This publication from the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service has been archived.

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1 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from

2 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from TABLE OF CONTENTS Generl Procedures... 1 Performnce of Feedlot Steers Fed High Energy Diets Contining Lidlomycin Propionte nd Monensin with nd without Antiiotics... 2 Effects of Ionophore Shuttle with Monensin nd Lslocid plus Dul Implnting with Compudose nd (or) Finplix-S on Feedlot Performnce... 7 Effect of Alflf Hy or Whet Strw Level in Stem-Flked nd High-Moisture Corn-Bsed Diets on Feedlot Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics of Beef Steers Influence of Protein Level nd Added Ft in Finishing Diets on Feedlot Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics of Lrge-frmed Beef Steer Clves Effect of Three Test Weights of Grin Sorghum on Performnce of Growing Beef Steers Effects of Fescue Grzing Psture Tretments on Feedlot Performnce of Beef Steers Direct-Fired Stem Genertion for Processing Grins Stle Fly Reserch in Cttle Feedlots Acknowledgements...inside ck cover List of Contriutors... outside ck cover i 33

3 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Southwest Knss Reserch-Extension Center Grden City 1991 Cttle Feeders Dy Report of Progress Generl Procedures for Feeding Trils Unless otherwise specified in individul rticles, the following represent stndrd operting procedures for experiments reported herein. Animl Receiving nd Processing: Cttle were individully weighed nd er-tgged immeditely upon rrivl or t processing. Processing, which occurred 24 to 48 hours lter, consisted of implnting nd tretment for endo- nd ectoprsites with de-wormer drench or injectle nd pour-on insecticide, respectively. Animls were vccinted ginst IBR, BVD, PI 3 (modified-live vccine), nd BRSV in comintion with five strins of Leptospir nd(or) Hemophilus somnus nd injected with 7-wy clostridil cterin. Horns were tipped nd(or) removed to poll nd cstrtions were performed s needed. Animls were implnted per protocol procedures. Animl Weights nd Slughter: Initil weights, except where specificlly stted, were off-truck weights djusted to py weights. Interim weights to monitor tril progress were single-dy, individul, erly morning, full live weights tken pproximtely every 28 dys. Finl full live weights were otined on 2 consecutive dys. Animls were generlly shipped nd slughtered on the sme morning tht the second finl full live weight ws tken. Liver scess nd hide pull scores were tken t slughter. Crcss dt were otined following 24-hour chill. Animl Feeding: All cttle were fed once dily from truck-mounted mixer-feeder equipped with progrmmle scles nd printers. Stem-flked grins nd rolled grins were processed through n 18 X 24 inch Ross roller mill. Intended flking densities for milo, corn, nd whet were 26, 28, 39 l/u, respectively. Micro-ingredients were dded to the dily rtion t mixing y wy of computer-operted, utomtic flushing, weigh mchine. 1

4 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT STEERS FED HIGH ENERGY DIETS CONTAINING LAIDLOMYCIN PROPIONATE WITH AND WITHOUT ANTIBIOTICS y A.S. Freemn, H.R. Spires, nd R.L. Botts SUMMARY A 134-dy finishing tril with 200 steers (792 ls vg ody wt) ws conducted to determine effects of lidlomycin propionte or monensin fed with or without citrcin methylene dislicylte (BMD) or tylosin (T) in stem-flked corn diet on performnce, crcss chrcteristics, nd liver scesses. Tretments were: control (C), no ionophore or ntiiotic; monensin (M), 30g; monensin plus tylosin (MT), 30g + 10g; lidlomycin (LP), 10g; nd lidlomycin plus BMD (LPBMD), 10g + 8g (per ton 90% dry mtter sis). Dry mtter intke (DMI) for the first 28 d ws incresed (P<.10) 9.2% for LP nd LPBMD compred to MT, ut ws not different (P>.10) from C. For the first 28 d, LP steers DMI ws 6.5% greter (P<.10) compred to M. Cumultive DMI for LP ws incresed (P<.10) 7.25% compred to M nd MT, ut ws not different (P>.10) from C nd LPBMD. Cumultive verge dily gin (ADG; vg of 3.24ls) ws not ffected (P>.10) y tretment; however, ADG for LP ws incresed 4% over C nd 6.8% compred to M, MT nd LPBMD. Feed efficiency (F/G; vg of 5.48) ws not ffected (P>.10) y tretment. MT steers cumultive F/G ws slightly improved (1%) compred to C, M, nd LP nd ws improved 2% over LPBMD. Hot crcss weight ws incresed (P<.10) y LP ut ws decresed y M, MT, nd LPBMD compred to C steers. Other crcss chrcteristics were not ffected y tretments. Ascessed livers were: C 33%, M 38%, MT 8%, LP 26%, nd LPBMD 15%. LP improved overll feedlot performnce nd did not ffect crcss chrcteristics. Addition of tylosin or BMD reduced liver scesses. efficiency. With the introduction of new ionophores, the producer will potentilly e le to increse his mngement choices. Lidlomycin propionte is one such new ionophore receiving greter ttention. This ionophore hs not received FDA pprovl, ut performnce in feedlot cttle fed lidlomycin hs een comprle to those receiving lslocid. Previous reserch hs shown ionophores to enhnce efficiency of eef cttle in grzing situtions nd in the feedlot. It is generlly thought tht ionophores increse feed efficiency of cttle y ltering ruminl fermenttion y selecting ginst grm positive nd hydrogen- nd formte-producing cteri. Ionophores re effective in enhncing energy retention nd protein utiliztion nd reducing metolic disorders (e.g., lot nd lctic cidosis) in cttle. Incresed energy retention hs een relted to incresed ruminl proportions of propionic cid nd susequent decrese in cetic nd utyric cids. A further enhncement of energy retention hs een relted to lower methne production, which my e ssocited with shifts in voltile ftty cid proportions, thus llowing for retention of dditionl energy y the host niml s tissue gins. The oject of the study ws to otin informtion on the comprtive efficcy of lidlomycin propionte, monensin, lidlomycin propionte plus citrcin methylene dislicylte (BMD), nd monensin plus tylosin for incresing the rte of weight gin nd improving feed efficiency in cttle fed high energy diets. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES INTRODUCTION Ruminnt nutritionist strive to improve the efficiency of feed conversion into ody weight gins y mens of mnipulting ruminil fermenttion ptterns nd the digestive physiology of the host ruminnt. In the pst decde, severl ionophores (croxylic polyethers) such s monensin hve een used y the eef cttle industry to increse feed Cttle were purchsed through n order-uyer from two rnches locted in Northwest Knss etween Plinville nd Hys. Both herds included clves of Angus-Hereford dms crossed with Simmentl sires. The long yerling steers were wened from lte Novemer to erly Decemer, Cttle were of uniform size, genetic loodlines, nd nutritionl mngement, which consisted of ckgrounding on chopped cne nd feed-corn 2

5 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from silge mixture (silge ws 20% of roughge portion), 1 pound of 41% crude protein cottonseed mel rnge cue per hed per dy, nd 1 pound ground milo per hundred weight per hed dily. The first group of steers (150) rrived t the SWKREC on Mrch 6 nd the second group (60) on Mrch 7, 1989, giving totl of 210 steers. Cttle were visully pprised upon rrivl for ny signs of sickness, lmeness, etc., nd such nimls were isolted in sick-pens t tht time. Cttle were llowed free-choice ccess to long-stem romegrss hy, fresh wter, nd strter diet (Tle 1) nd processed on Mrch 9, Tle 1. Composition nd nutrient nlysis of strter nd step-up diets on dry mtter sis. Item Strter Step-up Ingredients % % Corn, Dry-Rolled 42.2 Corn, Stem-Flked 63.4 Alflf Hy Blended Molsses Yellow Grese 2.3 Pelletted Supplement Bromegrss Hy-Bled Free Choice Nutrient Anlysis Dry Mtter Crude Protein Clcium Phosphorus Potssium TDN c NEm, Mcl/100 l NEg, Mcl/100 l Bled hy removed on Mrch 10, Nutrient nlysis sed on NRC tulr vlues. c Percent totl digestile nutrients. All steers were individully weighed nd processed per stndrd procedures. Individul steer weights rnged etween 645 ls to 887 ls, with n verge weight of 761 ls. Step-up Period: All steers received common strter diet with romegrss hy free choice (Tle 1) for period of 5 dys. The rtion nd led hy were delivered once dily in the morning to ech feed unk. Amounts fed ech dy were sufficient to provide d liitum consumption without ccumultion of unconsumed feed. The romegrss hy ws withdrwn fter 5-dy period, nd the strter diet ws fed for n dditionl 5 dys. Cttle were then fed step-up rtion 2 (Tle 2) once dily in the morning. Microingredients were supplied in the diets, through micro-weigh system mchine. Deccox (decoquinte) ws supplied t rte of mg/cwt of ody weight to prevent coccidosis. The coccidostt ws removed fter 24- dy step-up period. After the step-up period, ll steers were individully weighed, nd Tiguvon ws pplied per product instructions s gruicide. Steers were culled to 200 hed nd locked y weight into four groups: 1) light, 2) light-medium, 3) medium, nd 4) hevy. Weight locks were rndomly ssigned to five consecutive pen groups with tretments rndomly ssigned to ech pen within ech weight lock-pen group. Steers were then rndomly ssigned to tretments within ech weight lock. The following dy, ll steers were re-weighed, implnted with Synovex-S, nd sorted y tretment-weight lock into respective pens. The finl finisher diet (Tle 2) ws then offered. Ionophores nd ntiiotics were supplied in the finisher diet vi the micro-weigh mchine. Tle 2. Composition nd nutrient nlysis of finsisher diets on dry mtter sis. Item Step-up 2 Finl Ingredients % % Corn, Stem-Flked Alflf Hy Blended Molsses Yellow Grese Cottonseed Mel Pelletted Supplement Nutrient Anlysis Dry Mtter Crude Protein Clcium Phosphorus Potssium TDN NEm, Mcl/100l NEg, Mcl/100l Nutrient nlysis determined on complete feed rtion fter micromchine ingredient delivery. Percent totl digestile nutrients. Finl tretments were s follows: 1) CON, control, no ionophore nd no ntiiotic; 2) MON, monensin, 30 g/ton (90% dry mtter sis); 3) M/T, MON t 30g/ton nd 10 g/ton of tylosin sodium (Tyln 100) to provide pproximtely 90 mg Tyln per hed per dy; 4) LP, lidlomycin propionte, 10 g/ton; nd 5) LP/BMD, LP t 10g/ton plus 8g/ton of citrcin methylene dislicylte (BMD) to supply pproximtely 70 mg BMD per hed dily. Both ionophores nd ntiiotics in the complete finisher 3

6 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from diet tches were fed simultneously nd continuously ech morning throughout the finishing period. Feed tches were mixed nd delivered to unks y mixer-feeder ox mounted on truck. A complete tch mix ws determined y truck timer electroniclly connected to the PTO unit driving the mixer-ox ugers. Mixing time per tch lod ws constnt throughout the tril. A step-up period for monensin occured during the first weigh period. Monensin ws fed t 15 g/ton (90% DMB) for 7-dy djustment period. Then monensin ws incresed to 30 g/ton (90% DMB) until the end of the tril period. Feed ws provided once dily in mounts sufficient to provide d liitum consumption. Feed unks were visully evluted ech morning, nd the dily feed offered ws djusted ccording to mounts eten the previous dy. This provided d liitum intke without ccumultion of unconsumed feed. Only during the first 28 dys, feed refusls in ech unk were weighed on the truck scles to the nerest 5 pounds nd recorded. Feed smples were collected weekly from the feed truck fter complete mixing for dry mtter determintion nd composited for ech 28-dy weigh period. Smples were susequently nlyzed for vrious nutrient constituents (Tles 1 nd 2). Cttle were individully weighed t 28-dy intervls prior to morning feeding. Dily feed intkes, oth period nd cumultive, were clculted s totl feed provided to pen minus ny discrded feed nd (or) plus previous dy crrier-over feed divided y the totl hed dys during weigh period or cross totl dys on feed. Feed-to-gin rtio ws clculted for ech pen s the rtio of totl feed consumed divided y totl weight gined per pen during 28- d weigh period or cross totl dys on feed. Averge dily gin ws clculted on pen sis s totl weight gin divided y totl hed dys for ech period or cross totl dys on tril. Finl weights were otined on 2 consecutive dys nd verged. All cttle were slughtered when, y visul pprisl, n estimted 70% would grde USDA choice. Slughter dt included: 1) incidence of liver scesses, 2) hot crcss weight (HCW), 3) ri-eyere (REA), 4) ck ft thickness (BF), 5) kidneypelvic-hert ft percentge (KPH), 6) mrling score (MS), 7) qulity grde (QG), nd 8) clculted USDA yield grde (YG). Hot crcss weights nd liver scess scores were otined t slughter. All other crcss mesurements were mde fter 24-hour chill. Period lengths in dys were: Period 1 (1-28 dys, 28 d); Period 2 (29-56 dys, 28 d); Period 3 ( dys, 44 d); nd Period 4 ( dys, 35 d). Experimentl design for the study ws completely rndomized with pens serving s the experimentl unit for performnce dt. Individul nimls served s the experimentl units for the crcss nd liver dt nlysis. Dt were nlyzed y nlysis of vrince procedures utilizing the Generl Liner Model procedures of SAS Institute. When significnt F-test (P<.10) for prticulr independent vrile (e.g., DMI, ADG, etc.) ws detected, multiple-rnge test ws used to seprte mens. Hevy weight lock steers were weighed offtril on dys 99 nd 100 of the feeding period. Lidlomycin nd BMD were withdrwn from the hevy weight lock diets t this time. These steers were fed the CON tretment for period of 14 dys. These steers were shipped to slughter fter the 14- dy withdrwl period. Remining steers were weighed off tril fter 134 dys on tril. Lidlomycin nd BMD were withdrwn from their diets for period of 14 dys. The CON tretment ws fed during the 14-dy withdrwl period. The remining 155 hed were then slughtered fter the withdrwl period. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Dry Mtter Intke: Cumultive DMI cross periods is presented in Tle 3. A significnt (P <.08) tretment effect ws evident in the first 28 dys on feed. The ddition of LP nd LPBMD did not ffect (P >.10) DMI compred to CON. However, steers receiving LP nd LPBMD consumed 5.5% nd 9.3% more feed compred to MON nd MT steers, respectively. Intke y MT steers ws depressed y 10.2% compred to LP steers. Tle 3. Cumultive dry mtter intke of feedlot steers fed high concentrte diets contining either monensin or lidlomycin propionte with or without ntiiotics. Tretments. Item CON MON MT LP LPBMD ls Dy c d c cd ef e e f ef Dy 1-100, n=20. Dy 1-134, n=15. No hevy rep. cd Row mens with uncommnd superscripts re different, P ef Row mens with uncommnd superscripts re different, P

