In-Situ Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Using Mexican Sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and Cassava Waste Composts

Transcription

1 Worl Journl of Agriulturl Sienes 7 (2): , 2 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2 In-Situ Remeition of Hevy Metl Contminte Soil Using Mexin Sunflower (Tithoni iversifoli) n Cssv Wste Composts 2 3 S.A. Aejumo, A.O. Togun, J.A. Aeirn n M.B. Ogunirn Deprtment of Crop Protetion n Environmentl Biology, University of In, In, Nigeri 2 Institute of Agriulturl Reserh n Trining, Moor Plnttion, In, Nigeri 3 Deprtment of Chemistry, University of In, In, Nigeri Astrt: The effetiveness of inorgni fertilizer (NPK) t kgn/h, Cssv Wstes (CW) n Mexin Sunflower (MSW) omposts eh t, 2 n 4t h were ssesse on mize growth in the ontminte fiel in 28 n 29. Experimentl esign ws Rnomize Complete Blok with four replitions. t h serve s ontrol. Le (38, mg kg ) ws most preominnt with its onentrtion higher thn the Europen Union mximum permissile limit for potentilly Toxi Elements ( P=3 mgkg ) t the stuy site. MSW t 2 4t h inrese (P<.5) lef re inex (5.9); Crop Growth Rte (2.26 g/m /week) n mize grin yiel (4.4t h ) more thn the ontrol. CW n MSW t 4t h inrese ry mtter umultion y 95% n plnt height y 89 n 94%,respetively. Soil le onentrtion ws reue y 72 n 69% in MSW n CW t 4t h,respetively. The reltionships etween soil le n orgni mtter ontents (r = -.75); phosphorous (r = -.59); mgnessium (r = -.47); n ph (r = -.77) were negtive. Totl le onentrtions in mize plnt from ompost trete soils were the lowest. MSW n CW omposts pplie t 4t/h woul eologilly restore le ontminte ln. Key wors: Compost Hevy metls Contmintion Mize Inustril wstes Mexin sunflower Cssv wste INTRODUCTION etrimentl to the helth of plnts, nimls, quti lives n humns [5, 6]. Of greter onern is the eteriortion Lk of ultivle n proutive ln hs een of frmlns resulting from inisriminte ishrge of the ttriute to soil ontmintion from high rte of wste prouts from this proess. Improper isposl of inustriliztion n urniztion [, 2]. UNEP [3] tteries generlly results in the relese of hevy metls lulte tht 2 illion hetres of ln tht ws into the environment- sitution tht poses environmentl one iologilly proutive hs een irreversily n humn helth hzrs. The effets of hevy metls egre in the pst yers ue to ontmintion n most espeilly le on the environment hve een inessiility. Ln ontmintion/egrtion is extensively reporte [7, 8]. Their presene in foo hin thret to sustinle griulturl evelopment n foo hs een foun to e etrimentl to plnt, niml n seurity in eveloping ountries. Among ll the egre humn helth [9]. Le is espeilly toxi to hilren n lns, those ontminte with hevy metls re lrgely the young of other speies [-2]. Chroni le exposure irreversile n where reversiility is ttempte, it is t in hilren hs revele signifint effets on intelligene high ost [4]. It hs therefore eome impertive tht n neuropsyhologil performne [3]. The presene the environment n its resoures shoul e mnge of le in soils hs ontriute gretly to poor soil fertility juiiously to enhne sustinle ntionl n soio- mking the ontminte ln unsuitle for griulture eonomi evelopment. [4, 5]. Exessive metl onentrtion in ontminte Le-Ai Bttery proution is one of the mjor soils lso resulte in erese soil miroil tivities soures of pollution whih relese toxi/hzrous n eventul yiel loss [6]. Altertions of the physil sustnes to the environment t suh rte tht is lnspe, estrution of nturl hitt n ioiversity, Corresponing Author: S.A. Aejumo, Deprtment of Crop Protetion n Environmentl Biology, University of In, In, Nigeri, Tel: , E-mil: nike_5@yhoo.om. 224

