraints faced and suggestions given by pomegranate cultivators that majority of farmers face problem on high transportation cost (78.33%),no guaranteed market (65.00%) and high rate of commission for sale ( 48.33%).

71 Patel et al.(2011) inferred that most important constraints faced by Banana growers in adoption of improved Banana cultivation technology were irregular supply of electric power, lack of co-operative marketing, non availability of pesticides at village level, uncertainty of price, lack of own tube well, difficulty in calculation of doses of fertilizers, non availability of guarantor against loans, High cost of tissue culture plants and insufficient training programme are perceived as constraints of Banana cultivators. Moromi et al (2013) from their study on potentialities of Horticultural crops in changing economic condition of farmers found that the majority of respondents felt that problem of poor cultivation practices and low yield, lack of marketing facility, scarcity of trained manpower and extension support, problems of processing and storage, lack of credit facilities etc are the major constraints in implementation of central sector scheme of Horticulture. Patel et al.(2013) revealed from the study on vegetable cultivation that the major production problem faced by the vegetable growers were higher production cost, plant protection and higher price of insecticides and pesticides. In marketing constraints, the respondents opined that the problem of higher price fluctuations and lack of transportation facilities. Small farmers had the problem of credit facility and lack of information about high yielding varieties for the production of vegetables followed by lack of market information and lack of co-operative marketing societies were the major marketing constraints. Pradip et al. (2013) revealed that major constraints faced by the mango growers are irregular irrigation supply (60.50%), Lack of awareness about recommendation (58.34%). spraying equipment (54.16%), high price of fertilizers (51.66%), lack of improved agricultural implements (46.66%) and high price of pesticides and lack of technical suggestion (17.50 %). Sujaivelu and Kanagasabapathi (2013) found in their study that Marketing constraints (83.50%)was expressed by most of the respondents followed by economic constraints (83.91 %). other constraints (75.00%), technological constraints (70.83%) and personal constraints (67.32%).

72 Sable and Kadam (2013) found that about per cent of the respondents reported that insecticides and fungicides are too costly, while per cent of the respondents reported the problem of non availability of bio agents and per cent of the respondents expressed lack of knowledge about the using of sex pheromone trap. Yadav et al.(2013) indicated from their study on adoption of improved package of mandarin found that the constraint of no preservation industry (97.33 mean per cent score) was the most perceived constraint among all the constraint faced by the farmers which was responsible for the adoption of improved production technology of mandarin cultivation.the constraint of reluctance of fruit growing (3.00 mean percent score) was ranked least. Dayal et al. (2014) revealed from their study the ber growers (77.00%) were having medium level of perception of the constraints followed by per cent having high and per cent were having low level of perception of the constraints in seeking information. Dipika et al.(2014) revealed that majority (82.50% ) of the respondents found constraints of more fluctuation in market price, followed by less technical knowledge about seed treatment, (78.33%) of non availability of needed fertilizes and also lack of knowledge about proper fertilizes dose (70.83%).Further (92.50%) of the respondents suggested that there should be minimum support price for turmeric,market facilities should be provided by Government (90.83%) and (86.60 %) revealed that control of middlemen and commission agent by adopting control measures of rules and regulations. Sahil et al (2014) reported that 41 per cent of the fruit growers faced problem due to lengthy documentation procedure while 24 per cent of the fruit growers considered amount of subsidy was less. About 20 per cent of the fruit growers reported problems regarding payment of subsidy amount in installments rather than one time followed by 15 per cent of respondents revealed that less quantity of inputs supplied is the major problem in implementation of NHM scheme in Punjab. Further 2.5 per cent reported that lack of timely information about different schemes / services of mission, bank transaction / loans etc are the major problem in implementation of NHM scheme.

73 Sandeep et al.(2014) revealed that majority of (79.16%) of respondents detailed that fluctuating market price of tomato, non availability of quality seedlings (77.50%) and lack of marketing facilities at near by village (70.83%) and were ranked 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd respectively. Further non availability of quality seedlings, lack of marketing facilities at near by village, lack of timely technical guidance and high cost of fertilizers and pesticides wee the major constraints in order of priority as reported by tomato growers in adoption of recommended tomato cultivation practices. Further the study reveals the suggested for improvement in the implementation of NHM as per cent of fruit growers suggested that services should be increased to more area so that large farmers can take more benefit from the services.it was observed that per cent of fruit growers felt that quantity of inputs should be increased such as planting material per acre, where as 9.17 per cent of the fruit growers suggested that marketing hub should be created for marketing and input material given should be of good quality. About 6.67 per cent suggested that paper work should be minimized.only 1.67 per cent of fruit growers suggested that subsidy amount should be given in one time,not in installments and license for nursery should be given easily. Singh et al.(2014) inferred that mango growers perceived with medium or higher level of the constraints regarding scientific mango production. This study reveals that tribal farmers possessed more constraints compared to non tribal farmers. Inadequate training skill about scientific mango production, lack of skill in performing various farm operations, non availability of related and suitable varieties, lack of finance and credit, lack of storage and value addition area some of the constraints faced by mango growers. 2.9 CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY AND DERIVATION OF HYPOTHESIS Conceptual model is a diagrammatic representation outlining the dominant element of a system and their interrelationship with respect to criterion variables. In the light of inferences derived from recorded evidence in the literature, conceptual framework has been developed for the study, which diagrammatically presents the important dimensions and postulated relationship among the variables.

74 It is clear from the model that the dependent variable awareness, Knowledge and adoption were assessed on the basis of review of literature and eleven independent variables representing the profile characteristics. All the profile characteristics were chosen to examine the nature and extent of relationship with Awareness, Knowledge and Adoption. This model was hopefully conceived to give an objective assessment of the dependent and independent variables selected for the study. The relationship was diagrammatically represented in Fig 2.1 which helps to arrive the following given hypothesis for empirical testing. Based on the objectives of the study, and the theoretical framework the following were formulated. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION BENEFICIARY FARMER NON BENEFICIARY FARMER Age Education Annual income Farm Size Farming Experience Socio political Participation Information seeking behavior Risk taking ability Innovativeness Subsidy orientation Achievement motivation AWARENESS KNOWLEDGE ADOPTION Fig 2.1 Conceptual Model of the study Based on the objectives of the study and the theoretical framework, the following research hypothesis were formulated.

75 General Hypothesis I There will a significant relationship between knowledge about recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana and black pepper of beneficiary farmers and their selected profile characteristics. General Hypothesis 2 There will a significant relationship between adoption of recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana and black pepper on beneficiary and their selected profile characteristics. General Hypothesis 3 There will be a significant relationship between awareness about National Horticulture Mission of Beneficiary farmers and their profile characteristics. The null and empirical hypothesis deduced from the general hypothesis with respect to independent under study were reported, tested and presented in Result and Discussion Chapter.

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77 Chapter III MATERIAL AND METHODS The present research was carried out to study the impact of National Horticulture Mission in North and Middle Andaman district. This chapter contains the details of methodology employed in conducting the research. It deals with the research design of the investigator, sampling procedure, operationalization of variables and their empirical measurements, tools and methods used for collection of data, statistical tests and analytical procedures followed to interpret the data. The details of the methodology following the present investigation are furnished below under the following heads. 3.1 Research design 3.2 Sampling procedure 3.3 Variables and their empirical measurement 3.4 Increase in area, production and productivity, income generation, employment generation and creation of assets under National Horticulture Mission scheme. 3.5 Constraints and suggestions elicited from the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission. 3.6 Collection of data 3.7 Statistical tools used 3.8 Preparation of report 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN Ex post facto research design was followed to achieve the objectives of the study as the variables had already occurred. According to Kerlinger (1983) the ex post facto research is a systematic empirical enquiry in which the scientist does not have any direct control of independent variables and were not manipulatable. Inferences about relations among the variables were made without direct interventions from concomitant variation of independent and

78 dependent variables. Keeping in view the type of variables under consideration, size of respondents and phenomenon to be studied, the ex-post facto research design was selected as an appropriate research design as the variable under study had already occurred and measurement of the selected variable was taken up only after the occurrence of the event. 3.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURE Selection of the Union Territory The Union Territory (UT) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands was selected purposively for the study as the investigator hails from the UT of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The investigator was familiar with the local language, and working as Agriculture Assistant in the Department of Agriculture, North and Middle Andaman District, Mayabunder which would help to build up quick rapport and also enable in-depth study combined with personal observation. The Centrally sponsored scheme of National Horticulture Mission has been implemented in the Union Territory from to till date by the High Value Agriculture Development Agency (HVADA) in all the three districts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands namely Andaman district, North and Middle Andaman district and Nicobar District. As per the progress report showing the physical and financial target and achievement maximum area has been covered under various components of National Horticulture Mission which exist in North and Middle Andaman District, which paves a way for selection of the district for the study Selection of the District Out of three (3) districts of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands,North and Middle Andaman district was selected purposively as it is one of the district which ranked first in component wise achievement under National Horticulture Mission from to till date. The area covered under various components as per the physical and financial progress report from to till date was highest under the district.

79 3.2.3 Selection of Mandal ( Block ) There are three blocks (tehsils) in North and Middle Andaman district where in all the three blocks were covered under National Horticulture Mission scheme and all the villages were covered under the scheme, all the three tehsil namely, Rangat, Mayabunder and Diglipur were selected purposively for the study to have a holistic vision of the scheme Selection of Villages Two (2) villages were selected randomly from each selected Tehsil thus a total of 6 villages were selected randomly for the study. The tehsil wise selected villages were Kadamtala and Betapur from Rangat tehsil, Harinagar and Govindapur from Mayabunder tehsil followed by Sitapur and Madhupur villages from Diglipur Tehsil.The selected villages were shown as follows. SL.NO NAME OF THE BLOCK NAME OF THE VILLAGES 1. Rangat Betapur (Padmanabhapuram ) Kadamtala 2. Mayabunder Harinagar Govindapur 3. Diglipur Sitanagar Madhupur Selection of Respondents A beneficiary respondent is operationally defined as a farmer involved in taking up the various components of National Horticulture Mission schemes atleast continuing in between to in cultivating tissue culture banana and high yielding variety of black pepper in Andaman district of UT of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. North and Middle A non beneficiary respondent is operationally defined as a farmer who is not beneficiary of National Horticulture Mission schemes but he is cultivating local banana and indigenous variety of black pepper at least continuing in

80 between to in North and Middle Andaman district of UT of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A list of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were collected from the High Value Agriculture Cell which is the nodal agency for implementation of National Horticulture Mission scheme in the study area. By using the method of Stratified random sampling, two (2) strata each for beneficiary and non beneficiary were considered for the sample who cultivates tissue culture banana and black pepper and also taking up other components of NHM, and then using the random no. table, random selection of respondents was done.ten (10) beneficiaries and 10 non beneficiaries from each selected village of the selected block were selected randomly. From the list of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of each selected villages 20 beneficiaries and 20 non beneficiaries were selected at random to make a sample size of 120 respondents including 60 beneficiaries and 60 non beneficiaries from six villages..

81 STATE/UT ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS DISTRICT NORTH AND MIDDLE ANDAMAN DISTRICT BLOCK S RANGAT MAYABUNDER DIGLIPUR VILLAGE PADMANAB HAPURAM KADAM TALA HARI NAGAR GOVINDP UR SITA NAGAR MADHUPUR SAMPLE 20 B 20 NB 20 B 20 N B 20 B 20 NB 20 B 20 NB 20 B 20 NB 20 B 20 N B FIG: 3.1 SAMPLING PROCEDURE FOLLOWED FOR THE STUDY

82 3.3 VARIABLES AND THEIR EMPIRICAL MEASUREMENT The variables for the study were selected based on the relevant review of literature on the subject, in consultation with the expert in the field of research and extension, members of advisory committee and officials of Department of Agriculture, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The variables selected and a empirical measurement followed was given in Table 3.1 Table 3.2. Variables and their empirical measurement Sl.No Variables Empirical Measurement Dependent variable 1. Awareness Schedule developed for the study 2. Knowledge Schedule developed for the study 3. Adoption Schedule developed for the study Independent Variable 1. Age Chronological age of the respondents 2. Education Schedule developed by somasundaram (1995 ) and modified by Anandaraja ( 1999) was used. 3. Annual Income Schedule developed for the study 4. Farm Size Possession of total land by the respondent 5. Farming Experience Completed years of experience of the respondents in farming 6. Socio political participation The scale developed by Venkataramaiah (1983) and revised in 2005 was used with suitable modification

83 7. Information seeking behaviour Schedule developed for the study. 8. Risk taking ability Schedule developed for the study. The scoring pattern developed by Supe ( 1969) was used with slight modification. 9. Innovativeness The scale developed by Singh (1977) and modified by Senthil Kumar ( 1994) was followed. 10. Subsidy orientation Schedule developed for the study. 11. Achievement motivation The scale developed by Jhansi Rani (1985) was used with slight modification Measurement of Dependent variables Awareness about the National Horticulture Mission : Level of awareness of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission refers to the extent of information regarding the various aspect of programme implementation, various component of National Horticulture Mission, vision and mission, and objectives of National Horticulture Mission. In order to know the awareness of selected NHM beneficiaries and non beneficiaries, a set of 15 statements were prepared in consultation with the experts on programme implementation (Zonal Officers) of National Horticulture Mission, and experts from High Value Agriculture Development Agency, designated officer of the concerned zone experts from Agriculture department. Scoring: A score of two and one is assigned to every Aware and Not Aware response respectively. The maximum and minimum possible scores are 30 and 15 respectively. Whereas the maximum and minimum scores obtained were 38 and 12 respectively for the beneficiaries of

84 National Horticulture Mission whereas in case of the obtained maximum and minimum score for non beneficiaries are 28 and 13 respectively The total score of each farmer is worked out by summing up scores of all statements. Categorization: The respondents were grouped into following three categories i.e. low awareness, medium awareness and high awareness about the National Horticulture Mission based on exclusive class interval technique. Sl.No Categorization Beneficiary Non beneficiary 1. Low level of awareness Medium level of awareness 3. High level of awareness In order to have a clear cut view of awareness on each activity of National Horticulture Mission, statement wise the frequency and percentage of all the respondents were calculated and the same is presented in the table Extent of Knowledge regarding the package and practices of Banana and Black pepper The Impact of National Horticulture Mission in the selected villages were studied based on the knowledge about the package and practices of two selected crops under Banana (Tissue Culture) and Black pepper under spices The two main crops namely Tissue culture banana under Non perennial fruit and Black pepper under spices were selected to study the impact of NHM, and also the area coverage under T.C Banana ranked first among fruits and Black pepper ranked first among spices. This is reason for selection of these two identified crops for the study. Knowledge was operationally defined as those behaviour and test situation which emphasized the remembering either by recognition or by recall of ideas and materials on some phenomemon ( Bloom et al, 1955).Knowledge in this study is operationalised as the amount of information and understanding possessed by the respondents about the package and practices of two selected crops brought under area expansion component of National Horticulture Mission.The Knowledge of

85 respondents regarding the recommended package of practices was measured by using structural schedule for banana growers,consisting of questions which were prepared after thorough references from the recommended package of practices and discussions with expert in the respective fields. The schedule for knowledge on recommended package of practices of Banana and Black pepper consist of 15 statements and 17 questions respectively including all practices from varietal selection to post harvest management. Each question was read to the respondent by the investigator and the responses were recorded accordingly. The questions were asked to get the correct or incorrect answers. Each correct response was given a score of one and incorrect response was given a score of zero. The maximum and minimum possible scores for both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were 15 and 0 in case of tissue culture Banana and 17 and 0 in case of Black pepper. The maximum and minimum obtained scores for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries in case of Banana is 13 & 7 and 17 & 5 respectively.all the scores so obtained from each respondents was summed up and the banana growers were categorized into low, medium and high knowledge categories according to the equal class interval for both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. To gain more insight in the knowledge of respondents on Package and practices of Tissue culture Banana, the statement wise distribution of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were done based on frequency and percentage. Tissue culture Banana Sl.No Categorization Class Interval Beneficiaries Non beneficiaries 1. Low level of Knowledge Medium level of knowledge High level of knowledge

86 Black pepper: In case of extent of Knowledge on package of practices of Black pepper in respect of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries, the maximum and minimum obtained scores are 13 and 6 respectively. By using the exclusive class interval technique the respondents were categorized as follows. Sl.No Categorization of respondent Class interval Both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries 1. Low level of knowledge Medium level of knowledge High level of knowledge Extent of Adoption of the package of practices of Banana and Black pepper. Adoption is the acceptance and application by a respondents of some or all the practices recommended for Tissue culture Banana and Black pepper crop under the category of fruits and spices respectively. As these crops were selected purposively for studying the impact of National Horticulture Mission, all the practices included in a package were considered important. The extent of Adoption was operationally defined as number of practices adopted by the respondent out of total number of recommended practices for cultivating the two selected crops namely Tissue culture banana and Black pepper in terms of percentage. An adoption schedule was prepared to measure the extent of adoption. The extent of the adoption of recommended package of practices by the respondents was measured by using a structured schedule developed for farmers cultivating both tissue culture banana and Black pepper crop consisting of 20 and 15 statements respectively were developed in consultation with the implementing authority namely Zonal officers of the concerned zones of National Horticulture Mission and experts of

87 Department of Agriculture A & N Islands, Scientist of KVK of North and Middle Andaman District, CARI (Central Agricultural Research Institute ) Port Blair and advisory committee members. The questions for adoption of recommended package of practices for both identified crops were put to farmers covering from varietal selection to post harvest technology. A scoring of 3,2,1 has been given against adopted, partial adopted and not adopted. All the scores so obtained for each respondents was summed up. The maximum and minimum obtained scores are 56 and 32 for beneficiaries and 59 and 32 for non beneficiaries in case of Tissue culture Banana. Accordingly the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were categorized by using exclusive class interval technique as follows. T.C Banana Sl.No,. Categorization of respondents Beneficiaries Class Interval 1. Low level of adoption Medium level of adoption High level of adoption Non Beneficiaries The maximum and minimum obtained scores are 41 and 25 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries in case of Black pepper. Accordingly the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were categorized by using exclusive class interval technique as follows. Black Pepper Sl.No,. Categorization of respondents Beneficiaries Class Interval Non Beneficiaries 1. Low level of adoption Medium level of adoption High level of adoption

88 3.3.2 Independent Variables Age Age is operationalised as the number of completed years of respondent at the time of enquiry and the chronological age was taken as a measure. The respondents were classified into into young ( up to 35 years), middle ( years) and old age ( above 55 years) based on the identified class intervals. The grouping was done into below mentioned class interval in order to have a clear picture about the age group of the respondent. The respondents were asked to indicate their age in completed years as on the date of data collection. The farmers were grouped into three categories based on age. Sl.No Category Age in years 1. Young age Up to 35 years 2. Middle age years 3. Old More than 55 years Education: Education is operationalised as the number of years of formal schooling successfully attained by the respondent at the time of investigation.the quantification of education of the respondent was measured based on the schedule developed for the study. The education status was noted against the categories mentioned below. The Scoring procedure developed by Somasundaram (1995) and modified by Anandaraja ( 1999) was used for the study. Sl.No Educational Status Score used 1. Illiterate 1 2. Read and Write only 2 3. Primary school ( up to 5 th class) 3 4. Upper Primary school ( 6 th to 7 th class ) 4

89 5. High School ( 8, 9 & 10 th class) 5 6. Intermediate 6 7. Under graduation 7 8. Post graduation and above Annual Income Annual income is defined as the total income a respondent derives from Agricultural, allied sector and other subsidiary occupations in a year. The annual income of beneficiary and non beneficiary of National Horticulture Mission was judged by total income at the time of investigation and the respondents were classified into three classes as low, medium and high by using the exclusive class interval technique. However the annual income was assessed before and after scheme which was utilized for assessing the income generation of both beneficiary and non beneficiary. The maximum and minimum score for beneficiary of NHM was Rs.5,68,825 and Rs.55,200 respectively, where as in case of non beneficiary the maximum and minimum score was Rs and respectively. The categorization of both beneficiary and non beneficiary is done as under Sl.No Categoy Class Interval Beneficiary Non beneficiary 1. Low annual income Rs ,26408 Rs Medium annual income Rs Rs High annual income Rs Rs Farm Size It was operationalised as the total land possessed by the respondent at the time of investigation. Farm Size was conceptualized as the area of land ( in hect ) owned and operated by the individual farmers. The land were allotted to the refugees from Bangladesh under Penal Settlement act and colonization scheme of rehabilitation done by Govt. of

90 India and the allotment procedure as specified by Land reforms Act of Andaman and Nicobar Islands of (1954) and revised on (1963) of equating 2 ha of dry land to an ha of irrigated land was followed to arrive at the total extent of land. Under Penal Settlement act for Andaman and Nicobar the settlers were allotted lands 5 acres of Hilly land (2.02 ha ) and 5 acres of Paddy land (2.02 ha ) were allotted to each farming families. The scoring pattern was followed as per the guidelines of land allotment act of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as given below. The respondents were grouped into five categories namely marginal, small, semi medium,medium and large respectively, the grouping were done to have clear picture about the land holding size of the respondents. Sl.No Category Score 1. Marginal ( 0.5 to 1 ha ) 1 2. Small ( ha ) 2 3. Semi medium ( ha ) 3 4. Medium ( 4.1 ha ha ) 4 5. Large ( above 10 ha ) Farming experience Farming experience is conceptualized as the number of years of experience that a respondent possessed in farming at the time of enquiry The respondents were grouped into three categories based on exclusive class interval technique as mentioned below. The maximum and minimum score obtained was 46 & 10 years respectively for beneficiaries and 50 & 10 years for non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission. Sl.No Category Class Interval Beneficiary Non beneficiaries 1. Low farming experience years years 2. Medium farming years years experience 3. High farming experience years years

91 Socio Political Participation It was defined as the degree of involvement of the respondents in Socio politico organization either as a member or as office bearer. The quantification of this variable done in accordance with the scale developed by Venkataramaiah (1983) revised in 2005 with suitable modification. The absolute scoring pattern followed for different items are as follows. The maximum and Minimum scores for each respondent were 6 and 1 respectively. Sl.No Category Scores 1. Active membership in formal organization 1 2. Official position in one or more organization 2 3. Participation without membership 3 4. Financial contribution/ suggestion / support 4 for development activities 5. Office bearer in any organization 5 6. Active participation in voting in any social organization 6 Based on the scores obtained, the respondents were classified into three categories of low, medium and high by following exclusive class interval technique. Sl.No Categorization of respondents ( beneficiaries and non beneficiaries ) Class interval 1. Low level of socio-political participation Medium level of S.P participation High level of S.P Participation Information seeking behaviour Roger and Shoemaker (1971), stated on this issue, it is difficult to reckon source and channel as separate elements in most diffusion researches, which are usually conducted by obtaining, recall data from

92 receivers via personal interviews. For the purpose of study, the term sources include channels also and they collectively termed as information sources. It is postulated as the extent to which an individual was exposed to the messages related to agriculture and allied areas through various information sources for the past one year. This measure of seeking information was done for three different sources of informal, formal and mass media. The scoring was done based on the frequency of exposure to different sources as 4,3,2,1 was given to frequently, occasionally, rarely and never respectively. Sum of the scores on these four items was taken as a measure of the information seeking behaviour of a respondent. Based on the scores and the identified intervals, the respondents were categorized as low, medium and high information seeking behaviour. The maximum and minimum scores obtained for beneficiaries are 75 and 47 respectively, where as in case of non beneficiaries the maximum and minimum obtained scores were 80 and 48 respectively. Sl.No Categorization of respondents Low information seeking behaviour Medium information seeking behaviour High Information seeking behaviour Class interval Beneficiaries Non beneficiaries Risk Taking Ability Risk Taking ability is operationalised as the degree to which the farmer was oriented towards encompassing risk and uncertainty in adopting any new idea or innovations, as this was measured with the help of risk preference scale developed by Supe (1969) with suitable modification. The scale consisted of six statements with five positive and one negative statement. The responses of respondents were obtained each statement in terms of agreement and disagreement. The positive statements were scored as 3,2,1 for Agree, (A), undecided (UD), and disagree (DA) respectively, where as the scoring pattern was just reversed for the negative statement.