7 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from During the next 73 dys, DMI verged pounds per hed per dy nd ws not ffected y tretment (P >.10). After 134 dys on feed, MON nd MT depressed (P <.02) DMI y 9% compred to the intke of LP steers. Intke for the MON nd MT steers ws lso decresed (P >.10) y 4.8% compred to CON steers; difference of 0.82 pounds dry mtter per hed per dy. Dry mtter intke for LP nd LPBMD ws not different (P >.10) compred to CON. Intke for CON, LPBMD, MON, nd MT were similr (P >.10) fter 134 dys on feed. Averge Dily Gin: Cumultive verge dily gin (ADG) y tretment for ech weigh period is given in Tle 4. An djustment for fill ws not mde to determine ADG; therefore, performnce ws sed on full weights. Within period, ADG ws not ffected (P >.10) y tretment. Averged cross tretments within ech period, ADG ws 3.51, 4.09, 2.78, nd 3.40 pounds for periods 1, 2, 3, nd 4, respectively. Cumultive ADG ws not ffected (P >.10) y tretment for the first 28 dys on feed. By 56 dys, tretment effects were present (P <.09). ADG of steers receiving MON nd MT ws depressed y 7.5% nd 12.2% compred to CON nd LP steers, respectively. LP steers' ADG ws improved y 6.8% compred to steers consuming LPBMD. A nonsignificnt improvement of 4.4% for the LP steers compred to CON ws evident. No difference in ADG ws noted for the LPBMD steers compred to the CON, MON, nd MT steers. By the end of the tril, cumultive ADG ws not different (P >.10) etween tretment groups. However, steers consuming the LP diet hd 3.7% dvntge over CON nd 6.96% improvement ove MON, MT, nd Tle 4. Cumultive verge dily gin of feedlot steers fed high concentrte diets contining either monensin or lidomycin propionte with or without ntiiotics. Tretments. Item CON MON MT LP LPBMD ls Dy cd d 3.80 c Dy 1-100, n=20. Dy 1-134, n=15. No hevy rep. cd Row mens with uncommnd superscripts re different, P LPBMD steers. Feed to Gin Rtio: Cumultive feed efficiency (F/G) y tretment is given in Tle 5. Becuse ADG ws clculted on full sis, F/G ws lso clculted on full sis. Tretment did not ffect (P >.10) feed efficiency throughout the feeding tril. Steers required 5.48 pounds of dry mtter for every pound of full weight gin. Steers receiving MT consumed n verge of 0.18 pounds less dry mtter compred to other steers. However, LPBMD steers consumed n verge of 0.16 pounds more feed Tle 5. Cumultive feed to gin rtio of feedlot steers fed high concentrte diets contining either monensin or lidlomyein propionte with or without ntiiotics. Tretments. Item CON MON MT LP LPBMD ls Dy Dy 1-100, n=20. Dy 1-134, n=15. compred to other nimls. Crcss nd Liver Dt: Crcss chrcteristics nd liver scess dt re presented in Tle 6. Adjusted finl weight for the MON steers ws depressed y 3.3% (P <.09) compred to the verge djusted finl weight of the CON nd LP steers. Adjusted finl weights were not different (P >.10) etween tretments CON, MT, nd LPBMD. Weights for LP nd CON steers were lso similr (P >.10). However, djusted finl weights of LP steers ws 2.2% greter (P <.09) compred to MT nd LPBMD steers. Overll, steers receiving LP lone hd 2.35 pound dvntge per hundred pounds of ody weight compred to steers on other tretments. Hot crcss weight ws the only crcss chrcteristic tht ws ffected (P <.10) y tretment. The LP steers HCW ws 22 pounds more compred to the LPBMD, MON, nd MT steers HCW. MON steers HCW ws depressed y 30 nd 21 pounds compred to LP nd CON steers, respectively. However, MON steers HCW ws similr to tht of MT nd LPBMD steers. The CON steers HCW did not differ from tht of LP, MT, nd LPBMD groups. Dressing percent verged 63.6%. An verge squre inch ri-eye, ckft thickness of 0.42 inches nd KPH % of

8 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from ws mesured cross tretments. Mrling score verged 4.99 or just elow the Low Choice Qulity Grde for ll steers on tril. The MON nd LPBMD steers fell into the Low Choice Qulity Grde. The other tretment groups fell into the Select Qulity Grde. Clculted USDA Yield Grde verged 2.68 for ll steers. Ascessed livers for ech tretment were: 50% CON, 50% MON, 26% Mt, 36% LP, nd 45% LPBMD. These percentges include livers with scess scrs tht were not condemned. Those livers condemned were: 33% CON, 38% MON, 8% MT, 26% LP, nd 15% LPBMD. Liver scess score verged 1.9 on scle of 1 to 5; with 1 eing no scesses nd 5 eing condemned livers with numerous lrge scesses. A liner contrst etween tretments with nd without ntiiotics showed 73% reduction (P = 0.003) in liver scess score in steers receiving the ntiiotics. Tylosin nd BMD were eqully ffective in reducing (P = ) liver scesses. Tle 6. Crcss chrcteristics nd liver scess dt of feedlot steers fed high concentrte diets contining either monensin or lidlomycin propionte with or without ntiiotics. Tretments. Item CON MON MT LP LPBMD Steer No Initil Wt, ls Adj. Finl Wt,ls 1205 c c 1194 HCW,ls 781 c c 773 Dressing % REA, in Bckft, in KPH, % Mrling Score Yield Grde Ascessed Livers, % d (33) (38) (8) (26) (15) Ascess Scores e c Row mens with uncommnd superscripts re different, P d Numers in ( ) re % of livers scessed tht were condemned. e Liner contrst etween with nd without ntiiotics, P =

9 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from EFFECTS OF IONOPHORE SHUTTLE WITH MONENSIN AND LACALOCID PLUS DUAL IMPLANTING WITH COMPUDOSE AND/OR FINAPLIX-S ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE y A.S. Freemn SUMMARY A 147-dy feeding tril evluted the effects of switching from monensin nd tylosin to lslocid plus oxytetrcycline nd dul implnting with 24 mg of estrdiol-17β (Compudose200 ) nd 140 mg of trenolone cette (Finplix-S ) t dy 54 on the feedlot performnce, crcss trits, incidence of liver scesses, nd difficulty of hide pulling. Ninety English-continentl crossred eef steers were rndomly llotted to five tretments, with three pens of six hed ech per tretment. The tretments were: 1) CON, control with no ionophore, ntiiotic, or implnts; 2) MTC, monensin (30g/ton) plus tylosin (9g/ton) with Compudose200 continuously; 3) MTCF, monensin plus tylosin with Compudose200 nd dul implnting with Finplix-S on dy 54; 4) MTLC, monensin plus tylosin then switching to lslocid (30g/ton) plus oxytetrcycline (7g/ton) t dy 54 with Compudose200 continuously; nd 5) MTLCF, monensin plus tylosin then switching to lslocid plus oxytetrcycline (OTC) t dy 54 with Compudose200 nd dul implnting with Finplix- S t dy 54. The finisher diet ws 81.6% high moisture corn, 4.9% ground lflf hy, 3.8% corn silge, 1.8% lended molsses, 2.7% yellow grese, nd 5.2% pelleted supplement on dry mtter sis. Tretments did not ffect (P>.10) cumultive dry mtter intke for the 147-dy feeding tril. Cumultive verge dily gin (CADG) for steers receiving n ionophore plus ntiiotic nd implnt ws incresed (P<.10) y 11.5% compred with the CON steers. The gins for MTC nd MTLCF were not different (P>.10). However, MTLCF incresed (P<.10) gins y 6.5% compred with the verge gins of MTCF nd MTLC steers. There ws 16.6% improvement (P<.10) in gins for MTLCF compred with CON steers. The CON steers required 11% more (P<.05) feed for ech pound of live weight gin compred with the other tretments. Averge djusted finl weight (1231 l), hot crcss weight (786 l), dressing percentge (64.7%), ri-eye re (12.9 in 2 ), len color (2.9), kidney-pelvic-hert ft percentge (2.4%), mrling score (5.5 or Ch50), liver scess score (1.4), nd difficulty of hiding pulling (1.4) were not ffected (P>.10) y tretments. Bck ft ws incresed (P<.04).14 inches y the ionophores, ntiiotics, nd implnts compred with the CON group. Yield grde ws decresed.46 percentge units for MTCF, MTLC, nd MTLCF compred with CON nd MTC steers (P<.008). Our dt suggest no enefit from switching ionophores or dul implnting with either implnt t 54 dys on feed. However, ionophores nd implnts did improve feedlot performnce nd crcss trits compred to control steers. INTRODUCTION Ionophores nd implnts hve een used in every fcet of the eef cttle industry for improving performnce. Feed conversion is typiclly improved with ionophores y incresed verge dily nd decresed intke, improved gins with no effect on intke, or oth incresed gin nd intke. Implnts lso enhnce performnce. Implnted feedlot cttle show 5 to 15% increses in verge dily gin nd 5 to 10% improvement in feed efficiency compred with control nimls. Ionophore rottionl progrms hve provided n dditionl 2 to 4% increse in feed efficiency over continuous feeding. Dul implnting with estrogenic nd ndrogenic implnts hs lso improved performnce ove single implnt progrms. Therefore, this tril ws conducted to evlute the effects of switching from monensin plus tylosin to lslocid plus oxytetrcycline nd dul implnting with 24 mg of estrdiol-17b (Compudose200 ) nd 140 mg of trenolone cette (TBA; Finplix-S ) t dy 54 on the feedlot performnce, crcss trits, incidence of liver scesses, nd difficulty of hide pulling in finishing eef steers. 7