2 Worl J. Agri. Si., 7 (2): , 2 soil egrtion, ir n wter pollution re lso some of Exhngele tions were etermine using stnr the eologil onsequenes [7, 8]. metho y IITA [23]. Efforts me y ifferent reserhers to remeite ontminte soils re either ostly or not environment- Preprtion of Compost: Composts were prepre frienly. This explins the present promotion of ompost- seprtely from wil sunflower (Tithoni iversifoli), ioremeition for ln relmtion y USEPA (Unite Cssv wste n poultry mnure using surfe hep Sttes Environmentl Protetion Ageny). The enefits metho of omposting [24]. The mterils were li out in erive from utiliztion of orgni mterils for rtio 3: of plnt mterils to poultry mnure (on ry improvement of soil fertility, rop proution n hevy weight sis) fter sorting n hopping. A lyer metl ining hve een well isusse y mny uthors. onsiste of 3kg of plnt mterils n kg poultry [6, 9-22]. mnure. Ventiltion poles were inserte fter the thir However, there is erth of informtion t the moment lyer n were rrnge horizontlly n vertilly. At the on the use of ompost to enhne growth n yiel of se of eh pole, smll holes were rete for effiient mize plnte on hevy metl ontminte soil espeilly ertion of the hep uring omposting. The hep ws left in Nigeri. This reserh work ws therefore esigne to for the perio of 2 weeks. Turning n wtering were test for the effiy n optimum pplition rtes of one fortnightly, fter whih the mture omposts were omposts prepre from wil sunflower (Tithoni evute from the hep, ir- rie, shree n smples iversifoli) n Cssv wste s well s inorgni tken for physio-hemil nlysis using IITA, [23] fertilizer s soures of remeition n on the performne proeure. The totl N ws etermine y semi-miroof mize grown iretly on the fiel ontminte with kjelhl igestion tehnique. The P n Fe were hevy metls. etermine y olorimeter. K, C n Mg y flme photometry. Zn, Cu, P, Cr n C were etermine using MATERIALS AND METHODS tomi sorption spetrophotometer. Desription of Experimentl Site: The umpsite of the Experimentl Proeure n Dt Colletion: The totl efunt Le - Ai Bttery Mnufturing Compny in re use for the experiment ws 45m x 7m (for the In, Nigeri ws use for the tril. This is lote t 2 types of ompost n inorgni fertilizer) hving 4 Ori-ile, Kumpyi villge of Ege Lol Government loks with eh lok representing ll the tretments re (ner In), Oyo Stte in Southwestern Nigeri. An The sping etween eh lok ws m prt n.5m unspeifie mount of slg wste ontining high level of etween eh plot. The size of eh lok ws 45m x 3m. le reportely umpe on this ln hs renere it The tretments use inlue ontrol (without ompost unproutive. Vegettion in n roun the site hs een or inorgni fertilizer), MSW 2 (Mexin sunflower egre with Impert ylinri n Gomphren ompost t 2t/h), MSW 4 (Mexin sunflower ompost elosoies eing the only speies of plnts sprsely t 4t/h), CW 2 (Cssv wste t 2t/h), CW 4 (Cssv istriute on the site (Vegettion survey). wste t 4t/h) n F [Inorgni fertilizer (NPK t KgN/h)] using rnomize omplete lok esign Pre-Cropping Soil Anlysis: The soil ws ollete (RCBD) n replite four times. Composts were pplie rnomly t five points to ensure even representtion of to the plots reeiving ompost t one month efore the site t -5m eep using stnr uger n plnting of mize. The rop sping ws 75m x 25m omposite smples tken for pre-ropping physio- etween n within rows respetively. The experiment hemil nlysis. This ws nlyse for the following ws repete for resiul tril the following yer. hevy metls, P, Cu, Zn, C n Cr in mg/kg using moel Dt olletion ommene 2 weeks fter plnting 2A of the Buk Sientifi Atomi Asorption n ontinue fortnightly till finl hrvest. Dt on Spetrophotometer series with Air-Aetylene gs mixture plnt height, numer of leves, stem-girth, numer of s oxint uner ifferent wvelengths fter hot igestion tssels n ers n lef re. Totl grin yiel, sees with 2M HNO 3 [8]. Also, soil ph (using ph meter- weight n ry mtter yiel were etermine t mturity. Eletrometri Metho), Orgni Cron (%) y ihromi LAI ws etermine y iviing the lef re per plnt y oxition, Totl N (g/kg) y Kjelhl metho, Totl P the unit of ln re oupie y one plnt while the CGR (mg/kg) y Vno-molyte yellow metho n 2 (g/m /wk) ws lulte s shown elow. 225

