Study on the productive and qualitative potential of some watermelon hybrids under the impact of biostimulating treatments

Transcription

1 Volume 17(1), 81-87, 2013 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology Study on the productive and qualitative potential of some watermelon hybrids under the impact of biostimulating treatments Horgoş A., Becherescu Alexandra, Popa D., Drăgunescu Anca 1 Banat s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timişoara *Corresponding author. horgos_a@yahoo.com Abstract Currently, for obtaining an early watermelon production it is used, on large scale, the modern culture technology in low tunnels with polyethylene foil, and with the use of fert-irrigation system. The classical improved technology is not excluded, and it consists in direct seeding or seedlings planting when the climatic conditions are favorable. Biostimulating products, by their favorable effects upon plants metabolism in general, applied through foliar sprayings, also contribute to the improvement of the modern culture technology by favorable effects upon the production and its quality. In this article we present the unilateral effects of differentiated application of the two growing technologies, but also the biostimulating products interaction effects on hybrids production, both in terms of quantity and quality levels, but also on its earliness. Key words hybrid, technology, tunnel, foil, biostimulating products Watermelon culture has been done and is done on large areas in the Western part of the country, this being an important profit source for growers. Their goal was to continuously search and find a higher economic efficiency, using different means to get this. For this, they applied the newest technological inventions in the domain of watermelon culture [3]. In protected field culture, till the appearance in culture of plastic materials, there were used two culture establishing methods: direct seeding and seedlings planting, when the temperature was optimum for cultivation. According to this, there is a classical improved culture technology of watermelons (by direct seeding in open field, or by seedlings protected field), and a modern culture technology of watermelons in low tunnels of polyethylene foil (the soil is mulched with polyethylene foil) [2]. The irrigation and fertilization in both culture technologies is done through the drip irrigation system (fertirrigation) [1]. Currently, for obtaining an early watermelon production it is used, on large scale, the modern culture technology in low tunnels with polyethylene foil, and with the use of fert-irrigation system. The classical improved technology is not excluded, and it consists in direct seeding or seedlings planting when the climatic conditions are favorable. Biostimulating products, by their favorable effects upon plants metabolism in general, applied through foliar sprayings, also contribute to the improvement of the modern culture technology by favorable effects upon the production and its quality. Their administration was done by respecting the concentrations and phonological phases indicated by the producers. In the experiment there were used watermelon high quality hybrids, considering their productive and qualitative potential and also their resistance to some specific diseases [4]. Material and Method Research conducted aimed at exploring the manifestation of the productive, qualitative and earliness potential, of two new watermelon hybrids, of two new watermelon hybrids, under the impact of using in the vegetative period of biostimulating products, in conditions of two culture technologies (classic improved and modern). The goals of the research are: - the study of new watermelon hybrids under the impact of both culture technologies concerning their phenotypical