10 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Ninety English-continentl crossred eef steers were received in lte Novemer of These steers were individully weighed off truck nd given ccess to fresh wter, romegrss hy, nd strter diet. The strter diet consisted of 50% ground lflf hy, 43% dry rolled corn, 5% lended molsses, nd 2% pelleted supplement on n s-fed sis. Deccox (decoquinte) ws fed t 22.7 mg per hed dily in the strter, nd step-up rtions were fed for 22 dys then withdrwn. Cttle receiving monensin were fed one hlf the finl mount per hed dily for 2-week period fter the decoquinte. Then the monensin ws incresed to 30 g per ton of feed (90% dry sis). All steers were weighed gin the next dy nd processed ccording to stndrd procedures. The steers were locked into three weight groups nd rndomly llotted to five tretments, with three pens of six hed ech per tretment. The tretments were: 1) CON, control with no ionophore, ntiiotic, or implnts; 2) MTC, monensin (30g/ton) plus tylosin (9g/ton) with Compudose200 continuously; 3) MTCF, monensin plus tylosin with Compudose200 nd dul implnting with Finplix- S on dy 54; 4) MTLC, monensin plus tylosin then switching to lslocid (30g/ton) plus oxytetrcycline (7g/ton) t dy 54 with Compudose200 continuously; nd 5) MTLCF, monensin plus tylosin then switching to lslocid plus oxytetrcycline (OTC) t dy 54 with Compudose200 nd dul implnting with Finplix-S t dy 54. The finisher diet ws 81.6% high moisture corn, 4.9% ground lflf hy, 3.8% corn silge, 1.8% lended molsses, Tle 1. Ingredient composition nd nutrient nlysis of finisher diet on dry mtter sis. Percent of Item Dry Mtter, % 2.7% yellow grese, nd 5.2% pelleted supplement on dry mtter sis (Tle 1). Cttle were fed once dily to llow only for d liitum consumption without excessive feed ccumultion. Feedlot performnce ws monitored throughout the tril y periodic individul steer weights, mesuring pen feed intke, nd clculting feed conversion. Hide pulling score ws rted t time of slughter using the scle: hide pull 1 = no resistnce, 2 = slight hesittion, 3 = greter hesittion, nd 4 = removed y hnd. Liver scess score ws tken t time of slughter to determine incidence of liver scesses. The scle used ws: 1 = no scesses, 2 = signs of scring - not condemned, 3 = one to three smll ctive scesses - condemned, 4 = three to five lrge ctive scesses - condemned, nd 5 = more thn five or one lrge ctive scess - condemned. Crcss chrcteristics were mesured fter 24-hour chill. Len color ws determined y visul pprisl with the following scle: 1 = light red, 2 = red, 3 = cherry red, 4 = drk red or rown. All feedlot performnce dt were sttisticlly nlyzed y using pen s the experimentl unit or repliction. Crcss trits, liver scesses, nd difficulty of hide pulling were nlyzed using individul steer s the tretment repliction. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Dry Mtter Intke. Cumultive dry mtter intke (CDMI) is given in Figure 1 y dys on feed. From dy 0 to 53, ll steers except CON were receiving monensin plus tylosin nd were implnted with Compudose. Cumultive DMI ws depressed y the ddition of monensin (P<.02). Compred with Figure 1. Cumultive dry mtter intke y dys on feed. Mens with different letters differ (,,c P<.02; def P<.09). Ingredients High-Moisture Corn 81.6 Alflf Hy, Ground 4.9 Corn Silge 3.8 Molsses 1.8 Yellow Grese 2.7 Pelleted Supplement 5.2 Nutrient Anlysis Dry Mtter, 72.3 Crude Protein 11.5 Fier, NDF nd ADF 4.9 NEm, Mcl/cwt 105 NEg, Mcl/cwt 72 Clcium.61 Phosphorus.27 Potssium.75 NCl DMI, ls Dys 0-82 f 0-53 d c 0-22 de ef de CON MTC DMI, ls MTLCF MTCF MTLC Tretments 8

11 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from CON, intke ws depressed y 11% for the MTC steers. The MTCF, MTLC, nd MTLCF steers consumed 6% nd 5% less feed compred with CON nd MTC steers, respectively. By dy 82 on feed, cttle switched from monensin plus tylosin to lslocid plus OTC (MTLC nd MTLCF) hd incresed intkes. Intke of MTLC steers t this time ws not different from tht of CON steers, ut ws incresed (P<.09) y 5% compred with MTC steers. Dul implnting with Finplix-S did increse intke y.6 l per hed dily when compred with continuous Compudose (MTCF + MTLCF vs MTC). After 147 dys on feed, tretments did not ffect (P>.10) CDMI (vg of 22.3 l). Compred with CON, the MTC steers did reduce intke y 3.3% or.74 l per hed dily. Dul implnting incresed intke y.7 l per hed dily compred without oth implnts cross ionophore switching. Typiclly, monensin does decrese intke nd lslocid does increse intke. However, dul implnting with estrdiol- 17β nd TBA implnts did not oost intke. Averge Dily Gin. Cumultive verge dily gin (CADG) is given in Figure 2. Tretments did not ffect (P>.10) CADG until cttle hd een on feed for 109 dys. Steers on MTC, MTCF, nd MTLC gined 7.9% more live weight (P<.10) compred with CON steers. Switching ionophores nd dul implnting (MTLCF) further incresed (P<.10) gins y 15.6% over CON gin. A 7.2% increse (P<.10) in CADG y 109 dys on feed ws seen for MTLCF Figure 2. Cumultive verge dily gin y dys on feed. Mens with different letters differ (,,c, P<.10). ADG, ls Dys on Feed c c steers compred with gins for MTC, MTCF, nd MTLC steers. By 147 dys on feed, switching ionophores nd dul implnting (MTLCF) did not ffect (P>.10) gins compred with MTC. However, MTLCF nd MTC incresed (P<.10) CADG y 13.5% compred with CON steers gin. Gins for MTC, MTCF, nd MTLC were not different ut were incresed (P<.10) y 9.8% compred with CON steers gins. Switching ionophores nd dul implnting (MTLCF) im- CON MTC MTCF MTLC Tretments MTLCF ADG, ls proved gins y 6.4% compred with only switching ionophores (MTLC) nd just dul implnting (MTCF). It ppers tht n improvement in gin cn e relized y switching from monensin to lslocid nd dul implnting with Compudose nd Finplix-S t 54 dys on feed compred with either option lone. However, only n dditionl.19 l in ADG resulted from switching the ionophores nd dul implnting compred with feeding monensin plus tylosin continuously nd only implnting with Compudose. Feed Conversion. Feed conversion (F/G) y dys on feed is given in Figure 3. Feeding n ionophore plus ntiiotic nd implnting improved F/G compred with the CON group fter 53 dys on feed. By the end of the feed tril, CON steers required 11% more feed per pound of live weight gin (P<.05) compred with other tretment groups. Essentilly, there ws no difference in F/G for the MTC nd MTLCF steers, ut they required.24 l less feed per Figure 3. Feed conversion y dys on feed. Mens with different letters differ (,,c, P<.10). F/G c Dys on Feed CON MTC F/G MTLCF MTCF MTLC Tretments unit of gin compred with the MTCF nd MTLC steers. Crcss Trits, Liver Ascesses, nd Hide Pull. Crcss trits, liver scesses, nd difficulty of pulling the hide re given in Tle 2. Averge djusted finl weight (1231 l), hot crcss weight (786 l), dressing percentge (64.7%), ri-eye re (12.9 in 2 ), len color (2.9), kidney-pelvic-hert ft percentge (2.4%), mrling score (5.5 or Ch 50 ), liver scess score (1.4), nd difficulty of hiding pulling (1.4) were not ffected (P>.10) y tretments. Finl weights were djusted on commnd sis y dividing HCW y n verge dressing percent of 64.7% to eliminte ny fill differences etween steers. Bck ft ws incresed (P<.04).14 inches y the ionophores, ntiiotics, nd implnts compred with the CON group ut ws not different mong others. Yield grde ws 9

12 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from decresed.48 percentge units for MTCF, MTLC, nd MTLCF compred with CON nd MTC (P<.008). Differences in retil cut-out or cutility were comprle with tretment effects seen for YG. Incidence of liver scesses nd difficulty of pulling the hide were not ffected (P>.10) y tretments. Some reserch trils hve shown n increse in drk cutters nd difficulty of pulling the hide from the crcss nd decrese in qulity grde of steers receiving Finplix (TBA) implnts t vrious stges throughout the finishing period. This ws not the cse in this study. Our dt suggest no enefit from switching ionophores or dul implnting with either implnt t 54 dys on feed. However, ionophores nd implnts did improve feedlot performnce nd crcss trits compred to control steers. Tle 2. Crcss chrcteristics, liver scess score, nd difficulty of hide pulling. Tretments. Item CON MTC MTCF MTLC MTLCF No. of Steers Initil Wt., l Adj. Finl Wt., l Hot Crcss Wt., l Dressing Percent, % Ri-Eye Are, in Len Color Bck Ft, in..40 f.52 g.52 g.56 g.55 g Kidney-Pelvic-Hert Ft, % Mrling Score c Qulity Grde Ch 30 Ch 70 Ch 50 Ch 50 Ch 50 Yield Grde 2.7 j 3.0 ij 3.3 hi 3.4 h 3.3 hi Retil Cut-out, % 50.6 m 49.8 lm 49.2 kl 48.9 k 49.2 kl Liver Ascess Score d Hide Pull Score e Adjusted Finl Weight = Hot Crcss Wt/ = light red, 2 = red, 3 = cherry red, 4 = drk red or rown. c Mrling Score = Select (slight mrling); =Choice (smll to moderte mrling). d 1 = no scesses, 2 = signs of scring - not condemned, 3 = one to three smll ctive scesses - condemned, 4 = three to five lrge ctive scesses - condemned, nd 5 = more thn five or one lrge ctive scess - condemned. e Hide Pull 1 = no resistnce, 2 = slight hesittion, 3 = greter hesittion nd 4 = removed y hnd. fg Mens with different superscripts differ, P<.04. hij Mens with different superscripts differ, P<.008. klm Mens with different superscripts differ, P<

13 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from EFFECT OF ALFALFA HAY OR WHEAT STRAW LEVEL IN STEAM-FLAKED AND HIGH-MOISTURE CORN-BASED DIETS ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF STEERS y A.S. Freemn, C.L. Jckson, nd M.J. Vss SUMMARY A 153-dy finishing tril using 192 Englishcontinentl crossred yerling steers (vg wt 754 l) evluted the effects of lflf hy or whet strw fed t either 10% or 6% in high concentrte diets sed on stem-flked or high-moisture corn on feedlot performnce nd crcss chrcteristics. Steers were rndomly llotted to one of eight tretments in 2 (roughge source) X 2 (roughge level) X 2 (corn processing) fctoril rrngement with three pens of eight hed ech. Tretments were: 1) AHH, lflf hy t 10% s fed, with high moisture corn (HMC); 2) AHS, lflf hy t 10% with stemflked corn (SFC); 3) ALH, lflf hy t 6% with HMC; 4) ALS, lflf hy t 6% with SFC; 5) WHH, whet strw t 10% with HMC; 6) WHS, whet strw t 10% with SFC; 7) WLH, whet strw t 6% with HMC; nd 8) WLS, whet strw t 6% with SFC. Whet strw incresed (P<.10) cumultive dry mtter intke (CDMI) during the finishing tril. From dy 85 to 153, whet strw incresed CDMI y 10% (P<.06). DMI decresed (P<.0001) for SFCsed diets during the entire feeding period. Cumultive ADG for steers consuming SFC ws incresed (P=.1095) y 4%. Roughge source y corn processing nd roughge level y corn processing interctions (oth P<.02) were detected from dy 0 to 28 for feed conversion (F/G). Cumultive F/G ws depressed (P<.004) from dy 29 to 56 with 10% roughge level within HMC diets ut ws similr for SFC diets. From dy 57 to 119, cumultive F/G ws improved 14% y feeding SFC (P<.0001). Whet strw depressed (P<.02) cumultive F/G y 4% from dy 85 to 119 nd y 6% overll (P<.0005). Cumultive F/G ws depressed (P<.003) with 10% roughge level within HMC diets ut ws similr for SFC diets. Tretments did not ffect (P>.10) djusted finl weight (vg 1204 l), hot crcss weight (772 l), mrling score (vg of 5.01), nd yield grde (vg of 2.36). Ri-eye re ws reduced (P<.04) 0.39 in 2 y whet strw. HMC diets incresed (P<.09) kidneypelvic-hert ft y.16 percentge units. A threewy interction ws detected (P<.08) for djusted ckft thickness. Yield grde ws not ffected (P>.10) y roughge source. Among steers consuming SFC diets with 10% nd 6% roughge level nd HMC with 6% roughge level, yield grde ws similr. However, HMC t 10% roughge level decresed (P<.10) yield grde similrly to the SFC diets t 6% roughge level. Our dt suggest tht whet strw inclusion in stem-flked or high-moisture corn diets depressed feedlot performnce ut hd miniml effects on crcss chrcteristics. INTRODUCTION Feed cost is the mjor expense in finishing cttle in confinement lots. More concentrtes with lower roughge levels re eing fed in tody s feedlot rtions. There re mny resons for feeding this type of diet. The two mjor ojectives re: 1) reduction of the totl feed ill y lowering the percentge of roughge, which is very costly feedstuff on per energy unit sis compred with cerel grins nd other rtion ingredients, nd 2) reducing the time on feed y incresing energy intke through n increse in the energy density of the rtion. However, prolems cn rise with high concentrte-low roughge diet, if creful mngement of unks nd nimls is not followed. Low qulity roughges such s whet strw could e effectively used in these high concentrte diets. The strw s physicl, not nutritionl, properties my help to lessen the occurrence of digestive nd metolic prolems. Also, there is n undnt supply of whet strw in Southwestern Knss. An estimted 6.4 million tons of strw re produced nnully in Knss. Whet strw is pproximtely one-third the cost of lflf hy. Therefore, the ojective of this tril ws to evlute the effects of lflf hy or whet strw fed t either 10% or 6% in high concentrte diets sed on stem-flked or high-moisture corn on feedlot performnce nd crcss chrcteristics. 11

