POPULATION GROWTH AND IMPACTS OF NILE WATER DEFICIENCY ON EGYPT USING GIS AND OTHER TECHNIQUES

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1 POPULATION GROWTH AND IMPACTS OF NILE WATER DEFICIENCY ON EGYPT USING GIS AND OTHER TECHNIQUES Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim Ramzi 1 and Prof. Alaa El-Nahry 2 1 National Authority of Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt, ahmedasi@hotmail.com 2 National Authority of Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt, sinahri@hotmail.com KEYWORDS: Population, GIS, water demand and supply, population growth socio-economic conditions. ABSTRACT: Since 2005, Egypt is classified as water scarce country as it has less than 1000 m³ of fresh water per year per capita due to the rapid growth of population. Egypt population is mainly densely and around the Nile basin. The Nile is the main source of water for most of Egyptians. The Water demand is a function of population and water uses. The construction of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam could lead to a permanent lowering of the water level in Lake Nasser. The present study attempts to analyze the variation of population growth, socio-economic condition and quality of life of people in Egypt. The general aims and objectives of the research proposed to forecast population of Egypt to 2025, analyze the variation of population growth, socio-economic condition and to calculate water demand and supply. This investigation was carried out on Nile basin countries, Egypt and Upper Egypt governorates. The study area has been divided to zones and sub zones through the administrative border. The methodology is based on using available information about population obtained from census, statistics, records and world data bank to estimate future population using suitable mathematical models. After that, create GIS layers and database to study future to calculate water demand and supply. Also, the accuracy of estimating population has been studied. Finally, results demonstrated that construction of Renaissance Dam or Ethiopia dam along the Nile have a significant impact on the Egyptian Nile valley not only in terms of water budget but also in many other environmental and socio-economical. So, Cooperation between the Nile basin countries is essential to manage and protect such a vital source of water. 1. INTRODUCTION On April 2011, The Ethiopian governorate decided to build the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam or the Millennium Dam. The primary purpose of the research is to provide an estimate of future population which is used as a common framework for estimating future water utilization and national planning in a number of various fields. The most important river in the world is The Nile which is 6,671 km long. The river basin covers about a tenth of the African continent - 3,349,000 km2. The Nile Basin catchments area covers eleven countries: Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, South Sudan Tanzania and Uganda, the total population of the eleven Nile Basin countries is 370 million. Nile Basin Countries facing mainly rapid changing economies and population, strong socio-economic dependency on water, absence of basin-wide management and others. This leads to increase water demand, increase energy demand and more effluent flows into water bodies (NBI, 2012). The population of the Nile Basin countries was estimated around 372 million in 2005 with 54% of the total population lives within the Nile basin (ITT Nile Group, 2013). Population estimation approaches can be grouped into two main categories: (1) A real interpolation approaches: this approach uses census population data as the input and applies interpolation techniques to obtain a refined population surface. (2) Statistical Modeling approaches: statistical modeling approach is more interested in inferring the relationship between population and other variables for the purpose of estimating the total population for an area. A real interpolation method is primarily designed for the zone transformation problem that involves transforming data from one set of spatial units to another. This approach uses census population data as the input and applies interpolation techniques to obtain a refined population surface. A Real interpolation method can be further grouped into two categories based on if: (Ancillary information exists of Ancillary information not exists). The White Nile provides approximately 40 percent while Blue Nile or the Ethiopian tributaries provide about 60 percent of the Nile s water at Aswan dam in Egypt. Inter-annual variability of Nile flow at High Aswan Dam from 1970 t range from 90 billion m3 at 1988 to 35 billion m3 at 1984, Sudan and Egypt irrigation withdrawals water at 2005 was 28% and 69%, respectively (ITT Nile Group, 2013; Water watch, 2009). In a few years from now, the coming water scarcity reaches most of Africa. Almost all sub-saharan countries will be below the level at which water supply is enough for all. Even worse, most of them will be in a state of water-stress or scarcity. Rainfall regimes over the Nile basin (base period is 1961 to 1990) (UNEP, 2013). Egypt s main source of fresh water is the Nile River. The river supplies 56.8 billion m³ of