3 Worl J. Agri. Si., 7 (2): , 2 W2-W CGR = Copper (Cu). The onentrtion of P ws 46,mg/kg, A ( t 2 -t ) C-4.3 mg/kg, Zn-5 mg/kg, Cr - 2.mg/kg n Cu - 482mg/kg. These levels (le n C) were extremely high Where: when ompre with the levels of these metls in W = Totl plnt ry weight t time t, W 2= Totl plnt ry unontminte soil. In the norml soil, the ommon weight t time t 2 n A =Ln re per plnt. rnges of P, C,Cr n Zn re 2-3,.-2.7, 5-5 n -9 mg/kg respetively [27-29]. The normlly high Plnt Tissue Anlysis: At finl hrvest, the roots n level of P in this soil ws proly ue to the ft tht shoots of the mize plnts were nlyze for P the mjor onstituents of le-i ttery re le n onentrtions y shing.g of rie finely groun sulphuri i n silly euse the min opertions plnt smples in muffle furne for 6 hrs t temperture of ttery proution re seonry smelting of Le n etween 45-5 C [25]. The oole resiues were re- the frition of Le tteries [6]. Low ph of this soil issolve in ml of 2M HNO 3 n the solutions were might lso e implite in the high soluiliztion of these filtere into 25ml volumetri flsk for instrumentl metls most espeilly P n C sine hevy metls nlysis. A uk sientifi moel 2A Atomi generlly hve een reporte to eome more moile s Asorption Spetrophotometer ws use to nlyze the iity inreses [8, 3]. The soil is low in ll essentil plnt totl igests for P. elements: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potssium n Mgnessium were.2%, 25 mg/kg,.85 mol/kg n Post-ropping Soil Anlysis: Soil smples from eh.96 mol/kg, respetively. The orgni ron ws s low tretment were tken fter hrvesting t the epth of - s.24%. This oul e ttriute to the ft tht these 5m n nlyse seprtely to know the post-hrvest wste piles onsist silly of the slg wstes. Mture onentrtions of hevy metls using the metho ompost of MSW h the highest P (.3%), C (3.7%), esrie in 2.2 for pre-ropping soil physio-hemil Mg (.29%) n N (2.7%), while C (4.89% ) ws higher in nlysis. the ompost from CW (Tle 2). Dt Anlysis: Dt for the min n resiul trils were Development of Vegettive Chrters in Mize: The poole together n nlyze sttistilly using the vegettive growth of mize inrese progressively from nlysis of vrine n the men of the tretments were 3 to 2 weeks fter plnting exept in ontrol n seprte y Dunn s multiple rnge test of Sttistil inorgni fertilizer plnts tht got urnt off efore Anlysis System pkge [26]. rehing mturity. On the men vlues of the growth hrteristis in eh tretment for the perio of t RESULTS AND DISCUSSION olletion, pplition of ompost proue signifintly tller plnts, higher numer of lef n lef re over Pre-ropping Soil Smple n Mture Compost ontrol n inorgni fertilizer (Fig ). Plnt height ws Anlyses: The results of pre-ropping soil nlyses re inrese y 94, 92, 9 n 89% over ontrol n presente in Tle. It shows tht the soil ws ii with inorgni fertilizer with the pplition of MSW 4, CW 4, ph of 4.2. Le (P) n Cmium (C) ourre in greter MSW 2, CW 2, respetively. This ws in greement onentrtions thn oes Zin (Zn), Chromium (Cr), or with the finings of Mlm [3], Dle et l. [5], Tle : Pre-ropping soil physio-hemil nlysis P Cu Zn P Cr C C Mg K Properties (mg/kg) ph OC(%) N(%) (mol/kg) Soil 38, Tle 2: Chemil properties of Mexin sunflower n Cssv wste omposts Properties N (%) P (%) C (%) Mg (%) C (%) CW MSW

4 Worl J. Agri. Si., 7 (2): , A PLH (m) SG (m) B tssel num os ontrol Inorgni fertilizer MSW2 MSW4 CW2 CW4 C Tretments D NOL ontrol Inorgni fertilizer MSW2 MSW4 CW2 CW4 TREATMENTS ontrol Inorgni fertilizer MSW2 MSW4 CW2 CW4 ontrol Inorgni fertilizer MSW2 MSW4 CW2 CW4 Tretments Fig. : Effets of ompost n inorgni fertilizer on plnt height n stem girth (A), numer of tssels n Ers (B), Lef re (C) n numer of leves (D) Brs rrying the sme lphet re not signifintly ifferent from eh other t 5% level of signifine y DMRT. F= Inorgni fertilizer MSW2= Mexin Sunflower t 2t/h MSW4= Mexin Sunflower t 4t/h CW2= Cssv wste t 2t/h CW4= Cssv wste t 4t/h Oloe et l [32] n Rennevn et l. [22]. A signifint neee for the plnt growth, therey reuing the toxiity inrese (P<.5) in the lef re proution ws reore effets of these hevy metls on the rop [2, 33-35]. in the mize plnt trete with MSW 4 followe y tht of Another plusile reson oul e ue to the ft tht CW 4. These results onfirme the finings of Dle et l. metl-inue toxi effets might hve een epresse s [5] n Rennevn et l. [22] tht pplition of ompost result of ilution of toxi metl onentrtion in the plnt ontriute gretly to the plnt growth in the trete soils tissue y the plnt nutrients from the e ompost [36]. more thn ontrol. It oul however, e ue to the ility Competition etween these nutrients n toxi metls in of ompost to supply soil with ll essentil nutrients plnt tissue for ining sites in ifferent prtments suh 227

