THE WISDOM ACADEMY FOR CIVIL SERVICES YOUR SUCCESS,YOUR WAY,TO BUILD A NATION

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2 Page2 Dear students, NCERT forms an important base for preparation of civil services. Aspirants need to understand these books which are basic in nature. Student should be thorough with this books conceptually and well versed with the facts. There are number of subject like HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, and POLITY. whose NCERT needs to be covered. Timely revision and re-reading becomes a challenging task for aspirant. Wisdom academy has come up with a solution by proving aspirant for comprehensive GIST with solved questions below the chapter. The purpose of providing these short summary notes is to travel with the aspirant in achieving their dream in competitive exam. ALL THE BEST!!!!

3 Page3 Contents RESOURCES... 4 LAND, SOIL, WATER, NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES... 9 MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES AGRICULTURE INDUSTRIES HUMAN RESOURCES... 63

4 Page4 RESOURCES They have all been used by you, so they have utility. Utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource. All resources have some value. Value means worth. Some resources have economic value, some do not. For example, metals may have an economic value, a beautiful landscape may not. But both are important and satisfy human needs. Time and technology are two important factors that can change substances into resources. People themselves are the most important resource. It is their ideas, knowledge, inventions and discoveries that lead to the creation of more resources. TYPES OF RESOURCES Natural Resources Resources that are drawn from Nature and used without much modification are called natural resources. In some cases tools and technology may be needed to use a natural resource in the best possible way. Natural resources are classified into different groups depending upon their level of development and use; origin; stock and distribution Basis of their development and use resources can be classified into two groups, actual resources and potential resources. 1. Actual resources are those resources whose quantity is known. These resources are being used in the present. 2. Potential resources are those whose entire quantity may not be known and these are not being used at present. These resources could be used in the future. The level of technology we have at present may not be advanced enough to easily utilize these resources. The uranium found in Ladakh is an example of potential resource that could be used in the future. 3. Today they are an actual resource and wind farms generate energy using windmills like in Netherlands. You will find some in Nagercoil in Tamil Nadu and on the Gujarat coast Based on their origin, resources can be abiotic or biotic. 1. Abiotic resources are non-living while biotic resources are living. Soils, rocks and minerals are abiotic but plants and animals are biotic resources. Natural resources can be broadly categorized into renewable and non-renewable resources. On the basis of their distribution resources can be ubiquitous or localised.

5 Page5 The distribution of natural resources depends upon number of physical factors like terrain, climate and altitude. The distribution of resources is unequal because these factors differ so much over the earth. HUMAN MADE RESOURCES Sometimes, natural substances become resources only when their original form has been changed. Iron ore was not a resource until people learnt to extract iron from it. Human made resources. Technology is also a human made resource. Human Resources Improving the quality of people s skills so that they are able to create more resources is known as human resource development. Human Resource refers to the number (quantity) and abilities (mental and physical) of the people. CONSERVING RESOURCES Using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed is called resource conservation. Balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future is called sustainable development. SOME PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1. Respect and care for all forms of life 2. Improve the quality of human life Conserve the earth s vitality and diversity 3. Minimize the depletion of natural resources 4. Change personal attitude and practices toward the environment 5. Enable communities to care for their own environment.

6 Page6 SOLVED QUESTIONS Q1. Define resource? Give examples. A1. Resource: Anything which satisfies human needs is a resource.ex-water, textbook, air, land, vegetable etc. Q2. Explain two features of a resource? A2. Utility: - Utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource. Value:-All resources have a value. Value means worth. Some resources have economic value, some do not. For example, metals may have an - economic value, a beautiful landscape may not. Q3. What are the two important factors that change substances into a resource? A3. 1) Time and 2) technology are two important factors that can change substances into resources. Both are related to the needs of the people. People themselves are the most important resource. It is their ideas, knowledge, inventions and discoveries that lead to the creation of more resource. Q4. What is the natural resource? A4. Resources that are drawn from Nature and used without much modification are called natural resources. ex- the air we breathe, the water in our rivers and lakes, the soils, minerals are all natural resources. Q5. What is Human made resource? A5. People use natural resources to make buildings, bridges, roads, machinery and vehicles, which are known as human made resources. Technology is also a human made resource. Q6. Why is human resource important? A6. 1) People can make the best use of nature to create more resources when they have the knowledge, skill and the technology to do so. 2) People are human resources. 3) Education and health help in making people a valuable resource. Q7. Define Sustainable development? A7. Carefully utilizing resources so that besides meeting the requirements of the present, also takes care of future generation.

7 Page7 Q8. List the principles of sustainable development. A8. The principles of sustainable development are as follows:- 1) Respect and care for all forms of life 2) Improve the quality of human life 3) Conserve the earth s vitality and diversity 4) Minimize the depletion of natural resources 5) Change personal attitude and practices toward the environment 6) Enable communities to care for their own environment. Q9. Distinguish between the following:- A9. 1) Actual and potential resource. 2) Abiotic and Biotic resource. 3) Renewable resource and Non renewablel resource. 4) Ubiquitious and Localized resource. Actual resource 1) Actual resources are those resources whose quantity is known and being used in the present. 2) Example- The rich deposits of coal in Ruhr region of Germany. Potential resource Potential resources are those whose entire quantity may not be known and not being used at Presently due to low level of technology. Example-Uranium found in Ladakh. Abiotic resource Biotic resource 1) Abiotic resources are non-living resource. Biotic resources are living resource. 2) Example- soils, minerals and rocks. Example- Plants and animals.

8 Page8 Renewable resource Nonrenewable resource 1) Renewable resources are those which get renewed or replenished quickly. Non-renewable resources are those which have a limited stock. 2) Example- Water, solar and wind. Example- Coal, petroleum and natural gas. Ubiquitous resource Localized resource 1) Resources that are found everywhere. Resources which are found only in certain places. 2) Example-Air and water. Example-Copper and iron- ore.

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10 Page10 LAND, SOIL, WATER, NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES LAND Land is among the most important natural resources. It covers only about thirty per cent of the total area of the earth s surface and all parts of this small percentage are not habitable. LAND USE The uneven distribution of population in different parts of the world is mainly due to varied characteristics of land and climate. The rugged topography, steep slopes of the mountains, low-lying areas susceptible to water Logging, desert areas, thick forested areas are normally sparsely populated or uninhabited. Plains and river valleys offer suitable land for agriculture. Hence, these are the densely populated areas of the world. The use of land is determined by physical factors such as topography, soil, climate, minerals and availability of water. Human factors such as population and technology are also important determinants of land use pattern. Private land is owned by individuals whereas, community land is owned by the community for common uses like collection of fodder, fruits, nuts or medicinal herbs. These community lands are also called common property resources. Today the vast changes in the land use pattern also reflect the cultural changes in our society. Land degradation, landslides, soil erosion, desertification are the major threats to the environment because of the expansion of agriculture and constructional activities. CONSERVATION OFLANDRESOURCE Growing population and their ever growing demand has led to a large scale destruction of forest cover and arable land and has created a LANDSLIDES Landslides are simply defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope. They often take place in conjunction with earthquakes, floods and volcanoes. The formation of river blocks can cause havoc to the settlements downstream on its bursting.

11 Page11 A Case Study A massive landslide hit Pangi village near Reckong Peo in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh and damaged a 200-meter stretch of old Hindustan-Tibet road, National Highway This landslide was triggered by intense blasting at Pangi village. Due to the blasting this weak zone of slope collapsed and caused intense damage to the road and nearby villages. The Pangi village was completely vacated to avoid any possible loss of life. Mitigation Mechanism Hazard mapping locate areas prone to landslides. Hence, such areas can be avoided for building settlements. Construction of retention wall to stop land from slipping. Increase in the vegetation cover is an effective way to arrest landslide. The surface drainage control works are implemented to control the movement of landslide along with rain water and spring flows. SOIL Soil is made up of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks found on the earth. This happens through the process of weathering. The right mix of minerals and organic matter make the soil fertile. FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION The major factors of soil formationare the nature of the parent rock and climatic factors. Other factors are the topography, role of organic material and time taken for the composition of soil formation. All these differ from place to place.

12 Page12 DEGRADATION OF SOIL ANDCONSERVATION MEASURES Factors which lead to soil degradation are deforestation, overgrazing, overuse of or pesticides, rain wash, landslides and floods chemical feritilisers 1. Mulching:bare ground between plants is covered with a layer of organic matter like straw. 2. Contour barriers: Stones, grass, soil are used to build barriers along contours. 3. Rock dam: Rocks are piled up to slow down the flow of water. This prevents gullies and further soil loss 4. Terrace farming: These are made on the steep slopes so that flat surfaces are available to grow crops. They can reduce surface run-off and soil erosion 5. Intercropping: Different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash. 6. Contour ploughing: Ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a natural barrier for water to flow down the slope 7. Shelter belts: In the coastal and dry regions rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement. WATER

13 Page13 In 1975, the consumption of water for human use was 3850cu km/year. It soared to more than 6000 cu km/year in the year 2000 A dripping tap wastes1200 litres in a year. Water is a vital renewable natural resource. Three fourths of the earth s surface is covered with water. It is therefore appropriately called the water planet. It was in the primitive oceans that life began almost 3.5 billion years back. Even today, the oceans cover two-thirds of the earth s surface and support a rich variety of plant and animal life. The ocean water is however saline and not fit for human consumption. Fresh water accounts for only about 2.7 per cent. Nearly 70 per cent of this occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and mountain regions. Due to their location they are inaccessible. Only 1 per cent of freshwater is available and fit for human use. It is found as ground water, as surface water in rivers and lakes and as water vapour in the atmosphere PROBLEMS OF WATER AVAILABILITY Most of Africa, West Asia, South Asia, parts of western USA, north-west Mexico, parts of South America and entire Australia are facing shortages in fresh water supply. Countries located in climatic zones most susceptible to droughts face great problems of water scarcity. Thus, water shortage may be a consequence of variation in seasonal or annual precipitation or the scarcity is caused by overexploitation and contamination of water sources. CONSERVATION OFWATER RESOURCES Even though water is a renewable resource, its overuse and pollution make it unfit for use Discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals and industrial effluents in water bodies are major contaminants. pollute water with nitrates, metals and pesticides Forest and other vegetation cover slow the surface runoff and replenish underground water. Water harvesting canals should be properly lined to minimize losses by water seepage Sprinklers effectively irrigate the area by checking water losses through seepage and evaporation In dry regions with high rates of evaporation, drip or trickle irrigation is very useful. The valuable water resource can therefore be conserved by adopting these means of conservation NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE Natural vegetation and wildlife exist only in the narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere that we call biosphere.