2 freshwater every year, which represents 97% of all renewable water resources in Egypt. Average rainfall in Egypt is estimated at 18 mm or 1.8 billion m³ per year. Furthermore, Egypt has four different groundwater aquifers: the Nile Aquifer, the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, the Moghra Aquifer and the Coastal Aquifer. Many researches s has been studied in details about Water recourse and water utilization of Egypt. Water balance of the river Nile has been studied according the Egyptian Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRT). Also, available and potential of water resources has been studied according to (Abouzeid, 1992 and FAO, 2003). Since 2005, Egypt is classified as water scarce country as it has less than 1000 m³ of fresh water per year per capita. Water in Egypt is used mainly in agriculture, industry and domestic uses which represent 86%, 6% and 8% respectably. The installed drinking water supply capacity ranges from 70 l/c/d in Upper Egypt to 330 l/c/d in Cairo. Water consumption in Alexandria is about 300 l/c/d. Distribution of used water in various sectors has been studied according to (Abouzeid, 1992 and FAO, 2003). Water recourse and water utilization has been studied based on basic design study report on the project of water supply development in northwest part of Sharqia Governorate in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Sep (JICA, 2003 ) Agriculture s share of the water budget is about 81% and increased to 85% in 2006 (El-Beltagy, A. T. & A.F. Abo- Hadeed, 2008). According to Sustainable Agricultural Development Strategy Towards 2030 (SADS, 2009) per capita fresh water is expected to decline from m3 in 2008 to 550 m3 in Recorded share from cultivable land was about 504 m2 per inhabitant in An increase in water availability and efficiency could result from proper management of water through more effective on-farm water management practices, changes in cropping patterns towards less water consuming crops, the introduction of improved irrigation systems as well as re-use of drainage water and treated sewage water (Abouzeid, 1992; FAO, 2003; SADS, 2009). The aim of this research is to explain the methods for calculating future population estimates for various countries of the world, including those where demographic statistics are scanty and imperfect. There are numerous possible methods of calculating future population estimates. The calculations can be carried out directly with reference to the net rate of population growth, or the assumed birth rates, death rates, and rates of immigration and emigration may be calculated separately and added to obtain the rate of growth for each future period. This work has been financially supported by National Authority of Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS) Research and Development Program Project code: 0480/SR/GEN//2014, project entitled Adverse Impacts of Nile Water Deficiency on the sustainable land management of Nile Delta and Valley (Egypt) Using remote sensing and other techniques P.I. Prof. Alaa El-Nahry. Theme: Economic and socio-economic impacts project Co. P.I. Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim Ramzi. Project team: 1-Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim Ramzi and 2- Eng. Wael Mohamed Khader. 2. STUDY AREA AND MATERIALS The river Nile is the longest river in the world shared by 11 countries. The basin s three million square kilometers cover about 10 percent of the African continent. Countries share the Nile Basin countries Nile Basin countries are Egypt, Sudan South Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Congo DR, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Eritrea. First phase will be concentrated on Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia. The Area of interest or the study area was 4 Nile basin countries: Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan and Ethiopia characterized with rapid growth of population. Figure 1 shows location map of 4 Nile basin countries, Phase 1. Also, upper Egypt Governorates has been selected as study area. Egypt has a total area of about one million square kilometer; of which only 5% is inhabited by over 85 million people, while the inhabited area is restricted mostly to the Nile Valley and Delta while the remaining 95 % of the area is almost non-inhabited desert, the situation in Egypt is rather critical. Figure 1. Location map of 4 Nile basin countries, Phase 1.