behavior; - the effect of biostimulating products (Bostim. Bionex and Bionat Plus) upon the productive, qualitative and earliness potential, determined by the productions obtained per surface unit (t/ha, t/ha Ist quality production, t/ha early production). The research was developed in contest comparative cultures, using the method of three factors experiments, in the period , observing the interactions of experimental factors, which can become essential technological elements for watermelons culture. The cultures were established on 3rd May 2011 and on 4th May 2011 by planting the seedlings on 81

2 a protected field, and on 15th April and on 18th April 2012 by planting the seedlings on protected field in low tunnels with polyethylene foil. The experimental field was placed in Mures valley, in the Western Field of Arad, in a private vegetable farm. Factor A The culture system a 1 Culture established by planting seedlings in unprotected field, irrigation and fertilization through drip irrigation installation (fertirrigation); a 2 Culture established by planting seedlings in protected field with low tunnels and soil mulching with polyethylene (PE) foil, irrigation and fertilization through drip irrigation installation (fert-irrigation). Factor B Stimulating products applied by foliar sprayings b 1 M t untreated; b 2 Bostim (conc. 0,2%); b 3 Bionex (conc. 0,5%) b 4 Bionat Plus (conc. 0,25%); Factor C The hybrid c 1 Kameni F1; c 2 Pata Neagră F1; Results and Discussions In table 1 and figure 1 there are summarized quantitative production results of the two hybrids included in the study (Kameni F1- c 1 and Pata Neagră F1 c 2 ), under the unilateral impact of experimental factors, and their interaction influences. Results synthesis of cultivated in unprotected and protected field, Table 1 Factor A (Culture system) Factor B (Biostimulating products) Factor C (The hybrid) Production elements and the average production for Factor C Factor B Factor A Kg/pc. Kg/pl. t/ha % than c 1 Kg/pc. Kg/pl. t/ha % than b 1 Kg/pc. Kg/pl. t/ha % than a 1 % than Mx a 1 Seedling unprotected field a 2 Seedling protected field a 3- Mx a 3 (Mx) b 1 (Mt untreated) b 1- Mt untreated Kameni F1 4,893 7,340 36,7 100,0 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,900 8,260 41,3 100,0 5,397 7,800 39,0 100,0 c 1 Kameni F 1 4,500 8,100 40,5 110,4 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,988 9,580 48,9 118,4 5,244 8,940 44,7 114,6 c 1 Kameni F 1 5,000 9,000 45,0 122,6 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,867 10,560 52,8 127,8 5,494 9,780 48,9 125,4 b 4 - Bionat Plus Kameni F1 5,035 8,560 42,8 116,6 5,482 9,320 46,6 119,5 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,929 10,080 50,4 122,0 b 1- Mt untreated Kameni F1 4,878 8,780 43,9 100,0 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,025 9,640 48,2 100,0 4,952 9,220 46,1 100,0 c 1 Kameni F 1 5,105 10,720 53,6 122,1 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,287 12,160 60,8 126,1 5,196 11,440 57,2 124,1 c 1 Kameni F 1 4,922 11,320 56,6 128,9 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,945 13,080 65,4 135,7 5,434 12,200 61,0 132,3 b 4 - Bionat Plus Kameni F1 4,973 10,940 54,7 124,6 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,933 12,460 62,3 129,3 5,453 11,700 58,5 126,9 b 1- Mt netratat c 1 Kameni F 1 4,886 8,060 40,3 100,0 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,463 8,960 44,8 100,0 5,175 8,510 42,5 100,0 c 1 Kameni F 1 4,803 9,420 47,1 116,9 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,638 10,880 54,9 122,5 5,220 10,200 51,0 120,0 c 1 Kameni F 1 4,961 10,160 50,8 126,1 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,906 11,820 59,1 131,9 5,464 10,990 54,9 129,2 5,404 8,960 44,8 100,0 89,2 5,259 11,140 55,7 124,3 111,0 5,332 