14 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES A totl of 212 English-continentl cross-red steers rrived t the center in two shipments during the middle of Octoer Upon rrivl, cttle were given fresh wter nd roken romegrss hy les (pproximtely 10 ls hy per hed) in feed unks. All steers within shipment were processed on the following dy. Processing consisted of individul weights, er tgging, tipping of horns, drenching with SfeGurd, vccintion ginst IBR-PI 3 - BVD-BRSV plus five strins of Leptospir, 7-wy clostridil injection, nd Tiguvon pour-on. An IBR- PI 3 ooster ws given 14 dys fter the initil injection. Ech niml ws implnted once with single Compudose implnt. Averge weight ws 647 l. After processing, steers were fed strting rtion of 65% dry rolled corn, 26% ground lflf hy, 6% lended molsses, nd 3% pelleted supplement (see Tle 1) on n s-fed sis. Approximtely 15 ls of the strter rtion were offered to ech niml. The romegss hy ws provided for n dditionl 4 dys then removed from the diet. Cttle were fed once dily in the morning fter the previous dy s intke in ech pen ws determined from unk cll. Deccox ws fed to control coccidiosis for 25- dy period, then removed from the rtion. After the decoquinte feeding period, monensin nd tylosin were fed t 15g nd 10 g/ton, respectively, for 7-dy period. The monensin level then ws incresed to 30g/ton for the durtion of the feeding tril. Novemer 1989 proved to e very dry nd dusty month. Cttle in this tril experienced setck cused y n outrek of dust pneumoni. This respirtory condition extended the receiving period to 53 dys, efore the cttle were put on tril. During this time, cttle were ccustomed to dietry stepups, including yellow grese, high moisture corn, stem-flked corn, nd whet strw until finl finishing rtion ingredient composition ws reched (Tle 1). The whet strw ws ground through tu grinder with 3/4 inch screens. Prticle length for the whet strw vried from finely ground to corse size of 3 inches in length. Steers were plced on tril fter no further sickness ws present. An verge of weights from 2 consecutive dys ws used s the tril strting weight (vg of 754 l). On the second weigh dy, 192 steers were rndomly llotted to one of eight tretments in 2 (roughge source) X 2 (roughge level) X 2 (corn processing) fctoril rrngement with three pens of eight hed ech. Tretments were: 1) AHH, lflf hy t 10% s fed with high moisture corn (HMC); 2) AHS, lflf hy t 10% with stemflked corn (SFC); 3) ALH, lflf hy t 6% with HMC; 4) ALS, lflf hy t 6% with SFC; 5) WHH, whet strw t 10% with HMC; 6) WHS, whet strw t 10% with SFC; 7) WLH, whet strw t 6% with HMC; nd 8) WLS, whet strw t 6% with SFC. Tretment nutrient nlysis is given in Tle 2. Performnce dt collected during the feeding tril consisted of dily dry mtter intke (DMI) for pen, individul niml weights tken pproximtely every 28 dys, clcultion of individul verge dily gin (ADG), nd pen feed conversion (F/G). Cumultive DMI, ADG, nd F/G were lso clculted during the feeding tril. Crcss dt were otined t time of slughter nd(or) fter 24-hour chill t n re pcker fcility. Becuse the tretment design ws three fctor rrngement (2 X 2 X 2 fctoril), min effects of roughge source (lflf hy vs whet strw), roughge level (10% vs Tle 1. Ingredient composition, of tretment diets s-fed sis. Tretments. Ingredients AHH AHS ALH ALS WHH WHS WLH WLS Stem-Flked Corn High-Moisture Corn c Alflf Hy Whet Strw Yellow Grese Molsses Supplement d Cottonseed Mel Vitmins A, D 2,nd E provided vi micro-weigh mchine. Stem-Flked Corn - 26 l/u; 18% moisture level. c High-Moisture Corn ws fed t 27% moisture level. d Supplement % CP, 7.4% ure, 10% clcium,.9% phosphorus, 4.5% NCl. 12

15 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from Tle 2. Percent dry mtter nutrient nlysis nd cost per cwt for tretments. Tretments. Nutrients AHH AHS ALH ALS WHH WHS WLH WLS Dry Mtter Crude Protein ADF TDN NEm, Mcl/cwt NEg, Mcl/cwt Clcium Phosphorus Potssium Cost/ton,$ ADF = Acid Detergent Fier TDN = Totl Digestile Nutreints 6%), nd corn processing (high moisture vs stem flking) plus ll possile two-wy nd three-wy interctions of these fctors were exmined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Feedlot Performnce. All feedlot performnce responses to tretments will e presented nd discussed on cumultive period sis. The tril consisted of 5 weigh dys or periods with lengths of: 1) 0 to 28 dys, 2) 0 to 56 dys, 3) 0 to 84 dys, 4) 0 to 119 dys, nd 5) 0 to 153 dys. Periods 1 through 3 were in 28-dy intervls, ut 4 nd 5 were 35 nd 34 dys, respectively. Dry Mtter Intke. Cumultive dry mtter intke (CDMI) ws not ffected (P<.10) y roughge level up to 84 dys on feed. No two-wy or three-wy interction effects on CDMI were present during the 153-dy feeding tril. However, during the first 84 dys, CDMI ws incresed 5.2% y whet strw (P<.04; Figure 1) nd 13.8% y high moisture corn (P<.0001; Figure 2). Steers consuming whet strw diets te 3.8% more (P<.09) dry mtter compred with those eting lflf-sed diets. High-moisture corn inclusion cused n 11.5% increse (P<.0001) in CDMI compred to stem-flked corn diets. By 119 dys on feed, steers receiving 10% roughge on n s-fed sis were consuming 4.6% more (P<.06) dry mtter thn steers on the 6% roughge level tretments (Figure 3). The 10% roughge level incresed (P<.03) intke y 4.9% for the entire feeding tril. The whet strw effect on intke ws proly not due to its ulky form, ecuse no roughge level y source interction ws detected. However, whet strw proly did stimulte intke y incresing Figure 1. Min effects of roughge source on cumultive dry mtter intke y weigh period. Mens for ech successive period differ; P<.05, P<.03, P<.04,P<.09 nd P<.09, respectively. DMI, l Dys Alflf Hy DMI, l Whet Strw Roughge Source Figure 2. Min effect of corn processing method on cumultive dry mtter intke y weigh periods. Mens re different, P< DMI, ls Dys SF Corn HM Corn Corn Processing DMI, ls 13

16 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from Figure 3. Min effect of roughge level on cumultive dry mtter intke t 119 (P<.06) nd 153 (P<.03) dys on feed. DMI, l Dys 6% 10% Roughge Level DMI, l rumintion time (cud chewing). Greter reduction in prticle size of ingested diet y incresed cud chewing would cuse n increse in rte of digest pssge through the steers, llowing for incresed intke. The SFC-sed diets were more energy dense (Tle 2) thn the HMC-sed diets. Thus, ech unit of intke of the SFC diets would provide more energy. Consequently, more of the HMC diet would need to e consumed to provide n equivlent mount of energy. The incresed intke cused y the 10% roughge level during the lst 70 dys of the feeding tril ws lso proly due to the diets lower energy density compred to the 6% roughge level diets. Averge Dily Gin. During the first period, n interction of roughge level nd corn processing ffected (P <.07) verge dily gin (ADG; Tle 3). By 28 dys on feed, cttle consuming SFC diets t roughge level of 10% hd improved gins over those consuming HMC t the sme roughge level. However, the opposite ws true t the 6% roughge level; gins were improved y HMC compred with SFC diets. These gin differences were proly function of incresed intke for the HMC-6% roughge level diets nd lower energy density of the HMC-10% roughge level diets during the first period. Roughge source y corn processing interction only mrginlly ffected (P =.1182) ADG. No other tretment effects on ADG were oserved until the end of the feeding tril. Cumultive ADG for steers consuming SFC-sed diets (2.85 l) ws 4% greter (P <.09) compred with HMC diets (2.74 l). This response my e n indiction of improved utiliztion through incresed ruminl strch fermenttion of the stem-flked grin. Feed Conversion. Generlly, cumultive feed conversion (F/G) ws depressed y whet strw, the 10% level of roughge, nd high-moisture corn up to 119 dys on feed. Overll cumultive F/G ws improved 6.3% with lflf hy (5.36; P<.0003) in the diet t either level compred with whet strw (5.70). However, roughge level did ffect feed conversion, ut response depended on which corn ws fed (Figure 4; P<.008). Steers consuming SFC, t oth roughge levels, converted n verge of 5.12 l of dry mtter to 1 l of live weight gin. Cttle fed HMC diets t the 6% roughge level required 11.9% Figure 4. Roughge level nd corn processing method effects on cumultive feed conversion. Mens differ with different letters. P<.008. F/G HMC SFC Corn Processing c 6% 10% Roughge Level F/G Tle 3. Roughge source, level nd corn processing effects on verge dily gin in eef steers. Tretments. Period AHH AHS ALH ALS WHH WHS WLH WLS c 3.61 c 3.26 c c 3.44 c 3.38 c d 2.87 e 2.74 d 2.85 e 2.67 d 2.91 e 2.72 d 2.76 e c Interction of roughge level nd corn processing. Mens with different superscripts differ, P<.07. de Min effect of corn processing, P<

17 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from more feed per l of gin compred with cttle fed the SFC diets. An dditionl pound of feed ws needed per l of gin for HMC with 10% roughge level compred with the SFC diets. The 10% roughge level depressed F/G y 6.2% compred to the 6% roughge level in the HMC diets. Crcss Chrcteristics. Tretment effects on crcss chrcteristics re given in Tle 4. Tretments did not ffect (P>.10) djusted finl weight (vg 1204 l), hot crcss weight (vg 772 l), mrling score (vg 5.01), nd yield grde (vg 2.36). Ri-eye re ws reduced (P<.04) 0.39 in 2 y whet strw. HMC diets incresed (P<.09) kidney-pelvic-hert ft y.16 percentge units. A three-wy interction ws detected (P<.08) for djusted ckft thickness. Dressing percentge ws decresed (P <.04) 0.5 percentge units y whet strw compred with lflf hy. The differences in crcss chrcteristics seen in this study do not pper to e of economic concern. However, s shown in Figure 5, cttle receiving the 6% lflf hy, stem-flked corn diet provided the gretest net return per hed. There ws $.92 difference in the cost per cwt gin etween 10% whet strw in SFC rtion nd the 6% lflf hy SFC rtion, ut $24.60 net return per hed more ws relized with the 6% lflf hy SFC rtion. Dry mtter feed conversions re given elow Figure 5 for ech tretment. Our dt suggest tht whet strw inclusion in stemflked or high-moisture corn diets depressed feedlot performnce ut hd miniml effects on crcss chrcteristics. Figure 5. Cost per cwt gin nd net return y tretments. The intersection of tretment nd cost per cwt gin will give the net return per hed in tht tretment. $ / Hed AHH AHS ALH ALS Tretments WHH WHS WLH WLS $39.08 $43.12 $38.71 $45.55 $38.22 $42.98 $37.79 $44.97 $/ cwt gin Tretments: AHH AHS ALH ALS WHH WHS WLH WLS F/G: $ / Hed Tle 4. Roughge source, level, nd corn processing effects on crcss chrcteristics in eef steers. Tretments. Item AHH AHS ALH ALS WHH WHS WLH WLS Adj. Wt, l HCW., l REA, in Bck Ft, inc..32 c.28 d.30c d.31 ce.28 d.30 cd.29 de.29 de KPH Ft, % 3.0 f 2.8 g 3.0 f 2.7 g 2.7 f 2.7 g 2.9 f 2.7 g Mrling Score Qulity Grde Ch 08 Ch 01 Sl 95 Ch 09 Ch 06 Sl 98 Sl 87 Ch 07 DP,% Yield Grde Min effect of roughge source, P<.04. cde Three-wy interction effect of source X level X corn processing. Mens with different superscripts differ, P<.10. fg Min effect of corn processing, P<

18 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from INFLUENCE OF THREE PROTEIN LEVELS AND ADDED FAT IN FINISHING DIETS ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE-FRAMED BEEF STEER CALVES y A.S. Freemn, J.M. Crric, R.T. Brndt, Jr., MelvinWinger, nd Jmes Norwood SUMMARY Two-hundred forty English-continentl crossred lrge-frmed clves with n verge initil weight of 643 l were used in 168-dy finishing tril to evlute effects of three dietry protein levels nd dded ft on feedlot performnce nd crcss chrcteristics. Forty clves were llotted to one of six tretments with five pens of eight hed ech. The diet consisted of 58% stem-flked corn, 19% dry-rolled corn, 9.75% corn silge, nd 6.5% of pelleted supplement on dry mtter sis. Yellow grese ws dded t 4% on dry mtter sis to some tretments. Corn gluten mel nd lood mel were used to djust dietry protein levels. Tretments were: 1) LPNF, 11.8% crude protein (CP; dry mtter sis) with no dded ft; 2) MPNF, 12.8% CP, no ft; 3) HPNF, 13.8% CP, no ft; 4) LPAF, 11.8% CP with dded ft; 5) MPAF, 12.8% CP, dded ft; 6) HPAF, 13.8% CP, dded ft. Dry mtter intke, verge of 17.8 l, ws not ffected y incresing protein levels or dded ft for the 168-dy feeding period. During the first 41 dys on feed, verge dily gin (ADG) ws incresed (P<.02) linerly with incresing protein level with or without dded ft; LP, 3.84, MP, 4.12 nd HP 4.25 l. However, cumultive ADG ws not ffected y the tretments; verge of 3.73 l. Overll feed conversion ws improved 3.8% y the dded ft (P<.03) ut ws not ffected y protein level. Dressing percent ws incresed (P<.004) y the MPAF nd HPAF diets. Added ft incresed (P<.10) ri-eye re y 0.31 in 2. The MP steers hd the lrgest ri-eye re of 14.5 in 2 (P<.04) compred to n verge of 13.9 in 2 for the LP nd HP steers. Added ft lso incresed (P<.006) kidney-hert-pelvic ft y.24 percentge units. Adjusted ck ft thickness ws ffected y oth protein level nd dded ft; n interction ws present. These dt suggest tht supplementl dietry ft dditions to high concentrte diets do not lter the protein requirements of rpidly growing, lrgefrmed, eef steer clves. INTRODUCTION Performnce level or rte of gin will dictte the nutrients, specificlly energy nd protein, needed y prticulr niml in your production system. Rpidly growing eef steers require etween 48 nd 86 Mcl of net energy for mintennce nd 23 to 57 Mcl of net energy for production per 100 l of dry feed consumed to chieve dily gins rnging from.5 to 3.5 l. Protein requirement expressed on percentge sis of totl intke decreses s niml weight increses. However, ecuse of the incresed intke t higher ody weights, totl protein intke increses s the niml mtures. Protein intke rnges from.77 to 2.28 l per hed dily stipulted y given strting weight nd rte of gin. As n niml mtures, it s net energy requirement for mintennce nd production nd protein needs chnge. Also, energy or clorie to protein rtio is ltered y dvncing mturity. Becuse feed cost cn e greter thn 70% of the cost of gin nd protein is n expensive nutrient, trgeting clorie to protein rtio for specific stge of production would e cost effective. Additionlly, protein is spred for len deposition when dequte energy is ville for overll growth. Therefore, this study ws conducted to evlute three grded levels of crude protein, 11.8, 12.8,nd 13.8% without ft or with 4% dded ft on the feedlot performnce nd crcss chrcteristics of rpidly growing eef clf steers. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Two-hundred forty lrge-frmed English-continentl crossred clves with n verge initil weight of 643 l were received in lte Novemer of Clves were given ccess to fresh wter nd rome grss hy. All clves were processed on the following dy y stndrd SWKREC procedures. Cttle were implnted with Synovex-S t rrivl nd re-im- 16