3 The study area has been covered with demographic data and administration borders. Demographic data source which has been used in this exploration from world data bank ( ), Census data (Egyptian central agency for public mobilization and from census statistics books (2006, 1996, 1986)). 3. METHODOLOGY The methodology in this research based mainly on real interpolation approach and direct approach to estimate or predicate population. The proposed methodology involves many steps to get the final results. Data collecting, demographic data and population data from census, world data bank, statistics, surveys, population studies, local records and from estimates of central agency for public mobilization and statistics. Collecting administrative borders of study area in the level of countries and Governorates. Producing vector map of the selected study area. Forecasting population based on mathematical models. Analysis accuracy and errors due to used data and mathematical models. Producing population and density maps in present and future. Water resources and water utilization of Egypt. Forecasting water demand or needs of Egypt according to future population. Results, analysis and comparative studies. Extracting conclusions and recommendations. 4. USED MATHEMATICAL METHODS The simplest method of estimating the future size of a population is to take the number of individuals as determined at a more or less recent date in the past and to apply to it an assumed rate of increase, as a function of time. The rate may be derived from observations on the past growth of the population itself or by analogy with rates observed in other populations in similar circumstances. Methods of this type are called "mathematical" because emphasis is placed upon the formulation of equations as expressing the rates as functions of time, instead of on particular factors which may influence the trend during any specific time period. The method of least squares regression allows one to fit an equation through set of data points. Not all "mathematical" projections are simple. Very elaborate methods have been invented for specific purposes. It is often assumed that population growth does not proceed at a constant rate but at varying rates, determined by a curve of regular form. In linear regression, the "best fit" line y = mx + b satisfies the condition that the sum of the squared vertical distances between the points and the line is minimized, hence the name least squares. One can adapt the method of linear least squares regression to find regression Formula. Examples of proposed linear and nonlinear mathematical models this method is most frequently used in forecasting population totals: 1- Straight line regression 2-2 nd order Polynomial 3- Power regression curve 4- Exponential regression curve 5- Logarithmic regression 5. RESULTS Vector maps have for administrative borders of study area been prepped to produce population and density maps from Global administrative site. Also, study area has been divided into zones and sub zones to compare the results with census data. Figure 2 shows vector map of Nile Basin countries. Figure 3 shows vector map of Upper Egypt Governorates.

4 Figure 2. Vector map of Nile basin countries. Figure 3. Vector map of upper Egypt Governorates. In this study 34 data population points from 1980 to 2013), source of data is world data bank have been used to forecasting future population of Nile basin countries (Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, and South Sudan). Estimating future population depends on number of variables: used data, suitable mathematical models and factors affecting the population growth. Future population of Nile Basin countries (Egypt, Sudan, South sudan and Ethiopia) from have been used regression equations Linear and Logarithmic. Comparative of forecasted Population of Egypt (Linear - Logarithmic) from ( ), show that the two models is very similar and the maximum difference at 2025 = 72 capita which represent 0.073%. Comparative of Forecasted population of Ethiopia using (Linear - Logarithmic) models from ( ), show that the two models is very similar and the maximum difference at 2025 = 109 capita which represent 0.091%. According to Linear regression based on world data bank: Table 1 shows regression equations of Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan and Ethiopia. Egypt population 2015, 2020 and 2025 are: 84,633,000, 91,162,000 and 97,690,000 Capita, respectively. Ethiopia population 2015, 2020 and 2025 are: 9,628,000, 107,664,000 and 119,048,000 Capita, respectively. Egypt density 2015, 2020 and 2025 are 84.55, and Capita/km2, respectively. Ethiopia density is 2015, 2020 and 2025 are: 87.21, and Capita/km2, respectively. Figure 4 shows Population and density Maps of Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan and Ethiopia. Table 1. Regression equations of Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan and Ethiopia.

5 S.No. Regression Equations Model 0r Function Correlation Country F1 Y = X Linear 1 Egypt F2 Y = Ln(X) Logarithmic Egypt F1 Y = X Linear Sudan F2 Y = Ln(X) Logarithmic Sudan F1 Y = X Linear South Sudan F2 Y = Ln(X) Logarithmic South Sudan F1 Y = X Linear Ethiopia F2 Y = Ln(X) Logarithmic Ethiopia Figure 4. Population and density Map of Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan and Ethiopia. Population of upper Egypt Governorates has been forecasted based on 4 point census data from (1976 to 2006) based on (Linear, Logarithmic and Power regression models. The obtained results should that the regression linear model is the best model for forecasting population for Upper Egypt Governorates. Figure 5 shows population map of Upper Egypt Governorates Phase I (2015, 2020 and 2025). Figure 6 shows density map of Upper Egypt Governorates Figure 5. Population map of upper Egypt Governorates Phase I (2015, 2020 and 2025).