5 Worl J. Agri. Si., 7 (2): , A B DMY!sees 47 4 Grin yiel(t/h) Control MSW2 MSW4 CW2 CW4 Inorgni fertilizer e e Control MSW2 MSW4 CW2 CW4 Inorgni fertilizer Tretments Tretments Fig. 2: Effets of ompost soure n rtes on sees weight n ry mtter umultion per plnt (A) n totl grin yiel (B). Brs rrying the sme lphet re not signifintly ifferent from eh other t 5% level of signifine F= Inorgni fertilizer MSW2= Mexin Sunflower t 2t/h MSW4= Mexin Sunflower t 4t/h CW2= Cssv wste t 2t/h CW4= Cssv wste t 4t/h s ell wlls, plsm memrnes n insie the ells my results were similr to wht ws oserve y Akni, [38], influene the istriution of toxi metls negtively. Ojeniyi n Aejoi, [39] tht pplition of mnure This my in turn ffet the rte of interferene with tretments resulte in higher grin yiel n ry mtter sensitive metoli retions with resultnt effets on umultion. Similrly, on sees weight, hrveste plnt growth [37]. sees from the mize plnt grown on soil mene with MSW n CW t 4t h h the highest weight. The Dry Mtter Aumultion, Totl Grin Yiel n totl grin yiel ws signifintly higher in mize plnts sees Weight: Effets of ifferent pplition rtes tht reeive MSW 4 (4.5t/h) followe y CW 4 (2.6t/h) n ompost types on sees weight, totl grin yiel n MSW 2 (.9t/h), while the lowest ws otine in n ry mtter umultion h signifint (P<.5) mize plnts grown on soil trete with CW 2 (.73t/h). effet. Applition of ompost generlly inrese the ry (Figure 2). The vrition oserve in the effetiveness of mtter proution n grin yiel ut higher rtes eh ompost se on the type of plnt mterils use performe etter thn lower rte. Among the two types of onfirms the finings of Aeirn et l. [4], tht ompost pplie t the rte of 4t/h, mize plnts grown effetiveness of ompost on growth prmeters is ftor on the plots mene with Mexin sunflower ompost of soure n types of orgni mterils, metho of proue ry mtter whih ws signifintly higher thn omposting n ompost mturity. Therefore proution CW ompost tretments (Fig 2). Similrly, of the two types n stiliztion of ompost is highly importnt in of ompost pplie t the lower rte of 2t/h, MSW griulture (Sviozzi [4, 2]. The umultion of ry ompost performe etter thn CW ompost. Higher ry mtter in the root of mize plnt trete with 4t/h of mtter yiel ws oserve in ompost trete plnts oul MSW ompost ws higher thn tht of CW ompost e the outome of inrese lef re evelopment n pplie t the sme rte ue to the higher nutrient longer sustenne of growth more thn ontrol ontents of MSW ompost whih ws higher thn tht of irrespetive of P onentrtion in the soil [5]. The CW ompost (Tle 2). 228

6 Worl J. Agri. Si., 7 (2): , 2 Lef Are Inex (LAI) n Crop Growth Rte (CGR) of suh s C, P, K n Mg. The onentrtion of whih Mize: Compost rtes n types h signifint effets were erese in the soils trete with inorgni fertilizer on the lef re inex (LAI) in ll the smpling perios. It n ontrol exept P whih ws signifintly inrese in inrese progressively from 3WAP to 2WAP with soil trete with inorgni fertilizer thn ontrol. However, MSW 4 (5.9) eing superior t 2WAP followe ycw4 pplition of MSW 4 signifintly inrese the post- (3.78), MSW 2 (3.7) n CW 2 (2.57). Provision of ropping soil Mg, C n P onentrtion more thn other essentil soil nutrients neee for plnt growth y ompost tretments. Soil orgni mtter ontent ws lso ompost, enhne lef formtion n evelopment in the seven times higher in the soil trete with MSW4 thn mize plnt grown on ompost mene soil. This ontrol soil while soil ph ws uniformly inrese in ll proly ws responsile for inrese in LAI from the ompost mene soil. The onentrtions of ompost tretments. The LAI in the ontrol n mize nitrogen, phosphorus, lium n mgnesium were plnt