19 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from Tle 1. Percent composition of step-up period nd finishing diets, s-fed sis. Step-Up No Added Ft Added Ft. Ingredient LPNF MPNF HPNF LPAF MPAF HPAF Corn Dry-Rolled Stem-Flked Alflf Hy Corn Silge Molsses Yellow Grese Supplement Step-up Finisher* Corn Gluten Mel Blood Mel Step-up period ws 20 dys. Finishing period ws 168 dys, from Nov. 29 to My 16, *Finisher supplement provided 0.75% ure in ll tretments. plnted on dy 84 with Synovex-S nd Finplix-S. Diets step-ups re given in Tle 1. The receiving period lsted 20 dys, during which Deccox ws eing fed for coccidiosis control. After the receiving period, ll cttle were individully weighed over 2-dy period nd llotted to pens nd tretments. Steers were llotted to one of six tretments with five pens of eight hed ech. Tretments were: 1) LPNF, 11.8% crude protein (CP; dry mtter sis) with no dded ft; 2) MPNF, 12.8% CP, no ft; 3) HPNF, 13.8% CP, no ft; 4) LPAF, 11.8% CP, with dded ft; 5) MPAF, 12.8% CP, dded ft; 6) HPAF, 13.8% CP, dded ft. Ingredient composition of dietry tretments re given in Tle 1. Yellow grese ws dded t 4% on dry mtter sis to provide supplementl ft. Corn gluten mel nd lood mel were used to djust dietry protein levels. The clves were fed once in the morning for the 168-dy finishing tril. Tle 2 provides the nutrient nlysis of tretment rtions. After the receiving period, clves were djusted to monensin over 28-d period (Tle 2). Crcss chrcteristics were determined t slughter nd fter 24-hour chill. Liver scess dt were collected t time of slughter. Tle 2. Percent nutrient composition of finisher tretment diets, dry mtter sis. No Added Ft Added Ft _ Nutrient LPNF MPNF HPNF LPAF MPAF HPAF Dry Mtter Crude Protein Acid Detergent Fier Totl Digestile Nutrients Net Energy min., Mcl/cwt Net Energy gin, Mcl/cwt NEg to Protein, Mcl/CP Clcium Phosphorus Mgnesium Potssium Rumensin nd Tyln were fed t 15 nd 10 g/ton, respectively for 2 weeks, then Rumensin ws incresed to 30 g/ ton. 17

20 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Feedlot Performnce. Feedlot performnce results re given in Tle 3. Dry mtter intke (DMI) ws not ffected (P>.10) y protein or ft levels. Overll verge DMI ws 17.8 l dily per steer for the 168-dy feeding period. A trend for decresed intke ws noted for clves consuming the dded ft diets. As energy density increses, intke will drop somewht. Within ft level, DMI ppered to increse with incresing levels of protein. Intke usully responds positively with incresing percentge of protein in the diet. Averge dily gin (ADG) ws not ffected (P>.10) y tretments. However, ADG ws incresed linerly (P<.06) up to 132 dys on feed (Figure 1). The protein level mrginlly ffected ADG (P<.1012) during period 3 (dy 84 to 132). This suggests tht, s these clves were mturing or with more dys on feed, their protein requirement for growth ws proly eing met s result of incresed intkes. Also, crude protein content of 12.8% with dded ft for the entire 168-dy feeding period seems sufficient to mintin cceptle performnce. For the entire feeding period, ADG verged 3.73 l dily. Figure 1. Min effect of protein levels on cumultive verge dily gin during finishing period. Liner increse (P<.06) with incresing protein level from dy ADG, l Dys on Feed ADG, l % 12.8% 13.8% Percent Crude Protein During the first period (dy 0-41), protein level effects on feed conversion were not cting independently of ft ddition, s seen y their interction (P<.07) in Figure 2. Steers receiving no dded ft (Figure 2), converted less feed to live weight gin thn steers receiving dded ft. As protein level incresed (Figure 2), steers receiving no dded ft ecme more efficient in liner mnner. However, steers receiving dded fts, responded to incresing protein levels in curviliner fshion. Feed conversion ws improved (P<.06) y dded ft 3.2% nd 3.8% fter 132 nd 168 dys on feed, respectively (Figure 3). The dded ft did not seem to lter these clves' protein requirements, ecuse no protein level y ft interction ws oserved for cumultive Figure 2. Feed conversion for dy Protein level y dded ft interction (P<.07) ws evident F/G c c 11.8% 12.8% 13.8% Percent Crude Protein c c F/G % 0% Added Ft Figure 3. Min effect of ft on feed conversion from dys nd (P<.05). Within feeding period, mens re different F/G Dys on Feed F/G % 0% Added Ft feedlot performnce. Crcss Chrcteristics. Hot crcss weight (HCW) ws not ffected y tretments (Tle 3; P>.10). However, diets contining the dded ft ppered to hve more consistent response of incresing HCW compred with no ft ddition. Dressing percent ws incresed 0.9 percentge units y the dded ft (P<.004). Incresing protein level lso incresed (P<.03) DP in liner mnner. Rieye re ws incresed 2.9% y the dded ft (P<.0001). A protein level qudrtic response (P<.0001) for REA ws oserved; 13.9 for LP, 14.5 for MP, nd 14.0 in 2 for HP. In this study, MP provided the lrgest REA compred with LP nd HP. It is possile tht the dditionl 1% CP in the HP diets ws eing converted to energy rther thn directed towrds len deposition. A protein level y ft ddition interction (Figure 4; P<.006) ws evi- 18

21 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from Figure 4. Protein level y dded ft interction (P<.006). Mens differ with unlike superscripts. Bck Ft, in g gh gh 11.8% 12.8% 13.8% Percent Crude Protein g g h 0% 4% Added Ft Bck Ft, in. dent for djusted ck thickness (ABF; Figure 4). Within the NF group, ABF peked t MP then declined (Figure 4). While, in the AF group, the opposite ws true; ABF ws thinnest t the MP level then incresed to.48 in. with HP the diet (Figure 4). The steers KPH percent ws incresed (P<.0001) y the dded ft. The verge mrling score ws 4.95, which is equivlent to Slight 95 qulity grde. Yield grde ws n verge of 2.6, nd retil yield verged 50.8%. Liver scesses were not ffected (P>.10) y tretments. Economic Considertions. Economic return for this tril is presented in Figure 5. Tretments re listed long the X-xis nd ech tretment s corresponding cost per cwt weight gin long the Z-xis. Cost of gin leling long the Z-xis is opposite to tretment leling so tht the intersection of tretment nd cost of gin will e the net return per hed for tht tretment. First exmintion of the tretments cost per gin indictes tht not including the dded ft in these diets would e more cost effective. However, improved feed conversion nd Tle 3. Effect of protein nd ft on feedlot performnce nd crcss chrcteristics of lrge-frmed, finishing, eef steer clves. No Added Ft Added Ft _ Item LPNF MPNF HPNF LPAF MPAF HPAF Feedlot Performnce No. of Pens No. of Steers Initil Wt., l Finl Wt., l Adj. Finl Wt., l Dry Mtter Intke, l Dily Gin, l Feed Conversion Crcss Chrcteristics Hot Crcss Wt., l Dressing Percent, % cd Ri-Eye Are, in. 2ef Kidney-Pelvic-Hert Ft, % e Mrling Score Qulity Grde Ch 10 Ch 10 Sl 80 Sl 90 Sl 90 Sl 90 Yield Grde Retil Yield, % Adjusted with n verge DP of 65.46%; Adj. Finl Wt = HCW/ Min effect of ft level, P<.052. c Min effect of ft, P<.004. d Liner effect of protein, P<.03. e Min effect of ft, P< f Qudrtic effect of protein, P<

22 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from incresed crcss weights for the dded ft tretments groups provided the gretest return per hed; LPAF $45.04, MPAF $60.72, nd HPAF $ Net return for the MPNF ($54.57) group ws incresed ove the other NF tretments ecuse of the lower rtion cost compred with HPNF ($42.39) nd etter feed efficiency compred with LPNF ($40.36). In conclusion, the protein requirements of lrge-frmed English-Continentl cross-red clves ws not ffected y dded ft s yellow grese in their finishing diets. However, the 13.8% CP with 4% dded ft on dry mtter sis produced the gretest net return per steer conpred with other protein-dded ft comintions. Figure 5. Cost per cwt gin nd net return y tretments. The intersection of tretment nd cost/cwt gin will give the net return per hed in tht tretment Net Return, $ HPAF MPAF Tretments LPAF HPNF MPNF LPNF Net Return, $ $48.72 $48.97 $49.28 $49.26 $49.19 $49.58 $/cwt gin 20

23 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from EFFECT OF THREE TEST WEIGHTS OF GRAIN SORGHUM ON PERFORMANCE OF GROWING BEEF STEERS* y A. S. Freemn, K. K. Kreikemeier, nd G. L. Kuhl SUMMARY A growing tril with 180 yerling steers (vg wt 546 ls) ws conducted to evlute the feeding vlue of 35, 45, nd 55 l/u grin sorghum in either limitfed high concentrte (HC) or full-fed high roughge (HR) diets for 112 dys. Six dietry tretments of dry rolled grin sorghum were used: 1) HC35; 2) HC45; 3) HC55; 4) HR35; 5) HR45; nd 6) HR55. Steers were limit fed to gin n verge of 2 l dily. Tretments were replicted in five pens with six steers per pen. Growing phse performnce ws ffected (P<.06) y feeding level (limit-fed HC vs full-fed HR). Full-fed HR steers gined 31% more thn limit-fed HC steers. Full-fed HR steers were 76 l hevier compred with limit-fed HC steers. Within feeding level, steers consuming 35 nd 45 l/u milo tended to e hevier thn those consuming 55 l/u milo. Dry mtter intke for HR55 steers (21.0 l) ws 5.5% more (P<.06) compred with HR35 nd HR45 steers (vg 19.85). Dry mtter intke for HC steers verged 13.6 l. Within feeding level, verge dily gin (ADG) ws not ffected y sorghum test weight; however, ADG tended to decrese with incresing test weight. An 11.4% improvement in feed conversion for HC steers (P<.001) ws relized compred with HR steers. Across feeding levels, trend for improved feed conversion ws evident for steers consuming 35 nd 45 l/u milo compred with 55 l/u milo. Light test weight grin sorghum (35 nd 45 l/u) ws superior to or comprle to norml sorghum (55 l/u) in feeding vlue when fed in limit-fed, high concentrte or full-fed, high roughge, growing diet for yerling eef steers. INTRODUCTION The ulk density of sorghum cn e lowered y trsh in the grin, prolonged dmp wether cusing pre-hrvest sprouting, or from n erly freeze tht stops plnt mturity. Reduced yields re often ssocited with light test weight sorghum, nd most livestock producers nd nutritionists perceive its feeding vlue to e inferior to US No. 2 grin sorghum (55 l/u). Under current mrket condi- tions, 45 l/u sorghum is discounted 6% nd 35 l/ u sorghum suffers 15% to 50% discount on pound for pound sis. Reserch indictes tht sprouted sorghum hs nerly identicl feeding vlue compred to norml sorghum in cttle diets. Across three experiments, the feeding vlue of sprouted sorghum vried from 97 to 103% compred to norml sorghum. Even though severl trils hve een conducted with frost-dmged sorghum cross vrious species, the results re less conclusive. In ddition, no dt evluting stem-flked light test weight sorghum were found. Becuse erly frost nd its effect on sorghum feeding vlue is concern to producers, it is importnt to estlish the current feeding vlue of light test weight sorghum fed to modern type eef cttle in growing nd finishing feedlot progrm. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Through the coopertion of Knss County Ag Agents nd locl elevtors, 675,000 l of sorghum ws ville t locl elevtors in Pwnee County. This included 225,000 l ech of 35, 45, nd 55 l test weight sorghum. All the sorghum ws from the 1989 crop. Becuse the grin originted in one county nd the grin in ech test weight ws thoroughly mixed, the vrition ssocited with sorghum vriety nd environment ws reduced. This enled precise interprettion of the feeding performnce dt to evlute true test weight effects. The yerling steers were purchsed through n order-uyer, who otined the cttle from Sikeston, MO. A group of 180 ws selected from totl of 195 hed to e used in the growing nd finishing phses of this study. Cttle reeds represented y the lot included Angus-Hereford-Brhmn crossred dms red to Simmentl-Chrolis-Limousin sires. The cttle rrived t the center on August 13, Averge py weight ws 519 l. Upon rrivl, steers were given ccess to fresh wter nd pproximtely 10 l of rome grss hy nd lflf hy mixture per hed. All cttle were processed on the following morning. Processing included individul 21