10,050 50,3 112,3 100,0 b 4 - Bionat Plus Kameni F1 5,004 9,760 48,8 121,1 5,468 10,520 52,6 123,8 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,931 11,280 56,4 125,9 c 1 Kameni F 1 4,914 9,360 46,8 100,0 * 5,332 10,050 50,2 118,1 * * * * * c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,735 10,740 53,8 114,7 The average Mx-a 3 5,325 10,050 50,3 107,5 5,332 10,050 50,2 118,1 5,332 10,050 50,3 112,3 100,0 c 1 Kameni F 1 4,923 9,780 48,9 100,0 * 5,374 10,554 52,8 124,2 5,374 10,554 52,8 117,9 * c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 5,825 11,327 56,8 116,2 The average Mx (a 3) b 1 (Mt) 5,374 10,554 52,9 108,2 5,374 10,554 52,8 124,2 5,374 10,554 52,8 117,9 * 82

3 4,893 5,900 4,500 5,988 5,000 5,867 5,035 5,929 4,878 5,025 5,105 5,287 4,922 5,945 4,973 5,933 4,886 5,463 4,803 5,638 4,961 5,906 5,004 5,931 7,340 8,260 8,100 9,580 9,000 8,560 8,780 8,060 10,560 10,080 9,640 8,960 9,420 10,720 12,160 11,320 10,940 10,880 10,160 9,760 13,080 12,460 11,820 11,280 Producţia medie (Kg/buc fruct) Producţia medie (Kg/pl) Producţia medie (t/ha) Producţia medie pentru Factorul A (% faţă de Mx) , , , ,7 41,3 40,5 48,9 45,0 52,8 42,8 50,4 43,9 48,2 53,6 60,8 56,6 65,4 54,7 62,3 44,8 47,1 40,3 54,9 50,8 59,1 48,8 56, b1- Mt netratat b2 - Bostimb3 - Bionex b4 - Bionat Plus b1- Mt netratat b2 - Bostimb3 - Bionex b4 - Bionat Plus b1- Mt netratat b2 - Bostimb3 - Bionex b4 - Bionat Plus a1 Răsad şi fertirigare a2 Răsad şi protejare cu tunel din folie şi fertirigare a3- Mx Fig.1. Results synthesis of cultivated in unprotected and protected field, The productions obtained under the impact of culture system (protected or unprotected field) differ, so that in a 2 (seedling protected field) there were obtained 55.7 t/ha (124.3%) and in a 1 (seedling unprotected field) 44.8 t/ha (100.0%). The influence of protected culture manifested by extra production of 10.9 t/ha ( % than unprotected culture a 1 ). Biostimulating products administered differently affect production levels, depending on the culture system. So, in a 1 (seedling unprotected field) production increases are of % and in a 2 (seedling protected field) of %. The average influence of biostimulating products on the yields obtained is % different according to the used products ( % for Bostim, % for Bionat plus and +29.2% for Bionex, compared to Mt not treated). Yields obtained from cultivated hybrids vary according to the protection or lack of protection of culture. Protected crop yields obtained are higher, the maximum production is achieved in a 2 (protected culture) of 65.4 t/ha (a 2 b 3 c 2 ) 135.7% than Mt in a 2 and in a 1 (unprotected culture) of 52.8 t/ha (a 1 b 3 c 2 ) % than Mt in a 1. In average, Kameni F1 had a production of 48.9 t/ha when using biostimulating products, and Pata Neagră F t/ha differing by a production increase of t/ha, meaning %. In table 2 and figure 2 there are presented, under the impact of the same three factors, the quality and earliness of obtained yields. First quality production share of total output differs depending on the cultivated hybrid (75.5% for Kameni F1 and 72.1% for Pata Neagră F1), on the biostimulating product (72.5% for Bostim, 74.5% for Bionat Plus and 76.5 % for Bionex) and on the protection of culture (76.1% on protected field and 70.3 % on unprotected field). Early production obviously increases in terms of protected culture (a 2 ) with 42% (23.4 t/ha out of 55.7 t/ha average production) compared to the one in a 1 (16.2%). The size of the share of early production is kept in its position also when using different biostimulating products sprayed in conjunction with the cultivated hybrid. The largest share of early production is in a 2 b % (27.9 t/ha of 61.0 t/ha average production) where the impact of Bionex is higher than the one of Bostim (42.8%) and Bionat Plus (43.9%). Considering the impact of cultivated hybrid, Pata Neagră F1 is superior, having 48.2% (31.5 t/ha earkly production of 65.4 t/ha average production) in a 2 b 3 c 2. Hybrid Pata Neagră F1 excels through early production rate of 32.9 % (17.7 t/ha of 53.8 t/ha average production) compared to Kameni F1, where this represents 27.8% (13.0 t/ha of 46.8 t/ha average production). Therefore, the presented analysis shows clearly the influence of hybrids and biostimulating 83