trete with inorgni fertilizer were the lowest higher in MSW-ompost n ws proly responsile throughout the growth perio exept t 3WAP. for low le level reore in the soil trete with Effets of ompost rtes n types were lso MSW-ompost whih ws lower thn tht of signifint in rop growth rte (CGR) whih inrese CW-Compost s high lium n phosphorous ontents etween 8WAP n 2WAP in ll the tretments exept in the soil hve een foun to reue le onentrtion ontrol where the CGR ws reue. Applition of MSW in the soil ue to formtion of lium n phosphorous ompost t 4t/h (MSW 4) inrese the CGR uring the omplexes with P therey reuing its soluility [43]. growth perio of 4-8WAP while CW ompost pplie t High retivity of humifie frtions of ompost hs lso the sme rte (CW 4) gve the highest CGR t the growth een foun to reue the soluility n moility of tre perio of 8-2WAP proly ue to higher nutrient metls in the soil with ppreile ontent of orgni ontents of MSW ompost with resultnt effets on mize mtter [44]. The explntion for this is simply ue to high growth. Moreover, mize growth/ vegettive evelopment ffinity of humi i in the orgni mtter for P [22] with is lwys fster t this stge (4-8 WAP) when nthesis, resultnt erese in P onentrtions in the soil grin filling n generl physiologil evelopment hve (Pier et l. [45]). This proly explins the low level of P not set in [24]. the reution in the CGR t 8-2WAP reore in ll the ompost-trete soils. Low ph inues oul e ttriute to the iversion of foo from the soluility of P in the soil [46] therey enhning vegettive evelopment to flower formtion n grin plnt uptke. This ws onfirme y the high le level filling (Sink). There ws no ifferene in the CGR of mize reore in ontrol n inorgni fertilizer tretments plnts trete with 2t/h of oth Mexin sunflower n hving ph of 4.. ssv wste omposts (i.e CW 2 n MSW 2) t 4-8WAP n 8-2WAP. The lowest CGR ws however Le (P) Conentrtion in Mize Tissue: Aition of reore in the ontrol plnt n the plnts tht reeive ompost to soil ontminte with le i not totlly inorgni fertilizer tretment ue to eline in the mize restrit the uptke of le y mize plnts ut the totl growth on these tretments n eventul eth. level reore in the plnt tissues from ll the ompost trete plots were signifintly lower thn those trete Post-hrvest Soil P Level: Soil P onentrtion ws with inorgni fertilizer n ontrol. The istriution of P mrkely reue with the pplition of ompost. in the plnt tissues from ll the tretments followe the Mexin sunflower ompost t 4t h reue the level sme tren n the highest onentrtion ws foun in of P in the soil y 7.6% followe y tht of ssv the root followe y those of the leves, stem n sees wste ompost (67.33%) pplie t the sme rte. The in tht orer (Tle 5). This result is onsistent with other lowest rte of 2t h reue y 66.6% (MSW) n reports [47, 48] initing tht upper plnt prts exhiit 49.47% (CW). Soil trete with MSW 4 (392mg/kg) h lower level of hevy metl umultion thn the root the lowest soil le onentrtion ompre to the soil possily ue to the ft tht the totl mount of ions trete with inorgni fertilizer (25mg/kg) n ontrol ssoite with root only prt is sore into ells (37mg/kg). Conentrtions of other hevy metls [5, 49, 5]. It lso onfirme the reports of previous suh s C, Cr, Zn n Cu were lso reue with experiments y Lomi et l. [5]; Srihr et l. [52] n ompost tretment. Chromium ws not even etete in ll Dle et l. [5]. This oul e ttriute to the poplsti the ompost mene soil (Tle 4). Aition of ompost (unregulte) movement of wter n issolve generlly inrese the onentrtion of mro elements sustnes ross the root ell memrne [53], 229