24 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from weights, er tgging, dehorning, dministrtion of n IBR-PI 3 nslgen, vccintion ginst clostridil (7-wy) nd Hemophilus somnus orgnisms, high potency multi-b complex vitmin injection, implnting with n implnt contining 24 mg of estrdiol, nd de-worming with lenzole. Cttle were vccinted with n IBR-PI 3 -BVD-BRSV injection, nd fenthion ws poured on to control grus nd lice. All cttle were re-vccinted with IBR-PI 3 - BVD 14 dys lter on August 30. Strting diet for ll steers consisted of 14.73% of ech grin sorghum test weight, 12.85% corn silge, 37.68% ground medium qulity lflf hy, 3.28% lended molsses, nd 2% of 48% crude protein pelleted supplement. Decoquinte ws fed t rte of 180 mg per hed dily for 28 dys to control coccidiosis. Dietry ingredients were chnged over the 28 receiving-decoquinte period to finl dietry tretments (Tle 1). The decoquinte ws removed nd replced with 150 mg of monensin nd 90 mg of tylosin per hed dily for 14-dy period. Then, the monensin ws incresed to 280 mg per hed dily for the remining dys in the growing phse. Nutrient composition of the three grin sorghums is given in Tle 2. Initil ody weights were otined from the verge weights on 2 consecutive dys. Tretments were rndomly llotted to pens with five pens per Tle 1. Diet composition nd dry mtter nutrient nlysis. Limit Fed Full Fed. Item HC35 HC45 HC55 HR35 HR45 HR % Ingredients Grin Sorghum Alflf Hy Corn Silge Molsses Supplement Nutrients Dry Mtter Crude Protein ADF TDN Clcium Phosphorus Mgnesium Potssium NEm, Mcl/cwt c NEg,Mcl/cwt c Monensin, 280 mg nd Tylosin 90 mg per hed dily. ADF = Acid Detergent Fier.TDN = Totl digestile nutrients. c Clculted from steer performnce. Tle 2. Dry mtter nutrient composition of grin sorghums. Grin Sorghum Test Weight Nutrient #35 #45 # % Dry Mtter Crude Protein Acid Detergent Fier TDN Clcium Phosphorus Mgnesium Potssium NEm, Mcl/cwt NEg, Mcl/cwt TDN = Totl digestile nutrients. Percentge vlues. Clculted from nutrient nlysis. tretment. The steers were rndomly llotted to tretments y weight, condition, frme score, nd reed type. There were six steers per pen with 30 hed per tretment. Every 28 dys, steers were individully weighed to otin weight gin. Finl weights for the growing phse were n verge of weights on 2 consecutive dys. Feed intke ws determined on pen sis. Limit-fed steers intke ws determined from Ntionl Reserch Council net energy equtions to provide enough dietry energy nd protein for n verge of 2 l dily gin. Full-fed steers were llowed d liitum intke without excessive ccumultion of feed on dily sis. Cttle were fed once dily in the morning with intke eing djusted to the previous dy s intke through dily unk cll. Weekly dietry tretment smples were otined from ech unk to determine dry mtter intke. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Weight Chnges. Initil weight of ll cttle on tril ws 546 l (Tle 3). Sorghum test weight did not ffect full live weight chnges during the 112-dy growing tril. No feeding level y test weight interction ws found either. However, HR or full-fed steers gined from t lest 5% to 8% more live weight compred with HC or limit-fed steers. By 56 dys on feed, HR steers were 39 l hevier (P<.03) thn HC steers. The weight difference etween HR nd HC steers incresed to 49 l (P<.003) then to 76 l (P<.0001) y 84 nd 112 dys on feed, respectively. Feeding levels were gretly influenced y mount of intke nd physicl spects of the diets, i.e., incresed mount of intke nd gut fill with the high roughge full-fed diets. 22

25 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from Tle 3. Live weight chnges (l) of steers during growing phse. Limit-Fed. Full-Fed. Item HC35 HC45 HC55 HR35 HR45 HR55 SEM Initil Wt Dy Dy Dy 84 c Dy 112 d SEM = Stndrd error of the mens, n = 30 steers. Feeding level min effects, HC vs HR, P<.03. c Feeding level min effects, HC vs HR, P<.003. d Feeding level min effects, HC vs HR, P< Dry Mtter Intke. Cumultive dry mtter intke (DMI) is given in Tle 4. For the first 56 dys, dry mtter intke ws not ffected y sorghum test weight. Within HC feeding level, there ws trend for steers consuming the 35 l nd 45 l sorghum to consume more dry mtter. However, the opposite ws true for steers consuming the 35 l nd 45 l sorghum in the HR feeding level. The HR55 steers tended to consume more dry mtter compred with the HR35 nd HR45 steers. By 84 dys, feeding level y test weight interction ws evident (P<.10). HC steers DMI ws n verge of 13.5 l nd DMI for the HR35 nd HR45 steers ws 19 l. HR55 steers DMI ws 5.5% more (P<.10) compred with HR35 nd HR45 steers. Overll DMI ws lso ffected (P<.06) y sorghum test weight t ech feeding level. By 112 dys, DMI for HR55 steers (21.0 l) ws 5.5% more (P<.06) compred with HR35 nd HR45 steers (vg 19.85). Overll DMI for HC steers verged 13.6 l. Within limit-fed steers, there ws trend for incresed intke s test weight decresed, ut just the opposite trend for the full-fed steers. Tle 4.Cumultive dry mtter intke (l) of steers during growing phse. Limit-Fed. Full-Fed. Item HC35HC45HC55 HR35 HR45 HR55 SEM Dy Dy Dy c 13.5 c 13.3 c 19.0 d 19.0 d 20.1 e.36 Dy f 13.7 f 13.4 f 19.8 g 19.9 g 21.0 h.34 SEM = Stndrd error of the mens, n=30 steers. Feeding level min effects, HC vs HR, P< cde Feeding level y test weight interction, P<.10. fgh Feeding level y test weight interction, P<.06. Averge Dily Gin. During the first 28 dys, feeding level y test weight interction ws oserved (Tle 5). The HC35 nd HC55 steers gined 12.7% less (P<.02) compred with HC45 steers, 2.88 vs 3.24 ADG, respectively. However, HR35 steers ADG (4.06 l) ws improved (P<.02) y 10% over HC45 nd HC55 steers (vg 3.69 ADG). Within feeding level, ADG ws not ffected y sorghum test weight; however, ADG tended to decrese with incresing test weight. This non-significnt liner trend ws proly due to the decresing intke within the limit-fed steers. But, ecuse trend ws noted for decresing intke with incresing test weight for the full-fed steers, nutrient utiliztion y full-fed steers tended to e more efficient with decresing test weight. Tle 5. Cumultive verge dily gin (l) of steers during growing phse. Limit-Fed. Full-Fed. Item HC35 HC45 HC55 HR35 HR45 HR55 SEM Dy e 3.24 d 2.82 e c 3.72 c.12 Dy Dy 0-84 f Dy f SEM=Stndrd error of the mens, n=30 steers. cde Feeding level y test weight interction, P<.02. f Feeding level min effects, HC vs HR, P< Feed Conversion. Feed conversion nd cost of gin re presented in Tle 6 on the following pge. Feeding level did not ffect feed to gin rtio during the first 28 dys. But there ws min effect (P<.04) nd qudrtic response to test weight (P<.10). Steers consuming 45 l sorghum required 2% less feed compred with steers consuming 35 l nd 55 l sorghum, respectively. Within feeding level (HC vs HR, P<.04), incresing sorghum test weight (min effect, P<.1014) cused liner decrese in feed conversion (P<.06). By 112 dys, test weight hd no effect on feed to gin rtio. However, within feeding level (min effect, P<.0005), trend for improved feed conversion s test weight decresed ws evident. Cost of gin presented in Tle 6 is sed only on the rtion cost on n s-fed sis. Other costs incurred during growing phse will vry with ech opertion. Cost of gin incresed with incresing sorghum test weight. Cost verged $.018 nd $.043 more per l of gin for the steers consuming 35 l sorghum compred with 45 l nd 55 l sorghum, respectively. Averged cross test weight within feeding level, limit-feeding cost $.0092 more per l of gin compred with full-feeding level. Light test weight grin sorghum (35 nd 45 l/u) ws superior to or comprle to norml sorghum (55 l/u) in feeding vlue when fed dry rolled in limit-fed, high concentrte or full-fed, high roughge, growing diet for yerling eef steers. 23

26 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from Tle 6. Cumultive feed to gin rtio nd cost of gin of steers during growing phse. Item Limit-Fed Full-Fed HC35 HC45 HC55 HR35 HR45 HR55 SEM Dy d e 4.03 c 4.71 e 4.08 cd 4.39 cde 4.72 e.20 Dy 0-56 fg Dy 0-84 i Dy j Cost of Gin, $/cwt SEM = Stndrd error of the mens, n=30 steers. Qudrtic effect of test weight, P<.10. Test weight min effect, P<.04. f Test weight min effect, P< g Liner effect of test weight, P<.06. h Feeding level min effect, HC vs HR, P<.06. i Feeding level min effect, HC vs HR, P< j Feeding level min effect, HC vs HR, P< cde CP = 13.3 CP = 11.9 CP = 11.4 ADF = 12.0 ADF = 7.0 ADF = 3.8 P= 0.42 P = 0.35 P = 0.33 C = 0.08 C = 0.04 C = 0.02 * The uthors express sincere pprecition to the Knss nd Texs Grin Sorghum Commissions for funding of this project nd to the Animl Cretkers nd Ag Technicin for their ssistnce in niml cre nd dt collection. 24

27 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from EFFECTS OF FESCUE GRAZING PASTURE TREATMENT, ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF BEEF STEERS y A.S. Freemn, Ken P. Coffey, nd Steve Clrk SUMMARY Sixty-three crossred steers (vg 740 l) grzing endophyte-infected tll fescue were used to evlute the effects of supplementl ground sorghum grin t.25% (GS25) or.5% (GS50) of full ody weight compred to no GS (CON) on grzing nd susequent feedlot performnce. Grzing ADG ws.53,.81, nd 1.21 l for CON, GS25, nd GS50 tretments, respectively. Psture supplementtion did not ffect (P>.10) feedlot dry mtter intke or ADG. Compenstory gin ws exhiited y CON steers compred with GS50 steers. Steers receiving the GS25 tretment were 2.3% nd 6.2% more efficient (P<.07) during the feedlot phse thn CON nd GS50 steers, respectively. The GS50 steers were 3.8% less efficient (P<.07) thn the CON steers. Comined ADG ws not ffected (P>.10) y psture tretments. Psture supplementtion incresed (P<.075) djusted ckft y.09 in. nd decresed (P<.022) yield grde y.45 percentge units. Other crcss chrcteristics were not ffected (P>.10) y psture tretments. Supplementing steers grzing endophyte-infected fescue t rte of.25% of ody weight with ground sorghum grin improved feedlot feed conversion, decresed cost per cwt gin, nd improved yield grde. INTRODUCTION Knss received pproximtely million cttle in 1990; 43% of these nimls rrived in southwestern Knss. Between 20 to 25% of these nimls could hve originted from estern sttes where fescue is mjor forge used in grzing systems. Fescue plnts nd seeds hve shown infection rtes with the endophytic fungus Acremonium coenophilum from zero to ner 90%. Cttle grzing highly endophyte-infected fescue hve shown signs of fescue toxicosis or summer slump. These feeder cttle re often discounted for their poor ppernce nd psture performnce when they rech western feedlots. Vrious mngement prctices hve een pplied to erdicte or reduce the toxic effects of the infected fescue. One possile prctice is to provide supplementl or sustitutive energy in the form of cerel grin to grzing cttle to dilute the toxins produced y the fungus. This study ws designed to investigte the effects of supplementl ground grin sorghum fed to eef steers grzing endophyte-infected fescue on their susequent feedlot performnce. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Sixty-three crossred steers grzing endophyteinfected tll fescue were used to evlute the effects of supplementtion with two different levels of ground sorghum grin on psture nd susequent feedlot performnce. The tril consisted of 62-d grzing phse t the Southest Knss Brnch Experiment Sttion, Prson, KS nd 132-d finishing phse t the Southwest Knss Reserch-Extension Center, Grden City, KS. Grzing Phse. Ninety steers, which hd previously een vccinted ginst IBR-, PI 3 -BVD, five strins of leptosporoie nd given 7-wy clostridil injection, were co-mingled for 7 dys on endophytefree fescue, romegrss, nd ntive grss psture. Initil full weights were mesured on My 8 nd 9. Steers were lso vccinted ginst pinkeye nd BRSV, dewormed with levmisole, received n insecticide er tg to control flies, nd were rndomly llotted y weight into nine lots of seven hed ech. Steers were then trnsported to one of the nine five-cre tll fescue pstures, nd three groups of 21 were offered either.25% (GD25) or.5% (GS50 ) of full ody weight s ground grin sorghum per hed dily or received no supplement (CON). The remining 27 hed were used s needed to control excess forge production on the experimentl pstures. The pstures were grzed for 56 d from My 9 until July 3 using put-nd-tke grzing system to ensure uniform forge vilility cross pstures. These pstures hd previously een grzed y fllclving cows until erly April. Wter nd minerl 25

28 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from locks contining monensin were provided freechoice. Interim weights were mesured on My 29 nd June 20, nd grin levels were djusted ccordingly. The cttle were weighed on the morning of July 3 nd moved to the previously grzed, 45-cre, mixed grss psture for 7 dys to equlize gut fill. Finl full psture weights were mesured on July 9 nd 10, nd the cttle were moved to locl stockyrd nd fed pririe hy during the dy. Tht evening to reduce het stress, ll 90 steers were trnsported to the Southwest Knss Reserch-Extension Center, Grden City, KS for the feedlot phse of the tril. Feedlot Phse. Cttle rrived t the SWKRE Center y 5:30.m. on July 11 nd were individully weighed off the truck, then Tiguvon (Fenthion) ws poured on them. Steers were divided into groups of 10 hed nd plced in feedlot pens with fresh romegrss hy nd wter overnight. On July 12, the second initil weight ws otined nd ll 90 steers were implnted with Compudose200 implnts. Steers were lso sorted into groups of seven hed per pen to mintin grzing phse tretment structure. The dditionl 27 steers were sorted into four pens y weight. All steers received strter rtion on July 12 nd were rought up to full feed (Tle 1) during 13-dy period. On July 24, cttle were re-vccinted ginst IBR-BVD-PI 3, nd 5 strins of leptospir nd dewormed with Vlzen (Alendzole). Deccox (Decoquinte) ws fed t rte of 180 mg per hed per dy for 33 dys then removed from the rtion. Cttle were then fed Rumensin (Monensin) nd Tyln40 (Tylosin) t 150 nd 90 mg per hed dily for 7 dys. Monensin ws then incresed to 300 mg for the remining feedlot period. Interim individul weights were tken on Sept. 13 nd Oct. 25 nd finl weights on Nov. 19 nd 20. Feedlot performnce dt consisted of dily dry mtter intke, verge dily gin, nd feed-to-gin rtio for oth weigh periods nd cumultive dys on feed. Only overll feedlot performnce will e presented, not interim performnce. Crcss chrcteristics were otined fter 24-hr chill. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Grzing Phse. Approximtely 70% of the fescue plnts in the experimentl pstures were infected with the endophytic fungus Acremonium coenophilum. The 63 steers verged 740 l when plced on psture. Steers receiving no supplementl grin (CON) gined 33 ls during the 62-d grzing phse for n ADG of.53 l (Tle 2.). The GS25 steers gined n dditionl.28 l per d, giving totl gin of 50 l per hed. Steers consuming GS50 hd n ADG of 1.21 l, resulting in n dditionl 42 l of gin compred with the CON group. Psture grin consumption ws 105 nd 215 l for the GS25 nd GS50 tretments, respectively. Tle 1. Ingredient composition nd nutrient nlysis of strter nd finisher rtions. Item Strter Finisher % High-Moisture Corn 9.5 Dry-Rolled Corn 34.9 Stem-Flked Corn 74.8 Alflf Hy Corn Silge Molsses Supplement Cost per cwt, $ Nutrients Dry Mtter Crude Protein NEm, Mcl/cwt NEg, Mcl/cwt Clcium Phosphorus Potssium Bsed on $2.25/u corn. Clculted vlues. Feedlot Phse. Cttle experienced n verge trnsit shrink of 7.4% (Tle 2.). The CON steers lost 5% more live weight compred with the GS25 nd GS50 groups. However, the CON nd GS50 steers oth gined 520 l during the feedlot phse. This indictes possile compenstion for poorer psture performnce nd trnsit live weight loss experienced y the CON steers. The GS25 steers gined 12 l more (P>.10) compred with the other steers. Dry mtter intke nd ADG were not ffected (P>.10) y psture tretments. However, GS25 steers required 2.3% nd 6.2% less feed (P<.07) during the feedlot phse per l of gin compred to CON nd GS50 steers. The GS50 steers were 3.8% less efficient (P<.07) in converting feed to live weight gin compred with the CON steers. Comined ADG ws not ffected (P>.10) y psture tretments. Crcss chrcteristics re given in Tle 3. Hot crcss weight (vg 764 l), ri-eye-re (vg 12.8 in. 2 ), KPH (vg 2.74%), mrling score (choice -), nd dressing percent (vg 63.2%) were not ffected (P>.10) y psture tretments. Supplementtion incresed (P<.075) djusted ckft y.09 in. nd decresed (P<.022) yield grde y.45 percentge units. 26

29 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from Tle 2. Psture, feedlot, nd comined performnce of steers receiving ground sorghum grin supplements when grzing endophyte fungus infected tll fescue. Item CON GS25 GS50 Psture Phse Initil Wt Finl Wt Psture Gin Dily Gin Grin Consumption Feedlot Phse Initil Wt Finl Wt Feedlot Gin Dry Mtter Intke Dily Gin Feed to Gin 5.74 d d Comined Totl e Psture Grin Level, % of BW Totl Gin Dily Gin Tle 3. Crcss chrcteristics of steers receiving ground sorghum grin supplements when grzing endophyte fungus infected tll fescue. Psture Grin Level, % of BW Item CON GS25 GS50 SE Hot Crcss Wt., l Ri Eye Are, in Adjusted Bckft, in c.49 c.029 KPH, % Mrling Score d Dressing Percent Yield Grde 2.7 e 3.2 f 3.1 f.13 Stndrd error of mens. c Tretment mens re different, P<.075. d Select = 4 to 4.9; choice minus = 5 to 5.9. ef Tretment mens re different, P<.022. Cttle grzing endophytic fungus-infected tll fescue typiclly experience decline in performnce. Providing supplement in the form of ground grin sorghum during grzing ppers to enhnce feedlot performnce. In this tril, ground grin sorghum fed t. 25% of live ody weight while cttle grzed endophyte infected fescue resulted in cceptle feedlot performnce nd crcss chrcteristics. Concentrte Intke Concentrte $/cwt Gin, $ Psture phse - 62 dys; feedlot phse dys. cd Tretment mens re different, P<.07. e Sorghum grin cost $4.45/cwt nd finisher diet cost $76.52/ton. As fed sis for psture grin nd feedlot rtion intke for 194 dys. 27

30 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from DIRECT-FIRED STEAM GENERATION FOR PROCESSING GRAIN y AS. Freemn Direct-fired stem genertion is not new process. Ever since owl of wter ws spilled directly into fire, we hve witnessed the immedite genertion of stem. However, the ppliction of this technology my not e so ncient. This prticulr system hs een used for curing concrete products; generting nd providing instnt hot wter used in counter-flow het exchnge tnks; msh conditioning for pelletizing poultry feeds; nd the most recent ppliction, genertion of stem for conditioning whole grins prior to stem flking, crimping, or rolling. The VE Corportion, locted in Arlington, Texs, hs lesed vportor nd grner gte system with the option to uy to the SWKREC for the sole purpose of compring this system of processing grins y stem-flking to the conventionl oiler stem generted process. Figure 1 elow is digrm of the vportor, which genertes homogeneous mixture of stem nd products of comustion. This stem mixture is then routed to stem chest equipped with grner gtes (figure 2). These two gtes re nlogous to flour sifter nd re positioned just ove trnsition zone ove the rolls. The grner gtes llow the grin within the chest to move evenly down the chest insted of coring. They lso llow for slight pressuriztion of the stem chest. Dr. Roert R. McEllhiney, professor of Grin Science nd Industry t KSU, Mnhttn, hs written n rticle, A new er of stem genertion?, in the April 1987 issue of Feed Mngement covering the VE System. This rticle nd literture produced y VE Corp. will provide generl informtion out the VE system. Future studies t the SWKREC will compre the products of grin processing with oth oiler nd VE generted stem through growing nd finishing trils. The vilility of strch or degree of processing will e evluted y chemiclly mesuring glucose relese in the l nd in the niml using the nylon g technique. Grin conditioners pplied efore processing will e evluted with oth systems. Most importntly, cost of grin processing will e monitored throughout the ctive use-time of ech system. We hope to e le to provide the informtion needed for mking economicl decisions concerning the use of oiler versus direct-fired stem genertion in processing cerel grins for feedlot cttle. Figure 1 Figure 2 28

31 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from STABLE FLY RESEARCH IN CATTLE FEEDLOTS y Gerld Greene Stle flies irritte cttle in feedlots y their feeding hit. Adult flies ttck cttle legs to secure lood mels necessry for them to mture nd ly eggs. Tht feeding disturs the cttle to the point of reducing weight gin nd feed conversion efficiency. Studies on this cttle feedlot pest re eing conducted to develop efficient nd economicl control methods. Reltive Popultions of Flies in Cttle Feedlots Two species of flies occur in Knss cttle feedlots, house flies nd stle flies. The stle fly, y tking lood mels, cuses cttle to unch together, stmp, switch their tils, nd reduce feeding time. House flies cnnot ite, ecuse they hve only sponging mouth prts nd feed on free-stnding liquids or solids tht they cn dissolve with sliv. The house fly is only nuisnce, where s the stle fly cuses economic loss. Typicl sesonl cycles of fly popultions in western Knss re shown in Figure 1. Stle flies re undnt during the spring, then typiclly decline in numer in conjunction with hot dry conditions during July. High stle fly popultions my occur for 16 weeks in cool wet summer or during cool wet periods in lte summer. House fly popultions re low until July, rech peks in August, then decline with dry, cool, fll conditions. They re Figure 1. Fly nd prsite occurence percent y month of the yerly totl collection from 4-8 feedlots/yer. PERCENT OF YEARLY TOTAL J J H J H H J H J MONTHS H J J H H J Prsites Stle Fly House Fly H numerous in erly Septemer, nd re rel pest in vehicles when cool wether egins. They re ttrcted to the wrmth in pickup cs! House flies my e only pulic reltions prolem. Nturl popultions of fly prsites in feedlots pek during July (rs, Figure 1) when the totl fly numers re highest, then decline. Winter mortlity of prsites reduces the erly spring popultions. The dely in development of prsites in My nd June leves them ineffective on stle fly popultions. Spring releses of commercilly rered prsites my e good method to improve control of stle flies, which re numerous during My nd June. Popultions of stle flies in Knss cttle feedlots during specific yers cn e seen in Figure 2. Even though the reltively wet conditions during 1989 provided dequte reeding mteril for stle flies, fly popultions did not pek during June s in other yers. The popultion pek on July 23 ws not s high s those during 1986 nd The Septemer pek of 1987 ws not present during 1989, even though rin ws frequent in oth yers. There were considerly fewer stle flies in cttle feedlots during 1988, reltively dry yer. Figure 2. Stle flies on Alsynite trps (verge of 7 cttle feedlots without prsite releses). FLIES/TRAP/DAY 250 D D D G 1987 D G D I 1988 G 150 C G D C G C D D G G G C D GC D G G D G GC C G D G D C I 50 D G C D I D G I D G G I I C C C C C C C I D D I D D G I D D D D D G G G G I I I I I I I I I I I I I C C C I I C I I C C C C C C 0 G G DG IC My June July Aug Sept Oct MONTH 29