93 The score obtained on each statement was summed up to get the individual respondents risk orientation score. The maximum and minimum scores obtained for beneficiaries are 21 and 9 and for non beneficiaries were 21 and 13 respectively. Sl.No Categorization of respondents Class Interval beneficiaries Non beneficiaries 1. Low risk taking ability Medium risk taking ability 3. High risk taking ability Innovativeness Rogers and Shoemaker (1971) defined innovativeness as the degree to which an individual is relatively earlier in adopting the new ideas than other members of his society. In this study, innovativeness is operationalized as the extent to which an individual had acquired an awareness of the need to be innovative and the person who felt the greatest need to change world to be the first to innovate. The scale developed by Singh (1977) and used by Senthil Kumar(1994) was followed. The schedule consisted of 10 statements with 6 positive and 4 negative statements. A weightage of 3, 2, 1 were given for Agree, Undecided, Disagree for positive statements and reverse scoring was adopted for negative statements giving weightages as 1, 2,and 3.The total score of the farmers on their innovativeness was arrived by summing up the weightages of scores of each respondent. The farmers were categorized into three groups by following the exclusive class interval technique. The maximum and minimum obtained score for beneficiaries are 30 and 18 and for non beneficiaries were 29 and 17 respectively.

94 Sl.No Categorization Class Interval Beneficiaries Non beneficiaries 1. Low level of innovativeness 2. Medium level of innovativeness 3. High level of innovativeness Subsidy Orientation Subsidy orientation is operationalised for the study as the degree to which a respondent is oriented towards the financial assistance provided under the National Horticulture Mission. The subsidy orientation variable consisted of 7 statements including both positive and negative statement. A Score weightages of 3,2,1 were allotted for Agree ( A ), Undecided ( UD) and Disagree ( DS ) and a reversed score of 1,2,3 was allotted for negative statements. Based on the total score gained by an respondents, the respondents were categorized by exclusive class interval technique. The maximum and minimum obtained scores for beneficiaries were 24 and 10 respectively, where as in case of non beneficiaries the maximum and minimum scores were 21 and 16 respectively. Sl.No Categorization of respondent 1. Low level of Subsidy orientation 2. Medium level of subsidy orientation 3. High level of subsidy orientation Class interval Beneficiaries Non Beneficiaries Achievement orientation : Achievement motivation was operationally defined as the desire for excellence to attain a sense of personal accomplishment. The Scale developed by Jhansi rani ( 1985 ) and used by R. Vasantha was used with suitable modification and the instrument comprised of 9 statements, out of which 5 positive and 4 negative statement were used. For all positive statements, scoring weightages of 3, 2, and 1 were allotted for all

95 positive statements as Agree ( A ), Undecided (UD) and Disagree (DS). For all negative statements the pattern of reversed scoring is used as 1,2,3 for Agree ( A ), Undecided ( UD ) and Disagree ( DS ). Based on the score obtained by the respondents they were categorized into 3 groups based on the exclusive class interval technique. The Maximum and minimum obtained score for beneficiaries were 25 and 16 and for non beneficiaries 25 and 15 respectively. Sl.No Categorization of respondents 1. Low level of Achievement motivation 2. Medium level of achievement motivation 3. High level of achievement motivation Class Interval Beneficiaries Non beneficiaries Increase in Area, production and Productivity of different crops, income generation, Employment generation and creation of asset due to implementation of National Horticulture Mission Increase in Area, production and Productivity of different crops The statistical data base of Area, production and productivity of different crops in general and increase in area, production and productivity of two selected crops namely Tissue culture Banana and Black pepper before and after the implementation of National Horticulture Mission were analyzed. The statistical data were obtained taking as the base year and as the ending year and from the Statistical data base of Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Port Blair and Indian Horticulture data base of National Horticulture Board. The same were presented in the form of figures and graphs for discussion Income generation Income generation is operationally defined as the additional income generated by the beneficiaries due to the implementation of

96 National Horticulture Mission in a year. The income generation was estimated before and after implementation of National Horticulture Mission in general from crop sources and income generated by cultivating Tissue culture banana and Black pepper (Spices) under NHM. The income before the implementation of NHM was taken as a bench mark, where as the estimate of income after implementation of NHM by beneficiaries ( ) minus before NHM income will be the income generation through NHM. Based on the total income obtained by the beneficiary before and after implementation of National Horticulture Mission in case of both selected crops namely Tissue culture Banana and Black pepper, the statistical test i.e Z test was applied to found out the difference between the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries to know the impact of NHM Employment Generation: Employment generation was operationally defined as the additional days of employment gained by the beneficiaries family due to the implementation National Horticulture Mission, number of mandays generated per family was computed and weight of one score was given for each manday and similarly the employment generation for the village was also computed through mandays generated under MGNREGA which was effectively utilized for horticulture plantation and weight of one score was allotted for every manday created for the village. Based on the total score obtained by the beneficiary on employment generation before and after implementation of National Horticulture Mission, the average mandays before and after NHM was computed and the statistical test i.e Z test was applied to arrive at conclusion regarding differences of categories and impact of NHM Creation of asset under National Horticulture Mission Asset creation was operationally defined in this study as the creation of permanent asset in terms of infrastructure created in individual farmers field as well as asset created on community basis for being utilized

97 by the farming community under the National Horticultural Mission.These assets were quantified based on value of asset created in monetary terms. The assests were categorized as before and after the implementation of National Horticulture Mission. The assets were represented in terms of value of asset created for individual farmer and the community owned were done in the study, based on this assessment the results are interpreted. 3.5 Constraints and suggestions elicited from the beneficiary and non beneficiary of National Horticulture Mission Problems of the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission were operationally defined as constraints faced by farmers in implementing the NHM scheme in their field and taking up the crops accordingly. The respondents were asked to express the problems faced by them in the implementation of National Horticulture Mission scheme and the problems as stated by them were recorded. Frequencies and percentages were calculated and ranking was given in the order of magnitude. Suggestions by the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission were operationally defined as the solutions given by them for the improvement in order to have effective implementation of NHM Scheme. Respondents were requested to give their suggestions in order to enhance the effectiveness of programme implementation in their area. Frequencies and percentages were calculated and ranking was given in the order of magnitude. 3.6 TOOLS AND METHOD USED FOR COLLECTION OF DATA Instruments used for the study Data were collected from the selected respondents by using the interview schedule developed for the study. Keeping in view, the specific objectives and different variable included in the study a structured and draft schedule is prepared for collecting data from the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. The interview schedule was developed in consultation with

98 the advisory committee, experts in the field of Agricultural Extension, Statistics and Mathematics, experts in the field of Horticulture, Officers of the State Department of Agriculture, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Specialist of Horticulture from Central Agriculture Research Institute, Garacharma, Port Blair.The officials of Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Quarry Hills, Port Blair for consulted for getting the data on area, production and productivity of Horticulture crops from to During the development of interview schedule the available relevant literature on the subject matter which was published by National Horticulture Board was also considered Development of Interview Schedule Most of the items included in the schedule were structured question, scales and objective test type which were suitable to each category of respondents. The interview schedule was read out to the respondent in local ( hindi) language The interview schedule was pre-tested with the respondents (30 members) outside the study area, where similar conditions prevailed. Based on the experience gained in the pre-testing, the interview schedule was suitably modified wherever necessary. The finalized interview schedule used for the study was provided in Appendix A. Interview schedule consisted of three parts. The first part consisted of primary information of the respondent i.e, respondent number, name, village and mandals. The second part consisted of profile characteristics of respondent and third part consisted of the dependent variables, i.e., awareness, knowledge and adoption of package and practices of Tissue culture Banana and Black Pepper by the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission and last part devoted to eliciting problems and suggestions for successful implementation of National Horticulture Mission Scheme in the locality. Interview schedule was constructed in English and translated to Hindi language.

99 3.6.3 Establishing Necessary rapport Establishing rapport with the farmers is very important task. Prior to data collection, sufficient rapport was established during the initial period of field investigation with the respondents. As the investigation has worked as Agriculture Assistant in the study area and had regular contacts with the respondents, with the help of extension personnel of that area and local leaders Panchyati Raj members and farmer s friends, it was easy to make the rapport with the farmer respondent. The respondents were convinced about the very purpose and objective of the research study which is purely academic in nature to get valid and reliable information from the respondents Method of data collection The interview schedule was administered to the respondents and the information was collected from the respondents,the questions and statements were asked in the local hindi language and the selected respondents was personally contacted and interviewed with the help of interview schedule. The contacted farmers were personally interviewed by the investigator which enabled her to get the first hand information and gave an opportunity to observe the respondent. It was made sure that the questions were correctly understood by the respondent by repeating the questions wherever necessary. Observation of respondents background, behaviour, emotions, feelings, ideas, aspirations and surroundings were also made use of during interview. Friendly atmosphere was maintained during the interview to see that the respondents were at ease and expressed their opinion fairly, freely and frankly. The responses of each respondent were recorded in the interview schedule by the investigator with due care. Every effort was made to check and cross check the data which was collected during the investigation Procedure for data analysis The data collected from the respondents were coded, tabulated, analyzed then the data were subjected to different statistical tests keeping in view the objectives of the research study.

100 3.6.6 Preparation of the report After analysis, the data were presented in the form of tables in order to make the findings meaningful and easily understable. The findings emerging from the analysis of data were suitably interpreted and necessary conclusions and inferences were drawn 3.7 STATISTICAL TOOLS USED The following statistical tools were used for the analysis and interpretation of the data Frequency and percentage Some of the data were subjected to frequencies and percentages and used to know the distribution of the respondents according to the selected variables in the study. Frequency is the number of item, a variable is repeated. Percentage is the number/ amount/ rate etc. expressed as if it is part of a total which is 100. Percentage was used for primary analysis of independent and dependent variable and also making simple comparison Class interval Inclusive method of class intervals was used to categorize certain variables. Class interval is difference between the upper and lower limit of a class and is calculated using the following formula. Maximum score minimum score C.I = No. of classes Under exclusive type of class intervals, the items whose values are equal to the upper limit are grouped in the next higher class.

101 3.7.3 Arithmetic mean ( X ) The mean is the quotient that results when sum of all the items in the series is divided by the number of items. Where x X = n X = Mean x = Sum of all the items n = Number of items Standard Deviation ( ) Standard deviation is the square root of the mean of the squares of the deviation taken from the means of the distribution.the mean and standard deviation were used in the process of calculating the correlation co efficient values. = Yn x ( x n 2 2 ) Where = Standard deviation x 2 = Sum of squares of all items ( x) 2 = Square of summation of all the items Ranking The responses of the farmers were analyzed by using the ranking method in some of the variables. Ranks were assigned for all the statements as per the priorities given by the respondents. When the statement was developed with a scale of n point continuum carrying scores of n, n-1, n- 2, n-3,., the total score for each item was obtained by the following formula: Total score = n f1+ (n-1) f2 + (n-2) f3+ (n-3) f4. where, f1, f2, f3, f4, are the frequencies of the respondents scoring n, n-1, n-2, n-3, n-4 respectively. Ranking was done based on the total obtained score.

102 The responses of the farmers were analyzed by using raking method a dependent variables namely knowledge and adoption respectively. Ranks were assigned for all the statements as per the priorities given by the respondents. The ranks were calculated based on the obtained total score and percentage of total score on each statement in knowledge. In case of adoption, the ranks were calculated based on the total score and mean per cent score on each statement was calculated. In addition the ranks were also assigned for various problems perceived by the respondents and suggestion offered by both the beneficiary and non beneficiary in the order of frequency Coefficient of Correlation It was used to find out the relationship between the scores of dependent and independent variables using the following formula. r = x ( x) ( y) xy n ( x) n y ( y n ) Where r = Co-efficient of correlation between x and y x = Sum of scores of variable x y = Sum of scores of variable y x 2 = Sum of squares of scores of variable x y 2 = Sum of squares of scores of variable y ( x) 2 = Square of sum of variable x ( y) 2 = Square of sum of variable y xy = Sum of product of variable x and y n = Size of sample

103 3.6.7 Z Test Z test was employed to study the difference between the before and after implementation of the National Horticulture Mission among the beneficiary and non beneficiary in respect of dependent variable that is knowledge, adoption and awareness. The base period of has been treated as before implementation and the after implementation period has been treated up to The Impact is the difference between before and after implementation of National Horticulture Mission. 1 = Standard deviation of first 2 = Standard deviation of first sample N 1 = Sample size of first sample N2 = Sample Size of second sample X 1 = Mean of first sample X 2= Mean of the second sample

104 Fig: 3.1 Map of Andaman and Nicobar Islands showing North and Middle Andaman District

105 Fig 3.2 Map of Middle Andaman showing selected villages for the study

106 Fig 3.3 Map of North Andaman showing selected villages for the study

107 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Keeping in view the objectives of the study, the obtained factual data were subjected to appropriate statistical tests and were coded, analyzed, interpreted and the results thus arrived are presented in this chapter under the following headings. 4.1 Profile characteristics of the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission. 4.2 Awareness of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries regarding National Horticulture Mission. 4.3 Knowledge level and Extent of adoption of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers about improved package of practices in respect of two identified crops namely Tissue culture Banana under fruits and Black Pepper under Spices The impact of National Horticulture Mission with respect to increase in area, production, productivity, income generation, employment generation and creation of assests in the study area. 4.5 Relationship between profile characteristics of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers and their awareness, knowledge, adoption of recommended package of practices under National Horticulture Mission. 4.6 Constraints encountered in the implementation of National Horticulture Mission and suitable suggestions offered by the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers. 4.7 Empirical Model of the study.

108 4.1 PROFILE CHARACTERISITICS OF THE BENEFICIARY AND NON BENEFICIARY FARMERS OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION Age Age is an important factor as it reveals the mental maturity of an individual to take decisions for achieving his needs. The distribution of farmers according to different age is presented in table 4.1 Table 4.1. Distribution of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers according to their age. (N=120) Sl.No Category ( years ) Beneficiaries (n=60) Non Beneficiaries ( n=60) F % F % 1. Young age ( up to 35 years) 2. Middle age ( years 3. Old age (More than 55 years ) Total Data presented in the Table 4.1 indicated that majority (58.33%) of the beneficiary respondents were belonged to old age followed by middle (40.00%) and young (1.67%). In case of non beneficiaries, per cent of the respondents belonged to old age group followed by middle (43.33 %) and young (3.33%). From the above result, it could be concluded that majority of both beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers belonged to old age group followed by middle age group. The people of North and Middle Andaman District of Andaman and Nicobar Islands were mostly settlers who were settled under the Penal settlement Act and colonization under Rehabilitation scheme of Govt. of India, where in mostly old age groups were involved in farming activities, the middle and young age group were mostly concentrating on nonfarm activities and service sectors. This might be the probable reason for this type of trend. More over the young generation did not show their interest to take up farming as profession because of low profitability and hard work, as farming involved lot of hard work. Further the younger generation were educated and they try to get into Govt. sector jobs.

109 4.1.2 Education This observation is in line with the findings of Noorjahan (2004), Educational status of an individual farmer plays a vital role in enhancing his knowledge level. It plays its role in motivating him/ her towards knowing new things and understanding them new things and understanding the things learnt. The distribution of respondents according to their level of education is furnished in Table 4.2 Table 4.2.Distribution of respondents based on their education N=120 Sl.No Category Beneficiaries (n=60) Non beneficiaries(n=60) Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage 1 Illiterate Read and Write only Primary school ( up to 5 th class) 4 Upper Primary school ( 6 th to 7 th class ) 5 High School ( 8, & 10 th class) 6 Intermediate Under graduation Post graduation and above Total Results presented in Table 4.2, it was evident that per cent of beneficiary respondents studied up to primary education followed by per cent of High school, Intermediate, (13.33%), up to collegiate level (11.67%) and only 1.67 per cent studied up to Post graduation level. Where as in case of non beneficiaries, per cent of non beneficiary respondent studied up to primary education followed by up to middle (15.00%) and per cent of high school, only 5.00 per cent of non beneficiaries studied up to collegiate level. From the above results it could be observed that majority of the respondents were educated up to primary school followed by middle and high school to collegiate level both in case of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers.

110 P e r c e n t a g e LOW MEDIUM HIGH 0 Beneficiary Fig: 4.1 Distribution of respondents according to the age group. p e r c e n t a g e Beneficiary illterate read and write up to 5 th std upper primary high school intermediate graduation P.G and above Fig:4.2 Distribution of beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM according to education

111 The reason for the considerable portion of the respondents having primary education to high schooling education in case of both beneficiary as well as non beneficiary is due to the presence of abundant educational institution as well as high literacy rate prevalent in the study area. The Bengali and Malayali settlers who are the beneficiary and non beneficiary respondents were educated from Bangladesh and Kerala and studied up to primary school only and they have been settled in Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands.The farmers realized the importance of education and schemes run by Govt. of India, hence the literacy rate in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is fairly high. This result might be due to the above facts that the selected study area which is nearer to the district head quarter and surrounding places having educational institutions, which contributed towards the respondents level of literacy Annual Income Table 4.3. Distribution of respondents based on their Annual Income ( N=120) Sl. No Category Class interval Beneficiaries n=60 Non Beneficiaries n=60 Beneficiary in Non beneficiary in F % F % Rs. Rs. 1. Low level of annual , income 2. Medium level of annual income 3. High level of annual income Total From the data figured in Table 4.3 and Fig 4.3 it could be observed that a majority of Per cent of beneficiaries belonged to medium annual income group i.e., Rs. 4,00,000 followed by per cent of beneficiaries fall under low income group of Rs. 2,50,000, followed by 8.33 per cent of beneficiaries fall under high income group of Rs more than 5,50000/-,whereas per cent of non beneficiaries fall under low income group followed by per cent in medium income group and 5.00 per cent of non beneficiaries fall under high income group. As majority of beneficiaries belonged to medium level of income group due to the fact that the beneficiaries gained income by cultivating more of Horticulture crops namely

112 fruits and spices under National Horticulture Mission apart from maintaining the Coconut and Arecanut plantations in their hilly land which can fetch good remunerative prices in a year. As the horticultural crops of perennial in nature planted under various components of NHM will take up gestation period to realize profit, the beneficiaries gain income through other allied agricultural activities namely fisheries by maintaining pond in their field.in case of the non beneficiaries the majority belonged to low income group and the reason possibly might be they depend upon other allied agricultural activities like fisheries dairy and agricultural wages earned by them in off season.the beneficiaries apart from maintaining these plantations of Tissue culture banana and other crops grown under Area Expansion scheme of NHM, they also take up active participation as agriculture wage earners during the off season in MGNREGA. The non beneficiary also concentrate on agriculture wage earnings through MGNREGA scheme running popularly in the District under study.in the study area the farming community takes up agriculture as profitable venture by integrating all components namely poultry, dairy and fishing which fetches them off seasonal income to compensate the losses if occurs due to seasonal fluctuation contributing to the loss of agricultural crops. This might be reason for the above results behind that not much of vagaries were observed in the income level of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries Farm Size Table 4.4.Distribution of respondents based on their Farm Size (N=120) Sl. No. Category Beneficiaries ( n=60) Non Beneficiaries ( n=60) F % F % 1. Marginal( below 1.00 ha) Small ( 1-2 ha) Semi medium(2-4ha) Medium4-10 ha Large above 10 ha Total

113 P e r c e n t a g e Beneficiary Non beneficiarry low medium High Fig 4.3 Distribution of beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM according to the Annual Income p e r c e n t a g e Marginal Small Semi medium Medium Large 0 Beneficiary Non beneficiary Fig 4.4 Distribution of respondents according to the land holding

114 From the data figured in Table 4.4, it could be observed that a majority (53.33%) belonged to small farm size ranging from 1-2 ha. of land followed by per cent had marginal land holding below1.00 ha of land, 8.33 per cent of semi medium,11.67 per cent of medium and 3.33 per cent belonged to large farmers under beneficiaries category. In case of non beneficiary farmers per cent of farmers had marginal land holding followed by small (31.67%), semi medium (6.67%), and medium (3.33%). None of them belonged to large farm size. The above mentioned table 4.4 revealed that majority of beneficiary and nonbeneficiary farmers possessed marginal land holding to small land holding. This is due to the fragmentation of ancestral land holding from generation to generation leading to the sub division of land to smaller size of land holding.as the majority of farmers had marginal and small size of land holding, it is practically not possible to increase the farm size, so the Department of Agriculture under High Value Agriculture Development Agency (HVADA) concentrating on these farmers to adopt the latest technical knowhow of improved production technology of horticulture crop through high density plantation of occupying more no. of plants per unit area to increase the production and productivity which is prime objective to improve the socio economic status of the farming community of the Island. The extension agencies must focus on location specific crop with hi tech agriculture under high value agriculture for increasing the production per unit area. The results is in accordance with the results of Kumar (2003) and Kakkar et al.(2014) Farming experience Farming experience acquired by a farmer may pave way for successful farming and it may have its own influence on their knowledge and adoption behaviour including rejection of an innovation. The classification of respondents into different categories based on their farming experience and the corresponding frequency distribution is presented in Table 4.5.