7 Tle 3: Worl J. Agri. Si., 7 (2): , 2 Effets of ifferent rtes of sunflower, ssv wste ompost n inorgni fertilizer on lef re inex (LAI) n rop growth rte (CGR) of mize plnte on ontminte fiel 2 Tretments 3WAP 6WAP 9WAP LAI 2WAP 4-8WAP CGR g/ m /week 8-2WAP Control.55.3 e F.58 e.8.9 MSw MSw Cw Cw Mens followe y the sme letter in olumn re not signifintly ifferent from eh other t P<.5 y DMRT. MSW2= Mexin sunflower ompost t 2t/h MSW4= Mexin sunflower ompost t 2t/h CW2= Cssv wste ompost t 2t/h CW4= Cssv wste ompost t 2t/h F=Inorgni fertilizer Tle 4: Effets of ompost n inorgni fertilizer on post-hrvest soil nutrient omposition of ontminte soil Tretment C Cr Cu Zn P Mg/kg C Mg P OM(%) ph N (%) Control e MSW MSW e CW CW F Mens followe y the sme letter in olumn re not signifintly ifferent from eh other t P<.5 MSW2= Mexin sunflower ompost t 2t/h MSW4= Mexin sunflower ompost t 2t/h CW2= Cssv wste ompost t 2t/h CW4= Cssv wste ompost t 2t/h F=Inorgni fertilizer Tle 5: Effets of ifferent rtes of sunflower, ssv wste ompost n inorgni fertilizer on the P(%) onentrtion in mize plnt prts t mturity Tretments Grins Er Sheth Lef P(%) Stem Root Totl Control NA NA NA MSw MSw Cw Cw F NA NA NA Mens followe y the sme letter in olumn re not signifintly ifferent from eh other t P<.5 MSW2= Mexin sunflower ompost t 2t/h MSW4= Mexin sunflower ompost t 2t/h CW2= Cssv wste ompost t 2t/h CW4= Cssv wste ompost t 2t/h F=Inorgni fertilizer NA= not ville Tle 6: Person orreltion etween the hevy metls n other soil nutrients of post-ropping soil nlysis on the fiel ph Mg(mg/kg) K(mol/kg) OM(%) C(mg/kg) P(mg/kg) P(mg/kg) -.77*** -.47* -.6ns -.79*** -.37ns -.59*** C(mg/kg) -.69** -.48*.5ns -.56** -.3ns -.55** Cr(mg/kg) -.8*** -.4ns -.4ns -.69** -.33ns -.53** Zn(mg/kg) -.52* -.25ns.5ns -.43ns -.26ns -.46* Cu(mg/kg) -.79*** -.38ns -.24ns -.67** -.9ns -.23ns * = Correltion ws signifint t.5 level of proility *** = Correltion ws signifint t. level of proility Ns = Not signifint 23

8 Worl J. Agri. Si., 7 (2): , 2 while the slow movement of le to the shoots n leves 2. Unite Ntions Environment Progrm (UNEP) of ll the tretments inluing ontrol ws proly ue 2. The urn environment: fts n figures. to symplsti movement whih is more regulte s Inustry n Environment. Glol Environment result of seletively permele plsm memrne tht Outlook (GEO). Ltin Amerin n the Crrien ontrols ess to symplst [54]. Environment Outlook. Mexio City, Unite Ntions Environment Progrmme. Regionl Offie for Ltin Person Correltion Between Hevy Metls n Ameri n the Crien, 23(2): Soil Nutrients: The reltionships etween P n 3. UNEP Ln egrtion, In, Glol other soils nutrients (OM, Mg, C n Phosphorous) Environment Outlook, 3: were inversely n signifintly orrelte. So lso 4. Olem, L.R., 994. The glol extent of soil ws soil ph. It ws inversely n strongly orrelte egrtion. In Greenln, D.J. n Szoles T. with ll the hevy metls - P, C, Cr n Cu (p<.). (es). Soil Resiliee n Sustinle Ln Use. Inverse orreltion mens tht n inrese in soil OM Wllingfor, Commonwelth Agriulturl Bureu ontent, C, Mg n P onentrtions from ompost Interntionl Isri.nl/GLASOD.htm ition use reution in the hevy metl 5. Oninw, P.C. n S.O. Fkyoe, 2. Le onentrtions of post hrvesting soil smple s ws Contmintion of top soil n vegettion in the lso reporte y Sposito et l. [55] n Pier et l. [45]. The viinity of ttery ftory in In. Environ sme thing pplies to soil ph, (inrese in soil ph Geohemistry n Helth, 22: (lklinity) results in lower onentrtion of hevy metls 6. Osinjo Olele, 29. Giving the erth future: in the soil [56, 57]. hemil, wste n pollution risk ftors. An The onentrtion of Mg in the post-hrvest soil inugurl leture 28 y Olele Osinjo ws lso inversely orrelte with the soil C University of In, pp: 43. onentrtions ut the orreltion with Cr, Zn n Cu 7. Pllvi Shrm, Rm Shnke Duey. 25. Le ws not signifint though negtive. Exept for Cu, toxiity in plnts. Brzilin Journl of plnt the orreltion etween soil P n P, C, Cr n Zn Physiology, 7(): ws signifint n inverse ut there ws strong 8. Ogunirn, M.B., 27. Assessment n Chemil orreltion etween the soil P n P while the orreltion remeition of soil ontminte y le i ttery etween soil C n the hevy metls ws not signifint. wstes in Llupon villge Oyo Stte. Nigeri. Ph.D This simply mens tht high P onentrtion reues Thesis, University of In, pp: 25. the hevy metl onentrtion while C onentrtion 9. Ageny for Toxi Sustnes n Disese Registry h no signifint effet. There ws orreltion (ATSDR) 25. Toxiologil profile for le. U.S. etween the soil Mg n hevy metl onentrtions Deprtment of Helth n Humn servies. Puli ut the orreltion ws highly signifint with soil P Helth Servies Ageny for Toxi Sustnes n n C onentrtions while the orreltions etween Disese Registry. Division of Toxiology n Cr, Zn n Cu ws not signifint. Soil K onentrtion Environmentl Meiine/Applie Toxiology Brnh h no signifint orreltion with the soil hevy metl 6 Clifton Ro NE, Milstop F 32, Atlnt Georgi onentrtions (Tle 6) Lnrign, P. R. Blon, R. Wlutworth, N. Stnhling, CONCLUSION n B.F. Resenlumj, 975. Neuro psyhologil ysfuntion in hilren with hroni low level le It oul e onlue tht Mexin Sunflower sorption. Lnet, : ompost t 4t/h woul eologilly restore le. Neelemn, H.L., C. Gunnoe, A. Lewton, R.R. Ree, ontminte soil more thn Cssv wste ompost n H. Peresie, C. Mhler n P. Brnett, 979. Derese inorgni fertilizer. in psyhologi n lssroom performne in hilren with elevte Hentine le levels. REFERENCES New Engln J. Me., 3: Neelemen, H.L., A. Lewton n D. Bellinger, USEPA Innovtive uses of ompost Le ssoite intelletul; efiit. New Engln J. Bioremeition n pollution prevention. Me., pp:

9 Worl J. Agri. Si., 7 (2): , 2 3. Jworski, J.F., F. Bli, M. Berh, F.E. Brinkmn, 23. IITA, 979. Selete Methos for Soil n Plnt H.R. Heht, A. Kloke, T. Legovit, J.M. Mokenzie, Anlysis. IITA mnul Series. No.. IITA, In, J.O. Nrigu, A.L. Pge, D.R. Sverek n Nigeri. K. Wssemn, 984. Routes of exposure to humns n iovilility. Chnging metl yles n humn helth. Nrigu J..O. E. Dhlem konferenzen No 28, Springer-Verlg pp: Goyer, R.A., 99. Toxiologil effets of metls. Environmentl toxiology. M.O. Amour, J. Doull n C.D. Khssen (es) pp: New York pergmon press. 5. Dle Peiulyte, Jurte Repekine, Loret Levrnskite, Alins Lugusks, 26. Growth n metl 24. Akni, W.B., 22. Growth, nutrient uptke n yiel of mize n okr s influene y ompost n nitrogen fertilizer uner ifferent ropping systems. Ph.D Thesis, University of In, pp: Ogunirn, M.B. n O. Osinjo, 28. Hevy metl onentrtions in soils n umultion in plnts growing in eserte slg umpsite in Nigeri. Afrin Journl of Biotehnology, 7(7): SAS Institute In. 2 SAS/STATTM: Guie for personl omputers. SAS Institute, North Crolin, umultion ility of plnts soil pollute with USA. Cu, Zn n P. EKOLOGIJA 26. No.. pp: Kt-Penis, A. n H. Penis, 2. Tre 6. MGrth, S.P., Z.G. Shen n F.J. Zho, 997. r Elements in Soils n Plnts. 3 en. CRC, New York. Hevy metl uptke n hemil hnges in the 28. Hque, Z., J.R. Perlt-Vie, G.L. Jones n rhizophere of Thlspi Cerulesens n Thlspi J.L. Gre-Torresey, 28. Sreening the ohroleuum grown in ontminte soil. Plnt phytoremeition potentil of esert room soil. 88: (Bhris srothroies Gry) growing on 7. Aeipe, N.O. n L.C. Nwooshi, (Es) mine tilings in Arizon, U.S.A. Environ Pollt., Environmentl prolems in Nigeri J. Committee on 53: sope. Reprinte from Bulletin of the Siene 29. Ogunirn, M.B. n O. Osinjo, 29. Moility n Assoition of Nigeri, 3(2): speition of hevy metls in soils impte y 8. Ain, E.O.A. n N.O. Aeipe, (Es) The hzrous wstes. Journl of Chemil Speition petroleum inustry n the environmentl impt in n Biovilility, 2(2): Nigeri. FEPA monogrph 5. Feerl Environmentl 3. Smejiklov, M., O. Milknov n L. Boruvk, 23. Protetion Ageny Lgos. Effets of hevy metl onentrtions on iologil 9. Cole, M.A., X. Liu n L. Zhng, 995. Effet of tivity of soil miro-orgnisms. Plnt Environ., ompost ition on pestiie egrtion in plnte 7: soils. In Bioremeition of reltrnt orgnis. 3. Mlm, C.N., 2. Evluting the gronomi Eite y R.E. Hinhee, D.B. Anerson n R.E. potentil of Tithoni iversifoli prunnings in Hoeppel. Columus: Bttelle Press. the i soils of Northern Zmi. Seventh Estern 2. Chney, R.L., C.E. Green, E. Filhev n S.L. Brown, 994. Effets of Iron, Zin n Mngnese enrihe n Southern Afri Regionl Mize Conferene, iosoli ompost on uptke of C y lettue from C ontminte soils. In sewge sluge ln utiliztion n the environment. Clpp C.E. Lson W.E. Dowy R.H:, (es). pp: Amerin so.agron. Mison WI. 2. Ryn, O Dell, Weny Silk, Peter Green n Vitor Clssen, 27. Compost menment of Cu-Zn minespoil reues toxi ioville hevy metl onentrtions n promotes estlishment n iomssproution of Bromus rintus (Hook n Arn.). Environmentl Pollution, 48: Rennevn, H., R.H. Tony, A. Air, J.M. Any, L.J. Mike n K.O. Seh, 27. Remeition of metl ontminte soil with minerl mene omposts. Environment Pollution, 5: Ferury, 2. pp: th th 32. Oloe, O.S., Ogunyemi Sol, W.B. Akni, G.O. Aesin n P.A. Bjie, 27. Evlution of Tithoni iversifoli (Hemsl.) A Gry for soil improvement. Worl Journl of Agriulturl Sienes, 3(4): Aeirn, J.A. M.O. Akne n W.B. Akni, 25. Effet of Orgni Root plus (Biostimulnt) on nutrient ontent, Growth n yiel of Tomto. Nigerin J. soil Si., 5: Togun, A.O., W.B. Akni n R. Dris, 23. Influenes of ompost n nitrogen fertilizer on growth nutrient uptke n fruit yiel of tomto (Lyopersium esulentum). Crop Reserh, 26():

10 Worl J. Agri. Si., 7 (2): , Hn, J. Ko, Ki Y. Kim, Hyeon T. Kim, Chi N. Kim 45. Pier, L.G., G. Giovnni n B. Dniell, 992. n M. Ume, 28. Evlution of mturity Moility of hevy metls in Urn Wste mene prmeters n hevy metl ontents in omposts soils. In;Hevy metl in the Environment. J.Environ. me from niml mnure. Wste Mngement, Qul. 2: : MBrie, M.B., 994. Environmentl Chemistry 36. Greger, M., E. Brmmer S. Linerg, G. Lrsson n of Soils. Oxfor University Press, New York, J. Iestm-Almquist, 99. Uptke n physiologil effets of mium in sugr eet relte to minerl provisions. J. Exp. Bot., 42: pp: Bumhrt, G.R. n L.F. Welh, 972. Le uptke n orn growth with soil pplie le. J. Environ. 37. Mserti, B.E., M. Wlker, F. Collin n Qul., : L. Cltvuturo, 998. Preliminry results on Cmium n Merury tolerne,mehnisms in Niotinin 48. Lne, S.D. n E.S. Mrtin, 997. A histohemil investigtion of le uptke in Rphnus Stives. spp. Si. Totl Environ., 23: New Phytol., 79: Akni, W.B. n A.O. Togun, 22. The influene 49. Jmes, R.P. n S.S. Hrkewl, 98. Ftors ffeting Hevy Metl ontent of Gren Vegetles. of mize-stover ompost n nitrogen fertilizer on Environmentl Pollution Series B. : growth, yiel n nutrient uptke of Amrnth. Si. 5. Agnet, G., G. Greger, K. Holm n Bengt-Erik Hortulture, 93: -8. Bengtsson, 24. Influene of Nutrient Levels on 39. Ojeniyi, S.O. n K.B. Aejoi, 2. Effet of Uptke n Effets of Merury, Cmium n Le sh n got ung mnure on lef, nutrient in Wter Spinh. J. Environ. Qul., 33: omposition, growth n yiel of Amrnthus. 5. Lomi, E., F.J. Zho, S.J. Dunhm n S.P. MGrth, Nigeri Agriulturl Journl, 33: Cmium Aumultion in Popultions 4. Aeirn, J.A. L.B. Tiwo n R.A. Soulo, 2. ofthlspi erulesens n Thlspi goesingense. Effet of orgni wstes n metho of omposting New Phytol., 45: -2. onompost mturity, nutrient omposition of 52. Shrir, M.K.C., J.O. Etghene n G.O. Aeoye, ompost n yiels of two vegetle rops. J. 23. Remeition of le ontminte soil using Sustinle Agriulture, 22(4): Sviozzi, A., R. Levi-Minzi n R. Riffli, 988. Mturity eution of orgni wstes Bioyles, 29: physiohemil n phytoremeition Tehnique: Experiene from South West Nigeri Plnt Foos Humn Nutrition, 56(4): Cunninghm, J.D., D.R. Keeney n J.A. Ryn, Zuoni, F., M. Fortes, A. Mono n Phytotoxiity n uptke of metls e to soil s M. e ertoli, 98. Biologil evlution of ompost mturity. Bioyle, 22: Chney, R.L. S.L. Brown, Y.M. Li, J.S. Angle, inorgni slts or in sewge sluge. J. Environ. Qul., 4: Cezry Kl n Bl Rm Singh. 2. T.I. Stuzynski, W.L. Dniels, C.L. Henry, Frtiontion n moility of opper, Le n G. Sieele, M. Mlik, J.A. Ryn n H. Compton, 2. Progress in risk ssessment for soil metls zin in soil profiles in the viinity of opper smtter in J. Envir. Qulity, 3: n in-situ remeition n phytoextrtion of 55. Sposito, G., K.M. Lun n A.C. Chng, 982. metls from hzrous ontminte soils.usepa Tre metl hemistry in ri zone soil mene Phytoremeition; stte of siene My -2, 2, with sewge sluge; Frtiontion of Ni, Cu, Zn, P Boston, MA. n C in soli phses. Soil Siene Soiety Am. J., 46: Willims, D.E., J. Vlmis, A.H. Pukite n J.E. Corey, 56. Iyengr, S.S., D.C. Mrtens n W.P. Miller, Tre element umultion movement n Distriution n plnt vilility of soil zin istriution in the soil profile from mssive frtions. Soil Si. So. Am. J., 45: pplition of sewge sluge. Soil Siene, 29: