EFFECf OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOURCE OF NITROGEN ON GROWfH, YIElD AND NUTRIENTS UPTAKE UNDER COWPEA-UNSEED CROPPING SYSTEM

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1 Legume Res., 28 (2) : 79-86,2005 EFFECf OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOURCE OF NITROGEN ON GROWfH, YIElD AND NUTRIENTS UPTAKE UNDER COWPEA-UNSEED CROPPING SYSTEM V.K. Sharma and B. Dayal DepartmentofAgricultural Chemistry aud Soil Science, RBSCollege, Bichpuri, Agra los,lndia ABSTRACT The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic manures oncrop performance and soil properties. The maximum piant height at45 days, number of branches/plant, and dry matter yield ofcowpea were recorded with CT 4 (37.5 kg Nlha) in 1992 and CT 16 (22.5 kg Nlha) In The maximum plant height at 45 days, number of tillers/plant, capsules/plant, dry matter production and grain and straw yield of linseed crop were recorded with LT16 (fym 7.5 t kg N/ ha) in and The maximum uptake of N, P and K by cowpea plant was noted with CT 4 (37.5 kg N/ha) In 1992 and CT 16 (22.5 kg N/ha) in But, sulphur uptake by cowpea plant was the highest under CT 4 (37.5 kg NIha) in 1992 and The maximum uptake of N(grain and strawl, P and K by straw of linseed was recorded with LT 16 (fym 7.5 t kg N/ha) in and Whereas, uptake ofsulphur by linseed was the highest with LT16 (fym 7.5 t kg N/ ha) in and LT 4 (75 kg N/ha) in Although, the uptake of P and K was similar in linseed grain with the LT 13 (fym 6 t +30 kg N/ha) and LT 16 (fym 7.5 t kg N/ha) in fym was found superior to dhaincha and subabul. INTRODUcnON ECe ds m - 1 organic carbon- 0.34% and Combined use of organic manure and available N, P20S' Kp were 120, 15, 240 chemical fertilizers plays a key role in modern kglha respectively. The experiment was laid agriculture for increasing the productivity of out in rq.ndomized block design with 4 crop and the sustained management of soil replications. The cropping sequence was fertility. The total benefits from manure cowpea (fodder) in kharif and linseed in rabi utilization are sometimes not apparent from season. Daincha, subabul and FYM were crop yields during the first or second or even incorporated eachyearbefore (15 days) sowing third year following its application. Although, of linseed and uniformly mixed into the soil. a portion of the nutrients and organic matter The organic manure (FYM, Subabul and in manure is broken down and released during Dhaincha) contain 0.5, 1.2 and 1.5 per cent the subsequent years, some of the portion is nitrogen. Cowpea was sown for fodder on 31 held in humus like compound, subject to very July, 1992 and 28 July, 1993 at a spacing of slow decomposition. The residual effect of 30 em between rows and 15 em between organic manure remains in the succeeding crop plants. Linseed was sown on 24 Nov, 1992 which was applied in preceding crop. Keeping and 26 Nov, 1993 at a rows spacing of 30 in view the above facts, the present study was em. The full dose of N was added at the time undertaken. of sowing to the crop. The source of nitrogen MATERIAL AND METHODS was urea. The plant samples were collected at A field experimentwas carried out at the crop harvest, dried in shade and digested Agricultural Research Farm of RBS College, with diacid (1 :3, HN0 3 : HCl0 4 ). The nitrogen, Bichpuri, Agra during and phosphorus and potassium content of plant 1994 in sandy loam soil The soil under study samplesweredetermined by kjeldhals method, was with clay % and ph (1:2.5)- 8.5, spectrophotometer and Flamephotometer Present address: RARS, SKUAST-K. P.B.No.146, Leh-Ladakh (J&K).