14 Page14 Insects like bees provide us honey, help in pollination of flowers and have an important role to play as decomposers in the ecosystem. The birds feed on insects and act as decomposers as well. Vultures in the Indian subcontinent were dying of kidney failure shortly after scavenging livestock treated with diclofenac, a painkiller that is similar to aspirin or ibuprofen. Efforts are on to ban the drug for livestock use and breed vultures in captivity. DISTRIBUTION OF NATURALVEGETATION vegetation depends primarily on temperature and moisture The major vegetation types of the world are grouped as forests, grasslands, scrubs and tundra In dry areas of low rainfall, thorny shrubs and scrubs grow. In such areas plants have deep roots and leaves have thorny and waxy surface to reduce loss of moisture by transpiration Tundra vegetation of cold Polar Regions comprise of mosses and lichens. Forests are broadly classified as evergreen and deciduous depending on when they shed their leaves. CONSERVATION OFNATURAL VEGETATION ANDWILDLIFE Many species have become vulnerable or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction. Deforestation, soil erosion, constructional activities, forest fires, tsunami and landslides are some of the human made and natural factors which Awareness programs like social forestry and Vanamohatasava should be encouraged at the regional and community level. A natural area designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations Series of protected areas linked through a global network, intended to demonstrate the relationship between conservation and development CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. It aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Roughly 5,000 species of animals and 28,000 species of plants are protected.

15 Page15 SOLVED QUESTION Q1. Why life is different in different parts of the world? A1. The life is different in different parts of the world because of the differences in the quality of land, soil, water, natural vegetation, animals and the usage of technology. Q2. How land can be conserved? A2. Land can be conserved by the following way:- 1) Afforestation. 2) Land reclamation 3) Regulated use of chemical pesticide and fertilizers. 4) Checks on overgrazing. Q3. What is soil? A3. The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface of the earth is called soil. Soil is made up of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks found on the earth. This happens through the process of weathering. The right mix of minerals and organic matter make the soil fertile. Q4. Name the factors that lead to soil degradation? A4. Factors which lead to soil degradation are:- 1) Deforestation 2) Overgrazing 3) Overuse of chemical feritilisers or pesticides. 4) Rain wash. 5) Landslides. 6) Floods. Q5. Define 1) National park 2) Biosphere reserve. A5. 1) National park - A natural area designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations. 2) Biosphere reserve - Series of protected areas linked through a global network, intended to demonstrate the relationship between conservation and development. Q6. What are the natural and human factors that are leading to forest and wildlife depletion?

16 Page16 A6. The natural and human factors that are leading to forest and wildlife resources are:- 1) Deforestation 2) Soil erosion 3) Constructional activities. 4) Forest fires. 5) Tsunami. 6) Landslides. Q7. Why animals are poached? A7. The animals are poached for collection and illegal trade of hides, skins, nails, teeth, horns as well as feathers. Q8. How do we get water back through water recycle? A8. Water can neither be added nor subtracted from the earth. Its total volume remains constant. Its abundance only seems to vary because it is inconstant motion, cycling through the oceans, the air, the land and back again, through the processes of evaporation, precipitation and run-off. This is how we get water back through water recycle. Q9. Name the physical and human factors that determine land use? A9. The use of land is determined by:- 1) Physical factors such as topography, soil, climate, minerals and availability of water. 2) Human factors such as population and technology are also important determinants of land use pattern. Q10. Why land use pattern is changing? A10. Land use pattern is changing because of following reasons:- 1) People started encroaching the common lands to build up commercial areas, housing complexes in the urban areas and to expand the agricultural land in the rural areas. 2) Cultural changes which are taking place in our society. Q11. Name the regions of the world which are facing water scarcity? A11. The regions of the water scarcity are Africa, West Asia, South Asia, parts of western USA, north-west Mexico, parts of South America and entire Australia are facing shortages in fresh water supply.

17 Page17 Q12. What are the reasons for the water scarcity/? A12. Water shortage may be a consequence of variation in seasonal or annual precipitation or the scarcity is caused by over exploitation and contamination of water sources. Q13. How is vegetation useful to us? A13. Vegetation is useful to us in the following way:- 1) Plants provide us with timber 2) Give shelter to animals, 3) Produce oxygen we breathe, 4) Protects soils so essential for growing crops, 5) Act as shelter belts, 6) Help in storage of underground water, 7) Give us fruits, nuts, latex, turpentine oil, gum, medicinal plants 8) Provide the paper that is so essential for your studies. Q14. Give the soil profile? A14. The soil is made up of different layers as follows:- 1) Top soil with humus and vegetation. 2) Sub soil with sand, silt and clay. 3) Weathered rock material. 4) Parent rock. Q15. Why there is uneven distribution of population? A15. The uneven distribution of population in different parts of the world is mainly due to varied characteristics of land and climate. 1) Sparsely populated regions:- The rugged topography, steep slopes of the mountains, low lying areas suspectible to water logging, desert areas thick forested areas are normally sparsely populated or uninhabited. 2) Densely populated regions:- Plains and river valleys offer suitable land for agriculture. Hence, these are the densely populated areas of the world. Q16. Define the following:

18 Page18 1) Land Use 2) Common property resource. 3) Biosphere. 4) Ecosystem. A16. 1) Land use - Land is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads and setting up of industries. This is commonly termed as Land use. 2) Common property resource Private land is owned by individuals whereas, community land is owned by the community for common uses like collection of fodder, fruits, nuts or medicinal herbs. These community lands are also called common property resources. 3) Biosphere - Natural vegetation and wildlife exist only in the narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere that we call biosphere. 4) Ecosystem - In the biosphere living beings are inter-related and interdependent on each other for survival. This life supporting system is known as the ecosystem. Q17. Explain the factors that help in soil formation? A17. The major factors that help in the soil formation are as follows:- 1) Parent Rock - Determines colour, texture, chemical properties,mineral, content, permeability. 2) Climate -Temperature, Rainfall influence rate of weathering and humus. 3) Relief - Altitude and slope, determine accumulation of soil 4) Flora, Fauna and Micro-organism - Affect the rate of humus formation 5) Time - Determines thickness of soil profile. Q18. Explain the methods that help in the conservation of soil? A18. Some methods of soil conservation are:- 1) Mulching: The bare ground between plants is covered with a layer of organic matter like straw. It helps to retain soil moisture. 2) Contour barriers: Stones, grass, soil are used to build barriers along contours. Trenches are made in front of the barriers to collect water. 3) Rock dam: Rocks are piled up to slow down the flow of water. This prevents gullies and further soil loss. 4) Terrace farming: These are made on the steep slopes so that flat surfaces are available to grow crops. They can reduce surface run-off and soil erosion 5) Intercropping: Different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash.

19 Page19 6) Contour ploughing:-ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a natural barrier for water to flow down the slope 7) Shelter belts: In the coastal and dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement to protect soil cover. Q19. Give the distribution of water? A19. The oceans cover two-thirds of the earth s surface and support a rich variety of plant and animal life. The ocean water is however saline and not fit for human consumption. Fresh water accounts for only about 2.7 per cent. Nearly 70 per cent of this occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and mountain regions. Due to their location they are inaccessible. Only 1 per cent of Fresh water is available and fit for human use. It is found as ground water, as surface water in rivers and lakes and as water vapour in the atmosphere. Q20. Explain the factors leading to water scarcity? A20. The factors leading to water scarcity are:- 1) Increasing population- The population is increasing therefore there is rising demands for food and cash crops,increasing urbanisation and rising standards of living causes water scarcity. 2) Decreasing water resource - Drying up of water sources, over usage of water, lowering of water table and water pollution due to untreated chemical and industrial waste causes water shortage. Q21. How we can conserve water resource? A21. We can conserve water resource by the following way:- 1) Water pollution can be controlled by treating these effluents suitably before releasing them in water bodies. 2) Forest and other vegetation cover slow the surface runoff and replenish under groundwater. 3) Water harvesting is another method to save surface runoff. 4) The canals should be properly lined to minimise losses by water seepage. 5) Sprinklers effectively irrigate the area by checking water losses through seepage and evaporation. 6) In dry regions with high rates of evaporation, drip or trickle irrigation is very useful. 7) Treatment of effluents-discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals and industrial effluents in water bodies are major contaminants which should be treated before discharging it in the river.