6 Figure 6. Density map of upper Egypt Governorates The age structure of a population affects a nation's key socioeconomic issues. Countries with young populations (high percentage under age 15) need to invest more in schools, while countries with older populations (high percentage ages 65 and over) need to invest more in the health sector. Age structure or population pyramid reflect political and social stability, as well as economic development. Population of Egypt census and estimates by sex and age group has been used in this study. Age group according to census has been classified every 5 years from age less than 5 years to age +75 years year 2006 band estimates age group for year Egypt population pyramid at 2006 and 2013 has been produced from the available data. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.. Figure 7 shows Egypt population pyramid at 2013 (population in million male and female). Figure 7. Egypt population pyramid at (population in million male and female.

7 In Egypt according to census 1976, and 2006 Egypt youth bulge Percentage under the age of 15 was 40.0%, 40.1%, 37.8% and 31.7% per cent of the entire population, respectively. So, Egypt society youth bulge is more than 35% is a young society. In Egypt according to census 1976, and 2006, The percentage of largest population, people aged over 65 years was 3.7%, 3.5%, 3.3%, and 3.6%, respectively. So, Egypt Society in which the largest proportion of the population over 65 years is less than 10% of the total population is not older society. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. GDP is commonly used as an indicator of the economic health of a country, as well as to gauge a country's standard of living. Critics of using GDP as an economic measure say the statistic does not take into account the underground economy - transactions that, for whatever reason, are not reported to the government. Others say that GDP is not intended to gauge material well-being, but serves as a measure of a nation's productivity, which is unrelated. GDP is commonly used as an indicator of the economic health of a country. The 2011 revolution, which brought down President Hosni Mubarak regime, have caused economic slowdown as political and institutional uncertainty and rising insecurity continue to hurt tourism, manufacturing, and construction. Social and economic expected impacts of large may lead to inability to grow millions of acres and loss of income for millions of Egyptians dependent on agriculture in annual income. In addition to the economic effects as a result of the power grid in Egypt, the loss of a large part of the power generated by the Aswan High Dam. The available water supply or resources has been studied and evaluated. Water demand is function of population and water uses which can predict from statistics and future population. The Nile river basin nations receive an annual rain fall of 1,660 billion cubic meters, which, according to the Egyptian Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation, is sufficient for the 370 million people living in the region if resources are properly managed between the nations. Egypt depends on the Nile for almost all of water resources; naturally, it is a crucial issue on how to preserve water quality of the River Nile. On the other hand, water in desert area is in deep sandstone aquifer and is generally non-renewable source. The water resources at 1999 in Egypt can be classified into the following categories: Nile water 55.5 Billion m 3 /yr, flood discharge 1.0, ground water (in Delta and New Valley 2.6 and in Desert 0.5, renewable resources from rain, desalinated water, reuse of agricultural drainage water 4.7, and treated sewage water 0.2 (Hussein I. et al.,2000). Water in Egypt used mainly in agriculture-irrigation water, industry and domestic uses which represent 86%, 6% and 8% respectably/ Total of water use is about 62.6 billion m 3. Agriculture s share of the water budget is about 81% and increased to 85% in 2006 (El-Beltagy & Abo-Hadeed, 2008). Forecasted water utilization or demand has been estimated based on linear relationship between population and water consumption at The loss to downstream countries would most likely be spread over several years. Reportedly during the filling of the reservoir 11 to 19 billion cubic meters of water per year expected to be lost, Assumption:1- River Navigation and water mouth out flow = 1.8 Billion m 3 /yr (constant); 1- Forecasted of Households-Domestic water has been estimated based on linear relation between population and 2. Billion m 3 /yr of year 1999; 3- Forecasted of Industrial water has been estimated based on linear relation between population and 4.6 Billion m 3 /yr of year 1999; 4- Water supply at 1999=59.2 Billion m 3 /yr 5-Water deficit in the river with an average annual income of 10 billion cubic meters on average, and thus will be the impact on Egypt from year Agriculture-irrigation water at any year = Water supply at River navigation and water mouth out flow - Forecasted of Households-Domestic water- Forecasted of Industrial water. Table 2 shows forecasted Water utilization or demand based on forecasted population from world data Bank. The obtained results showed that aexpected water to be lost from agriculture-irrigation water sector is =16.34 Billion m 3, which would cause two million farmers to lose their income during the period of filling the reservoir. Table 2. Forecasted Water utilization or demand based on forecasted population from world data Bank. Year Unit Billion (m 3 /yr) Agriculture-Irrigation water = = =