2 80 LEGUME RESEARCH respectively. The s LT 2, LT 3 and LT 4 (45, 60 and 75 kg N/ha) were supplied through 100 per cent inorganic source of nitrogen (Urea). The s, LT s ' LT 7 and LT 9 were comprise of 45 kg N/ha w\1ich was totally given by various organic source e.g. dhaincha, subabul and FYM. However, 50 per cent inorganic source (Urea) and 50 per cent Treatments Symbol Khan! Symbol RabI CT1 No nitrogen LT 1 CT kg Nlha LT 2 CT kg Nlha LT 3 CT k!l, Nlha LT. CT klfnlha LT 5 CT kg/nlha LT 6 CT kg Nlha LT 7 CT s 22.5 kg Nlha LT s CT kg Nlha LT 9 CT kg Nlha LT 10 CT kg Nlha LT ll CT kg Nlha LT I2 CT I kg Nlha LT 13 CT kg Nlha LT 1 CT kg Nlha LT I5 CT I kg Nlha LT 16 C= Cow pea; L= Linseed, organic manure (dhaincha, subabul and FYM) were given to supply 45,60 and 75 kg N/ha which was supplied on the basis of nitrogen per cent under remaining s. Various organic manures were appli.zd at the time of land preparation or before (15 days) sowing of linseed crop. Thesfor cowpeaand linseed were as follows: No nitrogen 45 kg Nlha 60 kg Nlha 75 kg Nlha Dhaincha 3.75 t/ha Dhaincha t kg Nlha after 30 days of sowing Subabul 3 t/ha Subabul1.5t kg Nlha after 30days of sowing FYM9 t/ha FYM 4.5 t kg Nlha after 30 days of sowing Dhaincha 2.5 t + 30 kg N/ ha Subabul 2 t + 30 kg N/ha FYM 6 t + 30 kg Nlha Dhaincha 3.12 t kg Nlha Subabul2.5 t kg Nlha FYM 7.5 t kg Nlha RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth character Cowpea: The pattern of plant height for the two crop years was almost identical, but, plants during 1993 were relatively taller than that in 1992 at 45 days. The plants of cowpea in fertilized plots were markedly taller than that in control plots at 45 days due to uptake of nitrogen in 1992 and residual effect of organic matter in However, variations in the plant height among different s were non-significant at 45 days. The greater height cm and 36.0 cm of plants were recorded in CT4 in 1992 and CT16 in 1993 respectively compared to other s. The greater height under CT 4 in 1992 might be due to higher availability of nitrogengiven by urea, whereas, the greater height under CT16 in 1993 would be attributed due to residual effect of organic manures present in LT 16 appued in linseed crop. More number of branches/plant was recorded under s CT11 to CT16 in 1993 as compared to 1992 due to residual effect of organic manure on the availability of 'essential plant nutrients (Table 1). The number of branches/plant was found slightly more in 1992 compared to 1993 under the s ( CT1 to CT4 ) except CT1 which were given by inorganic source (Urea) whereas, the number of branches/plant were found slightly less or more under the s (CT s to CT lo ) in both the years. All the s were found significantly superior to CT1 during both the crop years with respect to number of

3 Vol. 28, No.2, Table 1. Effect of different s on plant height, number of branches, and dry matter yield of cow pea Treatments Plant height (em) Number of branches/plant Dry matter yield (q/ha) 45 days Cf J Cf s Cf Cf Cf a Cf g Cf IO Cf n Cf l Cf Cf l Cf,S Cf l SEM:t CD at 596 NS NS branches/plant in cowpea. In second year, CT16 produced maximum number ofbranches (29.50), which could be attributed to residual effect of organic manure applied in linseed crop ( ). Dry matteryield: Thedry matteryield increased for each level of nitrogen compared to control during both the crop years. The maximum dry matter yield was recorded in CT4 ( q/ha) and CT 16 ( q/ha) during 1992and 1993 respectively. Treatment CT3 also proved significantly superior to other s (except CT ) 4 in respect of dry matter yield during The yield of cowpea was higher with CT4 during 1992 due to higher availability of nitrogen to the plants. Treatment CT 16 was at par with CT4' CT13' CT14 and CT15 with respect to dry matter yield in These five s also proved significantly superiorto other s in respect of dry matter yield during However, all the s produced significantly greater dry matter yield over control during both theyears. The results, make it is clear that the combined application of organic manure and fertilizer nitrogen as urea in preceding crop found beneficial with respect to dry matter yield. These results corroborate with the observations made by Patel et aj. (1992). Unseed: TheLT16 produced the tallest plants indicating its superiority over LT p LT s, LT, 6 LT, 7 LT s and LT 12 at 45 days during The other s were at par with LT. I6 The plant height was the lowest, when linseed crop was raised under control (LT ). 1 The plant height increased with increasing levels of N supplied either as organic source or inorganic (urea). Among organic sources of nitrogen, FYM was found the most effective for increasing the plant height followed by dhaincha and subabul. In general, plant height during was relatively taller at 45 days than those in due to more availability of nutrients. Treatment LT 16 produced the maximum numbers of tillers during the and (11 and 11.75) respectively_(table 2)~:rreatmeRts 1:.-1 ;- 1