20 Page20 Q22. Animals big or small, all are integral in maintaining balance in the ecosystem Elaborate the statement with the help of examples. A22. Wildlife includes animals, birds, insects as well as the aquatic life forms. 1) Animals provide us milk, meat, hides and wool. 2) Insects like bees provide us honey, help in pollination of flowers and have an important role to play as decomposers in the ecosystem. 3) The birds feed on insects and act as decomposers as well. 4) Vulture due to its ability to feed on dead livestock is a scavenger and considered a vital cleanser of the environment. So animals big or small, all are integral in maintaining balance in the ecosystem. Q23. What are the features of vegetation found in the regions of heavy, moderate and low rainfall regions of the world? A23. 1) In areas of heavy rainfall, huge trees may thrive. 2) In the regions of moderate rainfall short stunted trees and grasses grow forming the grasslands of the world. 3) In dry areas of low rainfall, thorny shrubs and scrubs grow. In such areas plants have deep roots and leaves have thorny and waxy surface to reduce loss of moisture by transpiration. Tundra vegetation of cold Polar Regions comprise of mosses and lichens. Q24. Differentiate between Evergreen and Deciduous forest? A24. Evergreen forest 1) They do not shed their leaves simultaneously in any season of the year. 2) Mahogony, ebony, rosewood, cidar, cinchona trees are found here. 3) It has tropical climate throughout the year with an average annual rainfall of more than 200 cm. 4) They are little importance as their wood is hard and unusable in economic activities. Deciduous forest They shed their leaves in a particular season to conserve loss of moisture through transpiration. Sal, teak and sesum trees are found here. It has spread over the areas where two distinct seasons rainy and dry are found, with an average annual rainfall of cm. The wood is soft and durable. Hence they are economically important. The wood is used as timber.

21 Page21 Q25. List the steps that can be adopted to conserve the forest and wildlife resource. A25. The steps that can be adopted to conserve forest and wildlife resource are- 1) National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves are made to protect our natural vegetation and wildlife. 2) Conservation of creeks, lakes, and wetlands is necessary to save the precious resource from depletion. 3) Awareness programmes- like social forestry and Vanamohatasava should be encouraged at the regional and community level. School children should be encouraged for bird watching and visiting nature camps so that they appreciate thehabitat of varied species. 4) Laws- Many countries have passed laws declaring that the trades as well as killing of birds and animals are illegal. In India, killing of lions, tigers, deers, great Indian bustards and peacocks have been banned. 5) CITES- An international convention CITES has been established that lists several species of animals and birds in which trade is prohibited.

22 Page22 MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is a mineral. Minerals are not evenly distributed over space. They are concentrated in a particular area or rock formations. TYPES OF MINERALS Metallic minerals contain metal in raw form 1. Iron ore, bauxite, manganese ore are some examples. 2. Metallic minerals may be fer rous or non-ferrous. Ferrous minerals like iron ore, manganese and chromites contain iron. 3. A non-ferrousmineral does not contain iron but may contain some other metal such as gold, silver, copper or lead. Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals. Limestone, mica and gypsum The process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth s surface is called mining. Minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer; this is known as open-cast mining Deep bores, called shafts, have to be made to reach mineral deposits that lie at great depths. This is called shaft mining. Petroleum and natural gas occur far below the earth s surface. Deep wells are bored to take them out, this is called drilling (Fig 3.4). Minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug out, by the process known as quarrying. DISTRIBUTION OFMINERALS Some are found in igneous rocks, some in metamorphic rocks while others occur in sedimentary rocks. Generally, metallic minerals are found in igneous and metamorphic rock formations that form large plateaus Iron-ore in north Sweden, copper and nickel deposits in Ontario, Canada, iron, nickel, and chromite s and platinum in South Africa are examples of minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rock formations of plains and young fold mountains contain non-metallic minerals like limestone. Limestone deposits of Caucasus region of France, manganese deposits of Georgia

23 Page23 and Ukraine and phosphate beds of Algeria are some examples. Mineral fuels such as coal and petroleum are also found in the sedimentary strata. ASIA China and India have large iron ore Continent produces more than half of the world s tin. China, Malaysia and Indonesia are among the world s leading tin producers. China also leads in production of lead, antimony and tungsten. Asia also has deposits of manganese, bauxite, nickel, zinc and copper. EUROPE leading producer of iron-ore in the world Countries with large deposits of iron ore are Russia, Ukraine, Sweden and France. Minerals deposits of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel are found in Eastern Europe and European Russia. NORTHAMERICA The mineral deposits in North America are located in three zones: 1. the Canadian region north of the Great Lakes, 2. the Appalachian region and 3. the mountain ranges of the west Iron ore, nickel, gold, uranium and copper are mined in the Canadian Shield Region, coal in the Appalachians region. Western Cordilleras have vast deposits of copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA Brazil is the largest producer of high grade iron-ore in the world. Chile and Peru are leading producers of copper. Brazil and Bolivia are among the world s largest producers of tin Mineral oil is found in Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Columbia rich in mineral resources It is the world s largest producer of diamonds, gold and platinum. South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zaire produce a large portion of the world s gold. Other minerals found in Africa are copper, iron ore, chromium, uranium, cobalt and bauxite. Oil is found in Nigeria, Libya and Angola.

24 Page24 ANTARCTICA geology of Antarctica is sufficiently well known to predict the existence of a variety of mineral deposits Significant size of deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains and iron near the Prince Charles Mountains of East Antarctica is forecasted. Iron ore, gold, silver and oil are also present in commercial quantities DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA Iron: India has deposits of high grade iron ore. The mineral is found mainly in Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Bauxite: Major bauxite producing areas are Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Mica: Mica deposits mainly occur in Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. India is the largest producer and exporter of mica in the world. Copper: It is mainly produced in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Manganese: India s manganese deposits lie in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Limestone: Major limestone producing states in India are Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Gold: Kolar in Karnataka has deposits of gold in India. These mines are among the deepest in the world which makes mining of this ore a very expensive process. Salt: It is obtained from seas, lakes and rocks India is one of the world s leading producers and exporters of salt. CONSERVATION OFMINERALS It is necessary to reduce wastage in the process of mining. Recycling of metals is another way in which the mineral resources can be conserved. POWER RESOURCES The coal which we are using today was formed millions of years ago when giant ferns and swamps got buried under the layers of earth. Coal is therefore referred to as Buried Sunshine Petroleum It is found between the layers of rocks and is drilled from oil fields located in off-shore and coastal areas

25 Page25 Petroleum and its derivatives are called Black Gold as they are very valuable. The chief petroleum producing countries are Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The other major producers are USA, Russia, Venezuela, and Algeria. Natural Gas Natural gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface. It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel. Russia, Norway, UK and the Netherlands are the major producers of natural gas In India Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari delta, Tripura and some areas off shore in Mumbai have natural gas resources Hydel Power The toxic pollutants released from burning these fuels are also a cause for concern. This is called hydroelectricity. The water discharged after the generation of electricity is used for irrigation. One fourth of the world s electricity is produced by hydel power. The leading producers of hydel power in the world are Paraguay, Norway, Brazil, and China. Some important hydel power stations in India are Bhakra Nangal, Gandhi Sagar, Nagarjunsagar and Damodar valley projects

26 Page26 NON-CONVENTIONALSOURCES OFENERGY Solar energy-general info Wind Energy Wind farms having clusters of such wind mills are located in coastal regions and in mountain passes where strong and steady winds blow. Wind farms are found in Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, UK, USA and Spain are noted for their wind energy production. Nuclear Power In India Rajasthan and Jharkhand have large deposits of Uranium Thorium is found in large quantities in the Monazite sands of Kerala These fuels undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power. The nuclear power stations in India are located in Kalpakkam in Tamilnadu, Tarapur in Maharastra, Ranapratap Sagar near Kota in Rajasthan, Narora in Uttar Pradesh and Kaiga in Karnataka. Geothermal Energy Heat energy obtained from the earth is called geothermal energy. USA has the world s largest geothermal power plants followed by New Zealand, Iceland, Philippines and Central America. In India, geothermal plants are located in Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and Puga Valley in Ladakh TIDALENERGY Energy generated from tides is called tidal energy. Russia, France and the Gulf of Kachchh in India have huge tidal mill farms. BIOGAS Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas. The organic waste is decomposed by bacteria in biogas digesters to emit biogas which is essentially a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.

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28 Page28 SOLVED QUESTION Q1. Define mineral. Give example also. A1. Mineral- A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is a mineral ex iron, diamond and petroleum etc. Q2. How minerals are formed? A2. Minerals are formed in different types of geological environments, under varying conditions. They are created by natural processes without any human interference. Q3. Classify minerals on the basis of composition? A3. On the basis of composition minerals can be classified into metallic and non metallic minerals. Q4. What is the importance of power resource? A4. Power or energy plays a vital role in our lives. We also need power for industry, agriculture, transport, communication and defense. Q5. How fossil fuels are formed? A5. Remains of plants and animals which were buried under the earth for millions of years got converted by the heat and pressure into fossil fuels. Q6. Why coal is referred to as buried sunshine? A6 Coal is referred to as buried sunshine because of the following reasons :- Q7. What is thermal power? 1) It produces energy. 2) It is buried under the layers of the earth. A7. This is the most abundantly found fossil fuel. It is used as a domestic fuel, in industries such as iron and steel, steam engines and to generate electricity. Electricity from coal is called thermal power. Q8. Name the leading producer of coal in the world and India? A8. The leading coal producers of the world are China, USA, Germany, Russia, South Africa and France. The coal producing areas of India are Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad and Bokaro in Jharkhand.

29 Page29 Q9. Where petroleum is found? A9. It is found between the layers of rocks and is drilled from oil fields located in off-shore and coastal areas. Q10. What are the byproducts of petroleum? A10. The byproducts of petroleum are diesel, petrol, kerosene, wax, plastic and lubricants. Q11. Why petroleum is referred to as black gold? A11. Petroleum is referred to as black because:- 1) Its derivatives like diesel, kerosene and petrol are very expensive. 2) It is black in colour when drilled. Q12. Name the petroleum producing countries? A12. The chief petroleum producing countries are Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The other major producers are USA, Russia, Venezuela, Algeria and India. Q13. Name the leading producers of petroleum in India? A13. The leading producers in India are Digboi in Assam, Bombay High in Mumbai and the deltas of Krishna and Godavari rivers. Q14. Where natural gas is found and what are its uses? Name the two types of natural gas? A14. Natural gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface. It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel. The two types of natural gas are:- 1) LPG- Liquefied petroleum gas. Used in cooking gas etc. 1) CNG- Compressed natural gas used in running vehicles. Q15. Name the producers of Natural gas in the world and India? A15. Russia, Norway, UK and the Netherlands are the major producers of natural gasin the world.in India Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari delta, Tripura and some areas off shore in Mumbai have natural gas resources. Q16. How hydroelectricity is produced?

30 Page30 A16. Rain water or river water stored in dams is made to fall from heights. The falling water flows through pipes inside the dam over turbine blades placed at the bottom of the dam. The moving blades then turn the generator to produce electricity. This is called hydroelectricity. Q17. Name the leading producers of hydel power in the world and India? A17. The leading producers of hydel power in the world are Paraguay, Norway, Brazil, and China. Some important hydel power stations in India are BhakraNangal, Gandhi Sagar, Nagarjunsagar and Damodar valley projects. Q18. What are the uses of Wind mill? A18. Wind mills have been used for grinding grain and lifting water since times immemorial. In modern time wind mills, the high speed winds rotate the wind mill which is connected to a generator to produce electricity. Q19. What is Wind farm and where it is located? A19. Wind farms having clusters of wind mills are located in coastal regions and in mountain passes where strong and steady winds blow. Wind farms are found in Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, UK, USA and Spain are noted for their wind energy production. Q20. How is nuclear power obtained? A20. Nuclear power is obtained from energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of naturally occurring radioactive elements like uranium and thorium. These fuels undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power. Q21. Name the producers of Nuclear power in the world and India? A21. The greatest producers of nuclear power are USA and Europe. In India Rajasthan and Jharkhand have large deposits of Uranium. Thorium is found in large quantities in the Monozite sands of Kerala. Q22. Name the nuclear power stations in India? A22. The nuclear power stations in India are located in Kalpakkam in Tamilnadu, Tarapur in Maharastra, Rana pratapsagar near Kota in Rajasthan, Narora in Uttar Pradesh and Kaiga in Karnataka. Q23. What is Geo-thermal energy? A23. Heat energy obtained from the earth is called geothermal energy. Q24. How Geo-thermal energy is produced?

31 Page31 A24. The temperature in the interior of the earth rises steadily as we go deeper. Some times this heat energy may surface itself in the form of hot springs. This heat energy can be used to generate power. Q25. What are the different uses of Geo-thermal energy? A25. Geothermal energy in the form of hot springs has been used for cooking, heating and bathing for several years. Q26. Name the largest Geo-thermal power plants in the world and India? A26. USA has the world s largest geothermal power plants followed by New Zealand, Iceland, Philippines and Central America. In India, geothermal plants are located in Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and PugaValley in Ladakh. Q27. What is tidal energy and how it is harnessed? A27. Energy generated from tides is called tidal energy. Tidal energy can be harnessed by building dams at narrow openings of the sea. During high tide the energy of the tides is used to turn the turbine installed in the dam to produce electricity. Q28. Where tidal mill farm are found? A28. Russia, France and the Gulf of Kachchh in India have huge tidal mill farms. Q29. What is Bio-gas? A29. Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas. Q30. What are different uses of solar energy? A30. Solar energy is also used in solar heaters, solar cookers, solar dryers besides being used for community lighting and traffic signals. Q31. What are the uses of Bio-gas? A31. Biogas is an excellent fuel for cooking and lighting and produces huge amount of organic manure each year. Q32. How energy can be conserved? A32 Energy can be conserved by the following way:- 1) Using energy resources rationally and judiciously. 2) Energy saved is energy generated.

32 Page32 Q33. How minerals can be conserved? A33.. Minerals can be conserved by the following ways :- 1) Reduce wastage in the process of mining. 2) Recycling of metals. 3) Export of minerals should be minimum. 4) To save the minerals their substitute should be used. 3 R Reuse, reduce and recycle Q34. Differentiate between:- 1) Ferrous and non ferrous minerals. 2) Metallic and nonmetallic minerals. Ferrous minerals 1 The minerals having iron contents are called ferrous minerals. Nonferrous minerals The minerals that do not possess Iron contents are called non ferrous minerals. 2 India has abundant ferrous minerals. India is deficient in non Ferrous minerals. 3 Example-iron ore, manganese ore, cobalt and nickel. Example--copper ore, tin, zinc, gold, Silver, lead etc. Metallic minerals Non metallic minerals 1 Metallic minerals are those minerals which can be melted to obtain new products. 2 These are generally associated with Igneous rocks 3 They are usually hard and have shines or luster of their own. Non metallic minerals are those which do not yield new products on melting. These are generally associated with sedimentary rocks. They are not so hard and have no shine or luster of their own. 4 They are ductile i.e turned into wires. They are not ductile. 5 They are malleable i.e. turned into wires They are not malleable. 6 When hit, they do not get broken. When hit they may get broken into pieces.

33 Page33 Q35. Explain the methods by which minerals are extracted? A35. The process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth s surface is called mining. There are various ways of extracting minerals, it as follows:- 1) Minerals that lie at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer; this is known as open-cast mining. 2) Deep bores, called shafts, have to be made to reach mineral deposits that lie at great depths. This is called shaft mining. 3) Petroleum and natural gas occur far below the earth s surface. Deep wells are bored to take them out, this is called drilling 4) Minerals that lie near the surface are simply dugout, by the process known as quarrying. Q36. Explain the distribution of minerals? A36. Minerals occur in different types of rocks. Some are found in igneous rocks, some in metamorphic rocks while others occur in sedimentary rocks. Generally, metallic minerals are found in igneous and metamorphic rock formations that form large plateaus. Iron-ore in north Sweden, copper and nickel deposits in Ontario,Canada, iron, nickel, chromites and platinum in South Africa are examples of minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rock formations of plains and young fold mountains contain non- metallic minerals like limestone Q37. Complete the following table showing the distribution of minerals in the World: _ Continents Minerals Region 1 Asia Iron ore and lead China and India 2 Europe Iron ore and copper. Ukraine, Eastern Europe. 3 North America Coal and copper Appalachians, Western Cordilleras 4 South America Iron ore and tin Brazil, Bolvia 5 Africa Diamonds, Oil Africa, Nigeria 6 Australia Bauxite, Gold Australia, Kalgoorlie

34 Page34 7 Antarctica Iron and Gold Transantartic mountain, Prince Charles mountains. Q38. Complete the following table showing distribution of minerals in India. Minerals States 1 Iron Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh 2 Bauxite Jharkhand, Orissa 3 Mica Jharkhand, Bihar 4 Copper Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh 5 Manganese Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh 6 Limestone Bihar, Jharkhand 7 Gold Kolar in Karnataka 8 Salt Seas, Lakes and rocks Q39. List the uses of minerals? A39. 1) Iron ore is used for manufacturing of machines, agriculture implements and items of general use. 2) Minerals which are used for gems are usually hard. These are then set in various styles for jewellery. 3) Copper is another metal used in everything from coins to pipes. 4) Silicon, used in the computer industry is obtained from quartz. 5) Aluminum obtained from its ore bauxite is used in automobiles and airplanes, bottling industry, buildings and even in kitchen cookware. 6) Mica is used in electrical and electronic industries. 7) Manganese ore is used for making iron, steel and preparing alloys.

35 Page35 Q40. Differentiate between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy? Conventional sources of Energy Non-conventional sources of Energy 1. The sources of energy which have been in use for a long time example coal, petroleum, natural gas and water power. 1. The resources which are recently developed and used example solar, wind, tidal, bio-gas and geothermal. 2. They are exhaustible except water. 2. They are in-exhaustible. 3. They cause pollution when used, as they emit smoke and ash. 4. Their generation and use involves huge expenditure. 5. They are very expensive to be maintained, stored and transmitted as they are carried over long distance through transmission grid and lines. 3. They are generally pollution free. 4. Very less amount of money is required for their use in generating them. 5. Less expensive due to local use and easy to maintain. Q41. List the advantages and disadvantages of the following non-conventional sources of energy :- A41. 1) Wind energy. 2) Solar energy. 3) Tidal energy. Advantages Disadvantages 4) Nuclear energy. 5) Bio gas. 6) Geo thermal energy. Wind Energy Non-polluting. Low cost production of electricity once setup. Safe and clean. Noise pollution. Wind mills costly to setup. Distrurb radio and T.V. reception. Harmful to birds. Solar Energy

36 Page36 Inexhaustible. Non polluting. Expensive Diffused source so gets wasted. Tidal Energy Non polluting. Inexhaustible. Destroys wild life habitat. Difficult to harness Nuclear energy Bio-Gas Emits large amount of energy Generate radio active waste and expense. Low cost Easy to operate. Makes use of bio waste Geo Thermal energy Causes green house effect Clean eco-friendly and always available. Located far away from cities and so costly to transport the electricity. Q42. Differentiate between Natural gas and Biogas. A42 Natural Gas Biogas 1) It is obtained in natural form. 1) It is obtained from shrubs, farm wastes, animal and human wastes. 2) It is available in large quantities. 2) It is available in limited quantities. 3) It is used as a source or power. 3) It is used mostly in rural areas. 4) It is also used as raw material in petro-chemical industries. 4) It is not used as raw material.