4 products, which is highly enhanced in terms of protecting the culture with low polyethylene tunnels. Table 2 The quality and earliness of cultivated in unprotected and protected field, Average production for: Factor B Factor C Factor B Factor A Factor A Factor C (Biostimulating (Culture system) (The hybrid) Of which: Of which: Of which: products) t/ha Ist quality Early prod. t/ha Ist quality Early prod. t/ha Ist quality Early prod. t/ha % t/ha % t/ha % t/ha % t/ha % t/ha % a 1 Seedling unprotected field a 2 Seedling protected field a 3- Mx b 1- Mt untreated c 1 Kameni F 1 36,7 25,8 70,3 2,5 6,8 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 41,3 27,6 66,8 4,9 11,9 39,0 26,7 68,5 3,7 9,6 c 1 Kameni F 1 40,5 29,3 72,3 5,1 12,6 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 48,9 33,1 67,7 8,7 17,8 44,7 31,2 69,8 6,9 15,4 c 1 Kameni F 1 45,0 33,1 73,6 7,3 16,2 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 52,8 37,7 71,4 12,5 23,7 48,9 35,4 72,4 9,9 20,3 b 4 - Bionat Plus Kameni F1 42,8 30,7 71,8 6,5 15,2 46,6 32,7 70,2 8,8 18,8 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 50,4 34,7 68,8 11,1 22,1 b 1- Mt untreated c 1 Kameni F 1 43,9 33,3 75,9 13,9 31,7 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 48,2 31,9 66,2 17,1 35,4 46,1 32,6 70,8 15,5 33,6 c 1 Kameni F 1 53,6 41,7 77,8 21,9 40,8 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 60,8 43,7 71,9 27,1 44,5 57,2 42,7 74,6 24,5 42,8 c 1 Kameni F 1 56,6 45,4 80,2 24,3 42,9 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 65,4 51,8 79,2 31,5 48,2 61,0 48,6 79,7 27,9 45,7 b 4 - Bionat Plus Kameni F1 54,7 43,0 78,7 22,7 41,5 58,5 45,7 78,1 25,7 43,9 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 62,3 48,4 77,7 28,7 46,1 b 1- Mt untreated c 1 Kameni F 1 40,3 29,6 73,4 8,2 20,3 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 44,8 29,8 66,5 11,0 24,6 42,5 29,7 69,9 9,6 22,6 c 1 Kameni F 1 47,1 35,5 75,4 13,5 28,7 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 54,9 38,4 69,9 17,9 32,6 51,0 37,0 72,5 15,7 30,8 c 1 Kameni F 1 50,8 39,3 77,3 15,8 31,1 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 59,1 44,8 75,8 22,0 37,2 54,9 42,0 76,5 18,9 34,4 44,8 31,5 70,3 7,3 16,2 55,7 42,4 76,1 23,4 42,0 50,2 37,0 73,7 15,4 30,6 b 4 - Bionat Plus Kameni F1 48,8 36,9 75,5 14,6 29,9 52,6 39,2 74,5 17,3 32,3 c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 56,4 41,6 73,7 19,9 35,3 c * 1 Kameni F 1 46,8 35,3 75,5 13,0 27,8 50,3 37,0 73,7 15,4 30,6 * * * * * c 2 Pata Neagră F 1 53,8 38,7 72,1 17,7 32,9 The average Mx-a 3 50,3 37,0 73,7 15,4 30,6 50,3 37,0 73,7 15,4 30,6 50,2 37,0 73,7 15,4 30,6 84 Fig.2. Watermelon hybrids production s quality cultivated in unprotected and protected field,

5 From Table 3, based on statistical calculations specific mathematical method of analysis of variance, result the significances of production differences under the impact of experimental factors graduations, which can be unilateral or interacting, which confirms the superiority of different graduations. Table 3 Unilateral and interactions impact of experimental factors upon cultivated in protected and unprotected field Variant Average production (t/ha) Relative production Difference (%) (± t/ha) Significance 1. Unilateral impact of culture systems upon a2-a1 55,69 