4 00 N

5 LT 2, LT s ' LT 6, LT 7, LT s ' LT 9 and LT 10 remained statistically inferior to LT16 in respectof number of tillers. The LT1 produced the lowest number of tulers/plant (6.5 and 7.0) during and respectively. LT16 was at par with LT 3, LT 4 LT ll and LT 13 s with respect to number of tillers/plant during All combinations were significantly superior to control (LT1)' The results were similar to that of others (Mahapatra and Jee, 1993). The LT 16 recorded maximum dry matter accumulation in linseed plants which was statistically significant over LT 1 LT s LT 6, LT 7 LT s LT 9 and LT 10 s during both.. the crop years. The other remaining swere practically at par with LT J6. The LT 16 produced the maximum dry matter (6.85 and 7.35 gm/plant) and minimum (3.35 and 4.35 gm/plant) was producedin control (LT1) during the and respectively. Application of nitrogen through urea significantly improved the dry matter accumulation in the plants over lower nitrogen level (LT 1 ), while the LT 4 was at par with LT ll, LT 12, LT 13 LT 14 LT 1S and LT 16 s. Dry matter production of linseed during was greater than that in The maximum number of capsules/plant (63.0 and 72.75) was obtained with LT 16 during the and respectively. The,minimum number of capsules/plant (37.0 and g8.25) recorded with control (LT 1 ) during the both years. Yield: The maximum grain yield (8.93 and 9.45 qlha) was recorded with LT 16 closely followed by LT 13 (8.92 and 9.25 qlha) during and respectively. Increasing levels of nitrogen as urea also increased the grain yield of linseed significantly over control (LT 1 ) The s (LT ll, LT 12, LT 13 LT 1S and LT 1 J were at par with the LT 4 in respect of grain yield during Remaining Vol. 28, No.2, s were proved significantly inferior to grain yield. All the s proved significantly superior over control in grain yield during both theyears. Negi eta/. (1992), Singh and Arya (1993) and Patel et ai. (1992) also reported similar results. In general higher yield of grain ~s recorded in as compared to The straw yield was maximum (44.75 and 47;19 qlha) with LT16 and the lowest (26.74 and qlha) with LT 1 during both the years. The LT 16 established its superiority over tre~tments LT 2 to LTto' whereas, the s1lt ll, LT I2 LT 13, LT 14 and LT 1S ) were at par ~ith the LT 16 in respect of straw yield during Thus, addition of organic-manure with 30 and 37.5 kglha nitrogen levels was at par in respect of straw yield with 75 kg Nlha (LT 4 ). Sathiyavelu et a/. (1994) reported that application of tlha alongwith recommended dose of nitrogen 50 kg/ha was optimum to get economic yield in sunflower during rainy season. Nutrients uptake Cowpea: The maximum value of N uptake in cowpea plantwas recordedwith CT.to and CT16 s during 1992 and 1993 respectively. The magnitude of increase in N uptake by cowpea plant under CT4 and CT16 s was 93.3 and per cent in 1992 and 1993 respectively (Table 3) over control (CT 1 ). Similar results were also reported by Dahiya et aj. (1987). Among all the levels of N as urea, CT4 was found significantly superior to other levels of nitrogen in respect of P uptake by cowpea plant. The maximum value (82.0 kglha and 84.4 kglha) of P uptake by the cowpea crop was recorded with CT 4 and CT 16 s during 1992 and 1993 respectively. The extent of increase with CT4 and CT16 was 97.6 and 100 per cent over CT 1 respectively. The s (CT 9 CT IO and CT 1 :J were at