37 Page37 AGRICULTURE This transformation from a plant to a finished product involves three types of economic activities. These are primary, secondary and tertiary activities Agriculture is a primary activity. It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock. In the world, 50 per cent of persons are engaged in agricultural activity. Two-thirds of India s population is still dependent on agriculture Favourable topography of soil and climate are vital for agricultural activity FARMSYSTEM World Distribution of Arable Land Agriculture or farming can be looked at as a system. The important inputs are seeds, fertilizers, machinery and labor. Some of the operations involved are sloughing, sowing, irrigation, weeding and harvesting. The outputs from the system include crops, wool, dairy and poultry products TYPES OF FARMING Depending upon the geographical conditions, demand of produce, labour and level of technology, farming can be classified into two main types. These are subsistence farming and commercial farming. Subsistence Farming Type of farming is practiced to meet the needs of the farmer s family.

38 Page38 In intensive subsistence agriculture the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour. Climate with large number of days with sunshine and fertile soils permit growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot Intensive subsistence agriculture is prevalent in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, southeast and east Asia. Primitive subsistence agriculture includes shifting cultivation and nomadic herding Shifting cultivation is practiced in the thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of southeast Asia and Northeast India areas of heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava are grown. After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot. Shifting cultivation is also known as slash and burn agriculture Nomadic herding is practised in the semi-arid and arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India, like Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir Commercial Farming In commercial farming crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market. Most of the work is done by machines. Commercial farming includes commercial grain farming, mixed farming and plantation agriculture Major areas where commercial grain farming is pracised are temperate grasslands of North America, Europe and Asia Severe winters restrict the growing season and only a single crop can be grow In mixed farming the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock. Practiced in Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, southeast Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Plantations are a type of commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown. The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories. The development of a transport network is thus essential for such farming Major plantations are found in the tropical regions of the world. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka are some examples Major Crops 1. Rice: Rice is the major food crop of the world. It is the staple diet of the tropical and sub-tropical regions.needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall. It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water. China leads in the production of rice

39 Page39 followed by India, Japan, Sri Lanka and Egypt favourable climatic conditions as in West Bengal and Bangladesh two to three crops are grown in a year. 2. Wheat: Wheat requires moderate temperature and rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine at the time of harvest best in well drained loamy soil. In India it is grown in winter. 3. Millets: They are also known as coarse grains and can be grown on less fertile and sandy soils. It is a hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high to moderate temperature and adequate rainfall. Jowar, bajra and ragi are grown in India. Other countries are Nigeria, China and Niger. 4. Maize: Maize requires moderate temperature, rainfall and lots of sunshine. It needs well-drained fertile soils Maize is grown in North America, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada, India, and Mexico 5. Cotton: Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, two hundred and ten frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth. It grows best on black and alluvial soils China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt are the leading producers of cotton. It is one of the main raw materials for the cotton textile industry 6. Jute: Jute was also known as the Golden Fibre. It grows well on alluvial soil and requires high temperature, heavy rainfall and humid climate crop is grown in the tropical areas. India and Bangladesh are the leading producers of jute. 7. Coffee: Coffee requires warm and wet climate and welldrained loamy soil. Hill slopes are more suitable for growth of this crop. 8. Tea: Tea is a beverage crop grown on plantations. This requires cool climate and well distributed high rainfall throughout the year for the growth of its tender leave. It needs well-drained loamy soils and gentle slopes. Labour in large number is required to pick the leaves. Kenya, India, China, Sri Lanka produce the best quality tea in the world. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Agricultural Development refers to efforts made to increase farm production in order to meet the growing demand of increasing population. This can be achieved in many ways such as increasing the cropped area, the number of crops grown, improving irrigation facilities, use of fertilisers and high yielding variety of seeds. Mechanisation of agriculture is also another aspect of agricultural development. The ultimate aim of agricultural development is to increase food security.

40 Page40 Q1.Explain the three types of economic activities? A1 1) Primary activities:-it include all the activities connected with extraction and production of natural resources. Agriculture, fishing and gathering are good examples. 2) Secondary activities:- These are concerned with the processing of natural resources. Manufacturing of steel, baking of bread and weaving of cloth are examples of this activity. 3) Tertiary activities:- It provide support to the primary and secondary sectors through services. Transport, trade, banking, insurance and advertising are examples of tertiary activities. Q2. What do you understand by the term- Agriculture? A2.The word agriculture means land cultivation. Agriculture is a primary activity. It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock. Q3. Define the following:- a) Sericulture b) Pisciculture c) Viticulture d) Horticulture A3. a) Sericulture- Commercial rearing of silk worms. It may supplement the income of the farmer. b) Pisciculture-Breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds. c) Viticulture- Cultivation of grapes. d) Horticulture- Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits for commercial use. Q4. List the factors influencing agricultural activities? A4.The factors influencing agricultural activities are- 1) Favorable topography and type of soil- Altitude and slope determine the accumulation of the soil. The type of soil effects the cultivation of the crops. If the soil is fertile then the crops production will be more. The plain has fertile soil than the mountains. 2) Climate- The temperature and rainfall influence the agricultural activities in the particular region.

41 Page41 Q5. How agriculture is considered as farm system? A5. Agriculture or farming can be looked at as a system. I INPUT PROCESSES OUTPUT 1) The important inputs are seeds, fertilisers, machinery and labour. 2) The processes involved in the agricultural operations are ploughing, sowing, irrigation, weeding and harvesting. 3) The outputs from the system include crops, wool, dairy and poultry products. Q6. Define- Organic farming. A6. Organic Farming In this type of farming, organic manure and natural pesticides are used instead of chemicals. No genetic modification is done to increase the yield of the crop. Q7 Explain the features of subsistence farming and areas where it is practiced? A7. The features of subsistence farming are as follows- 1) Subsistence farming is practiced to meet the needs of the farmer s family. 2) Low levels of technology are used. 3) Household lab our is used. 4) The production is less. 5) Subsistence farming can be further classified as intensive subsistence and primitive subsistence. Q8. Explain the features of intensive subsistence agriculture? A8. The features of intensive subsistence agriculture are- 1) In intensive subsistence agriculture the farmer cultivates a small plot of land and thus the production is less. 2) In it simple tools are used. 3) The lab our used are more as most of the work is done manually. 4) Rice is the main crop. Other crops include wheat, maize, pulses and oilseeds. 5) Intensive subsistence agriculture is prevalent in the thick areas of the monsoon regions of south, southeast and east Asia.

42 Page42 Q9. What is Shifting cultivation? Where it is practiced? A9. Shifting cultivation- A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava are grown. After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot. Shifting cultivation is also known as slash and burn agriculture. It is practiced in the thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of Southeast Asia and Northeast India. These are the areas of heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation. Q10. List the different names of shifting agriculture? A10.Shifting cultivation is known by different names in different parts of the worldare- 1) Jhumming in North-East India 2) Milpa in Mexico 3) Roca in Brazil. 4) Ladang in Malaysia Q10. What is Nomadic farming? Where it is practiced? A10. 1) In this type of farming, herdsmen move from place to place with their animals for fodder and water, along defined routes. This type of movement arises in response to climatic constraints and terrain. 2) Sheep, camel, yak and goats are most commonly reared. They provide milk, meat, wool, hides and other products to the herders and their families. 3) It is practised in the semi-arid and arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India, like Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. Q11. Explain the features of commercial farming? A11 the features of commercial farming are- 1) In commercial farming crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market. 2) The area cultivated and the amount of capital used is large. 3) Most of the work is done by machines. 4) Commercial farming includes commercial grain farming, mixed farming and plantation agriculture Q12. Explain the features of commercial grain farming?

43 Page43 A12. The features of commercial grain farming are- 1) In commercial grain farming crops are grown for commercial purpose. 2) Wheat and maize are common commercially grown grains. 3) Major areas where commercial grain farming is practiced are temperate grasslands of North America, Europe and Asia. 4) These areas are sparsely populated with large farms spreading over hundreds of hectares. 5) Severe winters restrict the growing season and only a single crop can be grown. Q13 what is Mixed farming? A13. Mixed farming- the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock.it is practiced in Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, southeast Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Q14. List the features of Plantation agriculture? A14. The features of the Plantation agriculture are- 1) Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown. 2) Large amount of lab our and capital are required. 3) The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories. 4) The development of a transport network is thus essential for such farming. 5) Major plantations are found in the tropical regions of the world. 6) Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka are some examples. Q15 Differentiate between the following:- a) Primary activities and secondary activities. b) Subsistence agriculture and Commercial farming. c) Mixed farming and Plantation agriculture. A15. Primary economic activities Secondary economic activities 1)Primary activities include all Secondary activities are those connected with extraction and production concerned with the processing of these resources. of natural resources.