8 83.95% Households-Domestic water % Industrial water % River Navigation and water mouth out flow 3.04% Total Population per capita (based on world data Bank) EXPECTED IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION OF ETHIOPIAN DAMS The transfer of water storage of the high dam lake to the Ethiopian plateau. In the case of the collapse of the dam, the flowing water will sink Sudanese cities, especially Khartoum. Water deficit in the river with an average annual income of 10 billion cubic meters on average, and thus will be the impact on Egypt. Reduce the electricity production of the High Dam and Aswan Reservoir between 20 and 40%. Destroyed millions of acres of agricultural area. Affected land reclamation programs in Egypt. Increase in sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers in North Delta. Threatening Groundwater quality and increased salinity in these reservoirs. Lower the water level in the Nile and branches and canals will affected navigation and Nile cruises. Environmental degradation and an increase in pollution an imbalance in the natural system of life in North Lakes due to Water shortage.. Now, Egypt imports who equivalent of 50% of its food, with the expected deficit in the waters of the Nile, imports of food will increase. 7. SOLUTIONS FOR THE LAKE OF WATER DUE TO CONSTRUCTION OF ETHIOPIAN RENAISSANCE DAM Through the results of the Egyptian studies it is clear that the technical alternatives to deal with this dam to be that range according to the preference achieved Egyptian interests and minimize the risk as follows: Maximizing the use of groundwater wells in Egypt, and rainwater. Expansion in the agricultural and sewage treatment, and reuse in agriculture and industry, and this system in place in most developed countries, as a result of water scarcity. Seawater desalination and high salinity, pointing out that the Gulf produces 60% of desalinated water in the world. Development of field irrigation, and the rationalization of water use. The establishment of agricultural projects with Nile Basin countries, such as rice cultivation in countries with abundant water. Adoption of the principle out of the narrow valley and delta to the desert to complete rehab national projects such as the Toshka, and start other projects such as the development corridor, and low Valley dropper. Egypt will reduce water budget from Nile by reusing irrigation water more than once, after mixing the water with irrigation waste water.

9 8. RECOMMENDATIONS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO RESOLVING THE CRISIS, INCLUDING: Full coordination and compatibility between Egypt and the Ethiopian side, on the rules of filling and operating with the importance of reaching a legal and technical mechanism to allow full participation in the filling, operation and management. So that there will not be any damage to the Egyptian water interests. The agreement with South Sudan to attract losses regions of Upper Nile (Jonglei, and Bahr el Ghazal, and giraffes). Identify the writer. According to the minister, the irrigation ministry is currently examining increasing Egypt s share of the Nile through implementing projects to utilize water losses in upstream states. The Baro-Akobo project on the Blue Nile in Ethiopia could provide 12 billion cubic meters of water to be split between Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan. The Jonglei Canal project would provide 7 billion cubic meters to be split between Egypt and North and South Sudan. CONCLUSIONS Future population of Nile Basin countries (Egypt, Sudan, south sudan and Ethiopia) from have been used regression equations Linear and Logarithmic, source of data is world data bank have been used. Comparative of forecasted Population of Egypt (Linear - Logarithmic) from ( ), show that the two models is very similar and the maximum difference at 2025 = 72 capita which represent 0.073%. Comparative of Forecasted population of Ethiopia using (Linear - Logarithmic) models from ( ), show that the two models is very similar and the maximum difference at 2025 = 109 capita which represent 0.091%. According to Linear regression based on world data bank: Egypt population 2015, 2020 and 2025 are: 84,633,000, 91,162,000 and 97,690,000 Capita, respectively. Ethiopia population 2015, 2020 and 2025 are: 9,628,000, 107,664,000 and 119,048,000 Capita, respectively. Egypt density at 2015, 2020 and 2025 are: 84.55, and Capita/km2, respectively. Ethiopia density at 2015, 2020 and 2025 are: 87.21, and Capita/km2, respectively. Census data of Egypt were from 1882 to last census 2006: 13, 9, 7, and 4 census points has been used with the best function. The results shows that with linear regression equation is best model than the other regression models, last 4 points census from (1976 to 2006) has been used to predicate population of Egypt. According to Linear regression based on census data, Egypt population 2015, 2020 and 2025 are: 82,945,000, 88,923,000and 94,902,000 Capita, respectively. Egypt density 2015, 2020 and 2025 are 82.86, and 94.80Capita/km2, respectively. Proposed function to calculate future population of Upper Egypt Governorates: Al Fayyūm, Banī Suwayf and Al Minyā) is regression equation either linear, Logarithmic or power function based on census data. Only one case related to No. of data points have been used 7 point data from (1947 to 2006). The obtained results should that the regression linear model is the best model for forecasting population for upper Egypt Governorates based on census data 4 point data from (1976 to 2006).. Egypt society youth bulge is more than 35% is a young society. Egypt Society in which the largest proportion of the population over 65 years is less than 10% of the total population is not older society. GDP is commonly used as an indicator of the economic health of a country. The 2011 revolution, which brought down President Hosni Mubarak regime, have caused economic slowdown as political and institutional uncertainty and rising insecurity continue to hurt tourism, manufacturing, and construction. Social and economic expected impacts of large may lead to Inability to grow millions of acres and loss of income for millions of Egyptians dependent on agriculture in annual income. The obtained results showed that at 2025 expected water to be lost from agriculture-irrigation water sector is Billion m 3, which would cause two million farmers to lose their income during the period of filling the reservoir. Agriculture irrigation water represents 85% from water consumption Now, Egypt imports that equivalent of 50% of its food, with the expected deficit in the waters of the Nile, imports of food will increase or his will represent a greater burden on the state budget. Agricultural products from crops, vegetables and fruits will not enough of Egypt's population with rapid population growth and expected deficit in the waters of the Nile. Agriculture sector will bear the brunt of the deficit in the waters of the Nile. Studies should be carried out to increase production per acre and the development of other methods of irrigation to increase productivity per acre and to provide water.

10 RECOMMENDATIONS More research is needed to improve the population estimation through development of suitable models. In the next phase from this study more analysis and scenarios about the time of filling the Ethiopian s dam should be carried out to mange the problem of Water Lake. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Author thanks National Authority of Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS) for financiering and supporting this work through rresearch and development program giving. The Author would like to express deepest thanks to Eng.Wael Mohamed Khder. REFERENCES Abouzeid, M Study on irrigation, Water Res. Centre, Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources, Cairo, Egypt. Central agency for public mobilisation and statistics, «Statistical year book, 1986, 1996 and Egyptian Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation, is MWRT. El-Beltagy, A. T. & A.F. Abo-Hadeed The main pillars of the National Program for maximizing the water-use efficiency in the old land. The Research and Development Council. MOALR. (in Arabic). 30 page bulletin. FAO Strategy of Agricultural Development in Egypt Up To MOA. May 2003, Cairo, Egypt (In Arabic). Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy 1 and Raouf O. Aly Water Issue in Egypt: Resources, Pollution and Protection Endeavors CEJOEM 2002, Vol.8. No.1.:3 21). ITT Nile Group (2013): A research group on the Eastern Nile Basin JICA, Basic design study report on the project for water supply development I northwest part of Sgarqia Governorate in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Sep NBI State of the River Nile Basin Report. Nile Basin Intiative (NBI) Publishing.SADS, Sustainable Agricultural Development Strategy Towards Agricultural Research & Development Council. Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of Agriculture & Land Reclamation. Oct UNEP. (2013). Adaptation to Climate-change Induced Water Stress in the Nile Basin: A ulnerability Assessment Report. Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA). United Nations Enviroment Programme (UNEP). Nairobi, Kenya. World Data Bank Population - Water watch, The Nile basin: Irrigation water management. Retrieved from: on 8/1/2014