32 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from Stle flies were undnt in most of the High Plins during Mny reports of intense iting y stle flies were received. The loss of gin in some cttle feedlots ws significnt during 1989, wheres others incurred reltively little loss. Stle fly numers during 1990 were quite vrile from one feedlot to nother, s ws rinfll. Popultions peked in mid June nd mid August, with lows during lte July nd Septemer. Figure 3. Occurrnce of nturl fly prsites from fly pupe in four to eight feedlots/yer. %, PARASITES Totl Pupe Emerged Pupe Nturl nd Commercil Fly Prsites Avg. We hve conducted severl releses of commercilly nd lortory-produced prsites in Knss cttle feedlots. In only 2 of 12 cses hve we recorded fly reductions or incresed prsitism of fly pupe s result of these releses. Three things tht must e improved to otin repeted success with prsite releses re: 1. use of prsite species dpted to Knss conditions; 2. improved rte of prsite emergence from fly pupri; 3. reduced contmintion of commercil cultures y less effective species of prsites. Prsites Adpted to Knss Cttle Feedlots The nturlly occurring fly prsites in Knss feedlots re different species thn those eing sold commercilly. Smples from 25 feedlots (6 to 12 feedlots/yer) for 8 yers hve shown which prsites re present nd the incidence t which they occur (Figure 3). Fly pupe produce n verge of 38.9% live prsites, nd dditionl fly pupe re killed y prsites tht do not produce live prsite. With tht percentge killed under nturl conditions, it should e possile to hold fly numers elow dmging levels, if we could doule the prsite-induced mortlity to 78% with prsite releses of loclly dpted prsites. The two min groups of pupl prsites occurring nturlly in Knss cttle feedlots re Splngi (49%) nd Muscidifurx (51%). For the Splngi genus, S. nigroene (75%) domintes the nturl popultions. The S. cmeroni (25%) popultions never contriuted over 30% of smple ut were lwys present in the feedlots. The Muscidifurx consisted of two species, M. rptor nd M. zrptor, which re difficult to distinguish. M. rptor ws pproximtely 21% nd M. zrptor 79% of the Muscidifurx emerging from fly pupri. Muscidifurx zrptor were predominntly (92%) from house fly pupe, compred to 8% from stle fly pupe. This prsite might e the choice species for house fly control. Becuse mong the mjor commercil prsites sold (it is esy to rer), the control of house fly pupe is proly greter thn the control of stle fly pupe where commercil prsites re eing relesed. Even so, some of the highest house fly popultions hve een seen in cttle feedlots where M. zrptor were eing relesed. Possily the numers of prsites relesed were too low or the relese method indequte to control house fly popultions. The pproprite prsite species for stle fly control ppers to e S. nigroene rther thn M. zrptor, which ttcks few stle fly pupe. S. endius nd Nsoni vitripennis hve een sold nd relesed in feedlots ut seldom retrieved from fly pupe. This demonstrtes tht these species hve not estlished in our feedlot environment nd proly re not dpted to the conditions present. Supplying mix of prsite species is like putting wter nd gs on fire, hoping one will work. You relly need to know wht species will control flies efore spending money for prsites. Prsite Emergence Commercilly sold fly prsites rrive t the feedlot in the form of prsitized house fly pupe. Prsite emergence from pupe must occur if releses re to effectively reduce fly numers. Emergence hs never een high, verging 50 to 60% from the est mteril we hve relesed (Figure 4). The est emergence for n entire seson (20 to 26 weekly releses) ws 57% in The poorest emergence for n entire seson ws 36% in lot C in Emergence rnged etween 10 nd 80% for weekly smples, resulting in seson verge of out 55% for lot A. Contmintion YEARS Only the desired species of prsites should emerge from prsitized fly pupe delivered to the feedlot. Too often, less thn 80% of the emerging prsites re species dpted to Knss cttle feedlots (lots B & C, Figure 4). For lot D (1989 relese of S. nigroene produced in our lortory), the pu- 30

33 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from Figure 4. Insectry prsite purity = of climed prsites, emerged % = totl pupe emerged, species = % of fly pupe. PERCENT Purity % Emerged % Species Climed A B C D PRODUCER rity ws good, with only two prsites out of 585,000 eing contminnts. Contminnts of commercil prsites re often S. endius or Nsoni vitripennis, neither of which reproduce in our feedlot conditions. Commercil insectries rering severl species of prsites hve difficulty rering pure fly prsite colonies, nd the prsite species dpted to cttle feedlots re the lest competitive in the commercil prsite colonies. For most prsite species, live prsite will e produced in 50 to 60% of the fly pupe exposed to ovipositing femles. This mens tht even with the est rering conditions, the uyer will receive hlf s mny prsites s fly pupe delivered. When you price prsites, you should mke sure the quottion is for live prsites not fly pupe, which my or my not produce live prsite. If we consider tht mles constitute 30 to 40% of the live prsites, it is pprent tht only 35 of ech 100 pupe received provide potentil fly pupl killer (live femle prsite). Fortuntely, tht 35% will prevent numerous flies from emerging. Ech femle prsite will kill 15 to 50 flies nd produce 15 to 45 second genertion prsites. Production nd Relese of Fly Prsites The est prsite species to use for stle fly control in Southwest Knss cttle feedlots is S. nigroene. We hve developed rering methods in our lortory to produce this prsite species for relese, when others hve een unle to produce this prsite. Releses of S. nigroene hve een mde during 1987 nd The feedlot used hs hd considerly fewer stle flies present thn during similr non-prsite relese yer, 1985 (Figure 5). The stle fly popultions cught on sticky trps were lower nd peked lter in the summer during S. nigroene relese yers thn during non-relese yer, Specil stle fly trps re set up t the feedlot to monitor fly numers nd, hence, to evlute the effect of ttempted iologicl control. The totl numer of flies cught ws much lower during the relese yers of 1987 nd 1989, nd fly feeding on oth cttle nd people ner the feedlot ws reduced. The fll increse during Septemer ws lower thn during Both yers were environmentlly similr to 1985 in Figure 5. Splngi nigroene releses in similr rinfll yers no prsite; 1987 & 1989 S. nigroene relesed. FLIES/TRAP/DAY G L D D 1989 L L L G LD G D D D L L L L L L L L G L LG D D G LG L G L L L L L L G G G G G G G G G G G D D D D G G D D G D D G G G D D D D D D D D D D D My June Jul Aug Sep Oct MONTHS rinfll received. One key to mesuring prsite relese effectiveness is the recovery of prsitized pupe in smples collected from reeding sites in the feedlot (Figure 6). The proportion of S. nigroene incresed in smples from the S. nigroene-relese lot during The S. cmeroni-relese lot produced 61% S. cmeroni nd 39% S. nigroene from fly pupe collected, representing n increse in S. cmeroni nd reduction in the proportion of S. nigroene. Stle fly numers did not pper to e reduced on Alysnite trps. Figure 6. Prsites from stle fly pupe from two relese nd one non-relese feedlots during PERCENT L L L G L 1985 G 1987 S. Cmeroni S. Nigroene Muscidifurx S. Cmeroni S. Nigroene None RELEASED PARASITE SPECIES 31

34 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from The dominnce of Muscidifurx in the S. cmeroni -relese lot resulted from Muscidifurx mking up the mjority of the prsite relese mteril supplied y commercil insectry nd the superiority of the Muscidifurx over S. cmeroni. In the S. nigroene -relese lot, the dominnce of tht species over S. cmeroni nd Muscidifurx ws ovious. The retrievl of prsites from stle fly pupe where S. nigroene were relesed (Figure 6) is even more drmtic, when we look t the prsites retrieved from only stle fly pupe. S. nigroene ws the only prsite species emerging from feedlotcollected stle fly pupe, nd the totl sence of S. cmeroni nd Muscidifurx ws ig surprise. This hd not een seen during previous prsite releses. S. nigroene hd mde up 73% of the prsites retrieved during 1987, ut not 100% s during Greter numers of prsites were relesed during 1989, which my relte to their dominnce of the stle fly pupe. Muscidifurx were retrieved from house fly pupe in oth yers, demonstrting oth tht they were nturlly present in the feedlots nd tht they re more effective ginst house flies. The economic loss to cttle production from stle fly feeding ws reported in Nersk to e 0.2 l./dy when 4 or more flies per leg were oserved on feeder cttle. Popultions were ove tht level for 5 weeks during 1989 (Figure 7) nd would hve reduced gin y 7 l./niml. If we multiply tht y.70 cents/l., the loss is nerly $5.00. Exmples of other prices/l. nd fly dys cn e seen in Figure 7. The longer the fly seson, the greter the loss. Stle fly numers during 1985 were high for out 16 weeks, resulting in $12.00 to $16.00 loss per niml. Figure 7. Costs of stle fly feeding clcutted t three prices t 1 to 9 weeks of fly feeding. Figure 8. Costs of fly prsites t three rtes of relese nd for three different time periods. The costs for fly prsites re shown in Figure 8. Figures re sed on the current costs nd for different numers of prsites relesed per week. Five prsites per niml per week ws the level used for severl yers prior to the demonstrtion of prsite filure t tht relese level. Twenty prsites per niml per week is the level currently eing used y some suppliers. Of more interest is the 50 per week level used during 1989 with S. nigroene releses, where only S. nigroene were retrieved from stle fly pupe. Compring the niml production loss from fly feeding (Figure 7), it is ovious tht n investment of $0.45 for 6 weeks of control would provide $6.00 return when cttle sell for $0.70 per pound, $5.55 profit or $13.33 return for every dollr invested! Costs re under $0.50 per niml until over 50 prsites per niml or over 12 weeks of releses re used. Further work is needed to determine if even higher numers of prsites per niml per week re needed to provide effective nd economicl stle fly control, wht species or species comintions should e used, how often to relese, nd wht re the est relese methods or conditions under which releses should e mde. 32

35 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Apprecition is expressed to these orgniztions for ssisting in eef cttle reserch t the Southwest Knss Reserch-Extension Center in 1989 to 1991 nd supporting the 1991 Cttle Feeders' Dy: Agri-Concepts, Inc., Vinton, VA Americn Fructose, Demmit, TX Elnco, Greenfield, IN Frr Better Feeds, Grden City, KS Hoechst-Roussel Agri-Vet Compny, Knss City, MO Hoffmnn-LRoche Inc., Nutley, NJ IBP, Holcom, KS Inglls Co-op, Inglls, KS Micro Chemicl, Inc., Amrillo,TX Ntionl By-products, Inc., Wichit, KS Ntionl Grin Sorghum Producers, Amrillo, TX Monfort, Inc., Grden City, KS Pfizer Agriculturl Division, Lee s Summit, MO R & R Mchine Works, Inc., Dlhrt, TX Rhone-Poulenc, Inc., Atlnt, GA Roto-Mix, Dodge City, KS Snfi Animl Helth, Inc., Overlnd Prk, KS SmithKline Beechm, West Chester, PA Syntex Animl Helth, Inc., West Des Moines, IA VE Corportion, Arlington, TX Apprecition is lso extended to Jeff Elliott (Reserch Frm Mnger), Bruce L. Alley, nd Everett Reimer (Animl Cretkers II) for niml cre, feeding, nd dt collection; Roert L. Huddleston, Jovit M. Bier (Office Assistnt III nd Office Assistnt IV), nd Aric B. Cessn for mnuscript typing; Vicki A. Dye (Agriculturl Technicin) nd Pm Sely (Lortory Technicin I) for entomology reserch; nd Eileen Schofield (Ag. Editor) for mnuscript editing. Some of the reserch reported herein ws conducted under specil FDA clernces tht pply only to investigtionl products used t pproved reserch fcilities. Mterils nd (or) feed dditives tht require FDA clernces my e used in the field only t the levels nd for the uses specified in tht clernce. Product feeding guidelines estlished y reserch trils nd (or) tken from current Feed Additive Compendium were typiclly used. NOTICE Knss Stte University mkes no endorsements, expressed or implied, of ny commercil product. Trde nmes re used in this pulictions only to provide clrity of communiction. Contriution no S from the Knss Agriculturl Experiment Sttion. 34

36 This puliction from the Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service hs een rchived. Current informtion is ville from List of Contriutors Botts, R.L., Technicl Service, Syntex Agri-Business, Inc., Des Moines, IA Brndt Jr., R.T., Associte Professor, Animl Sciences nd Industry, Knss Stte University, Mnhttn, KS Crric, J.M., Technicl Service nd Sles, Zinpro Corp., Edini, MN Clrk, Steve, Hillcrest Frms, Hvn, KS Coffey, K.P., Assistnt Professor, Southest Knss Brnch Sttion, Prsons, KS Freemn, AS., Assistnt Professor, Southwest Knss Reserch-Extension Center, Grden City, KS Greene, G.L., Professor, Southwest Knss Reserch-Extension Center, Grden City, KS Jckson, C. L., Animl Cretker III, Southwest Knss Reserch-Extension Center, Grden City, KS Kreikemeier, K.K., Reserch Animl Scientist, Mets nd Animl Reserch Center, Cly Center, NE Kuhl, G.L., Associte Professor, Animl Sciences nd Industry, Knss Stte University, Mnhttn, KS Norwood, J.M., Syntex Animl Helth, Inc., Johnson, KS Spires, H.R., Syntex Reserch, Plo Alto, CA Vss, M.J., Ag Technicin, Southwest Knss Reserch-Extension Center, Grden City, KS Winger, Melvin, Winger Feedyrd Inc., Johnson, KS Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, Knss Stte University, Mnhttn Report of Progress 632 June 1991 Knss Stte University is committed to policy of non-discrimintion on the sis of rce, sex, ntionl origin, hndicp, religion, ge, sexul orienttion, or other non-merit resons, in dmissions, eductionl progrms or ctivities, nd employment, ll s required y pplicle lws nd regultions. Responsiility for coordintion of complince efforts nd receipt of inquiries, including those concerning Title IX of the Eduction Amendments of 1972 nd Section 504 of the Rehilition Act of 1973, hs een delegted to Jne D. Rowlett, Ph.D., Director, Affirmtive Action Office, 214 Anderson Hll, Knss Stte University, Mnhttn, KS (913/ ). 2.5M