44 Page44 2)Agriculture, fishing and Manufacturing of steel, baking of gathering are good examples bread and weaving of cloth are examples of this activity. 3)Production is less. 4)More labour is used. 5)Less capital investment. Production is more. Less labour is used. More capital investment. 6)It is mostly practiced in the It is mostly practiced in developing countries of the developed countries of the world. Subsistence agriculture Commercial farming 1) This type of farming is In commercial farming crops are practiced to meet the needs of the farmer s family. grown and animals are reared for sale in the market. 2) The level of the technology The level of technology is high. is low. Most of the work is done by machines. 3) Household labour is used to Most of the work is done by produce on small output. Machines to produce on large scale. 4) It can be classified as It can be classified as intensive commercial grain farming, mixed farming and subsistence and primitive subsistence farming.

45 Page45 plantation agriculture. Mixed farming Plantation agriculture 1) In mixed farming the land Plantations are a type of is for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock. commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown. 2) It is practised in Europe, Major plantations are found in eastern USA, Argentina, southeastaustralia, New Zealand and South Africa. the tropical regions of the world. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka. Q15. Complete the following table showing the distribution of major crops;- Major crops Climatic condition Soil Regions Rice High temperature, high humidity and rainfall Alluvial clayey soil. China, Japan, India, West Bengal and Bangladesh.

46 Page46 Wheat Moderate temperature and rainfall all during growing season and bright sunshine at the time of harvest. Drained loamy soil. USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia and India. Millets Low rainfall and Less fertile and India, China, (jowar, bajra and high to moderate Sandy soil. Nigeria and Nigeria. ragi) temperature and Maize Adequate rainfall. Moderate temperature, moderate rainfall and lots of sunshine. Well drained fertile soil. North America, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada, India and Mexico. Cotton High temperature, high rainfall, 210 frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth. Black, alluvial soil. China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt. Jute High temperature, Alluvial soil. heavy rainfall and humid climate. India and Bangladesh. Coffee Warm and wet climate Well drained loamy soil. Brazil, Columbia and India.

47 Page47 Tea Cool climate and well distributed high rainfall. Well drained heavy soils. Kenya, India, China and Srilanka. Q16. What is Agricultural development? How is agricultural development achieved in agriculture? A16. Agricultural Development refers to efforts made to increase farm production in order to meet the growing demand of increasing population.agricultural development can be achieved in many ways:- 1) Increasing the cropped area. 2) Increasing the number of crops grown. 3) Improving irrigation facilities. 4) Use of fertilizers. 5) Using of high yielding variety of seeds. 6) Mechanization of agriculture should be implemented which is the use of more machines to increase the production of the crops. Q17. How is agriculture in developed countries different from the developing countries? A17. Developing countries with large populations usually practise intensive agriculture where crops are grown on small holdings mostly for subsistence. It is practiced in India,Srilanka and Burma. In the developed countries people usually practice commercial agriculture where crops are grown on large holdings mostly for export purpose. Commercial agriculture is practiced in USA, Canada and Australia. Q18. Bring out the difference between the farms in India and USA? A18. Farms in India Farms in USA 1) Farm holdings are small that is 1.5 hectares. Farms are larger that is generally 250 hectares. 2) The house of the farmer is in the main village. The farmer generally live in the farm. 3) The major crops grown are wheat, rice and pulses. The major crops grown are corn, soyabean, wheat, cotton and sugarbeet.

48 Page48 4) The farms lack storage facilities and they are forced to sell the produce even when the market is not favourable for them. He grains are stored in the automated grain storage or depatched to market agencies. 5) The farmers use bullocks for ploughing while tubewells for irrigating the fields. The farmers use tractors, seed drills, levelers, combined harvesters and thresher to perform various agricultural operations. 6) The farmer in India is like a peasant farmer. The farmer in USA works like a businessman. 7) The farmers are not educated and take the advice of their friends and elders. The farmers are educated and had the knowledge to use various tools and implements for agricultural operations. Q19. Give reasons for the following:- 1) In India agriculture is a primary activity.in India agriculture is a primary activity because it is connected with extraction and production of natural resources. India is developing country where 75% of the population is engaged in the agriculture which include fishing, mining, gathering etc. 2) Different crops are grown in different regions.different crops are grown in different regions because different crops require different climatic condition like temperature and rainfall for survival and growth.

49 Page49 INDUSTRIES DEF- Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services. Thus we have iron and steel industry (production of goods), coal mining industry (extraction of coal) and tourism industry (service provider). CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES On the basis of raw materials, size and ownership. Raw Materials: Size: 1. Agro based industries use plant and animal based products as their raw materials. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries are examples of agro-based industries 2. Mineral based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. 3. Marine based industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples. 4. Forest based industries utilise forest produce as raw materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings. refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production. Based on size, industries can be classified into small scale and large scale industries. Ownership:

50 Page50 1. classified into private sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and cooperative sector 2. Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Maruti Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector industry. 3. Co-operative sectorindustries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy FACTORS AFFECTING LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES Industrialization often leads to development and growth of towns and cities INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products In case of the textile industry the inputs may be cotton, human labour, factory and transport cost. The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing. The output is the shirt you wear INDUSTRIAL REGION Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness Major industrial regions of the world are eastern North America, western and central Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia Major industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea ports and especially near coal fields.

51 Page51 DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES world s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the textile industry and the information technology industry The countries in which iron and steel industry is located are Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia. Textile industry is concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan. The major hubs of Information technology industry are the Silicon valley of Central California and the Bangalore region of India IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Comprises various inputs, processes and outputs. This is a feeder industry whose products are used as raw material for other industries Inputs for the industry include raw materials such as iron ore, coal and limestone, along with labour, capital, site and other infrastructure. Raw material is put in the blast furnace where it undergoes smelting (Fig 5.6). It is then refined Emerging industries are also known as Sunrise Industries.These include Information technology, Wellness, Hospitality and Knowledge

52 Page52 Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry. Before 1800 A.D. iron and steel industry was located where raw materials, power supply and running water were easily available. Later the ideal location for the industry was near coal fields and close to canals and railways. After 1950, iron and steel industry began to be located on large areas of flat land near sea ports.because by this time steel works had become very large and iron ore had to be imported All the important steel producing centres such as Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro are situated in a region that spreads over four states West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Salem in Tamil Nadu are other important steel centres utilising local resources jamshedpur Before 1947 Pittsburgh Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO.) TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand. Geographically, Jamshedpur is the most conveniently situated iron and steel centre in the country. It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a large market. TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Odisha and Chhattisgarh. The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply. In Jamshedpur, several other industrial plants were set up after TISCO. They produce chemicals, locomotive parts, agricultural equipment, machinery, tinplate, cable and wire The development of the iron and steel industry opened the doors to rapid industrial development in India. important steel city of the United States of America coal is available locally iron ore mines at Minnesota these mines and Pittsburgh for shipping ore cheaply the famous Great Lakes waterway. Trains carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh are Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.

53 Page53 COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

54 Page54 Cotton, wool, silk, jute, flax have been used for making cloth Fibres are the raw material Fibres can be natural or man-made. Natural fibres are obtained from wool, silk, cotton, linen and jute. Man made fibres include nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon. Till the industrial revolution in the 18th century, hand spun and hand woven cloth already had a wide market. The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara were known worldwide for their quality and design. competition from the new textile mills of the West, which produced cheap and good First successful mechanized textile mill was established in Mumbai in Warm, moist climate, a port for importing machinery, availability of raw material and skilled labour resulted in rapid expansion of the industry in the region. Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Puducherry and Panipat Ahmedabad : banks of the Sabarmati river second largest textile city Manchester of India situated very close to cotton growing area climate is ideal for spinning and weaving Flat terrain and easy availability of land is suitable for the establishment of the mills. Densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semi-skilled labour. Osaka Well developed road and railway network Mumbai port nearby facilitates import of machinery and export of cotton textiles. But in the recent years, Ahmedabad textile mills have been having some problems. Textile mills have closed down. This is primarily due to the emergence of new textile centres in the country as well as nonupgradation of machines and technology in the mills of Ahmedabad. important textile centre of Japan, Manchester of Japan extensive plain around Osaka ensured that land was easily available for the growth of cotton mills. Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning and weaving river Yodo provides sufficient water

55 Page55 Labour Location of port Textile industry at Osaka depends completely upon imported raw materials. Cotton is imported from Egypt, India, China and USA. Finished product is mostly exported and has a good market due to good quality and low price. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY(IT) The information technologyindustry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information. Bengaluru is located on the Deccan Plateau from where it gets the name Silicon Plateau. The city is known for its mild climate throughout the year. Silicon Valley, is a part of Santa Clara Valley, located next to the Rocky Mountains of North America. The area has temperate climate with the temperatures rarely dropping below 0 degrees centigrade. The state government of Karnataka was the first to announce an IT Policy in 1992 The city was considered dust free with low rents and low cost of living Bengaluru has the largest number of educational institutions and IT colleges in India. Pleasant climate with an attractive and a clean environment. Plenty of space for development and future expansion. Located close to major roads and airports Q1. What do you understand by secondary activities? A1. In the Secondary activities or manufacturing there is change of raw materials into products of more value to people. For example- pulp changes into paper and paper into a note book. These represent the two stages of the manufacturing process. The paper made from pulp and cloth made from cotton had value added to them at each stage of the manufacturing process. In this way the finished product has more value and utility than the raw material that it is made from. Q2. What do you mean by the term industry? A2. Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services. Thus we have iron and steel industry (production of goods), coal mining industry (extraction of coal) and tourism industry (service provider).

56 Page56 Q3. Classify industries on the basis of the following heading with the help of examples:- 1) Raw material. 2) Size. 3) Ownership. A3.On the basis of raw materials industries can be divided into the following types:- a) Agro based industries use plant and animal based products as their raw materials. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile are examples of agro- based industries. b) Mineral based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. Iron from iron ore is used as raw material for the manufacture of a number of other products, such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches. c) Marine based industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples. d) Forest based industries utilize forest produce as raw materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings. On the basis of the size, industries can be classified into the following types:- a) Small scale. Cottage or household industries are a type of small scale industry where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans.eg- Basket weaving and pottery. It uses lesser amount of capital and technology. b) large scale industries. It use more amount of capital and technology. It produce large volumes of products. Eg- Production of automobiles and heavy machinery are large scale industries. On the basis of ownership, industries can be classified into the following types- a) Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. b) Public sector industries are owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited. c) Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Maruti Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector industry. d) Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy are success stories of a co-operative venture. Q4. Distinguish between the following:- 1. Agro based industry and mineral based industry. 2. Public sector and Joint sector A4. Agro based industry &Mineral based industry

57 Page57 These drive their raw material from agriculture. These provide employment in rural areas. These industries are lab our intensive. Examples- Textile, sugar, food processing and dairy products. These derive their raw materials from minerals. These provide employment both in urban and rural areas. These industries are capital intensive. Examples- Iron and steel, machines tools and building materials. Public sector industry & Joint sector industry 1. The public sector industries are Joint sector are owned and owned and operated by the operated by the state and government. Individuals or a group of individuals. 2. Maruti Udyog Limited is an example, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and of joint sector. Steel Authority of India Limited. Q5. Explain the factors influencing the location of industries? A5.The factors affecting the locationof industries are:- 1. Nearness to theraw material-industries are located near the source of the raw material. The industry which uses heavy raw material and produce large quantity located near the source of the raw material. For example, Jute industries are located in West Bengal, cotton textile industry is located in Mumbai and Ahmedabad. 2. Nearness to power- Power is needed for processing raw materials. The industries which consume huge quantity of power are located near the sources of power. 3. Availability of water- It helps in centralization of industries. It influences the establishment of agro-based industries like cotton textile, jute textile etc 4. Labour- No industry can function without labour. Even the modern computerized machines need to be operated by human beings only. Labour may be skilled or unskilled. 5. Transport facilities- We need good transport facilities to bring the raw materials to the industries as well as to take the finished goods to the market. Without proper transport facilities the factory cannot run. 6. Nearness to the market- Industries produce lot of goods but if all the goods are not consumed then these industries may be closed. There is a need of the market to sell the goods to the people.

58 Page58 Q6. What do you understand by industrial system? A6. An industrial system consists of INPUTS----- PROCESSES OUTPUTS 1) The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure. 2) The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products. 3) The outputs are the end product and the income earned from it Q7. What is industrial region? Name the industrial region of the world and India? A7.Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness. Major industrial regions of the world are eastern North America, western and central Europe, Eastern Europe and eastern Asia. Industrial regions of India are Mumbai- Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamilnadu region, Hugli region etc Q8. List the major industries of the world and where they are located? A8.The world s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the textile industry and the information technology industry. 1) The countries in which iron and steel industry is located are Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia. 2) Textile industry is concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan. 3) The major hubs of Information technology industry are the Silicon valley of Central California and the Bangalore region of India. Q9. What do you mean by emerging industries? A9. Emerging industries are recently developed industries and are also known as Sunrise Industries. These include Information technology Wellness, Hospitality and Knowledge. Q10. Name the inputs, processes and output of iron and steel industries? A10. 1) The inputs for the industry include raw materials such as iron ore, coal and limestone, along with labour, capital, site and other infrastructure.

59 Page59 2) The process of converting iron ore into steel involves many stages. The raw material is put in the blast furnace where it undergoes smelting. It is then refined. 3) The output obtained is steel which may be used by other industries as raw material. Q11.What is the importance of steel and its alloys? A11. Steel is tough and it can easily be shaped, cut, or made into wire. Special alloys of steel can be made by adding small amounts of other metals such as aluminium, nickel, and copper. Alloys give steel unusual hardness, toughness, or ability to resist rust. Q12. Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of modern industry and why? A12. Iron and steel industries are referred to as the backbone of modern industry because:- 1) It provided their finished goods to other industries like machines, tools, implements etc to the other industries. 2) Almost everything we use is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals. Ships, trains, trucks, and autos are made largely of steel. Even the safety pins and the needles you use are made from steel. Oil wells are drilled with steel machinery. Steel pipelines transport oil. Minerals are mined with steel equipment. Farm machines are mostly steel. Large buildings have steel framework. Q13.List the important steel producing centres of India? A13. The important steel producing centres such as Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro are situated in a region that spreads over four states WestBengal, Jharkhand, Orissa and Chhattisgarh. Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Vishakhapatnam in AndhraPradesh, and Salem in Tamil Nadu are other important steel centers utilizing local resources. Q14. Why Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plants? A14. Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons:- 1) This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line. 2) It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a large market. 3) TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Orissa and Chhattisgarh. 4) The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply. 5) Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.

60 Page60 Q15. Explain the locational advantages for establishing steel plant in Pittsburg? A15. Pittsburg is an important steel city of the United States of America. The locational advantages for establishing steel plant in Pittsburg are- 1) The raw material such as coal is available locally. 2) Iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from Pittsburgh 3) The transport facilities- Between these mines and Pittsburgh is one of the world s best routes for shipping ore cheaply the famous Great Lakes waterway. 4) Trains carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh area. 5) The water supply is providing by Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers. Q16. Name the natural and man madefibre? A16. Natural fibres are obtained from wool, silk, cotton, linenand jute. Man madefibres include nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon. Q17. India has a glorious tradition of producing good quality cotton textile Elaborate the statement. A17. Before the British rule, Indian hand spun and hand woven cloth already had a wide market. The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold-wrought cotton pieces of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara were known worldwide for their quality and design. But the production of hand woven cotton textile was expensive and time consuming. Hence, traditional cotton textile industry could not face the competition from the new textile mills of the West, which produced cheap and good quality fabrics. Q18. Name the important producers of cotton textiles? A18. China, Japan and USA are the important producers of cotton textiles. Q19. What are the changes made in making of the cotton cloth? A19. The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in the world. Till the industrial revolution in the 18th century, cotton cloth was made using hand spinning techniques (wheels) and looms. In 18th century power looms (machines run by power) facilitated the development of cotton textile industry, first in the Great Britain and later in other parts of the world. Q20. List the factors responsible for the establishment of textile mill in Mumbai in 1854? A20. The factors responsible for the establishment of textile mill in Mumbai in 1854 are- 1) The Warm and moist climate.

61 Page61 2) Port for importing machinery. 3) Availability of raw material. 4) Skilled labour. Q21. Explain the factors responsible for establishing cotton textile industry in Ahmedabad in 1859? A21 The factors responsible for establishing cotton textile industry in Ahmedabad in 1859 are- 1) Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area. This ensures easy Availability of raw material. 2) The humid climate is ideal for spinning and weaving. 3) The flat terrain and easy availability of land is suitable for the establishment of the mills. 4) The densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semi-skilled labour. 5) Well-developed road and railway network permits easy transportation of textiles to different parts of the country, thus providing easy access to the market. 6) Mumbai port nearby facilitates import of machinery and export of cotton textiles. Q22. Explain the geographical factors which are making Osaka as the Manchester of Japan. A22. The geographical factors which are making Osaka as the Manchester of Japan are as follows- 1) The extensive plain around Osaka ensured that land was easily available for the growth of cotton mills. 2) Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning and weaving. The river Yodo provides sufficient water for the mills. 3) Labour is easily available. Location of port facilitates import of raw cotton and for exporting textiles. 4) The textile industry at Osaka depends completely upon imported raw materials. 5) Cotton is imported from Egypt, India, China and USA. 6) The finished product is mostly exported and has a good market due to good quality and low price. Q23. What do you understand by Information Technology? A23. The information technology industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information.

62 Page62 Q24. List the factors affecting the location of the Information industry? A24. The main factors guiding the location of Information industries are- 1) Resource availability, 2) Cost 3) Infrastructure. Q25. Explain the locational advantages of Information technology inbangalore and California? A25. The locational advantages of Information technology in Bangalore are- 1) Bangalore has the largest number of educational institutions and IT colleges in India. 2) The city was considered dust free with low rents and cost of living. 3) The state government of Karnataka was the first to announce an IT Policy in ) The city has the largest and widest availability of skilled managers with work experience. 5) The city is known for its mild climate throughout the year. The locational advantages of Information technology in California are- 1) Close to some of the most advanced scientific and technological centres in the world 2) Pleasant climate with an attractive and a clean environment. It has plenty of space for development and future expansion. 3) Located close to major roads and airports. 4) Good access to markets and skilled workforce. 5) Silicon Valley is a part of Santa Clara Valley, located next to the Rocky Mountains of North America. The area has temperate climate with the temperatures rarely dropping below 0 degrees centigrade. Q26. Name the information technology hubs in metropolitan centres of India? A26. The information technology hubs in metropolitan centers of India are Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad and Chennai. Q27. Name the important cities of information technology in India? A27. The important cities of information technology in India are Gurgaon, Pune, Thiruvanthapuram, Kochi and Chandigarh. Q28. Why do high technology industries group together? A28.High technology industries are grouped together because of the following reasons- 1) It can be located near main road/ highways for an easy access. 2) Firms can benefit from exchange of knowledge. 3) Services and facilities such as roads, car parks and waste disposal can be organized efficiently.

63 Page63 HUMAN RESOURCES The Government of India has a Ministry of Human Resource Development. The Ministry was created in 1985 with an aim to improve people s skills It is people with their demands and abilities that turn them into resources. Hence, human resources the ultimate resource. DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION Way in which people are spread across the earth surface is known as the pattern of population distribution. More than 90 per cent of the world s population lives in about 30 per cent of the land surface. distribution of population in the world is extremely uneven Some areas are very crowded and some are sparely populated. The crowded areas are south and south east Asia, Europe and north eastern North America Very few people live in high latitude areas, tropical deserts, high mountains and areas of equatorial forests Many more people live north of the Equator than south of the Equator. Almost three-quarters of the world s people live in two continents Asia and Africa Sixty per cent of the world s people stay in just 10 countries DENSITY OF POPULATION Population density is the number of people living in a unit area of the earth s surface. average density of population in the whole world is 51 persons per square km South Central Asia has the highest density of population followed by East and South East Asia FACTORS AFFECTINGDISTRIBUTION OFPOPULATION GEOGRAPHICAL FACTOR 1. Topography: People always prefer to live on plains rather than mountains and plateaus 2. Climate: People usually avoid extreme climates 3. Soil: Fertile soils provide suitable land for agriculture.hwang-he, Chang Jiang in China and the Nile in Egypt 4. Water: People prefer to live in the areas where fresh water is easily available. river valleys of the world are densely populated while deserts have spare population 5. Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits are more populated. Diamond mines of South Africa oil in the Middle east

64 Page64 6. Cultural:Places with religion or cultural significance attract people. Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican city 7. Economic: Industrial areas provide employment opportunities. Large number of people are attracted to these areas. POPULATION CHANGE The population change refers to change in the number of people during a specific time For an extremely long period of human history, until the 1800s, the world s population grew steadily but slowly. Large numbers of babies were born, but they died early too. This was as there were no proper health facilities. In 1804, the world s population reached one billion. A hundred and fifty five years later, in 1959, the world s population reached 3 billion. This is often called population explosion. In 1999, 40 years later, the population doubled to 6 billion. The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country is called the natural growth rate. The population increase in the world is mainly due to rapid increase in natural growth rate. Emigrants are people who leave a country; Immigrants are those who arrive in a country Countries like the United States of America and Australia have gained in-numbers by in-migration Sudan is an example of a country that has experienced a loss in population numbers due to out-migration or emigration from the less developed nations to the more developed nations in search of better employment opportunities PATTERNS OF POPULATION CHANGE Rates of population growth vary across the worl Kenya have high population growth rates. United Kingdom, population growth is slowing because of both low death and low birth rates. World: Differing rates of population growth POPULATION COMPOSITION Population composition refers to the structure of the population. To understand the role of people as a resource, we need to know more about their qualities. People vary greatly in their age, sex, literacy level, health condition, occupation and income level how many are males or females, which age group they belong to, how educated they are and what type of occupations they are employed in, what their income levels and health conditions are

65 Page65 studying the population composition of a country is by looking at the population pyramid, also called an age-sex pyramid shape of the population pyramid tells the story of the people living in that particular country Population pyramid also tells us how many dependents there are in a country. The population pyramid of a country in which birth and death rates bothe are high is broad at the base and rapidly narrows towards the top How crowded a country is, has little to do with its level of economic development. For example, Bangladesh- low eco dev and high population Japan- high eco dev high density Q1. Why are people considered as a resource? A1. People are a nation s greatest resource. Nature s bounty becomes significant only when people find it useful. It is people with their demands and abilities that turn them into resources. Q2.What do you understand by the following:- A2. a) The pattern of population distribution. b) Density of population. c) Population change. d) Natural Growth rate. a) The pattern of population distribution- The way in which people are spread across the earth surface is known as the pattern of population distribution. b) Density of population-population density is the number of people living in a unit area of the earth s surface. It is normally expressed as per square km. The average density of population in the whole world is 45 persons per square km. Average density of population in India is 324 persons per square km. c) Population change-the population change refers to change in the number of people during a specific time. d) Natural Growth Rate-The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country is called the natural growth rate.

66 Page66 Q3. Describe the distribution of population in the world? A3. The distribution of population in the world is extremely uneven.. Some areas are very crowded and some are sparely populated. 1. More than 90 per cent of the world s population lives in about 10 per cent of the land surface. 2. The densely populated areas- The crowded areas are south and south east Asia, Europe and north eastern North America. 3. The sparsely populated areas- Very few people live in high latitude areas, tropical deserts, high mountains and areas of equatorial forests. 4. Almost three-quarters of the world s people live in two continents Asia and Africa. 5. Sixty per cent of the world s people stay in just 10 countries. All of them have more than a 100 million people. Q4. What are the causes of the uneven distribution of the population in the world? A4. The causes for the uneven distribution of the population of the world are- I GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS:- 1) TOPOGRAPHY-People always prefer to live on plains rather than mountains and plateaus because these areas are suitable for farming, manufacturing and service activities. The Ganga plains are the most densely populated areas of the world while mountains like Andes, Alps and Himalayas are sparsely populated. 2) CLIMATE -People usually avoid extreme climates that are very hot or very cold like Sahara desert, polar regions of Russia, Canada and Antarctica. 3) SOIL- Fertile soils provide suitable land for agriculture. Fertile plains such as Ganga and Brahmaputra in India, Hwang-He, Chang Jiang in China and the Nile in Egypt are densely populated. 4) WATER- People prefer to live in the areas where fresh water is easily available. The river valleys of the world are densely populated while deserts have spare population. 5) MINERALS-Areas with mineral deposits are more populated. Diamond mines of South Africa and discovery of oil in the Middle east lead to settling of people in these areas. II SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS:- 1) SOCIAL-Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more densely populated e.g., Pune 2) CULTURAL-Places with religion or cultural significance attract people. Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican City are some examples.

67 Page67 3) ECONOMIC-Industrial areas provide employment opportunities. Large number of people got attracted to these areas. Osaka in Japan and Mumbai in India are two densely populated areas. Q5.The world population has grown very rapidly. Why? A5. The world population has grown very rapidly because due to changes in the number of births and deaths. The rapid increase in natural growth that is difference between birth rate and death rate is also causing population to grow rapidly. The main reason for the growth was the better food supplies and medicinal facilities because of which death rate decreased. Q6.Explain the factors influencing population change? A6. The main factors influencing population change were- 1) Birth rate -Births are usually measured using the birth rate i.e. the number of live births per 1,000 people. When birth rate is more than death rate, it is population increase. It increases the population. 2) Death rate-deaths are usually measured using the death rate i.e. the number of deaths per 1,000 people. When death rate is more than birth rate, it is population decrease. It decreases the population. 3) Migration- Migration is the movement of people in and out of an area. It changes the size of the population. Migration is of two types- Emigration and Immigration. Emigrants are the people who leave a country while immigrants are those who arrive in a country. Q7. How migration is responsible for changes in the population size? A7. Migration is another way by which population size changes. People may move within a country or between countries. 1) Emigrants are people who leave a country. 2) Immigrants are those who arrive in a country. Countries like the United States of America and Australia have gained in-numbers by in- migration or imigration. Sudan is an example of a country that has experienced a loss in population numbers due to out-migration or emigration. Q8. Bring out the difference between the followinga) Emigration and immigration. b) Population increase and Population decrease. Emigration Immigration 1) When a person leaves a country. 2) It decreases the population of the country. 1) When a person enters a new country. 2) It increases the population of the country.

68 Page68 A8. Population increase 1) When birth rate is more than death rate. 2) It increases the population of the country. Population decrease 1) When the death rate is more than birth rate. 2) It decreases the population of the country. Q9. What is meant by Population composition? A9. Population composition refers to the structure of the population that is number of males and females, age group, education, occupation, income levels and healthof population. Q10.What is the importance of knowing Population composition? A10. The composition of population helps us to know the number of males or females, to which age group they belong to, how educated they are and what type of occupations they are employed in, what their income levels and health conditions of the population. Q11. What is Population pyramid? How does it help in understanding the population of the country? A11. Population pyramid is also called the age sex pyramid. Population pyramid shows 1) The total population which is divided into various age groups, e.g., 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years. 2) The percentage of the total population, subdivided into males and females, in each of those groups. 3) The numbers of children (below 15 years) are shown at the bottom and reflect the level of births. The size of the top shows the numbers of aged people (above 65 years) and reflects the number of deaths. 4) It shows the dependent population and independent population. The dependent population includes the children and the aged population while the independent population is the working population between the age group of 15 to 65 years. Q12. Why the population pyramid of Kenya is broad at the base and narrow towards the top? A12. The population pyramid of Kenya is broad at the base and narrow towards the top because many children are born, a large percentage of them die in their infancy, relatively few become adults and there are very few old people. Q13. Explain the population pyramid of India? A13. Death rates (especially amongst the very young) is decreasing, the pyramid is broad in the younger age groups, because more infants survive to adulthood because of better medical facilities.

69 Page69 Such populations contain a relatively large number of young people and which means a strong and expanding labour force. Q14. Explain the population pyramid of Japan? A14. The pyramid of Japan has narrow at the base which means low birth rate. Decreased death rates allow less number of people to reach old age. The working population is more compared to the children and old population.