44,80 124,30 10,89 *** DL 5%= 1,17 DL 1%= 1,78 DL 0,1%= 2,85 2. Unilateral impact of biostimulating products upon b2-b1 50,95 42,53 119,81 8,43 *** b3-b1 54,95 42,53 129,22 12,43 *** b4-b1 52,55 42,53 123,57 10,03 *** b3-b2 54,95 50,95 107,85 4,00 *** b4-b2 52,55 50,95 103,14 1,60 * b4-b3 52,55 54,95 95,63-2,40 00 DL 5%= 1,51 DL 1%= 2,08 DL 0,1%= 2,86 3. Unilateral impact of hybrids upon - 53,76 46,73 115,06 7,04 *** DL 5%= 1,51 DL 1%= 2,04 DL 0,1%= 2,73 4. Interactions impact, between different culture systems and the same or different biostimulating products, upon a2b1-a1b1 46,05 39,00 118,08 7,05 *** a2b2-a1b2 57,20 44,70 127,96 12,50 *** a2b3-a1b3 61,00 48,90 124,74 12,10 *** a2b4-a1b4 58,50 46,60 125,54 11,90 *** a2b2-a1b1 57,20 39,00 146,67 18,20 *** DL 5%= 2,19 DL 1%=3,09 DL 0,1%= 4,45 5. Interactions impact, between the same culture system and different biostimulating products, upon watermelons production a1b2- a1b1 44,70 39,00 114,62 5,70 *** a1b3- a1b1 48,90 39,00 125,38 9,90 *** a1b4- a1b1 46,60 39,00 119,49 7,60 *** a1b3- a1b2 48,90 44,70 109,40 4,20 *** a1b4- a1b2 46,60 44,70 104,25 1,90 - a1b4- a1b3 46,60 48,90 95,30-2,30 0 a2b2- a2b1 57,20 46,05 124,21 11,15 *** a2b3- a2b1 61,00 46,05 132,46 14,95 *** a2b4- a2b1 58,50 46,05 127,04 12,45 *** a2b3- a2b2 61,00 57,20 106,64 3,80 ** a2b4- a2b2 58,50 57,20 102,27 1,30 - a2b4- a2b3 58,50 61,00 95,90-2,50 0 DL 5%= 2,14 DL 1%= 2,94 DL 0,1%= 4,05 6. Interactions impact, between the same culture system and different hybrids, upon a1- a1 48,35 41,25 117,21 7,10 *** a2- a2 59,18 52,20 113,36 6,98 *** DL 5%= 2,13 DL 1%= 2,88 DL 0,1%= 3,86 7. Interactions impact, between the same biostimulating product and different hybrids, upon b1- b1 44,75 40,30 111,04 4,45 ** b2- b2 54,85 47,05 116,58 7,80 *** b3- b3 59,10 50,80 116,34 8,30 *** b4- b4 56,35 48,75 115,59 7,60 *** DL 5%= 3,01 DL 1%= 4,08 DL 0,1%= 5,45 8. Interactions impact, between different biostimulating products and the same hybrid, upon b2- b1 47,05 40,30 116,75 6,75 *** b3- b1 50,80 40,30 126,05 10,50 *** b4- b1 48,75 40,30 120,97 8,45 *** b3- b2 50,80 47,05 107,97 3,75 ** 85

6 b4- b2 48,75 47,05 103,61 1,70 - b4- b3 48,75 50,80 95,96-2,05 - b2- b1 54,85 44,75 122,57 10,10 *** b3- b1 59,10 44,75 132,07 14,35 *** b4- b1 56,35 44,75 125,92 11,60 *** b3- b2 59,10 54,85 107,75 4,25 ** b4- b2 56,35 54,85 102,73 1,50 - b4- b3 56,35 59,10 95,35-2,75 - DL 5%= 2,61 DL 1%= 3,55 DL 0,1%= 4,80 9. Interactions impact, between different culture systems and the same or different hybrids, upon a2- a1 52,20 41,25 126,55 10,95 *** a2- a1 59,18 48,35 122,39 10,83 *** a2- a1 59,18 41,25 143,45 17,93 *** DL 5%= 1,90 DL 1%= 2,68 DL 0,1%= 3, Interactions impact, between the same culture system and the same biostimulating product and different hybrids, upon a1b1- a1b1 41,30 36,70 112,53 4,60 * a2b2- a2b2 60,80 53,60 113,43 7,20 ** DL 5%= 4,26 DL 1%= 5,77 DL 0,1%= 7, Interactions impact, between the same culture system and the same hybrid and different biostimulating product, upon a1b2- a1b1 40,50 36,70 110,35 3,80 * a1b3- a1b1 45,00 36,70 122,62 8,30 *** a1b4- a1b1 42,80 36,70 116,62 6,10 ** a1b3- a1b2 45,00 40,50 111,11 4,50 * a1b4- a1b2 42,80 40,50 105,68 2,30 - a1b4- a1b3 42,80 45,00 95,11-2,20 - a2b2- a2b1 60,80 48,20 126,14 12,60 *** a2b3- a2b1 65,40 48,20 135,68 17,20 *** a2b4- a2b1 62,30 48,20 129,25 14,10 *** a2b3- a2b2 65,40 60,80 107,57 4,60 * a2b4- a2b2 62,30 60,80 102,47 1,50 - a2b4- a2b3 62,30 65,40 95,26-3,10 - DL 5%= 3,69 DL 1%= 5,03 DL 0,1%= 6, Interactions impact, between different culture systems and the same biostimulating product and the same hybrid, upon a2b1- a1b1 43,90 36,70 119,62 7,20 *** a2b1- a1b1 48,20 41,30 116,71 6,90 ** a2b2- a1b2 53,60 40,50 132,35 13,10 *** a2b2- a1b2 60,80 48,90 124,34 11,90 *** a2b3- a1b3 56,60 45,00 125,78 11,60 *** a2b3- a1b3 65,40 52,80 123,86 12,60 *** a2b4- a1b4 54,70 42,80 127,80 11,90 *** a2b4- a1b4 62,30 50,40 123,61 11,90 *** DL 5%= 3,72 DL 1%= 5,11 DL 0,1%= 7,01 Out of points 1-12 it results that: - difference s significance from point 1 between the two culture systems is very significant positive, meaning that protected culture in low tunnels with polyethylene foil gives superior results, the production obtained in a 2 being statistically assured; - production differences significances from point 2, concerning the use of biostimulating products, are in four cases very significant positive, which confirms the great impact that these products have upon the production, which are Bostim (b 2 ), Bionex (b 3 ) and Bionat Plus (b 4 ) compared to Mt not treated (b 1 ) and the superiority of Bionex (b 3 ) compared to Bostim (b 2 ); in one of the cases the production difference is significant positive (b 4 -b 2 ), showing the superiority of Bionat Plus (b 4 ) than Bostim (b 2 ); in the last case the difference is significant negative, which shows better results when using Bionex (b 3 ) than Bionat Plus (b 4 ); - from point 3 we see that production difference s significance is very significant positive, showing that Pata Neagră F1 hybrid (c 2 ) is statistically assured, being superior to Kameni F1 hybrid (c 1 ); - the majority of production differences significances from points 4-12 are very significant positive, showing that the experimental factors impact, unilateral or as a result of their interaction, upon the production are exacerbated, the obtained productions being statistically assured in almost all cases. 86

7 Conclusions and recommendations 1. The practiced culture system has a great impact upon watermelons obtained production. 2. Yields obtained under the influence of protected culture with polyethylene tunnels have higher percentages oscillating between % (a 2 ), as an average the production increase being % ( t/ha) compared to those obtained in a 1 (unprotected culture). 3. Biostimulating products have a significant influence on the level of production achieved, differentiated according to the culture system and cultivated hybrid, with percentages that range between ,3 % in a 2 and in a 1 compared to untreated Mt. 4. Out of the biostimulating products, Bionexul gives better results considering the production increase and also its quality and earliness. 5. The cultivated hybrids have different features considering their productive, qualitative and earliness production. Pata Neagră F1 hybrid excels by an average production of 56.8 t/ha (116.2%) and a share of the early production of 32.9%, more pronounced than for Kameni F1 hybrid. Kameni F1 hybrid is remarked by Ist quality production of 75.5%, with 3.4% higher than Pata Neagră F1 hybrid. 6. Production quality is substantially influenced by biostimulating products and culture system. The protected culture system provides a Ist quality production increase of 10.9 t/ha, meaning +5.8%. 7. Production s earliness is decisively influenced by the protected culture system, production increase being of +16.1t/ha and 25.8% compared to the unprotected culture. References 1.Grumeza, N., şi col Tehnica irigării culturilor hortiviticole, Ed. Ceres, Bucureşti, 2.Horgoş A., Becherescu Alexandra, Ienciu Anişoara, Popa D., 2010 On the effect of using the Bostim preparation on yielding potential an don quality in some watermelon cultivars with different fertilization and irrigation, Research Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 42(3) (2010), Ed. Agroprint, Timişoara 3.Nanu, Ş., Toma, V., 2005 Cultura pepenilor verzi, Ed. Ararat 4.Răduică, Ş., 1989 Stabilirea tehnologiei de cultivare a pepenilor verzi pe portaltoi de mare vigoare în scopul creşterii cantităţii şi calităţii producţiei, Ed. Ceres, Bucureşti. 87