115 Table 4.5.Distribution of the respondents according to their farming experience N=120 Sl. No. Category Class Interval Beneficiaries ( n=60) Non Beneficiaries ( n=60) B NB F % F % 1. Low level of farming experience years years 2. Medium level of farming experience years years 3. High level of farming experience years years Total It could be seen from the table 4.5 and Fig 4.5 that per cent of respondent farmer were found with high level of farming experience of 34 to 46 years of experience in farming, followed by per cent of respondent farmers fall under low experience in farming of years followed by per cent of beneficiaries fall under medium level of farming experience with years of experience in farming. In case of non beneficiaries a majority of respondents falls under the low level of farming experience followed by per cent of high level and per cent with medium level of experience in farming. It could be concluded that majority of the farmers has rich farming experience in case of beneficiaries of NHM. This might be due to the fact that agriculture and related allied activities including Agri business as the main occupation for farmers and they are doing the activity for decades together. Where as in case of non-beneficiary respondents had low level of farming experience due to the fact that majority of them depend upon service sector (Government / private ) in their young age, and after retirement entered in to agriculture as their main venture which was noticed by the researcher during investigation. This finding is in agreement with the findings of Kumar (2003),Divakar (2013)

116 60 55 p e r c e n t a g e Beneficiary non beneficiary low farming experience medium farmign experience High farming experience Fig 4.5 Distribution of respondents according to the level of farming experience P e r c e n t a g e low medium high 0 Beneficiary non beneficiary Fig : 4.6 Distribution of respondents according to the information seeking behavior

117 4.1.6 Information seeking behaviour On the basis of the information seeking behaviour farmers were categories using the class interval based on the scoring pattern. The details of the percentage distribution of the respondents under each class interval are furnished in table 4.6 Table 4.6. Distribution of respondents according to their information seeking behaviour N=120 Sl. No Category Class Interval Beneficiaries n=60 Non beneficiaries n=60 1. Low level of information seeking behaviour 2. Medium level of information seeking behaviour 3. High level of information seeking behaviour B NB F % F % Total The data depicted in table 4.6 indicated that majority of per cent of respondents fall under the medium information seeking behaviour with a score of 56-65, followed by one fourth per cent fall under low with a score of and per cent under high level of information seeking behaviour with a score of in case of beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission. Where as in case of non beneficiaries a majority of non beneficiaries fall under the category of medium level of information seekers with a score ranges from 59-70, followed by per cent of respondents fall under low and 1.67 per cent fall under high level of information seekers with a score ranges from and respectively. Based on the above data it could be concluded that majority of respondents from beneficiaries and non beneficiaries fall under medium information seekers. These farmers were seeking information from different sources namely informal sources, formal sources,

118 mass media etc. Most of the respondents revealed that they depend on progressive farmers and friend fellow farmers under informal sources for seeking information, whereas the officials from Department of Agriculture play a vital role for providing information through various training programs, farm and home visit etc. In case of mass media both the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries depend upon Radio and Television for seeking information related to farming and other allied activities. In Television, the DD channel Port Blair and DD Bangla plays a vital role for dissemination of farm related information. The results are in concurrence with the findings of Deshmukh (2003) and Purnima(2004) Socio-political participation Social participation refers to the involvement of the farmers in various organizations existing in the study area.it is defined as the degree of involvement of the respondents in formal organization either as member or office bearer. Participation in any formal and informal organization / institution enhances one s social mobility. It makes the participant to have a good relationship with other members of his society, which in turn helps the farmer to gather new ideas and information.the data collected on this variable is presented in the table 4.7 Table 4.7.Distribution of respondents according to socio-political participation N=120 Sl.No Category Class interval Beneficiary n=60 Non beneficiary n=60 F % F % 1. Low level of sociopolitical participation 2. Medium level of Socio-political participation 3. High level of socio political participation Total From table 4.7 it was that about per cent of the farmers fall under high level of socio political participation with the score range of 4-6, followed by per cent falls under medium level of socio-political participation with a score range of 2-4, followed by 5.00 per cent of respondents under low level of socio-political participation with a score

119 range of 0-2 in case of beneficiaries. Whereas a similar trend was observed in case of non beneficiaries as per cent of non beneficiaries fall under high socio-political participation followed by per cent under medium socio-political and 3.33 per cent under low level of socio-political participation. It could be concluded that majority of the respondents from both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries fall under the category of high level socio-political participation. The reason substantiated for this trend was most of the respondents in the study area having active participation in farmers clubs, youth clubs and had a formal participation in panchayati raj institutions which paves a way for them to take up active participation in gram sabha and other social level organization and institutions. (2004). The results are in concurrence with the result of Suryawanshi(2002) and Milkah Risk taking ability Risk taking ability of a respondent will provide him or her with all opportunities to venture into it as he can take up calculated risk to take up any venture of their interest to earn profit. The researcher has taken up this variable to study the quantum of risk taking capability of both beneficiary and non beneficiary in the study area. The respondents including both beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM were categorized as under. Table 4.8.Distribution of respondents according to the risk taking ability N=120 Sl.N o Category Class interval Beneficiaries ( n=60) Non Beneficiaries ( n=60) B NB F % F % 1. Low Risk taking ability 2. Medium risk taking ability 3. High risk taking ability Total The data presented in table 4.8 it was revealed that majority of the respondents per cent belonged to category of medium risk taking ability followed by per cent under high risk and 3.33 per cent under low risk taking ability in case of beneficiaries.

120 Similar trend was observed in case of non beneficiary also as majority of per cent of non beneficiary belonged to medium risk taking ability. P e r c e n t a g e Beneficiary Non-beneficiary low S.P participation Medium S.P Particiaption High S.P Participation Fig 4.7 Distribution of respondents according to the degree of socio-political participation p e r c e n t a g e beneficiary non beneficiary low medium high Fig 4.8 Distribution of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries according to their risk taking ability

121 The reason behind such type of result was both the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM in the study area taken up calculated risk of crop diversification from cereal crop from traditional cultivation to horticultural crop with modern technology to overcome the risk involved in monocropping, they also cultivated new crop in the study area for high profits. During recent years the farmers in the North and Middle Andaman District takes up Agriculture as an integrated mode by combining all allied activities to avoid the risk involved in single component say monoculture Innovativeness Innovativeness is the degree to which an individual is relatively earlier in adopting the new ideas than other member of his social system. It shows the desire and interest of an individual to seek changes in farming.it is an important character of making changes in his own farm when found practicable and feasible. The data collected on innovative behaviour of farmers are given in table 4.9. Table 4.9. Distribution of respondents according to their innovativeness ( N=120) Sl.No Category Class interval Beneficiaries ( n=60) Non beneficiaries ( n=60) B NB F % F % 1. Low level of innovativeness 2. Medium level of innovativeness 3. High level of innovativeness Total The information in table 4.9 revealed that majority of (73.34%) of beneficiaries reported to be highly innovative and they adopt an innovation as soon as it is brought to their notice followed by per cent of the respondents fall under medium level of innovativeness and 8.33 per cent belonged to low innovativeness category.

122 In case of non beneficiaries majority (70.00%) of non beneficiaries belonged to high innovativeness category followed by medium innovativeness (21.67%) and low innovativeness group (8.33%). The above results indicated that most of the beneficiary and non beneficiary of National Horticulture Mission belonged to high innovativeness category because they adopt the innovation as and when brought to their notice, and the fact that in the study area (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) most of the innovations in terms of new crop variety, seeds, pesticides, implements other inputs were given under 15 per cent cost and 100 per cent transport subsidy to farmers under Plan and other centrally sponsored schemes like NHM which motivated the farmer to adopt a technology immediately as it was introduced in their area. These type of subsidies are introduced in order to popularize an innovation. More reason can be attributed to this result was as the literacy rate among the respondent farmer both beneficiary and non beneficiary were medium so they understood the implicacy of the scheme and other benefits. A few group of farmers who are habited to wait a see the result of successfulness of the innovation, then they go for vicarious trial of the innovation and adopt the same even though they have high education and high farm status. Apart most of them should have been calculative to look into the benefit cost and use any of the practices after confirming its success from other farmers prevalent in that area. However The possible reason might be that the farmers with higher education, extension contact and mass media exposure were able to update their knowledge and skills time to time and ready to accept the new technologies in their farming. The findings of this study is in accordance with the results of Premavathi (2005) and Ashokan (2008) Subsidy Orientation Subsidy orientation is operationalized in this study as the orientation of the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers towards the financial assistance provided under NHM.It is important motivational factor for the respondents to avail the scheme in study area. The distribution of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries farmers is presented in table 4.10

123 Table 4.10.Distribution of respondents according to subsidy orientation N=120 Sl. No Category Class interval Beneficiary n=60 Non Beneficiary n=60 B NB F % F 1 Low level of subsidy orientation 2. Medium level of subsidy orientation 3. High level of subsidy orientation Total The data figured in table 4.10 revealed that majority i.e and per cent of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers respectively belonged to high level of subsidy orientation followed by per cent under medium level of subsidy orientation for both beneficiary and non beneficiary, in turn a very few beneficiaries (1.67%) and non beneficiaries (8.33%) belonged to low level of subsidy orientation.this result might be due to the fact that the implementation of National Horticulture Mission with its basic conjecture of holistic approach assigns due importance on subsidy provision for the resource-poor farmers. The subsidy part under NHM in the study area is being provided both in kind and cash component. Even though for this variable the non beneficiaries are deprived of subsidy component but still they feel that it was felt by the non beneficiaries that it acts as a motivational factor for them to take up the scheme and survey revealed that the subsidy provided under the present scheme forms only a negligible amount of the total investment requirement. Most of the beneficiaries felt that the subsidy portion may be increased in concurrent with the cost of cultivation of the crops under NHM and there should be provision for the changes in cost norms of various components under NHM. As the cost of cultivation in the remote Islands are very much deviated from the mainland due to the transportation cost which paves a way for 50 per cent cost subsidy in all area expansion scheme which makes it unique from the other centrally sponsored schemes. The findings of this research study is in concurrence with the research report of Chattopadhayay and Debajit Roy (2011).

124 Achievement motivation Achievement motivation was conceptualized as the desire for excellence to attain a sense of personal accomplishment. The distribution of beneficiary and non beneficiary was tabulated in table 4.11 as given below. Table 4.11.Distribution of respondents according to the level of achievement motivation N=120 Sl.No Category Class interval Beneficiaries (n=60) Non beneficiaries (n=60) B NB F % F % 1. Low level of achievement motivation 2. Medium level of achievement motivation 3. High level of achievement motivation Total The data depicted in table 4.11 revealed that a majority (50.00 %) of beneficiaries belonged to medium level of achievement motivation, per cent fall under high level of achievement motivation followed by per cent under low level of achievement motivation. where as in case of non beneficiaries of NHM majority(50.00%) of them fall under high achievement motivation category, per cent fall under medium level of achievement motivation followed by per cent of them fall under low level of achievement motivation category. The result might be due to the fact that due to their medium innovativeness, medium education level with medium level of risk taking ability, achieving a goal is accomplished by the beneficiary to a medium extent. where as in case of non beneficiary they fall under high level of achievement motivation due to the fact that they were aware and highly motivated to take up the scheme to accomplish the target, but due to the lack of landed property in their name or as legal heir they could not eligible to avail the scheme.

125 p e r c e n t a g e Beneficiary non beneficiary low medium high Fig : 4.9 Distribution of the respondents according to the level of innovativeness p e r c e n t a g e low medium High 0 Beneficiary NonNon beneficiary beneficiary Fig:4.10 Distribution of respondents according to the subsidy orientation

126 4.2 AWARENESS OF BENEFICIARIES AND NON BENEFICIARIES ABOUT NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION. Awareness of the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about various components of NHM, its mission, vision, objectives, financial subsidies, guidelines etc. were judged by framing a set of structured schedule and answers were obtained from both beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers in a series of interview during data collection.the responses of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about different aspects of National Horticulture is presented in table Table 4.12.Distribution of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries according to their awareness about NHM N=120 Sl.No Category Class interval Beneficiaries (n=60) Non beneficiaries (n=60) B NB F % F % 1. Low level of awareness 2. Medium level of awareness 3. High level of awareness Total As per the data figured in table 4.12 it was revealed that majority (93.33%) of the beneficiaries belonged to medium level of awareness followed by low (5.00 %) and high (1.67%) level of awareness. Where as in case of non beneficiaries a majority (50.00%) the respondents fall under medium level of awareness followed by high (48.33%) and low (1.67%) level of awareness. As per the data we can conclude that the non beneficiaries of NHM were curious about the scheme and aware of various activities but the land ownership became the major constraint and restricted them to become beneficiary of scheme in study area. Even though the beneficiaries were not interested, since they possessed valid documentary evidence about the land ownership, they could eventually became the beneficiaries. The officials of HVADA can take up this issue with the Revenue department and take up the land mutation in a phased manner so as to enable large number of interested population to join the scheme in due course of time.

127 4.2.1 Content Analysis of awareness of NHM beneficiaries and non beneficiaries on different activities of National Horticulture Mission. Awareness of selected beneficiaries and non beneficiaries on different aspect of National Horticulture Mission was analyzed through content analysis,it was done in terms of Aware and Not Aware. The result are furnished in table 4.13 Table 4.13.Distribution of respondents according to the their awareness on various activities of National Horticulture Mission. N=120 Sl. No Statements 1. Have you heard about National Horticulture Mission ever before 2 Are you aware of the agency implementing National Horticulture Mission scheme in your area 3 Do you know the main objective of NHM is to enhance horticulture production, improve nutritional security and income support to farmer 4 Are you aware NHM is to create more employment opportunity for skilled and unskilled persons, especially unemployed 5 Are you aware of the mandate of NHM is to take up Post Harvest Management especially by processing of perishable horticulture products. 6 Are you aware the strategy of NHM is to minimize the risk of small and marginal farmers through crop Diversification towards orchards and plantation crops. 7 Are you aware of the minimum area required to take up the schemes of Establishment of New garden is 0.1 ha and max. 4.0 ha per beneficiary. Beneficiaries ( N=60) Non beneficiaries (N=60) Aware Not aware Aware Not aware F % F % F % F % Table 4.13 (cont.).

128 Table 4.13 (Cont.). 8 Are you aware the financial assistance will be provided to the schemes in three years in ratio 60:20:20 9 Are you aware of the legal document of land property is necessary criteria for selecting a farmer for the beneficiary of NHM 10 Do you know under NHM there is a provision for assisting the farmer for construction of green house under protected cultivation to cope with the climatic variability 11 Are you aware NHM is promoting the high density planting of Banana with Tissue culture Planting material 12 Are you aware that NHM is also assisting the scheme of Beekeeping for pollination suppot. 13 Do you know NHM is promoting Organic farming as well to maintain the ecological balance by providing input subsidy in terms of kind. 14 Do you know under NHM there is provision for exposure visit to mainland under Training and capacity building programme to update the latest technical knowledge. 15 Are you aware under NHM cash and kind subsidies are provided for rejuvenating the old orchards of fruits and plantation crops. F= Frequency, % percentage It was clear from the table 4.13 that the selected NHM beneficiaries and non beneficiaries varied in their point of awareness on different activities of NHM. As per the content of the above table it could be concluded that the beneficiaries were aware of the scheme of NHM (100.00%), agency implementing NHM schemes (90.0%),Minimum area required (83.0%) subsidy installment (80.00%), beekeeping activities (81.67%) under NHM followed by objectives and strategies of NHM, various components of NHM,

129 training and human resource development, kind and cash subsidies for rejuvenation. wherein the percentage of awareness found below 50 per cent. This result clearly indicated that the beneficiaries were fully aware of the implementing agency and eligibility criteria and financial assistance, because of the due efforts of High Value Agriculture Development Agency (HVADA), Port Blair in creation of awareness through ATMA and Plan schemes of the Department of Agriculture. The beneficiaries of NHM scheme were not aware of the various objectives of NHM scheme framed by GOI and the modalities of NHM implementation, cash and kind components, human resource development including training and exposure visit. This might be due to the fact that the department has not initiated its keen activity of educating the beneficiaries regarding the objectives of NHM and HRD component, where in new strategies can be framed out in future to concentrate on the objectives to make them a clear vision regarding the scheme implementation in the study area. In case of non beneficiaries it can be viewed from the table that the were aware about the implementing agency (90.00%), legal documents (81.67%), financial assistance (68.33%), and kind and cash components of rejuvenation (51.66%) under NHM. Similar to the beneficiaries of NHM, the non beneficiaries also were not aware of objectives of NHM various components of NHM, training and capacity building under NHM as the percentage of awareness is below 50 per cent. In abstract it could be concluded that majority of non beneficiaries were also aware of NHM this is due to the reason that the Department of Agriculture promoting NHM and creating continuous awareness programme through training under ATMA, RKVY and HVA which is nodal agency to monitor the implementation of NHM in the UT. But still the non beneficiary and even beneficiary were not aware of mandates and objectives of NHM, legal procedures and subsidy pattern due to the fact that they were not aware of subsidy installment. The farmers of Andaman and Nicobar Islands were sent to exposure visit, to under ATMA and HVA scheme they were aware about the provision made under the scheme. The Department of Agriculture can create awareness programme through various schemes and make the farmer to learn about the scheme modalities, objectives, eligibility criteria, though which more number of farmers can fully aware of NHM.

130 50 50 p e r c e n t a g e low medium high 0 beneficiary Fig: 4.11 Distribution of respondents according to their level of achievement motivation p e r c e n t a g e low medium high 0 beneficiary Fig 4.12 Distribution of respondents according to the level of awareness about National Horticulture Mission

131 4.2.2 Difference between beneficiaries and non beneficiaries with respect to awareness of NHM In order to a complete insight into the awareness level of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about the NHM scheme implemented in the study area,the empirical hypothesis and null hypothesis was tested by employing Z test for significance difference between the two samples of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. Table 4.14.Distribution of respondents based on difference of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries regarding awareness about National Horticulture Mission. N=120 Respondent category Sample size Mean score S.D Z Value Sl.No 1. Beneficiaries NS 2. Non beneficiaries NS- Non Significant Null Hypothesis: States that there is no significant difference between the beneficiary and non beneficiary regarding the awareness about the NHM scheme. Empirical Hypothesis : There is a significant difference between the awareness level of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about NHM It can be concluded from the table 4.14 that the Z value calculated was less than the tabulated value of Z at 5% level of significance, so the empirical hypothesis was rejected and null hypothesis was accepted stating that with respect to awareness about the NHM scheme among beneficiaries and non beneficiaries there was no significant difference. It was attributed to the fact that the Department of Agriculture under an agency HVADA created lot of awareness about NHM through training and capacity building, training under ATMA, Plan schemes etc. which lead to no significant difference between beneficiaries and non beneficiaries with respect to awareness of NHM.

132 4.3 KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF BENEFICIARY AND NON BENEFICIARY FARMERS ABOUT THE RECOMMENDED PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF TWO SELECTED CROPS NAMELY TISSUE CULTURE BANANA AND BLACK PEPPER UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION. The knowledge of the respondents about the recommended package of practices on two selected crops namely Tissue culture Banana and Black pepper was measured with the help of a structured schedule for interviewing the beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM. The respondents were grouped into three categories based on the exclusive class interval technique Knowledge level of the respondents about the package of practices of Tissue culture banana. Table Distribution of respondents based on knowledge about the recommended package of practices of Tissue culture banana. N=120 Sl.N o Category Class interval Beneficiaries ( N=60) Non beneficiaries (N=60) 1. Low level of knowledge 2. Medium level of knowledge B NB F % F % High level of knowledge Total It could be concluded that from table 4.15 that a majority (58.34%) of beneficiaries belonged to high level of knowledge, followed by per cent in medium and per cent in low level of knowledge respectively. Whereas in case of non beneficiaries majority per cent belonged to medium category followed by per cent of non beneficiary under low level of knowledge and 8.33 per cent under high level of knowledge respectively.

133 A bird s eye view of table 4.15, it could be concluded that the beneficiary had high level of knowledge and the non beneficiary had medium level of knowledge. This result might to due to the reason that immediately after becoming the beneficiaries of NHM, the Department of Agriculture is providing the training on scientific cultivation practices starting from planting material to harvest, so they had more technical knowledge, whereas the non beneficiaries as they cultivate the local banana had indigenous knowledge of cultivating banana. Once the department is giving the subsidies on various inputs, instantly farmers show lot of interest and accordingly they should know the use of them in cultivation. This might be another reason of beneficiaries having more knowledge compared to non beneficiaries. Table Distribution of respondents based on their Practice wise knowledge about package and practices of Tissue culture banana N=120 Sl.No Practice Beneficiaries ( n=60 ) Non beneficiaries ( n=60) Correct Incorrect Correct Incorrect F % F % F % F % 1. Recommended soil ph for cultivation of tissue culture Banana Do you know the popular variety of tissue culture Banana grown in your area? 3 Recommended time of planting of tissue culture Banana in your locality 4 Recommended dose of green manure and FYM for cultivation of Tissue culture Banana 5 What is the recommended pit size for planting of T.C Banana? 6 What is the recommended optimum plant population per ha? 7 Recommended spacing for Banana plantation Table 4.16(cont.).

134 Table 4.16(cont.). 8 Do you know about pretreatment of Banana suckers? 9. Do you know the recommended time for application of inorganic fertilizers for top dressing? 10 What is the recommended quantity of inorganic fertilizers in Banana Plantation? 11 Mention important intercrops in Banana 12 Do you know the important recommended intercultural operation in Banana plantation? 13 Do you know the major pest of Banana crop in your area? 14 Do you know what is the major disease of Banana crop in your area? 15 Name of one viral disease in Banana in your locality. 16 Recommended time of harvesting of bunches Distribution of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries according to the practice wise knowledge about the package and practices of T.C Banana revealed that majority of the beneficiaries per cent had knowledge regarding important intercultural practices followed by per cent of recommended time of harvesting and pit size of planting T.C Banana, followed by per cent had knowledge of plant population of T.C banana, about per cent of beneficiaries had knowledge about popular variety of T.C banana and spacing for planting tissue culture banana. About per cent of beneficiaries had knowledge about the major pest affecting T.C Banana and per cent know about recommended time of planting T.C Banana. A majority per cent had knowledge regarding the crop to be grown as intercrop in T.C banana. About per cent had knowledge about the dose of green manure and FYM to be added in T.C Banana. About per cent had knowledge of recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer and time of application of the same in banana plot. Among the beneficiary only per cent had

135 knowledge of important disease affecting T.C Banana, followed by per cent had knowledge about the pre treatment of banana suckers and soil ph respectively. The practice wise distribution of non beneficiaries according the extent of knowledge regarding the T.C banana it can be concluded that about per cent had knowledge about important intercultural practices followed in banana plantation followed per cent of non beneficiaries had knowledge about recommended spacing of banana, per cent had knowledge about recommended time of harvesting banana bunches followed by per cent had knowledge about recommended pit size,63.33 per cent had knowledge of popular variety followed by major pest in banana by per cent of non beneficiaries followed by per cent had knowledge about popular variety and time of planting. About per cent had knowledge about optimum plant population About per cent had knowledge about popular intercrops can be grown in banana plantation followed by per cent had knowledge regarding the inorganic fertilizers and their doses. A meager proportion of non beneficiary had knowledge about per cent knowledge about diseases in banana plantation followed by per cent of non beneficiary had knowledge about soil ph and pre treatment of banana suckers. It could be concluded that the beneficiaries had knowledge regarding preparatory cultivation like optimum plant population, pit size, intercultural operation, nutrient management by organic and inorganic and had limited knowledge in soil ph, pre treatment of banana sucker and plant protection measures for control of pests and diseases. Where as in case of non beneficiaries had limited knowledge regarding nutrient management, plant protection measures, control of viral disease, intercultural operation, doses of inorganic and organic fertilizers etc. There foe it is recommended that for non beneficiaries and beneficiaries of NHM can be imparted with a training programme on Integrated nutrient management, training and capacity building through exposure visit results and method demonstration to upgrade their present knowledge level. The Department of Agriculture is entrusted to provide all agricultural inputs on subsidized basis under NHM to promote the small and marginal farmers. The high level of knowledge of beneficiary might be attributed due to medium education level among beneficiaries and more awareness about the activities of scheme, the other character attributing to the knowledge were innovativeness, rich farming

136 experience etc. The medium level of knowledge of non beneficiaries on package and practices of banana is due to the reason of low education, marginal land holding and low farming experience etc. This result findings are in concurrence with the results of Gavade et al. (2013 ) and Mankar et al. (2013) Difference in mean knowledge level of beneficiary and non beneficiary of National Horticulture Mission. To find out the significance of difference in mean level of knowledge of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers, Z test was applied. The size of sample mean score and standard deviation of the two categories in respect of T.C Banana is presented in table 4.17 Null Hypothesis There will not be a significant difference between mean knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about recommended package of practices of Tissue culture banana. Empirical Hypothesis There will be significant difference between mean knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about recommended package of practices on T. C Banana. Table 4.17: Difference in mean knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about recommended package of practices of Tissue culture Banana Sl.No Respondent Size of the Mean S.D Z Value Category sample 1. Beneficiary farmers * 2. Non beneficiary farmers *Significant value at 0.01 level of probability The Z value was significant at 0.01 level of probability.hence, the empirical hypothesis was accepted and null hypothesis rejected. Therefore, it could be concluded that there was significant difference between the mean level of knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about the recommended package of practices on T.C Banana.

137 The result of this study revealed that majority of the beneficiaries belonged to high knowledge category which signifies because of their education and high farming experience, high information seeking behaviour and awareness created by Department of Agriculture. They had high knowledge regarding the package and practices of Tissue culture Banana, where as the non beneficiaries even though they are old aged, medium in education and medium information seekers high awareness about NHM and high farming experience, but their knowledge regarding the package of practices was found medium in comparison with the beneficiaries. The high level of knowledge of beneficiaries was found due to the reason that the NHM has been implemented with the main objective of increase of area expansion of horticulture by following crop diversification, due concern was given by the Department of Agriculture to impart the latest technical knowhow in respect of scientific cultivation of tissue culture banana,which was introduced in the study area through NHM,and farmers showed keen interest to learn the scientific package as beneficiary of the scheme. The knowledge increase gradation was done through training programme organized by HVADA in collaboration with the CARI Port Blair and KVK of the concerned district. National Horticulture Mission has shown tremendous increase in area under horticulture crops, and it is mandatory that all the technical package of practices of all crops introduced in the study area should be imparted to the farmers as per the guidelines of NHM Knowledge level of the respondents about the package and practices of Black pepper. The knowledge level of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries with respect to package of practices of Black pepper was studied through a structured interview scheduled. The distribution of respondents (beneficiary and non beneficiary) regarding the knowledge level with respect to package of practices of Black pepper was presented in the table 4.18

138 Table 4.18.Distribution of the respondents based on Knowledge about the recommended package of practices of Black pepper N=120 Sl. No Category Class interval For both B & NB Beneficiaries (n=60) Non beneficiaries (n=60) F % F % 1. Low level of knowledge 2. Medium level of knowledge 3. High level of knowledge Total It could be concluded from the table 4.18 that a majority per cent in beneficiaries and per cent in case of non beneficiaries had high level of knowledge about the package of practices of Black pepper followed by per cent of medium and 8.33 per cent of low level of knowledge respectively, where as in case non beneficiaries about per cent of respondents belonged to medium followed by per cent of them under low level of knowledge respectively. The reason for this result might be due to the fact the beneficiaries have been imparted with training programme immediately after registering for the NHM scheme. The beneficiaries were exposed to demonstrations on scientific cultivation of black pepper, hence the beneficiaries had high level of knowledge, and this crop is native to the study area and not introduced through NHM. Whereas the non beneficiaries of NHM had traditional knowledge of cultivating black pepper which is the major spice crop of the Islands under Malayalee settlers, so they also had good level of technical knowledge of cultivation of black pepper. From the above table it was evident that 40 per cent of beneficiaries having medium to low knowledge on black pepper cultivation, This can be improved by the department with use of modern ICT tools during training and in conducting different demonstrations on black pepper.

139 P e r c e n t a g e low medium High 0 Beneficiary non beneficiary Fig 4.13 Distribution of respondent according to their level of knowledge on Tissue culture Banana 60 p e r c e n t a g e beneficiary non beneficiary low medium high Fig 4.14 Distribution of respondents according to their level of knowledge regarding Black pepper

140 In order to have a clear view of knowledge level in case of black pepper the practice wise distribution of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were shown in table 4.19 Table Distribution of respondents based on their practice wise knowledge about the package and practices of Black pepper N=120 Sl.No Practice Beneficiaries Non beneficiaries Correct Incorrect Correct Incorrect F % F % F % F % 1. Recommended soil for cultivating Black pepper in your locality is 2 Do you Know the recommended variety of black pepper for your locality 3 Do you know what is the recommended standard used for planting black pepper vines in your area 4 Recommended no. of cuttings to be planted per standard 5 Recommended spacing for planting of black pepper rooted cuttings in standard is 2.7 x2.7 mtrs 6 Do you know what is the recommended average number of population to be maintain per ha is 7 The recommended dose of fertilizer per year is 100:40: Recommended time of planting of Black pepper vine in your locality is 9. Recommended quantity of organic manure application in the form of cattle manure of compost 10 Do you know what are the important recommended cultural practices in Black pepper garden in your area 11 Major pest affecting Black pepper garden is 12 Recommended dose of with Endosulphan 0.05%or quinalphos 0.05 % is used as soil application or spraying for control of pollu beetle Table 4.19 ( cont.).

141 Table 4.19 ( cont.). 13 Do you know the major disease affecting Black pepper in your area 14 Quick and slow wilt can be controlled by 0.1 % solution of Methoxy chloride ( Agallol) 1gm/ lit of water and soil drenching with 0.1 % mercuric fungicide or 1 % Bordeaux mixture is used in the root zone 15 Do you know major physiological disorder in your locality 16 Do you know the recommended time of harvesting in Black pepper 17 Do you know the recommended processing of Black pepper in your locality? From the table 4.19 it could be revealed that beneficiaries of NHM had knowledge on preparatory cultivation namely standards, quality and number, method of planting, no. of rooted cuttings to be planted, time of planting,disease management time of harvesting and post harvest management etc in which the more than 50 per cent beneficiaries had knowledge, where as land ph, soil testing, fertilizer application, insect pest management, plant population, spacing etc are the area where in less than 50 per cent of beneficiaries had knowledge. In case of non beneficiaries of NHM, the activities like recommended standards for planting black pepper, number of cuttings to be planted, recommended cultural practices, recommended time of planting and time of harvesting, Post harvest management, major physiological disorders in black pepper in which more than 50 per cent of beneficiaries had knowledge on package and practices of black pepper. Whereas the less than 50 per cent of non beneficiaries were known of organic manure application, recommended dose of fertilizes, soil micro climate and pest and disease management in Black pepper. It could be concluded from the result of table 4.19 that majority of the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were known of preparatory cultivation, plant population, pit size, number of cuttings per standard, probable time of planting of black pepper vines and half of

142 them aware of organic and inorganic fertilizer to be applied in black pepper garden followed by plant protection measures for control of pests and diseases, physiological disorders, post harvest management. It could also be concluded from table4.19 that both the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were having under high level of knowledge because of their literacy level, high farming experience and medium risk orientation and high innovativeness which might have attributed for high scientific technical knowhow to cultivate the crop. Apart from this the implementing agency (HVADA) is also imparting training and conducting method demonstrations for farmers on scientific cultivation techniques in their departmental farms. This findings is in concurrence with the results of Gavade et al ( 2013 ), Mankar et al.(2013) Difference in mean knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about recommended package of practices of Black pepper. To find out the significance of apparent difference in mean level of knowledge of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers, Z test was applied. The size of sample mean score and standard deviation of the two categories in respect of black pepper is presented in table 4.20 Null Hypothesis :There will not be significance difference between the mean knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about recommended package of practices on Black pepper. Empirical Hypothesis :There will be significant difference between mean knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about recommended package of practices on Black Pepper. Table Difference in mean knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries based about recommended package of practices of Black Pepper Sl.No Respondent Size of the Mean S.D Z Value Category sample 1. Beneficiary farmer * 2. Non beneficiary farmer *Significant value at 0.01 level of probability

143 The Z value was found significant, therefore the null hypotheses was rejected, because there was significant difference between the knowledge level of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries regarding the knowledge of package of practices of Black pepper. This significant difference might be due to high awareness, and high innovativeness, risk bearing ability, medium sociopolitical participation among the beneficiaries. In some of the practices the non beneficiaries were at par with the beneficiaries because of their rich farming experience and cosmopolite nature and discussion with the fellow farmers. The high knowledge level was also attributed to the work done by the departmental officials in imparting training to increase the technical knowledge of the beneficiaries. Thus, resulted in significant difference between these two groups of farmers EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF PACAKGE OF PRACTICES OF SELECTED CROPS BY BENEFICIARIES AND NON BENEFICIARIES OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION. The extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of selected crops namely T.C banana and Black pepper by the respondents was measured with the help of adoption schedule which was developed for the study as detailed in chapter III. The respondents were grouped into three categories as detailed below Extent of Adoption of Package of Practices of Tissue culture banana by the respondents Table Distribution of respondents based on their adoption of improved package of practices in Tissue culture Banana. (N=120) Sl.No Category Class interval Beneficiaries Non Beneficiaries B NB F % F % 1. Low level of adoption Medium level of adoption 3. High level of adoption Total The figure depicted in table 4.21 revealed that more than half (53.34%) of the beneficiary respondents belonged to high level of adoption followed by (38.33%) belonged

144 to medium and low level (8.33%) of adoption category. Where as in case of non beneficiaries majority (61.67%) belonged to medium level of adoption followed by high level (26.66%) of adoption and low level (11.67%) of adoption. The Department of Agriculture under High Value Agriculture scheme (NHM) supplied the required inputs and planting material on subsidized basis to the beneficiaries farmers which enabled them to adopt the recommended package of practices, The subsidy for most of the components under NHM was also given in the form of kind by providing inputs at their door steps. Therefore from the above results it could be concluded that in case of beneficiary farmers majority of the respondents had high level of adoption whereas the adoption level was medium for non beneficiary farmers on recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana under NHM. To have a clear picture of the adoption level of beneficiary and non beneficiary the practice wise distribution of beneficiary and non beneficiary was done and presented in table By scrutinizing the table 4.22 it could be revealed that a majority (75.00%) of the beneficiaries adopted the application of glyricidia as green manuring and stacking of banana bunches with bamboo as intercultural operation followed by more than per cent of beneficiary respondent adopted the variety recommended, pit size, time of planting, plant population and intercultural operation followed by more than half of the beneficiaries are partially adopting the practices like soil testing, field preparation up to the required level, integrated nutrient management and post harvest management, plant protection etc. Plant protection is one among such practices which falls under the category of not adopted by the beneficiary farmer. Where as in case of non beneficiary farmers, the practices like recommended time of planting, plant population, pit size and other intercultural operation namely earthing up, desuckering and mulching, application of glyricidia as green manure, stacking with bamboo etc were adopted by more than per cent of non beneficiary farmers, the activities namely plant protection, integrated nutrient management and post harvest management falls under partial adoption where as soil testing fall under not adopted category by non beneficiaries.

145 p e r c e n t a g e BBeneficiaryBe ne Fig 4.15 Distribution of respondents according to their level of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana low medium high a p e r c e n t a g e beneficiary low medium high Fig :4.16 Distribution of Respondents according to the adoption of recommended package of practices of Black pepper

146 Table Distribution of respondents according to the level of adoption of package of practices of T.C Banana. Sl.No Practice Beneficiary Non beneficiary Adopted Partially Adopted Not adopted Adopted Partially Adopted Not adopted 1 Soil Testing Field preparation with ploughings to get fine tilth soil for planting 3 Application of 50 tonmes / ha of FYM during planting 4 Use of recommended variety of Banana G-9 4 Use of recommended variety of Banana G-9 5 Recommended Pit size of 45cmx45cm x45cm Filling pit with 10 kgs of well decomposed FYM with 250 gm of neem oil cake and 20 gm of carbofuran granules Recommended spacing 2x2mt Recommended number of suckers per ha ( 2500/ ha ) Recommended time of planting of T.C Banana is May June Recommended pre treatment of suckers with carbofuran granules

147 11 Application of Glyricidia leaves for Green manuring in T.C Banana 12 Top dressing of fertilizers gm of N, 60-70gm of Phos.and 300gm Potash / plant 13 Hand Weeding 3 week s interval starting from 20 days after planting 14 Mulching is done with dried leaves and green leaves to cover the surface 15 Earthing up is important intercultural practice in Banana crop done at 40 days after planting. 16 Desuckering at 1-20 days interval right from beginning to till flowering. 17 Banana weevil control by Dimethoiate 1.5 ml/ litre of water 18 Sigatoka leaf spot control with copper oxy chloride / 1gm/ lit water as drenching 19 Stacking with Bamboo is done to prevent crop loss in Banana plantation 20 Wrapping and packaging is followed for post harvest management to attract the market to fetch good price

148 Difference between the mean adoption level of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM To find out the significance of apparent difference in mean extent of adoption of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers Z test was employed. The size of the sample, mean score of adoption and standard deviation of the two categories were presented in table Null Hypothesis There will not be significant difference between the mean extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana by the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM. Empirical hypothesis There will be significant difference between mean extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana by the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries farmers during the implementation of National Horticulture Mission. Table Difference in adoption of recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana between the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmer Sl.No Respondent category Size of the Mean S.D Z Value sample 1. Beneficiary farmers * 2. Non beneficiary farmers *Significant at 0.01 % level of probability It was evident from the table 4.23 that Z value was significant at 0.01 per cent level of probability. So, the empirical hypothesis was accepted and null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, it was concluded that there was significant difference between the mean extent of adoption of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers about the recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana. The possible reason for the above mentioned trend of difference in extent of adoption between beneficiary and non beneficiary might be that under NHM programme new crop varieties were introduced by the department in the study area which perform well

149 under the agro climatic situation of the Island.Due to the mass awareness campaigns and conducting of training programme by NHM, the beneficiaries might have adopted the recommended package of practices, tissue culture banana fetches good market price in the area and extent of adoption was found more, where as the non beneficiaries cultivated only local variety of banana and followed all traditional package of practices for cultivation. The findings were accordance with the finding of Manver et al. (2003), Extent of adoption of recommended package of practices by the respondents in Black pepper The extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper by beneficiaries and non beneficiaries is presented in table 4.24 Table Distribution of respondents according to the extent of adoption for black pepper N=120 Sl. No Category Class interval Beneficiaries ( n=60) Beneficiary Non beneficiar y Non beneficiaries (n=60) F % F % 1. Low level of adoption Medium level of adoption 3. High level of adoption Total From the figure presented in table 4.24 it could be revealed that the per cent of beneficiaries of NHM belonged to the category of high adoption level followed by per cent under medium adoption category and 5.00 per cent under low adopter category in respect of adoption of package of practices of black pepper where as in case of non beneficiaries a majority (50.00%) of them fall under medium adoption level followed by high level (45.00%) of adoption and (5.00%) low level of adoption. The reason might be due to the fact that the beneficiaries awareness, knowledge provided through training on scientific cultivation of black pepper and consequently the supply of inputs on subsidy by NHM made them to adopt the recommended package of practices which resulted in high

150 rate of adoption among beneficiaries, where as the non beneficiaries were following all traditional practices for black pepper cultivation, having less knowledge about the recommended package of practices of black pepper cultivation lead to medium rate of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper under NHM. In order to have a clear cut view of adoption level of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries, the distribution of respondents according to the adoption of package and practices of black pepper. The data in table no: 4.25 indicated that the per cent beneficiaries adopted the post harvest management of sun drying of black pepper followed by more than per cent beneficiaries adopted the packages like land preparation around standards, recommended time of planting, recommended no. of cuttings, intercultural practices like shade looping in black pepper, where as the in case of non beneficiaries per cent too adopted fully the post harvest management followed by per cent adopted the application of green manure (Glyricidia) more than per cent of them adopted recommended time of planting, plant population etc. intercultural operation like shade looping, no. of cuttings recommended, recommended standard for cultivating black pepper. whereas the recommended variety, integrated nutrient management, plant protection were partially adopted by both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries, where soil testing and chemical control of pest and diseases were the practices which were not adopted or least adopted by both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries.

151 p e r c e n t a g e low medium high 0 beneficiary Fig 4.15 Distribution of respondents according to their level of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana a p e r c e n t a g e beneficiary low medium high Fig : 4.16 Distribution of Respondents according to the adoption of recommended package of practices of Black pepper

152

153 Table 4.25.Distribution of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries according to the level of adoption for black pepper Sl.No Statement Beneficiaries Non beneficiaries Adoption Partially Adopted Not Adopted Adoption Partially Adopted Not adopted F % F % F % F % F % F % 1. Soil Testing Land preparation around the standard by harrowing and loosening the soil Use of Arecanut as standard in Black Pepper Plantation 4 Use of Panniyur 1 or Karimunda recommended variety for the area Recommended 2-3 variety cuttings per standard to get optimum population Recommended time of planting of vines in May June 7 Recommended dose of 100, 40, 140 gm of NPK per vine Glyricidia leaves are used as green manuring in Black pepper garden Adoption of 0.1 % solution of Methoxy chloride ( Agallol ml/ lit of water and soil drenching with 0.1 % mercuric fungicide or 1%Bordeaux mixture near root zone to control quick

154 and slow wilt of pepper garden. 10 Pollu beetle is controlled by spraying 1.5 ml/ lit of water 11 Shade looping in Black pepper garden is done to get good planting material for next season. 12 Earthing up with soil is an important cultural practice to get better yield. 13 Adoption of one or two life saving irrigations. 14 Adoption of Harvesting indices ( As two or three berries get ripened in each spike as an good indicator ) 15 Adoption of sun drying as post management practice ,

155 Difference between the mean adoption level of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM To find out the significance of apparent difference in mean extent of adoption of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers Z test was employed. The size of the sample, mean score of adoption and standard deviation of the two categories were presented in table 4.26 Null Hypothesis There will not be significant difference between the mean extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper by the beneficiary and non beneficiary of National Horticulture Mission. Empirical hypothesis There will be significant difference between mean extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper by the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission Table 4.26 Distribution of respondents based on their difference in adoption of recommended package of practices on black pepper beneficiary farmers. between beneficiary and non Sl.No Respondent category Size of the sample Mean S.D Z Value 1. Beneficiary farmers * 2. Non beneficiary farmers *Significant at 0.01% level of probability It was evident from the Table 4.26 that Z value was significant at 0.01 % level of probability, so the empirical hypothesis was accepted and null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, it was concluded that there was significant difference between the mean extent of adoption of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers about the recommended package of practices on black pepper. The possible reason for the above mentioned trend was majority of beneficiaries had high rate of awareness and knowledge about the recommended package of practices of black pepper leading to the high rate of adoption for beneficiaries. Whereas the non beneficiaries were deprived of various benefits like subsidized inputs, training programme,

156 demonstrations etc. provided by NHM. Hence the significant difference between beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM in adoption of Package of practices of black pepper. The results findings were in concurrent with Harish and Manjunatha ( 2011 ) and Meena et al.(2012). 4.4 THE IMPACT OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION WITH RESPECT TO INCREASE IN AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY, INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION AND CREATION OF ASSESTS IN THE STUDY AREA Area, production and productivity of horticulture crops with special reference to tissue culture banana and black pepper grown under national horticulture mission There has been a good impact of National Horticulture Mission scheme on area, production and productivity of horticulture crops and on account of Mission intervention, the area under Horticulture crops has been increased from lakhs ha in to lakh ha in with a corresponding increase in production from lakh tonnes to lakh tonnes and increased productivity level of tonnes from the pre existing level of 9.05 tonnes per ha.thus there has been an increase in area, production and productivity during this period.major parts of these improvements are from onwards i.e., the initiation of National Horticulture Mission which has a synergistic effect on the ongoing programmes of the State Department of Horticulture as well. Area Production and productivity of Horticulture crops in Andaman and Nicobar Islands The National Horticulture Mission are being implemented in the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands since It was meager and negligible during the first two years of and Effective implementation is only from onwards. The present study can not afford to ignore the inevitable fact that the devastating Tsunami of 2004 has left the Agriculture sector of UT is a distress condition. The Horticulture crops too suffer from this devastation and existing plantations were ruined. But the progress made under Horticulture during the subsequent years that is the post NHM years is commendable. To see the effect of NHM on the expansion of area and yield of Horticultural crops, we bifurcated the period of pre NHM and as post NHM period. Although it is

157 difficult to attribute any expansion in area or yield in the post NHM period exclusively in the programme of NHM, yet it indicates whether there has been any increase in the growth rate of area and yield. In case of fruits yield increases but area declines, similarly area decline but yield rate has been increased. Status of Horticulture in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The UT Administration has constituted High Value Agriculture Development Agency (HVADA) by clubbing National Horticulture Mission, National Horticulture Board and Coconut Development Board for holistic development of Horticulture in the Islands. The agency is following the guidelines of NHM in implementing the schemes and the major focus is to make horticulture commercially viable. After Tsunami, Tsunami Rehabilitation programme and Rajiv Gandhi Rehabilitation Programme are also being implemented. Table No: 4.27 Area, Production and Productivity of fruits and spices crops in respect of A&N Islands Period Fruits Spices A P Pr A P Pr Source : NHB/ NHM ( Area in 000ha ) Production in 000 MT, Cut flowers in Lakh Nos. ) Productivity ( MT/ Ha )

158 Table 4.28 Compounded Annual Growth Rate trend for the NHM ( TO ) period. Fruits Vegetable Spices Area Production Productivity Consequent to the devastation caused by Tsunami in the year 2004, the Horticulture in Andaman and Nicobar Islands has improved in However subsequent years, there has been significant improvement both in area and production under fruit crops that has increased by 7 and 55 per cent respectively. Similarly the vegetable also increased considerably except during the year The area and production under spices is also most constant during the entire review period. The area expansion of fruits and vegetables, insignificant increases in area of spices are reflected in the production and productivity levels as well. The impact of National Horticulture Mission was studied with an increase in Area, Production and Productivity with special reference to the identified crop namely Tissue Culture Banana and Black Pepper. Andaman & Nicobar Islands with varied agro climatic situation, suitable for taking up T.C Banana and Black pepper under spices which fetches good market. The increase in area production and productivity at all India level in concurrence with increase in area, production and productivity in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is depicted below. Table 4.29 Area, production, productivity of Banana and Black pepper (A&N Islands) Year Banana ( T.C Banana ) Black pepper Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Port Blair Area in ha, Production in MT, Productivity in MT/ HA

159 Area in '000 ha Production in'000mt Productivity in Mt/ ha Fig:4.17 Trend analysis of Area, Production and Productivity of Banana in Andaman and Nicobar Islands during pre and post NHM period Area in '000ha Production in '000MT Producitivity in mt/ ha Fig: 4.18 Trend Analysis of Area, production and productivity of Black pepper over years in Andaman and Nicobar Islands

160 From the above table it could be revealed that the area, production and productivity goes on a steady growth during the initial period of NHM with a slight depletion during the recent years in tissue culture banana and increased growth trend was observed in case of Black pepper. Higher production of tissue culture banana in and black pepper during the year observed under NHM scheme due to the reason of high production during the concerned period due to the conducive climate and supply of high yielding variety of tissue culture (Grand Naine). This clearly revealed that on account of implementation of NHM programme in the state, substantial growth in area and yield has been found almost in all sub-sectors of horticultural crops in the state during the period of to The analysis clearly reflect that after the interventions made under the NHM programme in the state the area and production of both the selected crops have increased annually but the increase in case of area under Banana crop was found less than 1.00 per cent whereas production s growth trend was uneven ranging between less than 1.00 per cent to per cent during the to In case of Black pepper crop, the annual growth rate in area was calculated at per cent during to whereas the growth in production was per cent during the same period. In nutshell, positive annual growth has been recorded on both the crops in both the terms i.e., area and yield, after the launching of NHM programme. It is evident that there is impact of NHM in Andaman and Nicobar Islands in relation to area, production and productivity of selected crops. This result of increased trend be due to the supply of high quality planting material by the Department of Agriculture under NHM and technological interventions made under NHM IMPACT OF NHM IN RELATION TO INCREASE IN INCOME GENERATION THROUGH T.C BANANA AND BLACK PEPPER The very objective of National Horticulture Mission is to improve the socio economic status of the farming community by increasing their farm income level through cultivation of horticultural crops. For this study the increase in income in general and impact of NHM on increase in income level by cultivating the two identified crops which recorded increase of area in Island. The trend of increase in income was assessed by recording the income generated from these crops before intervention of NHM before and after NHM and the significance difference of pre and post period was calculated by Z test.year was considered as a base year for pre NHM and year study year considered as post

161 NHM period for assessment. The difference in income level between pre and post NHM forms the basis for statistical analysis. Table Difference between beneficiary and non beneficiary about the difference in income from cultivation of tissue culture banana Sl.No Category Size of sample Mean income in Rs. S.D Z test 1. Beneficiary * 2. Non beneficiary % increase in income % *Significance at 0.01 % of probability level It could be revealed from the table 4.37 that the difference in pre and post income level in respect of beneficiary and non beneficiary shows a significant difference between them as the Z calculated value shows a significant value at 0.01 % level of probability, which clearly states that the beneficiary and non beneficiary differs significantly, that shows a impact of NHM in increasing the income level of beneficiary after taking up NHM interventions in case of T.C Banana. Table 4.31.Difference between beneficiary and non beneficiary about the difference in income from cultivation of Black pepper Sl.No Category Size of the sample Mean difference of income in Rs. S.D ( income in Rs.) Z Value 1. Beneficiary 60 Rs Rs ** farmer 2. Non beneficiary 60 Rs Rs farmer % increase in income % ** Significance at 0.05 % of probability It could be revealed from the figure of table 4.38 that the Z calculated value is higher than the tabulated value (1.96) at 0.05 % level of probability which shows a significance difference between the beneficiary and non beneficiary by cultivating Black pepper crop. As the beneficiary take up cultivation of black pepper in larger area after NHM intervention due to the provision of good quality planting material and agricultural inputs on subsidized rate which paved way for the beneficiary to take up this crop as it fetches good market rate and grows up well due to prevailing congenial agro climatic condition.

162 The above results were found due to the fact that the NHM interventions of provision of good quality planting material (in both T.CBanana and B/pepper) which made a tremendous change for the beneficiaries to take up this crop, even the non beneficiaries are also taking up the same crop but not up to the mark when compared with the beneficiaries of NHM due to the minimum eligibility criteria of NHM to have the landed property on their name. Inspite of having interest and good marketing of black pepper the non beneficiaries could not take up the Scheme of NHM because of non availability of land on their name. The comparison of per cent increase in income generation by cultivation of T.C banana and Black pepper revealed that the income generation by cultivation of Banana was more than cultivation of Black pepper in the study area due to the reason that the area brought under cultivation of Banana was more than Black pepper crop by both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. The above results clearly indicated that there was considerable impact of NHM in relation to income generation of farmers in tissue culture banana and black pepper IMPACT OF NHM BY INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT GENERATION BY CULTIVATING T.C BANANA AND BLACK PEPPER UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION One of the objectives of NHM is to create employment generation by providing the additional employment opportunity for small and marginal farmers NHM interventions in the study area has increased the mandays generation through increasing the area under horticultural crop that are manually operated, and by providing subsidy to those who have diversified their crops from traditional field crop to the horticultural crop. As per the agricultural census report of (Department of economics and statistics ) the use of human labour is concerned,it may be noted that about 30.5 mandays ( human mandays ) was required for an acre of Kharif crop especially traditional paddy cultivation, while on an average the horticultural crops required an average of 39.8 mandays per acre. which reveal the fact that the horticultural crops were more labour intensive compared to non horticultural crops for which the average mandays required for an acre of horticultural crop was higher than that of non horticultural crops.on an average about 27.3 mandays were used for various recurring activities and about 12.5 mandays were used for various fixed activities undertaken per acre of horticultural crops. In the horticulture crops labour requirement in higher compared to field crops and plantation crops, labour required for initial plantation, during the gestation period and during the period when plant is bearing

163 stage. It is required for initial land preparation, digging pits, planting, refilling top soil, and other miscellaneous activities. To get a clear insight into the income generation the data on mandays by both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries and difference of the same during pre and Post NHM period was assessed by statistical analysis for both the selected crop namely tissue culture banana and black pepper. Table Employment Generation in Mandays by both beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers during the pre and post NHM period Banana Sl.No Category Size of the sample in Nos Mean mandays by cultivation of T.C S.D ( Mandays ) Z value 1. Beneficiary farmers ** 2. Non Beneficiary farmers % increase in mandays generated 39% ** significant value at 0.05% of probability. It could be revealed from the table 4.32 that the Z value is found to be significant at 5% probability which shows that there was a significance difference between the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries in respect of employment generation during pre and post NHM period ( pre NHM of and post NHM of ), so the empirical hypotheses was accepted stating the NHM has successful in creating the employment opportunity for beneficiaries. Comparative statistics of no.of mandays of labour employed for all activities including planting,intercultural operation, harvesting, transporting, fencing and marketing of crop by the selected households. They also generate additional mandays in value addition and processing activities.the assests created under NHM in the field of beneficiaries revealed that the additional mandays were created in the erection of all type of green house and polyhouse structures.

164 Table Employment Generation in Mandays by both beneficiary and non beneficiary during the pre and post NHM period by cultivation of Black pepper Sl.No Category Size of the Mean S.D Z value sample Mandays Mandays 1. Beneficiary farmer NS 2. Non beneficiary farmer % increase in mandays generated 21.9% NS- non significant It could be revealed from the table 4.33 that the Z value was non significant hence null hypotheses was accepted stating that there was no significant difference between the mean mandays generated by beneficiaries and non beneficiaries during pre and post NHM period in respect of black pepper. As NHM has not created impact in respect of additional manpower generated in black pepper cultivation, as it is a perennial spices and not much of manpower is required after planting and intercultural operation. As the area brought by individual beneficiaries were less in black pepper as compared to tissue culture banana, not much of additional mandays generated under NHM by cultivation of black pepper CREATION OF ASSESTS UDNER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN NORTH AND MIDDLE ANDAMAN DISTRICT. In this study the permanent assests created for individual and community were studied for both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries during pre and post NHM period. Table Creation of permanent assets for individual and community under NHM Sl.No Particulars of assets Assets for individual Assets for community Quantum of value of asset generated in Rs. Before NHM After NHM Before NHM After NHM 1. Green house structure Nil Rs.24, in farmers field 2. Cold storage units for Rs community 3. Beekeeping units Rs Nos 4. shade net Rs.2,25, low cost polyhouse Rs.4,50,000.00

165 5. Plastic mulching Rs Sqmt 6. Improved farm - 35 sets - - Rs implements like tree pruner, tree climbers, farm implement kits Total Rs 86,92, The above table clearly indicated that there was impact of NHM in the district with respect to assets creation worth of Rs.86,92,500/- including for individual and community assets. 4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS OF BENEFICIARY AND NON-BENEFICIARY FARMERS AND THEIR AWARENESS, KNOWLEDGE, AND ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF SELECTED CROPS UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION Relationship between selected profile characteristics and level of awareness of the respondents about National Horticulture Mission. In order to study the relationship between the profile characteristics and level of awareness of respondents towards the National Horticulture Mission the Coefficient of correlation ( r ) value were computed and findings were furnished in table Null Hypothesis There will be no significant relationship between the level of awareness about National Horticulture Mission and the profile characteristics.. Empirical Hypothesis There will be significant relationship between the level of awareness about National Horticulture Mission and the selected profile characteristics of the respondents.

166 Table 4.35.Distribution of respondents based on their relationship between selected independent variables and awareness about National Horticulture Mission. Sl.No Variable No. Independent Variable Coefficient of Correlation ) r value Beneficiaries N=60 1 X 1 Age -0.32* NS 2 X 2 Education 0.55 ** 0.71 ** 3 X 3 Annual income 0.06 NS 0.02NS 4 X 4 Farm size 0.52 ** 0.18 NS 5 X 5 Farming experience 0.59 ** 0.30* 6 X 6 Socio-political participation 0.39 ** 0.89 ** 7 X 7 Information seeking behaviour 0.26* 0.61 ** 8 X8 Risk taking ability 0.29* 0.89 ** 9 X 9 Innovativeness 0.03 NS 0.81 ** 10 X 10 Subsidy orientation NS 0.55 ** 11 X 11 Achievement orientation 0.37 ** NS *significant at 0.05 per cent level of probability **significant at 0.01 per cent level of probability NS Non significant Awareness Vs Age Non beneficiaries N=60 It could be evident from the table 4.35 that the calculated coefficient of correlation value ( r ) for beneficiaries i.e r=-0.32 was found negative significant between the age and awareness of the beneficiary of NHM, whereas there was negatively non significant relationship (r=-0.19) between the age and awareness of non beneficiary of NHM. The negative significance between age and awareness clearly show that as the age decreases the awareness get increases, therefore the empirical hypothesis was accepted and rejected the null hypothesis in case of beneficiaries and it was reversed in case of non beneficiaries. For creating more awareness on National Horticulture Mission, Department of Agriculture as implementing agency have to concentrate on young age group to motivate them to take up the scheme in future,as at present majority of beneficiaries of NHM belonged to old age group Awareness Vs Education From the table 4.35 it could be clear that there was a positive and significant relationship between the awareness and education for both beneficiaries ( r=0.55) and non beneficiaries (r=0.71), therefore the null hypothesis was rejected by accepting the empirical hypothesis. This showed that as level of education increased, awareness regarding National

167 Horticulture Mission also increased. It could be concluded that education plays an important role in developing more awareness about NHM. This result is in concurrence with the result of Surve ( 2000) and Neelam et al. ( 2011) Awareness Vs Annual Income It could be clearly revealed from the table 4.35 that the calculated coefficient of correlation values r= and r=0.026 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively found to be non significant with awareness, therefore the null hypothesis was accepted and empirical hypothesis was rejected. The annual income of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries does not showed any association with awareness about NHM. Hence the officials of NHM in future have to concentrate and select the beneficiaries irrespective of their income level. The result is in concurrence with result of Neelam et al.( 2011) Awareness Vs Farm Size It could be clearly observed from the table 4.35 that the calculated coefficient of correlation (r) values i.e r=0.52 and r=-0.18 of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries respectively found that there was positive and significant association between the Farm size of beneficiaries and awareness about NHM, where as in case of non beneficiaries there was non significant relationship between the farm size and awareness about NHM. Large farms who have bigger landed property in their possession they were more aware of NHM when compared to small size farm holders. The result is in concurrence with result of Neelam et al.( 2011) Awareness Vs. Farming experience It could be revealed from table 4.35 that the( r ) values viz; 0.59 and 0.30 clearly showed there was a positive significant relationship between the farming experience of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively.therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted, The increase in farming experience of both the categories had an increased significant effect on awareness about NHM scheme. Farming experience of farmers always helps the farmers to search for better solutions for their problems found in the farming.in that search, they have to explore different

168 opportunities to get better information.in this journey definitely the awareness of NHM might have occurred Awareness Vs Socio political participation The calculated coefficient of correlation values i.e r=0.39 and r=0.89 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively found that there was positive and significant relationship between the socio-political participation and awareness about NHM scheme. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. The result might be due to the fact that the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM who take active participation as member or office bearer in any organization or institution might have helped them in sharing of information about NHM, its benefits, objectives subsidies etc. The result is in concurrence with the findings of Suresh et al.( 2011) Awareness Vs Information seeking behaviour It could be interpreted from the table 4.35 that the calculated coefficient of correlation values i e r=0.26 and r=-0.61 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries respectively implied that the r values were positively significant with the awareness about NHM scheme for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. Information seeking behaviour of an individual will definitely improve the awareness of different developmental programmes of Govt. as they were acquainted to use the information sources namely friends and relatives, mass media etc. frequently in exchange of information about NHM. The same trend was observed in the study also Awareness Vs Risk taking ability It could be revealed from the table 4.35 that the coefficient of correlation values viz; is r=0.29 and r=0.89 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM was found significant with awareness of NHM.Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted.

169 The risk taking ability of any farmer will help him to explore more information to be experimented or adopted in the field. This might have helped the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries to have more awareness about objectives, benefits, subsidies etc. The finding are in line with the result of Singh et al. ( 2010) Awareness Vs Innovativeness It could be revealed from the table 4.35 that the calculated r value were r=0.038 and r=0.81 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries respectively, which showed a non significant relationship with awareness for beneficiary and positively significant relationship with non beneficiaries, therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted, but it was reversed in case of beneficiaries. It was evident that innovativeness does not pay any role in creating awareness about NHM among beneficiaries,the beneficiaries even though they are not interested included in NHM scheme because of possession of valid licensed land documents in favour of them whereas the non beneficiaries even though interested and well aware of NHM they could not be involved due to the lack of land legal documentations in favour of them. The finding are in concurrence with Suresh et al. (2011) Awareness Vs Subsidy Orientation The calculated r values from table 4.35 clearly reveals that r=-0.24 and r=0.55 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM which showed a negatively non significant relationship with beneficiary and positively significant association with non beneficiary of NHM, therefore the null hypothesis was accepted and empirical hypothesis was rejected in case of beneficiary and reverse case is seen in non beneficiary category. Subsidy orientation is no way related and affecting the awareness about the NHM scheme,where as in case of non beneficiaries it shows a strong relationship of creating awareness through the motivational factor of provision of subsidy to take up the scheme. The result is in concurrence with the findings of Chattopadhyay and Roy ( 2011) Awareness Vs Achievement motivation The calculated r values r=0.37 and r=-0.03 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM which signifies that positive significant relationship was found in case of beneficiary

170 and negatively non significant relationship was observed in case of non beneficiaries of NHM, therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted in case of beneficiary and reverse case was seen in non beneficiary category. The beneficiaries are highly motivated to take up NHM scheme to achieve high profit, where as even the non beneficiaries were aware of the scheme and in no way the achievement motivation is affecting their interest or awareness about the implementation of NHM.Farmer with high achievement motivation will search for the way for his development to achieve the goals Relationship between the profile characteristics and knowledge about the recommended package of practices of Tissue culture Banana pertaining to beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM In order to study the nature of relationship between the selected independent variables and the knowledge of the beneficiary and non farmers about the recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana, correlation coefficients (r) were computed in table 4.36 This relationship between the scores of selected independent variables and the knowledge of the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers were tested by null hypotheses and empirical hypotheses. Null hypothesis There will be no significant relationship between the selected independent variables and knowledge of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana. Empirical hypothesis There will be significant relationships between the selected independent variables and knowledge of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana.

171 Table Distribution of respondents based on their relationship between selected profile characteristics and knowledge about the recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana Sl.No Variable No. Independent Variable Correlation Coefficient ( r) value Beneficiaries N=60 1. X 1 Age 0.39 ** 0.26* 2. X 2 Education 0.25* 0.29* 3. X 3 Annual income 0.34 ** NS 4. X 4 Farm size 0.43 ** 0.53 ** 5. X 5 Farming experience 0.80 ** 0.62 ** 6. X 6 Socio-political Participation 0.87 ** 0.74 ** 7. X 7 Information seeking behaviour 0.42 ** 0.38 ** 8. X 8 Risk taking ability 0.22 NS -0.32* 9. X 9 Innovativeness 0.79 ** 0.29* 10. X 10 Subsidy orientation 0.54 ** 0.47 ** 11. X 11 Achievement motivation 0.27* 0.49 ** * significant at 0.05 per cent level of probability **significant at 0.01 per cent level of probability NS - Non significant Knowledge Vs Age Non beneficiaries N=60 It could be evident from the table 4.36 the computed coefficient of correlation values i.e r=0.39 and r=0.26 were found to be positively and significantly associated with the knowledge of the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmer regarding the recommended package and practices of tissue culture banana. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted for both beneficiary and non beneficiary farmer of NHM.It could be inferred that as age increase,the knowledge level also increased. The significant correlation might infer that age play significant role in knowledge of recommended production technology of tissue culture banana. The probable reason for this trend due to old age of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers had more experience in farming and the same was found in the study. This is similar to the findings of Suryawanshi ( 2002 ) Knowledge Vs Education From table 4.36 it was evident that the computed coefficient of correlation values r=0.25 and r=0.29 for beneficiary and non beneficiary were positively and significantly related with the knowledge about the recommended package of practices of tissue culture

172 banana which ultimately hypothesis was accepted. implies that the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical It is a known fact that, the education level make a significant role in increasing the knowledge level of farmers about the recommended package and practices of tissue culture banana. This might be due to the fact that the NHM both the categories of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were literate and educated from primary level to secondary level of education which paves way for the improvement in knowledge level of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries Knowledge Vs Annual Income It was evident from the table 4.36 that the computed coefficient of correlation values for beneficiaries r=0.345 and non beneficiaries r=-0.06 which was positively and significantly correlated with the knowledge level of beneficiaries of NHM, whereas the correlation is negatively and non significantly associated with the knowledge of recommended package of practices for non beneficiaries of NHM. It could be inferred that the income increases knowledge of beneficiaries also increases simultaneously This might be due to the fact that those beneficiaries who were economically sound could purchase literatures, newspaper, radio, television and critical inputs, which will lead to the increase of knowledge of package of practices of tissue culture banana. It could be observed that from table 4.36 that there is no significant relationship relation with the knowledge of non beneficiaries about the recommended package and practices of tissue culture banana. Therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted and empirical hypothesis was rejected. This kind of result inferred that in no way the income level of farmers affecting the knowledge of non beneficiaries of NHM Knowledge Vs Farm Size It could be inferred from the table 4.36 that the computed coefficient of correlation r=0.43 and r=0.53 were positively and significantly associated with the knowledge level of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about the recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana. As such the null hypothesis was rejected and the empirical hypothesis was accepted. It was found that size of holding made a significant impact in increasing knowledge level of farmers about recommended package of practices for tissue culture banana. The possible reason for this might be that large farms allow farmers to try new

173 innovation which helps them in getting more practical experience regarding the improved production technology which helped them in increasing the knowledge. The result of the research findings were in concurrence with the findings of Karegaonkar (2003) Ashok (2004) Knowledge Vs Farming experience It could be revealed that table 4.36 that the ( r) value i e r=0.80 and r= 0.62were found to be positively and significantly related with the knowledge of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers respectively about the recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana. The null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. This might be due to the fact that as farming experience increases the farmers become well equipped with the skills and experiential learning lessons and able to apply the same in their practical course of working in field and information acquired by practicing the skill will be better remembered by them thus helped to increase in knowledge level. This inference has support from the findings of Kumar (2004 ) Knowledge Vs Socio political participation It could be inferred from the table 4.36 that the ( r ) values r=0.87 and r=0.74 were found to be positively and significantly associated with the knowledge level of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM regarding to the cultivation of tissue culture banana, as such the null hypothesis was rejected and the empirical hypothesis was accepted. The above result might be due to the fact that the beneficiaries who participated more in different organizations might have developed boarder outlook and came across new ideas which improved their knowledge base in cultivation of tissue culture banana. Hence the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries having socio-political participation exerted a strong positive relationship with the knowledge of the farmers. The result findings are in line with the findings of Thombre et al.( 2013) Knowledge Vs Information seeking behaviour It could be in revealed from the table 4.36 that the (r) values r=0.42 and r=0.38 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively showed significant relationship with the information seeking behaviour and knowledge of recommended

174 package of practices of tissue culture banana by both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. The null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. It might be due to the reason that when a respondent comes across a variety of information sources they gain much of knowledge and exposure which help them to seek information from formal, informal and mass media sources. The result findings are in concurrence with the findings of Gopala et al.( 2012 ) Knowledge Vs Risk taking ability It could be inferred from table 4.36 that the r value r=0.22 and r=-0.32 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM has exerted a non significant relationship with the knowledge level of beneficiaries towards the package and practices of tissue culture banana, stating to the acceptance of null hypothesis, where as the (r )value (0.32) showed a negative and significant relationship with the non beneficiaries which states to accept the empirical hypothesis, that the risk taking ability shows the negative relationship with knowledge base of the farmers cultivating tissue culture banana. It seems to imply that as the risk taking ability of non beneficiaries decreased, the knowledge level increased. Majority of the farmers in nature won t like to take risks as far as possible they want to avoid risks. This nature might have lead the farmers not gaining any knowledge on the package of practices which involves risks. The result findings are in concurrence with the findings of Kale et al. ( 2012 ) Knowledge Vs Innovativeness It could be inferred from the table 4.36 that the correlation (r values) i.e r=0.79 and r=-0.29 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively found positive and significant relationship with the knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries pertaining to the cultivation of tissue culture banana. It indicates as the innovativeness o increases the knowledge level also increases. The innovativeness of an individual helps him to try new technologies in the fields which automatically helps in increase in knowledge. The result findings is in concurrence with the findings of Lanjewar et al. ( 2011).

175 Knowledge Vs Subsidy Orientation It could be revealed from the table 4.36 that the calculated coefficient of correlation (r ) is (r=0.54 ) and (r= 0.47 ) for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively found that the subsidy orientation had positive significant relationship with the knowledge of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries pertaining to tissue culture banana. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected by accepting empirical hypothesis. This result might be due to the positive response of both beneficiary and non beneficiary towards the subsidy provided under NHM for taking up various activities and it act as motivational factor for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries for taking up different technologies recommended under NHM scheme. The result is in concurrence with the findings of Usha (2011) and Chattopadhayay and Roy (2011) Knowledge Vs Achievement motivation It could be revealed from the table 4.36 that the correlation (r values) i.e r=0.27 and r=0.49 for beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM respectively pertaining to the cultivation of tissue culture banana. the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted as there was positive and significant correlation between the achievement motivation and knowledge level of both beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM. The result might be due to the fact that a high achievement motivated respondent can work harder to get the knowledge base and to know the scientific technical knowhow to cultivate tissue culture banana. The result is in concurrence with the findings of Gopala et al.( 2012 ) Relationship between the selected independent variables and knowledge about the recommended package of practices on Black pepper pertaining to beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM In order to study the nature of relationship between the selected independent variables and the knowledge of the beneficiary and non beneficiary about the recommended package of practices of black pepper, correlation coefficients ( r value ) were computed and the values were presented in table 4.37

176 This relationship between the scores of selected independent variables and the knowledge of the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers were tested by null hypotheses and empirical hypotheses. Null hypothesis There will be no significant relationship between the selected independent variables and knowledge of the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers on the recommended package and practices of black pepper Empirical hypothesis There will be significant relationships between the selected independent variables and knowledge of the beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM on the recommended package and practices of black pepper. Table 4.37.Distribution of respondents based on their relationship between selected independent variables and knowledge about the recommended package of practices on Black pepper pertaining to beneficiary and non beneficiary Sl.No Variables No. Independent variable Coefficient of correlation ( r value ) Beneficiaries ( n=60) 1. X 1 Age -0.42** -0.39** 2. X 2 Education 0.81** 0.78** 3. X 3 Annual income 0.32* 0.02 NS 4. X 4 Farm size 0.38** 0.41** 5. X 5 Farming experience 0.36** 0.07 NS 6. X 6 Socio-political 0.83** 0.49** Participation 7. X 7 Information seeking 0.92** 0.03 NS behaviour 8. X 8 Risk taking ability 0.37** 0.06 NS 9. X 9 Innovativeness 0.42 ** 0.37 ** 10. X 10 Subsidy orientation 0.84** 0.89** 11. X 11 Achievement motivation 0.29* 0.28* Non beneficiaries ( n=60) *significant at 0.05 % level of probability **significant at 0.01% level of probability NS Non significant

177 Knowledge Vs Age It could be observed that in the table 4.37 the correlation value r=-0.42 and r=0.39 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries respectively found negatively significant with the knowledge of the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers about the recommended package and practices of black pepper. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted for both beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM.It could be inferred that when age decreases, the knowledge level increases simultaneously and vice versa for beneficiary and when age increases knowledge also increases simultaneously and viceversa for beneficiary and non beneficiaries farmers. The significant correlation might infer that young age played a significant role in knowledge of recommended production technology of black pepper. In future, the NHM officials have to select the young farmers as beneficiaries under the scheme for effective impact of NHM. This is similar to the findings of Suryawanshi ( 2002 ) and Kale et al. ( 2012 ) Knowledge Vs. Education From table 4.37 it was evident that the correlation values r=0.81and r=0.78 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries respectively were positively and significantly related with the knowledge of the beneficiary farmer and non beneficiary farmers about the recommended package of practices of black pepper.therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. It is a known fact that, the education level made a significant role in increasing the knowledge level of farmers about the recommended package and practices of black pepper. This might be due to the fact that the NHM beneficiaries are literate educated from primary level to secondary level which paves a way for the improvement in knowledge level of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. In addition, the possible reason for significant association was due to the fact that educated people are more receptive than less educated / illiterates and always in search for new information and technologies which help them to improve the knowledge base Knowledge Vs Annual Income It was evident from the table 4.37 that the correlation value r=0.32 and r =0.02 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries respectively which were positively and significantly

178 correlated with the knowledge level of beneficiaries of NHM, and was non significantly correlated with the knowledge of non beneficiaries of NHM. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted in case of beneficiaries and reversed in case of non beneficiary. It could be inferred that the income increases and also the knowledge level increases simultaneously and vice versa. This might be due to the fact that those beneficiaries who were economically sound could purchase literatures, newspaper, radio, television and critical inputs, lead to increasing the knowledge level of farmers towards the scientific technical knowhow. The income of non beneficiaries had no relationship with knowledge about the recommended package of practices Knowledge Vs Farm Size It could be inferred from the table 4.37 that the correlation values r=0.38 and r=0.41 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM were positively and significantly associated with the knowledge level of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries about the recommended package of practices on black pepper. As such the null hypothesis was rejected and the empirical hypothesis was accepted. It means that size of holding make significant impact for increasing knowledge level of farmers about recommended package of practices for black pepper. The possible reason for this might be that large farms allow farmers to try new innovations which helps them in getting more practical experience regarding the improved production technology. It might be also a reason that large farms holders are capable of taking risk of adopting the new technology. The result of the research findings were in concurrence with the findings of Karegaonkar 2003) Ashok ( 2004) Knowledge Vs Farming experience It could be inferred from the table 4.37 that correlation values r=0.36 and r= 0.07 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM were found to be positively and significantly related with the knowledge of beneficiary and non significant relationship with the knowledge of non beneficiaries towards black pepper cultivation respectively. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted in case of beneficiary and reverse in case of non beneficiary. This might be due to the fact that as farming experience increases the farmers become well equipped with the skills and experiential learning lessons and able to apply the same in their practical field and

179 information acquired by practicing the skill will be better remembered by them and continued for a long period. The above process will definitely lead to high knowledge level of farmers. This inference has support from the findings of Kumar (2004) Knowledge Vs Socio political participation It could be inferred from the table 4.37 that the correlation values r=0.83 and r=0.49 were found to be positively and significantly associated with the knowledge level of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM pertaining to the cultivation of black pepper, as such the null hypothesis was rejected and the empirical hypothesis was accepted stating that there is a significance association between the socio-political participation and knowledge level of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries under NHM. The above result might be due to the fact that the beneficiaries who participated more in organizations develop boarder outlook and come across new ideas in contact with farmers group which improve their knowledge base in cultivation of black pepper. High sociopolitical participation will facilitate more deliberations on the needy subjects like farming which may lead to increase in knowledge of farmers.hence, the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries having socio-political participation exerted a strong positive relationship with the knowledge of the farmers. The result findings are in line with the findings of Thombre et al.( 2013) Knowledge Vs Information seeking behaviour It could be in revealed from the table 4.37 that the r values for r=0.92 and r=0.03 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM correlation is found to be significant and non significant for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries respectively, as such it can be concluded that there is strong and significant relationship with the information seeking behaviour and knowledge level of beneficiaries pertaining to black pepper. The null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. It might be due to the reason that when a respondent comes across a variety of information sources they gains more of knowledge and exposure itself helps them to seek information from formal, informal and mass media sources. The beneficiary of NHM who used more no. of information sources get exposure and enriched with rich knowledge base for cultivating black pepper Where as the non beneficiaries there is no significance relationship with knowledge of black pepper

180 cultivation, therefore the null hypothesis was accepted and empirical hypothesis was rejected which clearly states the non significance relationship between knowledge and information seeking behaviour. The result findings are in concurrence with the findings of Gopala et al.( 2012 ) Knowledge Vs Risk taking ability From the table 4.37 it could be revealed that the r=0.37 and r=-0.06 for the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively. The risk taking ability has exerted a significant relationship with the knowledge level of beneficiaries, and non significant relationship with knowledge level of non beneficiaries respectively. Therefore null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted in case of beneficiaries and it was reversed in case of non beneficiaries.this results gives us a clear picture that as the beneficiary farmer takes up risk in cultivating the crop, due to their rich farming experience in adopting new technologies, they acquire the knowledge of scientific cultivation. The result findings are in concurrence with the findings of Kale et al. ( 2012 ) Knowledge Vs Innovativeness It could be inferred from table 4.37 that the r values show r=0.42 and r=-0.37 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively showed a positive and significant relationship with the knowledge of beneficiaries pertaining to black pepper, therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. The positive significance relationship indicates as the innovativeness increases the knowledge level also increases. The innovativeness of an individual helps him to try new technologies in the fields which automatically helps in increase in knowledge. The result findings are in concurrence with the findings of Lanjewar et al. ( 2011) Knowledge Vs Subsidy orientation It could be revealed from the table 4.37 that the r value is r=0.84 and r= 0.89 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively with respect to subsidy orientation. It emphasize that subsidy orientation had positive significant relationship with the knowledge of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries pertaining to black pepper cultivation. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was

181 accepted which exerted a significant relationship with knowledge of the respondents. This result might be due to the positive response of both beneficiary and non beneficiary towards the subsidy provided under NHM for taking up various activities and it act as motivational factor for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries for taking up NHM scheme. The result is in concurrence with the findings of Usha ( 2011 ) and Chattopadhayay and Roy (2011) Knowledge Vs Achievement motivation It could be revealed from the table 4.37 that the r values is r=0.28 and r=0.29 for beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers of NHM respectively pertaining to the cultivation of black pepper, the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted stating that there is positive and significant correlation between the achievement motivation and knowledge level of both beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers of NHM in cultivating black pepper. The result might be due to the fact that a high achievement motivated respondent can work harder to get the knowledge base and to know the scientific technical knowhow to cultivate black pepper. The result is in concurrence with the findings of Gopala et al. ( 2012 ) Relationship between the selected independent variables and adoption of recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana pertaining to beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM. In order to study the nature of relationship between the selected independent variables and extent of adoption of recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana by the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers, correlation coefficients (r) were computed and the values were presented in table 4.38 The relationship between the scores of selected independent variables and scores of extent of adoption of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers were tested by null hypothesis and empirical hypothesis. Null Hypothesis There will be no significant relationship between the selected independent and extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana by beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers of NHM.

182 Empirical hypothesis There will be significant relationship between the selected independent variables and extent of adoption of recommended package and practices of tissue culture banana by beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers of NHM. Table Distribution of respondents based on their relationship between selected independent variables and adoption of recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana pertaining to beneficiary farmers and non beneficiary farmers. Sl.No Variable No. Independent variable Correlation coefficient ( r ) values Beneficiaries n=60 Non beneficiaries n=60 1. X 1 Age -0.42** NS 2. X 2 Education 0.39 ** 0.56 ** 3. X 3 Annual income 0.79 ** 0.36 ** 4. X 4 Farm size 0.55 ** NS 5. X 5 Farming experience 0.31* 0.49 ** 6. X 6 Socio-political participation 0.56 ** 0.42 ** 7. X 7 Information seeking behaviour 0.38** 0.19 NS 8. X 8 Risk taking ability 0.32 * 0.29 * 9. X 9 Innovativeness 0.63 ** 0.29 * 10. X 10 Subsidy orientation 0.71 ** 0.52 ** 11. X 11 Achievement motivation 0.27 * 0.33 ** *significant at 0.05 % level of probability **significant at 0.01% level of probability NS Non significant Adoption Vs Age It could be inferred from the table 4.38 that the r values r=0.42 and r=-0.21 for beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM respectively were found positively significant with the adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana by beneficiaries, where as in case of non beneficiaries the r value is negatively and non significant with the adoption of recommended package of practice of tissue culture banana respectively. Therefore in case of beneficiaries, the null hypothesis was empirical hypothesis was accepted which implies that as age deceases rejected and the extent of adoption also increases in case of beneficiary, where as in case of non beneficiaries age does not play an important role in adoption. Hence the NHM officials have to concentrate more on young farmers for effective implementation of NHM.

183 Adoption Vs. Education It could be inferred from the table 4.38 indicated that the r values r=0.39 and r=0.56 for beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM respectively were found positively and significantly associated with the adoption of the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers about the recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and the empirical hypothesis was accepted. Education will provide ample opportunities to the individual by exposing to several information sources there by acquiring more knowledge and skill related to latest production technologies. Therefore, the farmers will try to implement newly acquired technological information in their own field resulting in increased level of adoption. This result in agreement with the results of Ashok (2004) and Puri et al. (2006) Adoption Vs Annual Income A could be revealed from the table 4.38 indicated that the r value r= 0.79 and r= 0.36 for beneficiary and non beneficiary respectively were found positively and significantly associated with the adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana by beneficiary and non beneficiary farmer of NHM which states that the annual income of the farmers increases leading to a corresponding increase in extent of adoption of recommended practices by both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. This result might be due to the fact that an economically viable farmer may invest huge finance in crop diversification and may have a opportunity for taking up calculated risk by investing finance in try out new crop species and adopting all the recommended package of practices. In the study area both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries had high awareness with appropriate knowledge about NHM scheme which ultimately provided a way for adopting the new technologies. This result is in concurrence with the findings of Singh et al. (2010) Adoption Vs Farm Size It could be revealed from table 4.38 that the correlation values r=0.55 and r=-0.21for beneficiaries pertaining to the extent of adoption of recommended package of practice of tissue culture banana.in case of beneficiaries the r value is found positively and significantly

184 associated with the adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana. As such the null hypothesis was rejected and the empirical hypothesis was accepted. It could further be revealed that the r=-0.21 which is negatively and non significantly related with the adoption of non beneficiaries about the recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana. As such the null hypothesis was accepted and empirical hypothesis was rejected. In general, big farmers are economically sound and they are resource rich in nature. The farmers with large holdings will have more opportunities and potentialities to try and adopt the large number of technological innovations. As a result, it is quite possible that farmers with larger holdings show keen interest to know about new farm practices and be more receptive to such ideas, skills and other management factors, which in turn on their extent of adoption of scientific package of practices. This will lead them to take risk and adopt the recommended package of practices in their own farms without thinking about the involvement of cost to implement the technology. However in case of marginal and small farmers, they are not in a position to invest their money to implement the new technologies. They will think about their investment and outcome expected before adopting the new practices. This findings are in concurrence with the results of Singh et al. and Bandhala et al.( 2010) Adoption Vs Farming experience It could be inferred from the table 4.38, it was clearly stated that the calculated coefficient of correlation r=0.31and r=0.49 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM, which was found positively and significantly related with the extent of adoption of the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries farmer about the recommended package of practices on tissue culture banana. Consequently, the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. As the experience increases, farmers will be having more clarity and understanding about the new technological interventions. This will lead to become more and more confident in using better technologies. This might be the reason for such relationship between these two variables. Similar findings were also observed by Chattopadhyay and Roy ( 2011 ).

185 Adoption Vs Socio-political participation It can be inferred from the table 4.38 that the calculated coefficient of correlation r=0.56 and r=0.42 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM which was positively and significantly associated with the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana by both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted for both categories of farmers, as such it indicates that farmer having a membership or active participation in any organization will provide a way to acquire additional knowledge and information through social interaction about latest technical knowhow there by the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices get increased. This result findings are in concurrence with the result of Ashok (2004) Adoption Vs Information seeking behaviour It could be revealed that the table 4.38 the calculated coefficient of correlation r values i.e r=0.38 and r=0.19 for both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively. It clearly states that the variable information seeking behaviour was positively and significantly associated with the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected, and empirical hypothesis was accepted, where as non significant relationship was observed for non beneficiaries. This result might be due to the fact that the beneficiaries who are having high level of knowledge on production technology of tissue culture banana they collect all latest scientific information from all sources of information namely formal, informal and mass media sources such as farm scientist, departmental extension personnel often which leads to high level of adoption rate, where as the non beneficiaries were seems to be not availing the benefits of all sources of information in adoption Adoption Vs Risk taking ability It could be inferred from the table 4.38 that the Correlation of coefficient values r=0.32 and r=0.29 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively found positive and significant association with the extent of adoption of recommended package of

186 practices of tissue culture banana. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted, The result might be due to the fact that the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were having the risk bearing abilities in adopting the new scientific technology related to tissue culture banana and they are taking up calculated risk to achieve their goal of income generation. Since they have marginal and small land holding so their main aim is to increase the productivity per unit area hence so they are taking up risk in adopting the tissue culture banana in their fields Adoption Vs Innovativeness It could be viewed from the table 4.38 that the r values were r=0.63 and r=0.29 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively showed that innovativeness was positively and significantly associated with the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. This result might be observed due to the fact that both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries as they are highly innovative in nature and able to take up calculated risk in farming, this variable is significantly associated and reveals that as innovativeness of farmers increases leading to a corresponding increase in extent of adoption Adoption Vs Subsidy orientation It could be revealed from the table 4.38 that the correlation values r=0.71 and r=0.52 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively, showed that the variable subsidy orientation is positively and significantly associated with the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and the empirical hypothesis was accepted. This results might be due to the fact that both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries had a strong affinity towards subsidies in terms of cash and kind provided to the respondent under NHM, as the subsidy portion of NHM act as motivational factor for increasing their interest followed by awareness leading to proper knowledge and subsequent adoption of the technology.

187 Adoption Vs Achievement motivation It could be revealed from the table 4.38 that the correlation r values i.e r=0.27 and r=0.33 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively pertaining to the cultivation of tissue culture banana showed that the variable is positively and significantly correlated with extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. This result is due to the fact that both the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were high achievement motivated respondent can work harder to get latest knowledge for its adoption in the field Relationship between the selected independent variables and adoption of recommended package of practices on black pepper pertaining to beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM In order to study the nature of relationship between the selected independent variables and extent of adoption of recommended package of practices on black pepper by the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers, correlation coefficients (r ) were computed and the values were presented in table 4.39 The relationship between the scores of selected independent variables and scores of extent of adoption of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers were tested by null hypothesis and empirical hypothesis. Null Hypothesis There will be no significant relationship between the selected independent and extent of adoption of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers regarding the recommended package and practices of black pepper. Empirical hypothesis There will be significant relationship between the selected independent variables and extent of adoption of beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers regarding the recommended package of practices of black pepper.

188 Table Distribution of respondents based on their relationship between selected profile characteristics and adoption of recommended package of practices on black pepper pertaining to beneficiary farmers and non beneficiary farmers Sl.No Variable No. Independent Variable Correlation coefficient ( r value ) Beneficiary Non beneficiary 1. X 1 Age -0.32* 0.05 NS 2. X 2 Education 0.74** 0.39** 3. X 3 Annual income 0.92** 0.09 NS 4. X 4 Farm size 0.39** 0.28* 5. X 5 Farming experience 0.37** 0.24 NS 6. X 6 Socio-political participation 0.89** 0.47** 7. X 7 Information seeking 0.47** 0.42** behaviour 8. X 8 Risk taking ability 0.42** 0.09 NS 9. X 9 Innovativeness 0.49** 0.39** 10. X 10 Subsidy orientation 0.89** 0.79** 11. X 11 Achievement motivation 0.55** 0.07 NS * significant at 0.05 % level of probability **significant at 0.01% level of probability NS Non significant Adoption Vs Age An overview of the table 4.39 revealed that the calculated coefficient of correlation values r=-0.32 and r=0.05 for beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM respectively were found negatively and significantly associated with the adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper by beneficiaries, and non significant relationship with non beneficiaries with adoption of recommended package of practice of black pepper respectively Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted for beneficiaries which implies that as age decreases the extent of adoption increases in case of beneficiary, where as in case of non beneficiaries age does not play an important role in adoption as it is showing non significant relationship with extent of adoption. Hence, the NHM officials have to concentrate more on young officials for effective implementation of NHM scheme. This inference is in conformity with the conclusions of Badhala et al. (2014)

189 Adoption Vs Education It could be inferred from the table 4.39 indicated r values i.e r=0.74 and r=0.39 were found positively and significantly related with the adoption of the beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers of NHM about the recommended package of practices on black pepper. Resultantly, the null hypothesis was rejected and the empirical hypothesis was accepted. Education will provide ample opportunities to the individual by exposing to several information sources there by acquiring more knowledge and skill related to latest production technologies. Therefore, the farmers will try to implement newly acquired technological information in their own field resulting in increased level of adoption. This result in agreement with the results of Ashok ( 2004) and Puri et al. ( 2006) Adoption Vs Annual Income It could be revealed from the table 4.39 indicated that the values r= 0.92 and r= 0.09 were found positively and significantly correlated with the adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper by beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM respectively showed that the annual income of the farmers increases leading to increase in extent of adoption of recommended practices by beneficiaries of NHM Where as it is showing the non significant relationship with the extent of adoption of non beneficiaries. As the non beneficiaries are placed in medium income level and beneficiaries are placed in high income level. This result might be due to the fact that an economically viable farmer may invest huge finance in crop diversification and may have a opportunity for taking up calculated risk by investing huge finance in try out new crop species and adopting all the recommended package of practices. In the study area both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries had high awareness about the NHM scheme which ultimately provided a way for adopting the new technologies. This result is in concurrence with the findings of Singh et al (2010) Adoption Vs Farm Size It could be revealed from table 4.39 that the calculated coefficient of correlation value r=0.39 and r=0.28 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries respectively pertaining to the

190 extent of adoption of recommended package of practice of black pepper is found positively and significantly related with the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper for beneficiary and non beneficiary. As such the null hypothesis was rejected and the empirical hypothesis was accepted. This is in accordance with the findings of Singh et al ( 2010) Badhala et al (2014). In general, big farmers are economically sound and they are resource rich in nature. The farmers with large holdings will have more opportunities and potentialities to try and adopt the large number of technological innovations. As a result, it is quite possible that farmers with larger holdings show keen interest to know about new farm practices and be more receptive to such ideas, skills and other management factors, which in turn on their extent of adoption of scientific package of practices. This will lead them to take risk and adopt the recommended package of practices in their own farms without thinking about the involvement of cost to implement the technology. However in case of marginal and small farmers, they are not in a position to invest their money to implement the new technologies. They will think about their investment and outcome expected before adopting the new practices Adoption Vs Farming experience It could be inferred from the table 4.39, correlation ( r ) values r=0.37 and r=0.24 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM were found positively and significantly related with the extent of adoption of the beneficiaries where as in case of non beneficiaries farmer showed non significant relationship with adoption of recommended package of practices on black pepper. Consequently, the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted in case of beneficiaries and reversed in case of non beneficiaries. This might be due to the fact that as the experience increases, farmers will be having more clarity and understanding about the new technological interventions and equipped with experiential learning. This will lead to become more confident in using latest improved technologies. This might be the reason for such relationship between the variables for beneficiaries. In case of non beneficiaries the since the relationship is not significant, this may be due to the reason that even though the non beneficiaries of NHM also has rich farming experience at par with beneficiaries but their experience in black pepper cultivation is less

191 when compared with beneficiaries. Similar findings were also observed by Chattopadhyay and Roy (2011) Adoption Vs Socio-political participation It can be inferred from the table 4.39 that the correlation values r=0.89 and r=0.47 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively found positively and significantly associated with the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper by both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. The farmer having a membership or active participation in any organization will have way for deliberations on the subject of importance leading to increase in knowledge of farmers. This result findings are in concurrence with the result of Ashok (2004) Adoption Vs Information seeking behaviour A detailed view of table 4.39 revealed that correlation ( r ) values for both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM were r=0.47 and r=0.42, respectively found that the variable information seeking behaviour was positively and significantly associated with the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper for both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected, and empirical hypothesis was accepted. This result might be due to the fact that the beneficiaries who are having high level of knowledge on production technology of black pepper they collect all latest scientific information from all sources of information namely formal, informal and mass media sources such as farm scientist, and interaction with departmental extension personnel leading to high level of adoption rate, whereas the non beneficiaries are not availing the benefit of all sources of information for getting latest knowledge Adoption Vs Risk taking ability It can be inferred from the table 4.39 correlation values r=0.42 and r=0.09 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively were found positively and significantly associated with the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper for beneficiaries non significant for non beneficiaries. Therefore the null

192 hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted in case of beneficiaries of NHM. The result might be due to the fact that the beneficiaries were taking up calculated risk in adopting the new scientific technology related to black pepper cultivation to achieve their goal of income generation. This result is in concurrence with the result of Puri et al. ( 2004) Adoption Vs Innovativeness It could be inferred from the table 4.39 that ( r) values were r=0.49 and r=0.39 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively found positively and significantly associated with the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. This result was observed due to the fact that both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries as they are highly innovative in nature and able to take up calculated risk in farming, this variable is significantly associated and reveals that as innovativeness of farmers increases leading to a increase in extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper Adoption Vs Subsidy orientation It can be revealed from the table 4.39 that the calculated coefficient of correlation values r=0.89 and r=0.79 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively showed subsidy orientation is positively and significantly associated with the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected and the empirical hypothesis was accepted. This results might be due to the fact that both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries had a strong affinity towards subsidies in terms of cash and kind provided to the respondent under NHM, as the subsidy portion of NHM act as motivational factor for increasing their interest followed by awareness leading to proper knowledge and subsequent adoption of the technology. This result is in concurrence with the findings of Usha (2011)

193 Adoption Vs Achievement motivation It can be revealed from the table 4.39 correlation ( r ) values r=0.55 and r=0.07 for beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM respectively found positively and significantly correlated with extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper for beneficiaries and non significant relationship with non beneficiaries. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and empirical hypothesis was accepted. This result is due to the fact that the beneficiaries were highly motivated to take up the NHM scheme in their field. The non beneficiaries because of non availability of land in their name they are not taking up the scheme even though motivation is still a factor for achieving the goal of increasing the income. The result is in concurrence with the finding of Gopala et al. (2012) 4.6 CONSTRAINTS ENCOUNTERED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NHM AND SUGGESTION GIVEN BY THE RESPONDENTS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION. An attempt was made to unearth the constraints as perceived by the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission scheme and also suggestions to overcome the constraints. During the interview, the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were asked to spell out the constraints encountered by them and also to offer corresponding suggestions to overcome the constraints. The constraints expressed and suggestions offered by the both the categories of respondents were tabulated and presented in 4.40 and 4.41 based on the frequency and percentages Constraints encountered and suggestions given by beneficiaries of NHM It could be inferred from Table 4.40 that (100.00%) of beneficiary farmers expressed lack of transportation facility to transport the farm produce from North and Middle Andaman district to Port Blair ( HQ) for better remunerative price for their end product, for which (100.00%) of beneficiaries suggested for arranging the transportation facilities through A&N Administration by introducing special ferry service to transport the farm produce to Port Blair.Majority perceived each the constraints i.e. that the subsidy provided under NHM seems to be very less and contributes for only one fourth of cost of production, and lengthy procedure of application under NHM for which per cent suggested that Subsidy should be provided in accordance with the cost of cultivation of crop irrespective

194 of cost exist at mainland, because these Islands are far away from mainland where in cost of inputs were more than other place and also the same percentage of beneficiaries suggested that application to avail the subsidy should be made transparent and with some ease in filling the application by the farmers.about per cent of the beneficiaries perceived the constraints i.e, that lack of training in processing,value addition under post harvest management and protected cultivation and lack of crop insurance for horticultural crops for which majority (91.66%) suggested that KVK of the district may be utilized effectively in convergence scheme for imparting training on protected cultivation, processing activities, value addition etc. for beneficiaries. Government agencies may take up initiative to start the processing units by motivating the upcoming agripreneurs and financial assistance may be provided under Micro small and medium enterprise scheme. Majority (71.66%) of beneficiaries expressed that lack of soil testing laboratory at block level for which per cent of respondents suggested that soil testing laboratory equipped with all latest technology may be made available at block level for soil analysis in time, as the soils of the study area is problematic in taking up new crop varieties and to analyse especially the micro nutrients namely molybdenum and Boron the soil testing laboratory is needed to get quicker results. About per cent of NHM beneficiaries perceived that non availability of micro irrigation facilities namely drip and sprinkler irrigation for horticultural crop was the major problem for which per cent of them suggested to provide micro irrigation on subsidized basis to the beneficiaries to bring more area under cultivation. As in the study area there is no water storage dams or structures during the peak summers the farmers require irrigation facilities for plantation, if the micro irrigation facilities are made available under subsidised schemes the available natural course of water at their outlet can be utilized effectively for cultivation. Majority (50.00%) of the beneficiaries expressed that fluctuating market price and lack of stabilized price for horticulture crop especially tissue culture banana for which per cent of beneficiaries felt that there should be price stabilization committee involving farmer as one of the member.about per cent of beneficiaries felt that non availability of critical inputs in time and poor marketing facilities for horticulture commodity for which about per cent of beneficiaries suggested that marketing hub centre with all modern facilities along with regulated market may be operated by Government through Department of Agriculture and strengthening of the rural primary market network to have buy back arrangement of farm produce from farmer. About per cent of beneficiaries revealed that lack of hitech farm machineries for horticultural production for which per cent of beneficiaries suggested that providing the hi tech

195 farm machineries as tool kit including tree pruners, tree climbers, sprayers especially power jet sprayer mechanized weeder etc. for subsidized cost to the beneficiaries under NHM Constraints encountered and suggestions given by Non beneficiaries of NHM It could be inferred from Table 4.41 that majority (91.66%) of non beneficiaries expressed land mutation i.e., passing of ownership of land to next legal heir is a major constraint in taking up NHM scheme, for which (100.00%) of non beneficiaries suggested that revenue department should take initiatives for regularization of pending issues under land mutation.majority ( 83.33%) perceived that land fragmentation and small size of holding was a reason for non beneficiary farmer to join the scheme, for which per cent of non beneficiaries suggested that NHM guidelines should be made flexible to include small and marginal farmers possessing smaller size of holding, As per the guidelines of NHM the minimum eligibility criteria to became a beneficiary is 0.1 ha and maximum up to 4 ha of land can be brought under NHM scheme Majority of non beneficiaries revealed that political influence in selection of beneficiaries, for which percent of non beneficiaries suggested that beneficiaries may be selected from grass root level possessing all eligibility criteria and political intervention should be channelized for effective programme implementation. About per cent of the non beneficiaries perceived that non fulfilling the eligibility criteria was one of constraint to avail the benefit under NHM for which majority (68.33%) of non beneficiaries suggested to include the farmer valid legal heir certificate issued from competent authority may be utilized.about per cent of non beneficiaries revealed that even though they posses land maximum of the land were devastated due to tsunami natural disaster as maximum of available land was under permanent submergence and inundation with saline water causes problem for plantation crop, for which per cent of them suggested that joint venture to be taken up under HVADA for Broad Bed Furrow system for planting tissue culture banana in broad beds followed by fresh water fish cultivation in furrows in an integrated manner which could fetch good remunerative price for their produce.about per cent revealed that lack of interest to cultivate horticulture crop among non beneficiaries is a problem in NHM, for which per cent of non beneficiaries suggested for organizing motivational awareness campaigns highlighting the importance of horticulture in present day scenario.

196 Table 4.40 Distribution of beneficiaries based on their problems perceived and suggestions offered by them for effective implementation of National Horticulture Mission. N=60 Sl. Problems F % Suggestions F % No 1. Non supply of critical inputs in time Timely supply of critical inputs in time on No provision of drip and sprinkler irrigation( micro irrigation systems ) and cold storages for horticultural plantations. 3 Non availability of hi tech farm subsidized rate Creation of micro irrigation facility namely drip and Sprinkler irrigation to the beneficiaries, creation of cold storage facilities under NHM Supply of modern hi tech farm implements under implements to beneficiary farmer NHM to beneficiaries under subsidized cost 4 No soil testing centre at block level Establishment of Soil testing laboratory with well equipped instruments to have all type of soil based analysis at block level 5 Lack of training in post harvest management, protected cultivation of fruits and vegetables and value addition. 6. Long and lengthy procedure for filling up the forms of NHM for subsidy claim. 7 Poor marketing facilities of fruits especially tissue culture banana 8. Lack of post harvest management, processing activities and value addition of horticultural crops Training should be provided to beneficiaries for undertaking value addition and post harvest management of horticultural crops through demonstrations and hands on session Simple procedure should be developed Marketing infrastructure in terms of market hub and terminal market to be maintained to have forward and backward linkages with buy back arrangement of farmers produce Initiation of processing activities and value addition of horticulture crops through public private partnership.access to scientific post harvest management techniques,provision of incentives for the establishment of processing of existing marketable surplus of major crops

197 9. Lack of transport facility from study area to the head quarters in adverse climatic conditions Arrangement of transport facility by providing transport subsidy for farmers to sell their farm produce High fluctuation in prices of fruits in local market 11 Lack of crop insurance for horticulture crops unlike agriculture crop. 12 Subsidy is not in proportion with the cost of production of horticultural crops 13 Subsidy for only focused cop as per the guidelines of NHM irrespective of the suitability of area and requirement of farmer Price stabilization may be initiated in local market by fixing the price of the commodity Crop insurance system may be initiated for horticultural crops under NHM Subsidy should be fixed in accordance with the actual cost of production of horticultural crops Crop selection should be made in accordance with the marketing and suitability of land to cultivate the same F- Frequency % Percentage

198 Table 4.41 Distribution of non beneficiaries according to the problem perceived by them and suggestion offered by non beneficiaries for effective implementation of NHM Sl. No. 1. Land fragmentation and small size of holding is a major constraint for implementation of NHM 2.. Non fulfillment of eligibility criteria by the farmers due to non availability of having land ownership right in their name Problem F % Suggestions F % 3. Land mutation is a issue, not mutated in the name of next legal heir 4. Political influence in selection of beneficiaries for NHM. 5. Lack of interest among farmers to cultivate Horticultural crops. 6. Non suitability of land due to Permanent submergence and marshy land after Tsunami devastation NHM guidelines should be made flexible to include small and marginal farmers possessing smaller size of holding NHM guidelines should be made flexible to include the farmers who possess the landed property legally on production of legal heir certificate issued by competent authority Land mutation should be done quickly by revenue department following all codal formalities Political intervention in the programme has to be channelized for effectiveness and inclusiveness through Panchayati Raj institutions Proper awareness camp should be organized for motivating the farmers towards cultivation of horticultural crops Department of Agriculture should take up Broad Bed and Furrow system for fresh water fish culture F- Frequency % Percentage

199 4.7 EMPIRICAL MODEL OF THE STUDY The conceptual model formulated earlier Fig2.1 for this research study was tested based on the result and empirical model was developed and presented in Fig 4.7 This model could provide an objective assessment of knowledge of recommended package of practices of Banana and Black pepper, extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of banana and black pepper and awareness about National Horticulture Mission of the beneficiary and non beneficiary. This model was tested with the help of correlation analysis to find out the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The findings of the study revealed that knowledge level of beneficiary farmers regarding the recommended package and practices of tissue culture banana was positively and significantly related with all the independent variables namely age, education, annual income, farm size, farming experience, sociopolitical participation, information seeking behaviour, innovativeness, subsidy orientation and achievement except the variable risk taking ability which showed non significant relationship with knowledge for beneficiaries of NHM, where as in case of non beneficiary all the variables except annual income and risk taking ability showed negatively non significant relationship with knowledge of recommended package of practices of banana. The knowledge level of beneficiary and non beneficiary about recommended package of practices of black pepper were also correlated with all independent variables which showed that all the independent variables were positively and significantly related with the knowledge except age which was negatively and non significantly related with knowledge of recommended package of practices of black pepper.the results indicated that National Horticulture Mission enabled the beneficiary farmers to improve their knowledge despite of old age or traditional farming experiences compared to non beneficiary farmers, indicating the positive impact of NHM in sustaining the empowerment in terms of knowledge improvement. The result indicated that extent of adoption of recommended package of practices in case of tissue culture banana and black pepper by the beneficiary farmers were positively and significantly related with the independent variable namely age, education, annual income, farm size, farming experience, sociopolitical participation, information seeking

200 behavior, risk taking ability, innovativeness, subsidy orientation and achievement motivation were positively and significantly correlated with the extent of adoption in case of beneficiary, where as in case of non beneficiary regarding the extent of adoption of banana the independent variable age and risk taking ability is negatively and non significantly related with the extent of adoption, and information seeking behavior is positively non significant, rest all independent variable showed positively and significantly correlation with extent of adoption. In case of black pepper for non beneficiaries the variable namely age, annual income, farming experience, information seeking behavior, risk taking ability and achievement motivation showed positively non significant relationship with extent of adoption, rest of all independent variable showed positively and significantly relationship with the extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper. The results revealed that the beneficiary farmer could able to adopt the technologies and a significance difference could be seen from non beneficiaries. The results of findings of the study pertaining to the awareness about national horticulture mission found that awareness about NHM, in case of beneficiaries all the independent variable namely education, farm size, farming experience, risk taking ability, socio political participation, and achievement motivation were positively significant related with the awareness, where as age showed negative significance and annual income and innovativeness showed positive significance followed by negative non significance in case of awareness of the scheme by beneficiaries of NHM. The result in case of non beneficiaries revealed that awareness about NHM showed negative non significant relationship with age, farm size, and achievement motivation, where as information seeking behavior showed negative but significant relationship with awareness about NHM, followed by positive significance relationship with all other independent variable, annual income showed positive non significant relationship with awareness. From the findings of the study it could be concluded that the non significant relationship with many independent variable has not created a wast difference, and the non beneficiaries were also had equal awareness of NHM scheme. This is because of the mass awareness through training programmes, meeting and campaigns during both Kharif and Rabi season, and charcha mondal etc, the awareness was created by department of agriculture through extension personnel.

201 These findings can help extension personnel to concentrate more on the variables, which were significantly correlated with knowledge, extent of adoption and awareness of the beneficiary as well as non beneficiary to make programme more effective and much useful for upliftment of socio economic status of the farming community.

202 Beneficiary farmer significant Non beneficiary farmer significant - Beneficiary non significant - Non beneficiary non significant NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION BENEFICIARY NON BENEFICIARY INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Tissue culture banana Age Education - Annual income Age Education - - Annual income - Farm size Farm size Farming experience Sociopolitical participation Information seeking behavior - Risk taking ability Innovativeness Subsidy Orientation Achievement motivation Farming experience Sociopolitical participation Information seeking behavior Risk taking ability - Innovativeness - Subsidy Orientation - Achievement motivation Age Education - Black Pepper Annual income Farm size - Farming experience Sociopolitical participation - Information seeking behavior - Risk taking ability Innovativeness Subsidy Orientation Achievement motivation DEPENDENT VARIABLE AWARENESS ABOUT NHM KNOWLEDGE ON BANANA AND BLACK PEPPER - Age Education Annual income - Farm size Farming experience S.P Participation - Infor.See.behavior Risk taking behaviour Innovativeness Subsidy Orientation Achievement motivation - Age Education - Annual income Farm size - Farming experience S.P participation Infor.See.behavior - Risk taking ability Innovativeness Subsidy Orientation - Achievement motivation ADOPTION OF T.C BANANA AND BLACK PEPPER FIG 4.7 EMPIRICAL MODEL OF STUDY

203 Chapter V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 INTRODUCTION The horticultural crops play a unique role in India s economy by improving the income of the rural people. Cultivation of these crops generate lot of employment opportunities for the rural population. As a result of synergy between focused research, technological and policy initiatives, horticulture in India, has become a sustainable and viable venture for the small and marginal farmers. The production, productivity and export of horticultural output have significantly increased over the decades in the country.the demand for horticultural produce is also on rise due to increasing population, changing food habits, realization of high nutritional value of horticultural crops and greater emphasis on value addition and export. Therefore, there is a great scope for horticulture industry to grow and flourish in our country. Thus, Government of India has launched National Horticulture Mission (NHM) to facilitate further development of horticulture crops in India and to ensure forward and backward linkages with the active participation of all the stakeholders. The main objective of the Mission is to promote the holistic growth of horticulture sector though area based regionally differentiated cluster approach for development of horticultural crops having comparative advantage. The mission envisages an end to end approach covering production. post harvest management (PHM ), primary processing and marketing for which, assistance is being provided to farmers,entrepreneurs, besides organization in the public and private sector. Since the programme has entered in the sixth year, there was a need to assess and analyze the impact of the programme vis a vis objectives of NHM scheme especially for the major focused crops in terms of area expansion, increase in production and productivity, income and employment generation and creation of permanent assets in the area. Since the focus is on cluster approach for holistic development of potential crops, it was necessary to undertake an depth study in respect of selected

204 crops namely tissue culture banana under fruits and black pepper under spices taken up for development. Since in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, NHM has been launched during , and implemented since form to till date. Govt. of India has provided 100 per cent assistance to the State Mission during Tenth plan. With effect from XI plan ( ), the state Government is contributing 15 per cent of the share (GoI,2010). The present study entitled Impact of National Horticulture Mission in North and Middle Andaman district was studied with the following objectives. Objectives of investigation: 1. To study the profile characteristics of the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission. 2. To study the awareness of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries with reference to implementation of National Horticulture Mission. 3. To study the knowledge and adoption of recommended package of practices for cultivation of identified horticulture crops among beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. 4. To assess the impact of the mission in terms of increase in area, production and productivity of different crops, employment as well as income generation and assets created due to the implementation of NHM. 5. To find out the association between the profile characteristics and awareness, knowledge and adoption of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM. 6. To analyze the problems in implementation of NHM and to elicit the suggestions for the effectiveness of NHM. 5.2 RESEARCH DESIGN AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE An Ex-post-facto research design was adopted for the study. The UT of Andaman and Nicobar Islands was chosen purposively for the study as the investigator hails from this Union territory. North and Middle Andaman district was selected purposively as the investigator is well acquainted and working as a Agriculture Assistant in the district. Moreover, NHM schemes and all the

205 components were implemented and major area has been covered by different components of National Horticulture Mission. All the three blocks namely Rangat,Mayabunder and Diglipur of North and Middle Andaman district was selected. From Rangat Block, Betapur and Kadamtala villages followed by Harinagar and Basantipur from Mayabunder and sitanagar and Madhupur from Diglipur were selected. From each village, ten (10 ) beneficiary and (10) non beneficiary were selected for the study by following stratified random sampling techniques. Hence, from three blocks, Sixty (60) beneficiary farmer and 60 non beneficiary farmers were selected from six villages thus making a total sample size of 120 farmers. VARIABLES AND THEIR EMPIRICAL MEASUREMENT Dependent Variables The Impact of National Horticulture Mission was studied in terms increase in area, production and productivity of two selected crops namely tissue culture banana and black pepper in Andaman and Nicobar Islands during pre and post NHM period, income and employment generation between beneficiary and non beneficiary farmers and creation of assets in study area. The impact was studied in terms of awareness about NHM of both beneficiaries and non beneficiaries. The impact was judged through knowledge and extent of adoption of recommended package and practices of two identified crops namely tissue culture banana and black pepper Independent variables Independent variables included age, education, annual income farm size, farming experience, information seeking behaviour, sociopolitical participation,risk taking ability, innovativeness, subsidy orientation and achievement motivation.

206 5.4 COLLECTION OF DATA A structured interview schedule was developed for the study.the data were collected through this schedule, analyzed and reputed by applying suitable statistical tests SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY Major Findings: Profile characteristics of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM Majority of beneficiaries of NHM with respect to personal characteristics were old aged (58.33%) with primary to high school education (18.33%) were small farmers (53.33%) with high farming experience (41.67%), medium income (50.00%) and medium level of information seeking behaviour. Majority of respondents had high socio -political participation (53.33%) and medium risk taking ability (56.67%) and high level of innovativeness (73.34%) subsidy orientation followed by medium achievement orientation. Majority of non beneficiaries of NHM respondents with respect to personal characteristics were old aged (53.33%) had ability to read and write only (26.66%), marginal farm size (58.33%), low farming experience (55.00%), low income (63.33%), Majority (51.67%) non beneficiaries had medium information seeking behaviour having high (51.67%) socio political participation, majority (78.33%) non beneficiaries had medium risk taking ability followed by high level of innovativeness ( 70.00%) and (75.00%) had high subsidy orientation and high level (50.00%) had high achievement motivation Awareness about National Horticulture Mission scheme Majority of respondent (93.33%) of beneficiaries and (50.00%) of non beneficiaries had medium level of awareness about National Horticulture Mission scheme. Majority of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries were aware about the NHM, year of implementation and financial assistance provided under the scheme. But both the categories of respondents were not aware of objectives of

207 NHM, various components of NHM and facilities like Post harvest management, strategies of NHM. There was no significant difference between the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries regarding the awareness about NHM scheme Knowledge and extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana and black pepper The impact of NHM was judged by the extent of knowledge and adoption of both categories of respondents towards the recommended package of practices of two identified crops namely tissue culture banana and black pepper. Majority (58.34 %) of beneficiaries and (66.67%) of non beneficiaries had high and medium level of knowledge about the recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana respectively. The respondents were lacking knowledge on Post harvest management, plant protection, micro irrigation and nutrient management.there was a significant difference was observed between the level of knowledge of beneficiary and non beneficiary of NHM. In case of black pepper, majority per cent and percent of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries had high level of knowledge respectively. Both the categories of respondents had minimum knowledge in nutrient management, plant protection measures, post harvest management etc. There was a significant difference between the level of knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries regarding the recommended package and practices of black pepper. Majority (53.34%) of beneficiaries and (61.67%) of non beneficiaries had high and medium level of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana respectively. Majority (65.00%) of beneficiaries and (45.00%) of non beneficiaries had high and medium rate of adoption of recommended package of practices of black pepper respectively. Both the categories of respondents were not adopting soil testing, recommended dose of fertilizer application, pest and disease management and post harvest management in respect of tissue culture banana and black pepper. There was significant difference between the beneficiary and non beneficiary towards the adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana and black pepper.

208 5.5.4 Assessment of impact of National Horticulture Mission in terms of increase in area, production and productivity of selected horticultural crop, income and employment generation and creation of assets under National Horticulture Mission. The impact of National Horticulture Mission was judged by analyzing the secondary data on area, production and productivity of horticultural crops. The data revealed that there has been a substantial growth in area and yield been found almost in all sub sectors of horticultural crops in the state during the period of to The analysis reflected that after the interventions made under NHM programme in the state the area under tissue culture banana was found less than 1.00 per cent where as the production growth trend was uneven ranging from between less than 1.00 per cent to per cent during the to In case of black pepper the annual growth rate in area was calculated at per cent during to where as the growth in production was per cent during the same period. The impact of NHM was assessed by taking into consideration of income in general from horticultural crops and in particular from tissue culture banana and black pepper.the increasing trend of income was observed during pre and post NHM periods. The significance difference seen between the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries of NHM due to its interventions in the field. An increase of per cent and percent of increase in income was observed with respect to tissue culture banana and black pepper after NHM intervention. The very objective of NHM is to provide additional employment opportunities to small and marginal farmers. The increase in mandays generated due to the implementation of NHM was assessed by taking into consideration of mandays generated though tissue culture banana and black pepper. There was significant difference between the beneficiaries and non beneficiaries in terms of employment generation through cultivation of these two selected crops. About per cent and per cent increase in employment generation in terms of mandays generated was observed with respect to tissue culture banana and black pepper

209 respectively. In case of human labour application per unit of land, it has been observed that the application of human labour (including family labour) remains much higher for horticultural crops cultivation as compared to traditional kharif crops like paddy. On the other hand, in case of tissue culture banana, it turns out that labour utilization per acre of land remains much higher as compared to other traditional kharif crops like paddy. However utilization of human labour activity wise reveals that in case of tissue culture banana application of fertilizer and manure to the field serves to be the highest labour absorbing activity (followed by harvesting and collection, weeding and intercultural operations). On the other hand, in case of black pepper, comparatively higher mandays has been utilized on field preparation, especially during the year of plantation. An amount of Rs.86,92,500/- worth of permanent assets has been created in the study area. The assets like low cost polyhouse, shade net, green house structure, bee keeping accessories, improved farm kits etc., were supplied under subsidy to farmers to avail the benefit of National Horticulture Mission Relationship between the profile characteristics of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries with awareness of NHM, knowledge and adoption of recommended package and practices of tissue culture banana and Black pepper The calculated r value of beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission the variables namely education, farm size, farming experience, sociopolitical participation, information seeking behavior, risk taking ability and achievement orientation were showed positive and significant relationship with awareness about NHM Whereas the variables namely age showed negative relationship with awareness. where as annual income and subsidy orientation had non significant relationship with awareness about NHM. The calculated r value for non beneficiaries of NHM revealed that the variables namely education, farming experience, socio-political participation, information seeking behavior, risk taking ability, innovativeness, subsidy orientation had positive and significant relationship with awareness followed by variables age, annual income, farm size, and achievement motivation had non significant

210 association with awareness about NHM. The calculated r value for beneficiaries revealed that the variables age, education, farm size, farming experience, sociopolitical participation, information seeking behaviour, innovativeness, subsidy orientation and achievement motivation had positive and significant relationship with knowledge of recommended package and practices of tissue culture banana,where as the variable had negative correlation with knowledge. In case of non beneficiaries the variables namely age, education, farming experience, socio-political participation, information seeking behaviour, innovativeness, subsidy orientation and achievement motivation had positive significance, where as the variable annual income and risk taking ability had non significant and negative significant with knowledge of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana and black pepper respectively. The calculated r value revealed that the variable education, annual income, farm size, farming experience, sociopolitical participation, information seeking behaviour, risk taking ability, innovativeness, subsidy orientation, achievement motivation had positive significance with extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana. Whereas, the in case of black pepper all the other variables except age showed positive relationship and age showed negative relationship with extent of adoption of recommended package of practices. For non beneficiaries the variables namely education, farm size, sociopolitical participation, information seeking behavior, innovativeness, subsidy orientation had positive relationship and other variables namely age, annual income, farming experience, risk taking ability and achievement motivation had negative and non significant relationship respectively with extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of tissue culture banana Constraints perceived and suggestions given by beneficiaries and non beneficiaries for effective implementation of NHM The beneficiaries perceived lack of transportation facility to market the farm produce, non availability of micro irrigation facility, lack of training in post harvest management, protected cultivation, lack of Post harvest management and value

211 addition of horticultural crops and no price stabilization of horticultural crops were some of the constraints perceived by the beneficiaries during the implementation of NHM. Whereas non beneficiaries felt that land fragmentation and land mutation (change of legal ownership of land to next legal heir) is a major constraint, political influence in selection of beneficiaries, subsidies for focused crop under NHM, lack of awareness about post harvest management were some of the problem during the implementation of NHM. The beneficiaries suggested that proper training and capacity building of beneficiaries, providing drip and sprinkler irrigation (micro irrigation) under subsidy, supply of modern hi tech farm implements under NHM under subsidized cost, initiation of processing activities and value addition of horticulture crops through upcoming agri entrepreneurs in the study area by motivating them through financial incentive under NHM., arrangement of transport facility, simplification of application procedure were some of suggestion made by the beneficiaries. Whereas the non beneficiaries felt that NHM guidelines should be made flexible to include more of small and marginal farmers, legal documentation of landed property, proper awareness camp should be organized, selection of crop varieties in accordance with the marketing and suitability of land. 5.6 IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY 1. As majority of respondents of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries groups were old aged, the concerned agencies (HVADA) can motivate younger generation through awareness campaign, utilize them in transfer of technology through motivational training to encourage farmer-farmer extension in the concerned groups. The age old experienced farmers may be used effectively for farmer to farmer extension. The awareness campaign can effectively be utilized to detail the objectives of NHM. 2 In the study area more than per cent of households of beneficiaries of NHM not happy with infrastructure facilities and capacity building activities under NHM programme. Farmers need training especially in protected cultivation, use and maintenance of drip and sprinkler irrigation system, post

212 harvest management of fruits, vegetables, spices maintenance of cold storage facilities etc. 3 For marketing of farm produce farmers depended mostly on merchants and middlemen who were exploitative in nature. Suitable wholesale and terminal markets within built cold storage and warehouse facility for the sale of horticulture crops. 4 The main objective of NHM is to increase area, production and productivity of horticultural crops.the analysis of secondary data before and after implementation of NHM revealed a large degree of spatial and temporal variation in yield rate of horticultural crops. Although among all the household, horticultural cops were grown more as rainfed crop,as Andaman and Nicobar Islands received an rainfall intensity of more than 3000 mm and there is no saving of water through big dams and canals, Additional financial assistance is needed from the Central Government to raise subsidy on drip and sprinkler irrigation that can pave a way for creating micro irrigation facilities to increase the area, production and productivity of horticultural crops. 5 Post harvest management was found completely lacking in the study area, requirement of cold storage was expressed by most of the farmers because of the perishable nature of horticultural crops. The beneficiaries and non beneficiaries emphasized that the cold storage facilities may be provided under NHM. 6 Lack of post harvest handling and storage facilities adds up to the post harvest losses, The value addition of horticulture crop can be taken up by new entrepreneur as new venture through the Department of Industries.Financial assistance through bank loan and incentives may be provided under NHM. 7 In could be inferred from the study that even though the non beneficiaries were interested to take up the scheme, due to land mutation and land ownership right and non fulfilling of eligibility criteria they could not take up NHM scheme. So the HVADA can take up initiatives through Revenue department for clearing the issues of land mutation.

213 8 The study signifies that risk coverage is important for horticultural crops.so introduction of crop insurance for horticultural crops on the basis of potential production coverage instead of average yield.this would encourage higher investment to achieve higher yield. 5.7 POINTS SUGGESTED TO FUTURE REASEARCH 1. The study is confined to North and Middle Andaman district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, similar study can be taken in other region on a different central sector scheme. 2. The impact study can be conducted on other crops like vegetables and flowers under National Horticulture Mission scheme. 3. A study on attitude of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries towards NHM can be studied. 4. An impact study on value addition and post harvest management under National Horticulture Mission can be undertaken.

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235 PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, RAJENDRANAGAR. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ************ IMPACT OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION IN NORTH AND MIDDLE ANDAMAN DISTRICT OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS INTERVIEW SCHEDULE PART-I Respondent Number : Name of the Block : Name of the respondent : Name of the District: Name of the village : Date of collection : Contact No. of respondent : 1. Age: years 2. Level of Education PART II INDEPENDENT VARIABLES S.No Level of education Response score 1 Illiterate 1 2 Read &write only 2 3 Primary school (up to 5 th class) 3 4 Upper primary school( 6 th to 7 th class) 4 5 High school (8,9& 10 th class) 5 6 Intermediate 6 7 Under graduation 7 8 Post graduation and above 8 3. Annual Income. Please indicate the different sources of income and total annual income obtained before and after implementation of National Horticulture Mission. Sl.No Sources of Income Before the implementation of the scheme Gross Farm Net expenses income 1. Agriculture ( field crops ) 2. Horticulture crops planted under NHM After the implementation of the scheme Gross Farm Net income expenses

236 3. Agriculture wages earned by the family members 4. Animal Husbandry Diary, Poultry etc. 5. From Non agricultural activities 6. Subsidiary occupation 6. Miscellaneous Total income 4. Farm Size :.. in ha 5. Farming experience :. Years 6. Socio-political Participation Please specify to what extent the socio-political participation as active member, official position,participation without membership, office bearer etc. in social organization Sl.No Category Response Score 1. Active membership in formal organization 1 2. Official position in one or more organization 2 3. Participation without membership 3 4. Financial contribution / suggestion / support for development activities 4 5. Office bearer in any organization 5 6. Active participation in voting in any social organization 6 7 Information seeking behaviour Please indicate the sources you have utilized in general for getting Horticulture related information and the degree of contact with them. Sl. No Information Source Degree of contact Remarks Frequently Occasionally Rarely Never 1. Informal Sources a. Family members b. Friends/ relatives c. Neighbours d. Progressive farmers II Formal sources

237 a. Panchayat Raj Institutions b. Agriculture Assistant/ c Junior Agriculture d Assistant Agriculture field Asst. c. Block Development officer d. Agriculture Officer e. Scientist from KVK f. Scientist from CARI f. Bank Officials III Mass Media a. News paper b. Radio c. Television I DD, Port Blair, Krishi Darshan ii any other channel d. Farm literature / Bulletin e. Agriculture video films f. Others ( Specify) 8. Risk taking ability A set of statements representing risk taking ability of farmers in given below. please state whether you agree ( A ), or undecided ( UD ) and disagree ( DA ) for each statement Sl.No Statement Agree Undecided disagree 1. Diversification and increase of acreage of orchards and plantation crops will minimize the risk involved in monocropping. 2. It is good for a farmer to take risk when he knows that his chances of success is fairly high. 3. An innovative farmer generally takes up higher risk than their neighbours in diversified agriculture. 4. It is better for a farmer not to try new ideas in crop diversification, unless tried by others in the locality with success. 5. It is better to try new methods of crop production by investing huge finance. 6. A farmer can take up trying a variety of crop which is entirely new to the area involves risk, but fetches good market.

238 9. Innovativeness Sl.No Statement Agree Undecided Disagree 1. One have to experience a change in one s life. 2. Adopting new type of technology will pave way for a better future. 3. Mechanization is the key to the modernization of agriculture. 4. Diversification of agriculture from cereals to Horticulture crops is a key to profit earning. 5. If a new practice is introduce in my village I will be among the first to adopt it. 6. I usually wait to see the result of my neighbours obtain before I tryout the new methods / practices 7. I am cautions about trying a new farm practice. 8. Often new type of technologies are not successful in nature, however, if they are promising I would surely like to adopt them. 9. Some how, I believe that the traditional ways of farming are the best. 10. I think agriculture in combination with other enterprise like diary / poultry / fisheries etc, improve the financial / economic status of farmers. 10. Subsidy Orientation A set of statements representing subsidy orientation of farmer towards the subsidy from National Horticulture Mission. Please state whether you are agree ( A ), Undecided ( UD), and disagree ( DA ) for each statement. Sl.No Statement Agree Undecided Disagree 1. The financial benefit in terms of subsidy is found useful to take up the schemes of Govt. in Agriculture especially by the resource poor farmer. 2. Subsidy act as a motivational force for farmers to implement different schemes. 3. If subsidy is not provided by Government, then farmers may not take up the scheme. 4. Agriculture subsidies plays an important role in growth of agriculture sector.

239 5 Subsidies should be integral part of the government programmes to increase the productivity in Horticulture sector. 6. Subsidy percentage should be in accordance with the cost of cultivation in that particular region. 7. Subsidy should be provided in terms of kind rather than cash. 11.Achievement motivation A set of statements is given below representing the achievement motivation of farmers. Please express your feeling about these statements by indicating degree on of your agreement or disagreement on three point continuum. Sl.No Statement Agree Undecided disagree 1. When working in groups one should try to excel others in similar task. 2. Whatever one knows is enough and there is no need for learning new skills 3. One should have determination and drive to achieve certain things in life, even if this quality make him un popular. 4. Only those who depend on others get a head in life. 5. It is better to be content with whatever one has than to be always struggling for more 6. One should accept whatever yields one gets without any worry 7. Work should come first even if one can t get rest 8. One should get moderate goals for oneself and try to reach them easily 9. There is no need to put more efforts because everything is determined by GOD. B. Dependent variables : PART-III AWARENESS ABOUT THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION Please answer the following questions by giving you responses as aware and not aware. Sl.No Statement regarding NHM Aware Not aware 1. Have you heard about National Horticulture Mission ever before 2. Are you aware of the agency implementing National Horticulture Mission scheme in your area. 3. Do you know the main objective of NHM is to enhance horticulture production, improve nutritional security and income support to farmer.

240 4. Are you aware NHM is to create more employment opportunity for skilled and unskilled persons, especially unemployed youth in your area. 5. Are you aware the mandate of NHM is to take up Post Harvest Management especially by processing of perishable horticulture products 6. Are you aware the strategy of NHM is to minimize the risk of small and marginal farmers through Crop Diversification towards orchards and Plantation crops. 7. Are you aware the minimum area required to take up the schemes of Establishment of New garden is 0.1 ha and max. of 4.0 ha per beneficiary. 8 Are you aware the financial assistance will be provided to the schemes in three years in ratio of 60:20:20. 9 Are you aware of that legal document of land property is necessary criteria for selecting a farmer for the beneficiary of National Horticulture Mission. 10. Do you know under NHM there is a provision for assisting the farmer for construction of green house under protected cultivation to cope with the climatic variability. 11 Are you aware NHM is promoting the High Density planting of Banana with Tissue culture planting material. 12. Are you aware that NHM is also assisting the scheme of Beekeeping for pollination support. 13. Do you know NHM is promoting Organic farming as well to maintain the ecological balance by providing input subsidy in terms of kind 14. Do you know under NHM there is provision for exposure visit to mainland under Training and capacity building programme to update the latest technical knowledge. 15 Are you aware under NHM cash and kind subsidies are provided for rejuvenating the old orchards of fruits and plantation crops. PART-IV INCOME GENERATION ( in Rs.) Sl.no Sources of income in Rs, Before the Implementation of NHM Income from crop sources. 1. From Banana crop 2. From Black pepper crop After the implementation of NHM

241 EMPLOYMENT GENERATION ( In Mandays ) Sl.No Name of the family member Before NHM After NHM Own Own employment employment 1. In own family 2. In your village 3. Total ASSESTS CREATION Wage employment Mandays Wage employment mandays Sl.No Name of the assets Assets for individual family 1. Green house structure in farmers land. 2. Cold storage units for community 3. Bee keeping accessories for individual beneficiary 4. Accessories for protected cultivation / Shade net, low cost polyhouse etc. 5. Plastic mulching 6. Farm implements for coconut farmers under CDB scheme. Before launch of NHM After Launch of NHM Assets for community Before launch of NHM After Launch of NHM Quantum of value of asset generated in Rs. PART-V A.Extent of Knowledge of beneficiaries and non beneficiaries regarding the package and practices of cultivation of Tissue culture Banana..Sl.No. Statement of Items 1. Recommended soil ph for cultivation of Tissue culture Banana ( 6.0 to 7.5 ph) 2. Do you Know the popular varieties of tissue culture Banana grown in your area? ( Grand Naine G9 ) 3. Recommended time of planting of Tissue culture Banana in your locality (May to June or September to October ) Correct Responses Incorrect

242 4. Recommended dose of Green Manure and FYM for cultivation of Tissue culture Banana (50 tonnes / ha both ) 5. What is the recommended pit size for planting of T.C Banana? ( 45cm x45cmx45 cm) 6. What is the recommended optimum plant population per ha? (2500/ha) 7. Recommended Spacing for Banana Plantation (2x2 mt) 8 Do You Know about pretreatment of Banana Suckers? Slurry mix of 40 gm of Carbofuron 3G granules with clay and water followed by dipping the suckers for 24 hours ) 9 Do you know the recommended time for application of inorganic fertilizers for Top dressing? (60, 90 and 120 days after planting) 10. What is the recommended quantity of inorganic fertilizers in Banana Plantation? ( gm of N, gm of Phos.,300 gm of potash.) 11 Mention important intercrops in Banana ( Bhendi, Brinjal) 12. Do you know the important recommended intercultural operation in Banana plantation? ( Desuckering ) 13 Do you Know the major pest of Banana crop in your area? (Banana weevil ) 13. Do you Know what is the major disease of banana crop in your area? (Sigatoka leaf spot, Banana wilt, and Bunchy top of banana) 14. Name of one viral disease in Banana in your locality. Bunchy top of Banana 15. Recommended Time of harvesting of bunches ( 14 months after planting )

243 B.Extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of planting Tissue culture Banana in the area. Sl.No Statement of the item Adopted Partially adopted 1. Soil testing 2. Field preparation with 2-4 ploughings to get fine tilth soil for planting banana 3. Application of 50 tonnes/ ha of FYM during planting. 4. Use of recommended variety of Banana ( G-9) 5. Recommended Pit size of 45 cmx45cmx45cm 6. Filling Pit with 10 kgs of well decomposed FYM with 250 gm of Neem oil cake and 20gm of Carbofuran granules. 7. Recommended Spacing of 2x2 mt. 8. Recommended number of suckers per ha ( 2500 Nos./ ha) 9. Recommended time of planting of T.C Banana is May-June. 10 Recommeded pre treatment of suckers with carbofuran granules. 11. Application of Glyricidia leaves for Green manuring in T.C Banana. 12. Top dressing of fertilizers gm of N, gm of Phos.and 300 gm of Potash / plant 13. Hand Weeding 3 weeks interval starting from 20 days after planting. 14. Mulching is done with dried leaves and green leaves to cover the surface. 15. Earthing up is important intercultural practice in Banana crop done at 40 days after planting. 16. Desuckering at days interval right from beginning to till flowering. 17. Banana Weevil control by Dimethoiate 1.5 ml/ lit of water. 18. Sigatoka leaf spot control with, Copper oxy chloride/ 1 gm/ lit of water as drenching. 19 Stacking with Bamboo is done to prevent crop loss in Banana plantation. 20. Wrapping and packaging is followed for post harvest management to attract the market to fetch good price. Non adopted

244 Extent of Knowledge of Beneficiary and non beneficiary regarding the package and practices of cultivation of Black pepper. Sl.No Statement of item RESPONSES Correct In correct 1. Recommended soil for cultivating Black pepper in your locality is ( well drained slopy and light textured soils.) 2. Do you know the recommended variety of Black pepper for your locality ( Panniyur -1,2,5& Karimunda ) 3 Do you Know what is the recommended standard used for planting black pepper vines in your area. (Arecanut and Erithrina indica ) 4 Recommended no.. of cuttings to be planted per standard ( 2-3 cuttings ) 5. Recommended spacing for planting of Black pepper rooted cutting in standard ( arecanut ) is 2.7 x2.7 mtrs. 6 Do you Know what is the recommended average number of population to be maintained per ha is (1100 Nos.) 7 The recommended dose of fertilizers for per vine per year is (100kg of N, 40 kg of P and 140 gm of K 2 0) 8 Recommended time for planting of Black pepper vine in your locality is (May- June or September October ) 9 Recommended quantity of organic manure application in the form of cattle- manure or compost. (10kg/ per vine ) 10 Do you know what are the important recommended Cultural practices in Black pepper garden in your area ( Shade lopping and mulching ) 11. Major pest affecting Black pepper garden is ( pollu beetle ) 12 Recommended dose of with Endosulphan 0.05% or quinalphos 0.05% is used as soil applicant or sparying for control of pollu beetle 13. Do you know the major disease affecting Black pepper in your area (Slow and quick wilt ) 14. Quick and slow wilt can be controlled by 0.1 % solution of Methoxy chloride ( Agallol)1gm / lit of water and Soil drenching with 0.1 % mercuric fungicide or 1 % Bordeaux mixture is used in the root zone.

245 15 Do you know major physiological disorder in your locality ( Spike shedding ) 16. Do you know the recommended time of harvesting in Black pepper ( starts from mid of January ) 17 Do you know the recommended processing of Black pepper in your locality (Sun drying and Packaging ) Extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of planting Black pepper in the area Sl.No Statement of item Adopted Partially adopted 1. Soil testing 2 Land preparation around the standards by harrowing and loosening the soil. 3. Use of Arecanut as standard in Black pepper Plantation 4 Use of Panniyur 1 or Karimunda recommended variety for the area. 5. Recommended 2-3 rooted cuttings per standard to get optimum population. 6. Recommended time of planting of vines in May June. 7. Recommended dose of 100, 40, 140 gms of NPK per 8. Glyricidia leaves are used as Green Manuring in Black pepper garden. 9 Adoption of 0.1 % solution of Methoxy chloride.( Agallol)1gm / lit of water and Soil drenching with 0.1 % mercuric fungicide or 1 % Bordeaux mixture near root zone to control quick and slow wilt of pepper garden. 10. Pollu beetle is controlled by spraying 1.5 ml/ lit of water. 11. Shade looping in Black pepper garden is done to get good planting material for next season. Not adopted 12. Earthing up with soil is an important cultural practices to get better yield. 13 Adoption of one to two life saving irrigations. 14. Adoption of Harvesting indices ( as two or three berries get ripened in each spike as an good indicator.) 15. Adoption of Sun drying as post management practice.

246 PART-VI PROBLEM OR CONSTRAINTS FACED DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION Constraints / problems are circumstances or causes which compel participation of beneficiaries in National Horticulture Mission or to adopt improved farm technology. There are number of factors that restrict or hasten the process of adoption of recommended package of practices. The results with respect to the constraints faced by the beneficiaries of National Horticulture Mission are presented in the table given below, CONSTRAINTS PERCEIVED BY THE BENEFICIARIES PART -VII Please give the suggestions to overcome the above said constraints or problems in implementation of National Horticulture Mission ***************

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