6 84 LEGUME RESEARc:H Table 3. Effect of different s on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur uptake (kglha) by cow pea Treatments Nitrogen uptake Phosphorus uptake Potassium uptake Sulphur uptake Cf l Cf z Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf g Cf Cf Cf n Cf 1Z Cf l Cf l Cf l CT SEM± COat 5% par with CT 4 during In second year, CT13 and CT4 s were at par wtth CT16 in respect of P uptake by cowpea. The maximum value of K uptake by cowpea was recorded with CT4 in 1992 and CT I6 in The magnitude of increase of K uptake was 78.0 and 90.5 per cent over the control with s CT4 :md CT I6 in 1992 and 1993 respectively. Among various s, CT4 proved significantly superior over control in In second year (1993), CT I6 proved significantly superior over most of the s excluding CT 3, CT I3, CT14 and CT15 s. Similar results were also noted by Dahiya et al. (1987). The highest value i.e., 74.8 and 73.0 of S uptake was recorded with CT 4 in 1992 and 1993 respectively. Application of organic sources of N significantly increased the uptake of S by cowpea plants. This uptake by cowpea plant was increased form 36.8 to 63.5, 66.3, and 71.0 kg/ha by dhaincha, subabul and FYM appiication respectively. Sinha and Sakal (1993) observed a significant increase in the concentration and uptake of S by plant due to FYM application. Linseed: The uptake of nitrogen by linseed grain and straw was increased by and and and per cent with LT4 over the control during the and respectively. Organic manuring alone recorded significantly higher uptake of N over the control, whereas, LT I3 {organic manure (FYM) + 30 kg N/ha} recorded similar uptake as that under LT 4 (75 N kg/ha) during But, the maximum uptake of N by linseed crop was noted with LT I6 during both the crop years. The highest amount of P uptake by linseed grain was found with LT I3 during the both years. The maximum uptake of P and K by linseed straw was recorded with LT I6 in and (Table 4). In , the P uptake by linseed grain was similar between s LT13 and LT16' but, significantly superiorover control and same trend was found in uptake of K by linseed gram during The highest value of S uptake

7 00 c.n Table 4. Effect of different s on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur uptake (kg/ha) by linseed Treatments Nitrogen uptake Phosphorus uptake Potassium uptake Sulphur uptake Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw LT LT li 6.6 LT LT ~ LT s l\j LT JlO LT :z LT s l\j LTg LT LT ll c.n LT LT LT LT 1S LT l SEM± CD at NS. l\j

8 86 LEGUME RESEARCH Le., 5.7 and 5.7 and 8.8 and 8.09 kg/ha by increase in S uptake with FYM application. In linseed grain and straw was recorded with general, higher values of S uptake by the crop LT16 in and were recorded in than that in respectively. Singh (1994) also reported an 93. I REFERENCES Arora,C.L and Takkar, P.M. (1981). PAU J. Res., 18: Dahiya, S.S et al. (1987). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 35: Mahapatra, A.K. and Jee, RC. (1993). Indian J. Agron., 38: Negi, S.C. etal. (1992). IndianJ. Agron., 37: Patel, R.S. and Patel. Z.G. (1991). Indian J. Agron., 36: Patel, BA et al. (1992). Indian J. Agron., 37: Sathiyavelu. A. et al. (1994). Indian J. Agron., 39: Singh. RV. and Arya. M.P.S. (1993). Indian J. Agron., 38: Singh, Vinay et al. (1994). Indian J. Agron., 39: Sinha, RB and Sakal, R (1993). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 41: