UNITED STATES CENSUS 0~GRICULTURE VOLUME II CHAPTER 10. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE C. R. Smith, Secretary

Transcription

1 1964 UNITED STATES CENSUS 0~GRICULTURE FARMS FARM CHARACTERISTICS LIVESTOCK AND PRODUCTS. CROPS FRUITS VALUES VOLUME II CHAPTER 10 Type of Farm U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE C. R. Smith, Secretary BUREAU OF THE CENSUS A. Ross Eckler, Director

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3 1964 UNITED STATES CENSUS o~griculture Volume II-Chapter 10 CONTENTS page Introduction Source of data 961 Presentation of statistics Farms classified by type 961 Basis of classification by type The use of value of farm products sold for classifying by type Comparability of type-of-farm classification for various censuses Censuses of 1964, 1959, 1954, and and to and to and 1950 to Type of farm and farm product spe~ialization, Farms by type, Cash-grain 965 Tobacco. 967 Cotton, 968 Other field-crop -. '. 969 Vegetable ~ Fruit and nut 971 Pou I try. 972 Dairy Livestock (other than poultry and dairy and livestock ranches) Livestock ranches.'. 975 General Miscellaneous 977 CHANGES IN THE NUMBER OF FARMS BY TYPE Changes in number of by type Changes in by type from 1959 to TABLES TABLE 1. Criteria Used for Classification of Farms by Type: Censuses of 1964, 1959, 1954, 1950, 1945, 1940, and Farms by Type-Number of Commercial Farms by Type of Farm, by Regions and States: 1964 and

4 CONTENTS-Continued page TABLES-Continued TABLE 3. Farms by Type-Percent Distribution of Commercial Farms by Type of Farm, by Regions and States: 1964 and Land in Farms-Land in Farms by Type of Farm, by Regions and States: 1964 and Cropland Harvested-Cropland Harvested by Type of Farm, by Regions 6. and States: 1964 and Farms by Type-Average Value of Farm Products Sold per Farm, by Type of Farm, by Regions and States: 1964 and Farms by Type-Percent Distribution of all Farm Products Sold by Type of Farm, by Regions and States: 1964 and Characteristics of Commercial Farms, by Type, for the United States: Farm Characteristics of Cash-Grain Farms, by Economic Class, for the United States: Farm Characteristics of Tobacco Farms, by Economic Class, for the 11. United States: Farm Characteristics of Cotton Farms, by Economic Class, for the United States: Farm Characteristics of Other Field-Crop Farms, by Economic Class, for the United States: Farm Characteristics of Vegetable Farms, by Economic Class, for the United States: Farm Characteristics of Fruit and Nut Farms, by Economic Class, for the United States: Farm Characteristics of Poultry Farms, by Economic Class, for the 16. United States: Farm Characteristics of Dairy Farms, by Economic Class, for the United States: Farm Characteristics of Livestock Farms Other Than Poultry and Dairy, by Economic Class, for the United States: Farm Characteristics of Livestock Ranches, by Economic Class, for the United States: Farm Characteristics of General Farms, by Economic Class, for the United States:

5 Chapter 10. Type of Farm Introduction-The information in this chapter is for 1964 only, except for the limited information for the earlier censuses presented in the text. The data for the 1964 census show characteristics of and farm operators, by type of farm, for the that were classified as "commercial. n United States agriculture is exceedingly heterogeneous. Farm operators and their families obtain their income by producing a large variety of farm products under a very large variety of conditions of soil, climate, resource coml:jinations, management, etc., as well as from sources other than the farm operated. The organization of according to size of farm, methods of production, type of farming, productivity, use of resources, and combination of resources, vary greatly. The purpose of a classification of by type is to show (a) the kinds of in the various parts of the Nation; (b) the variation in the use of resources, production, value of farm products sold, and combinations of resources among of various types; and (c) the characteristics of the operators for the different types of. The classification of by type groups together having a relatively high degree of uniformity in the kinds and amounts (or proportions) of crops and livestock products and in the practices followed in production. This kind of classification shows the degree of agricultural specialization and the pattern of agricultural production. Census data, thus classified, provide a basis for the study and analysis of agricultural problems, such as those relating to the development of land-use programs, farm-adjustment programs and plans, soil-conservation programs, and problems dealing with the production and marketing of agricultural commodities. The data are also of value to those who provide products for production purposes and services for and farm people. Information for grouped by other classifications supplement the data provided by the type-offarm classification. These classifications include size of farm (as measured by total acres in the farm) which is reported in chapter 3; tenure of farm operator, reported in chapter 8; and economic class of farm, reported in chapter 6. Source of data-the data presented in this chapter are from the 1964 Census of Agriculture. Detailed comparable figures are not given for the prior censuses because of space limitations. Data presented for characteristics of persons in farm operator's household, specified equipment and facilities, hired workers, use of agricultural chemicals, use of commercial fertilizer and lime, farm expenditures, and value of farmland and buildings are estimates for all made on the basis of reports for a sample comprising (1) all of 1,000 acres or more, (2) of less than 1,000 acres and with a value of farm products sold of $100,000 or more, and (3) one-fifth of the remaining. A description of the sample and procedures for making the estimates, as well as a statement of the reliability of the estimates, are g~ven in the introduction of this volume. Presentation of statistics-most of the statistics are presented only for the 1964censusfortheUnited States. Data for each type of farm appear for each State in State table 22 and for each important type of farm in the State, by economic class of farm, in State table 21 in volume I of the reports for the 1964 Census of Agriculture. Comparable data for the United States for the 1959 census are given in chapter 11, volume II, and comparable data by States are given in State tables 18 and 19 of volume I, of the reports for the 1959 Census of Agriculture. Farms classified by type-in making the classification of by type for the 1964 census, the were classified or divided into two groups, "commercial " and "other. n Commercial comprise those, except abnormal, with (1) a total value of sales of farm products of $2,500 or more in 1964 plus (2) those with a total value of sales of farm products of $50 to$2.499, provided the. operator of the farm was under 65 years of age, and worked off the farm less than 100 days during the year. Reference should be made to Chapter 6, "Value of Farm Products Sold and Economic Class of Farm," for a more complete description of commercial and other. Other comprise part-time, part-retirement, and abnormal. Basis of classification by type-the classification of commercial by type was made on the basis of the relationship of the value of sales from one source, or a number of sources, to the total value of sales of all farm products sold from the farm. The value of sales of farm products was obtained by adding the value for all products sold from the farm. The value of sales for a part of the products was reported on the agriculture questionnaire as obtained from the operator during the enumeration. For the remaining products with sales, the quantity sold or produced was obtained during enumeration. The value of sales for these products was obtained by multiplying the quantity sold by State average prices. (For methods used in calculating value of 'farm products sold, see Chapter 6, "Value of Farm Products Sold and Economic Class of Farm.") In cases such as cotton or tobacco, the type was determined on the basis of sales from an individual source. In cases such as dairy or fruit and nut, it was determined on the basis of sales from closely related products. In other cases such as cash-grain, the type was determined on the basis of sales from a broader group of products (corn, sorghums, all small grains, dry field seed beans and peas, soybeans, and cowpeas). In order for a farm to be classified as a particular type, the value of sales from a product or a group of products had to represent 50 percent or more of the total value of sales of farm products. The use of value of farm products sold for classifying by type-the value of sales of farm products has been used for several censuses as a basis for making a classification of by type. It provides a common denominator for relating the importance of the enterprises on the farm. In general, it reflects the physical resources and productivity of the farm. However, the use of income data has some limitations in making a type classification of. These limitations relate to where crop failure curtailed production during a year, to where livestock or other inventories were expanding or contracting at a 961

6 rate greater than the usual annual rate for the farm, and to on which a considerable part of the products sold is represented by purchased items. (For example, a farm with purchased feeder cattle may be classified as a livestock farm even though the net income from crops may exceed the net income from livestock.) Changes in prices of several farm products at different rates or an increase or decrease in prices for products or groups of products directly related to type of farm, may cause a farm to be classified differently from one census to another. This is especially true for on which more than one product or group of products supply important sources of sales. However, for on which one product provides a large part or the major part of the total sales, changes in prices will have little or no influence in classifying the farm by type. Comparabi I ity of type-of-farm classification for various censuses-farms have been classified by type of farm for seven censuses starting with the 1930 census. The criteria used for classifying by type have not been uniform. Table l presents a general description of the criteria used for determining the various types of farm for each census since Table 1. CRITERIA USED FOR CLASSIFICATION OF FARMS BY TYPE: CENSUSES OF 1964,1959, 1954, 1950, 1945, 1940, AND 1930 Type of farm and Cash-grain Combined sales o! corn, sorghums (except for ~~~P) fiel~m ~r~~~ beans and peas, soybeans for beans, cowpeas for peas accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales. Same ns 1959 Combined sales of corn, sorghums (except for sirup), small grains and grain straw, dry field and seed bclllls and peas, soybeans, cowpeas, and velvetbeans accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales. Included wlth field-crop. Included wlth field-crop. Tobacco Sales of tobacco account- Included with ether Included with other Included with field-crop Included with fl.eld~crop ed for 50 percent or field~crop. fleld~crop... more of total sales. Cotton Sales of cotton (lint and Same as Same as Included with field-crop Included with field-crop seed) accounted for 50.. percent or more of total sales. Other fteld-crop. (Fleldi~48, a~if~~3o{ 945 ' Vegetable. Fruit-and-nut _ Poultry. Dairy Combined sales of peanuts. Irish potatoes, sweetpotatoes, sugarcane for sugar and for sirup, sweet sorghums for sirup, broomcorn, fo~pici~;, :tri[, g~~~ and sugar beet seed ac- ~~~~~ ~i~o~~f;~:;s~t Sales of vegetables aceoun ted for 50 pcrcen t or more of total sales. Combined sales of berries, and other small friut!l, grapes, tree fruits, and nuts accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales. Sales of chickens, chick~ en eggs, and all other poultry and poultry products accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales. Sales of milk and cream accounted for 50 percon t or more of total sales. Also with 30 percent or more of total sales from milk and cream; provided one-half of the cows we.re milk cows and the addltlon of sales of cattle and calves to the sales of milk and cream accounted ~~rt~ar~re~.t or more Combined sales of peanuts, Irish potatoes, sweetpotatoes, tobacco, sugarcane for sugar and for sirup, sweet sorghums for sirup, broomcorn, popcorn, sugar beets for sugar, mint, hops, and sugar beet seed accounted ~~\~~af~~~.t or more Same as Same as Same as Same as Combined sales of peanuts, Irish potatoes, swcetpota.toes, tobacco, sugarcane for sugar and for sirup, sweet sorghums for sirup, sugar beets for sugar, and other miscellaneous crops accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales. Same as Same as Same as Same as Combined sales of all ~~~~:s, g!~i~;, f;;i~~: nuts, and horticultural specialties accounted for 50 percent or more of total sal<"s. Same as Same as SalPs of poultry and ~l~~t~~ ~~b~u~\~ic~~) accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales. Sales of dairy products accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales. Combined sales of all crops except vegetables, berries, fruits, nuts, and horticultural specialties greater than any one of the other seven groups of farm products sold or the value of products of the farm used by farm households. Sales of vegetables greater than any one of ~rt~:!e~~~d~fs~~fj or the value of products of farm used by farm households. Sales of berries, fruits, and nuts greater than any one of th<" other seven groups of farm products sold or the value of products of the farm used by farm households. Sales of poultry and ~l~~f~~ ~~b~u~\~ic~~) greater than any one of the other seven groups of farm products sold or the value o!productsofthe farm used by farm households. Sales of dairy products greater than any one of the other seven groups of farm products sold or the value of products of the farm used by farm households. Combined value of corn, sorghums (except for sirup), and small grains a vallable for sale accounted for 40 per~ cent or more of the total value of farm products sold and used by operator's family. Included wlth field-crop. Value of cotton (llnt and seed) accounted for 40 percent or more of the total value of farm b~o~g~;:t~~~~ :~~~.ed Combined value of sweet sorghums for sirup, sugarcane, sugar beets, ~~~~eari~.uro!~~~~~~)~ vetbeans, dry field seed beans and peas, tobacco, hay, peanuts, Irish potatoes, sweet- ~~~~:~s~oo:~~~~o~~i other field crops avatlable for sale accounted for 40 percent or more of the total value of ~~~~~ g~o~~~t~~~~!~~~ lly. Value of vegetables sold accounted for 40 percent or more of the total value of farm products sold and used?lnn~cf~.r:r~~~s fa:r:n~~}r. Value of bc'rrles, fruits, and nuts available ror sale accounted for 40 percent or more of the total value of farm g~o~~~t~ib~<}s a~~r:;~~~~ Value of poultry and poultry products a vall~ able for sale accounted for 40 p('rcc'nt or more of the tot1l.l value of ~:ed g~ood~~ ~t~~~~ f:~~ lly. Value of dairy products available for sale, to~ gethcr with sales of dairy cattle and calves, accounted for 40 percent or more of the total value of farm products sold and used by operator's family_ 962

7 Table 1. CRITERIA USED FOR CLASSIFICATION OF FARMS BY TYPE: CENSUSES OF 1964, 1959, 1954, 1950, 1945, 1940, AND 1930 Continued Type of farm 1~ and I I J I I Livestock other than poultry and dairy. Livestock ranches... Other livestock products. Primarily crop Sales or cattle, calves, hogs, sheep, goats, wool, and mohair accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales. Livestock ranches were classified separately In the 17 Western States, Florida, Louisiana, Hawaii, and Alaska. Sales of cattle, calves, hogs, sheep, goats, wool, and mohair accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales; provided the pastureland or grazing land amounted to 100 or more acres and was 10 or more times the acreage of cropland harvested. (For the 17 Western States, Florida, Louisiana, Alaska, and Hawaii.) Included with livestock other than poultry and dairy. Included with general. Primarily livestock. Included with general Crop-an<l-l!Ycstock. Included with general. Sales or cattle, calves, hogs, sheep, goats, wool, and mohair accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales. Included with livestock fnrms other than poultry and dairy. Included with livestock other than poultry and dairy. General. Sales of field seed crops, Same as hay, and slla~e accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales; or sales from 3 or more sources and none qualified for any other type. Sales or livestock and livestock products (other than dairy products, poultry and poultry products, horses and mules sold alive, and bees and honey) accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales. Included with livestock other tljan poultry and dairy. Included with livestock other than poultry and dairy. Same as Less than 50 pcrcen t of Same as total sales from any one group of products solei; but sales of all crops accounted for 70 percent or more of total sa1es. Less than 50 percent of Same as total sales from any one group of products sold; but sales of liyestock and poultry ami their products accounted for 70 percent or more of total sales. Less than 50 percent of Same as total sales from any one group of products sold; sales of all crops amounted to at least 30 perccn t of total sales, but less than 70 percent of total sales Sales of all livestock and livestock products, other dairy products and poultry and poultry products accounted for 50 percent or more of total sales. (Horses, mules, fur animals, and bees Included.) Included with livestock other than poultry and dairy. Included with livestock other than poultry and dairy. No single sales group accounted for as much as 50 percent of total sales. Not classified separately. Not classified separately. Not classified separately. Sales of livestock other than poultry, bees, and fur animals greater than any one of the other seven groups of farm products sold or the value of products of the farm used by farm households. (Horses and mules Included.) Included with livestock other than poultry and dairy. Sales of wool, mohair, meat, hides, bees, honey, wax, and fur animals greater than any one of the other seven groups of farm products sold or the value of products of the farm used by farm households. No general farm type. The use of the largest single of eight sources of farm products sold or the value of products of the farm used by farm household left no for such a type. Value of all classes of meat animals, such as heef cattle, sheep, and hogs; also wool, mohair, and slaughtered animals; accounted for 40 percent or more or the total value of farm products sold and used by operator's family. These were divided into two groups: (a) Animal specialty, and (b) stock ranches, depending upon the ratio of crop acreage to pasture acreage. Livestock dealers and fe~dlot were separated. (See below.) Value of beef cattle, sheep, hogs, wool and mohair, and animals slaughtered accounted for 40 percent or more of the total value of products sold and used by operator's family; provided the acreage in pasture was 5 times the acreage in crops in the Eastern States and 10 times the crop acreage in the Western States. Included with animal specialt}, stock ranch, or unclassified. Value of products ayahable 'for sale from each of the sales groups less than 40 percent of the total value of farm products so!u and used by operator's family. Not classified separately. Not classified separately. Not classified separately. Miscellaneous Included with 50 Includcd with 50 Included with 50 Farms not classified scparat.ely, except "forestarately; the source of nated ns abnornn1l Farms not classified sep This group was desig percent or more of percent or more of percent or more of total sales from (a) total sales from (a) total sales from (a) products " and value or Yalue-ofproduct group with nlal fnrn1s were suh. These abnor sales of forest products, or (b) sales of ucts; or (b) sales of ucts; or (b) sales of ty." Informa the largest Yalue for diyidetl into five sub sales of forest prod sales of forest prod ''horticultural-special nursery and greenhouse products; or (c) house products; or (c) house products; or (c) types was reported determined the group or country estate, (b) nursery and g-reen nursrry and greention for these two all farm products types: (a) institution sales of horses, tnules, sales of horses, mules, sales of horsl's, mul<:'s, Sl'parately for the 1945 ing of for this part-time, (c) boarding colts, ponies, and sales colts, and ponies. colts, and ponies or Cl'HSUS. v:roup. and lodging, (d) forest of fur animals. (d) sales of fur animals; or (e) sales of fnrm, feec.flot, or live products, anti (e) horse bees, wax, and honey. stock dealer. (Farms operated by a public or seml-pu bile agency such as schools, etc., were classified as in J I I ' l '---s_tl_t_u_ti_o_n_a_l_fu_r_n_l_s. 963

8 Censuses of 1964, 1959, 1954, and 1950-The data by type of farm for 1964, 1959, 1954, and 1950 for with a value of farm products sold of less than $2,500 are not comparable because of differences in the classification. For 1964 and 1959, with sales of $50 to $2,499 were not published by type, when (a) the operator worked off the farm 100 days or more, (b) the value of income from sources other than the farm operated exceeded the value of agricultural products sold for 1959, or (c) the farm operator was 65 years old or over. For the 1954 and 1950 censuses, all with sales of $1,200 to $2,499 were classified by type of farm. There were approximately 763,000 and 901,000 such in 1954 and 1950, respectively. Data by type of farm for with $2,500 or more value of products sold are comparable for the 1964, 1959, 1954, and 1950 censuses. Separate data for tobacco and for livestock ranches are not available for 1954 and and 1950 to 1964-The classification of by type for 1945 differed significantly from the classification for other years. In 1945, all on which the value of farm products used by farm households exceeded the value of farm products sold were not classified by type of farm. These (referred to as subsistence ) totaled 1,289, and 1950 to 1964-The classification by type of farm used for 1940 differed significantly from the classification used for other censuses. The value of nine groups of farm products sold and the value of farm products used by the farm operator and members of his family were obtained separately and were classified by type on the basis of the group of farm products having the largest value. The value of the group of farm products sold which determined the type of farm could have represented as low as 12 percent of the total value of all farm products sold and 1950 to 1964-The basis of the classification of by type for 1930 differed significantly from the classification used for subsequent censuses. In 1930, the value of farm products used by the farm operator and members of his family was added to the value of all farm products sold to provide a total as a basis for determining type of farm. Farms with sales from a single specified product or group of products equal to 40 percent or more of the total value of farm products sold and used by farm operators' families were classified as type of farm indicated by the source. The classification of in Hawaii and Alaska have been made on essentially the same basis as for the conterminous United States. For a detailed description of the classification of in Hawaii and Alaska for the 1940 through the 1959 censuses, reference should be made to pages 1252 and 1253 of chapter XII of volume II of the reports for the 1959 Census of Agriculture: For 1964, as in 1959, 1954, and 1950 the classification of by type was made on the basis of sales for a single year. The number and distribution of by type may have been influenced in areas affected by abnormal conditions of weather; disease, etc., and by shift in the relative prices of various farm products. The average price for the important farm products for each census from 1950 to 1964 is given in the following table. Farm product Unit Com for grain..., Bushel Wheat,...,. Bushel. Sorghwns for grain. Bushel. Oats Bushel.. Barley..... Bushel So~' beans for beans, Bushel Rice.... Po\Uld. Rye..... Bushel Cotton and cottonseed, Bale... Tobacco....., Po\Uld. Irish potatoes,... Hundredweight Sugarcane for sugar Ton.. Sugar beets for sugar Ton. Peanuts Cor nuts. Pound. Eggs... D~'zen.. Broilers......,.. Each.,. other chickens,.., Each. Whole milk... Hundredweight Cream Pounds of butterfat. Cattle excluding calves. Each... Calves...., Each Hogs and pigs. Each... Sheep and lambs Each... Wool.... Pound. Apples... Pound Peaches.,.,., Pound Oranges... Pound NA Not available. Average price, per unit (dollars) , o. 59 o (NA) (NA) (NA) , Type of farm and farm product specialization, The in each type-of-farm group account for a large part of the farm products or the group of farm products specified as the important source of gross sales for the type of farm. For example, fruit and nut accounted for 93 percent of the value of all berries, fruits and nuts sold and poultry for 90 percent of the value of all poultry and poultry products sold. Type of f3rm All farm products sold Field crops other than fruits and vegetables sold Vegetables sold Forest All other products and Poultry and livestock Fruits and horticultural Dalry poultry Cattle and products and nuts sold specialty products calves sold sold livestock products sold products sold sold Total, all commercial Cash grain Tobacco Cotton Other field crops Vegct3.ble Fruit and nut Poultry Dair-J 'f Livestock fo.rms other than paul try, dairy, and livestock ranches Livestock ranches, Gen0rsl Miscellaneous (') 0.1 (') o (') Less thrm 0.05 percent.

9 Farms by type, 1964-The distribution of by type in 1964 was as follows: Type of farm Number of Percent distribution Total, commercial... 2,165,712 2,416,017 Cash grain , , Tobacco , , Cotton.,..., , , Other field crops... 35,130 38, Vegetable... 23,207 21, Fruit and nut... 57,256 61, Poultry... 82, , Dairy , , Livestock other than poultry, dairy, and livestock ranches , , Livestock ranches... 66,282 67, General , , Miscellaneous... 78,528 37, Cash-grain -Out of the 2.2 million commercial, almost one-fifth were cash-grain. The greatest concentration of cash-grain was in the Corn Belt where corn and soybeans are the principal cash-grain crops sold. In the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Montana, Washington, and Oregon, wheat is the principal cash-grain crop and the cashgrain there were mostly wheat. Cashgrain in Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, California, and on the Gulf Coast of Texas were rice. In some scattered areas, grain sorghums, dry field beans and peas, and small grains other than wheat and rice, were the principal source of income of the cash-grain, but such comprised a relatively small percentage of all cash-grain. Cash-grain were principally wheat, corn and soybean, or rice. By using data for c.ash-grain for selected areas, the importance and characteristics of commercial wheat, corn,and soybean, and rice can be obtained. Commercial cash-grain accounted for 63percent of the value of wheat sold, 59 percent of the value of soybeans sold, and 68 percent of the value of corn sold from commercial in The sales of these three crops comprised almost two-thirds of all farm products sold from cash-grain. Cash-grain contained one-third of the cropland on commercial in the United States. They had 35 percent of the acreage of land from which crops were harvested and 65 percent of the land in cultivated summer fallow in They accounted for onethird of all having 100 acres or more of cropland harvested and almost three-fourths of the cash-grain had 100 acres or more of cropland harvested. The 39,000 cash-grain withsooacres or more of cropland harvested are largely wheat. Cash-grain were highly mechanized. Ninetyfive percent had tractors other than garden, 66 percent had grain combines, 45 percent had corn-pickers, and 81 percent had motortrucks, in However, the degree of mechanization was much greater for the with $10,000 or more value of farm products sold than for with less than $10,000 value of farm products sold. Over one-half of the cash-grain had a value of farm products sold of less than $10,000. Nearly two-thirds of these contained less than 220 acres and moi"e than 83 percent had less than 200 acres of cropland harvested. On more than one-fourth of these the income from sources other than the farm operated exceeded the value of farm products sold. Over two-fifths of the operators worked off their, over one-third had income from sources other than the farm operated, and more than one-fourth reported other members of the family working off the farm in Cash-grain had about a third of the total acreage fertilized on commercial, more than onethird of the acreage of corn fertilized, and about threefifths of the acreage of wheat and soybeans fertilized. About one-half of all the farm products sold from cash-grain came from the 77,000 with a value of farm products sold of $20,000 or more. These with $20,000 or more sales were large with an average size of 957 acres and an average acreage of total cropland of 725 acres. The average value of farm products sold was $37,421 _ per farm. All of these used hired labor andjor machine hire and the average expenditure per farm for hired labor and machine hire was $2,825. The average expenditure for gasoline arid other petroleum fuel and oil for the farm business was $2,211. The data in the following table indicate some of the significant differences between the economic classes of cash-grain in

10 Subject All cashgrain Class I Clo.ss II Econo:nic clsee: Class III Close IV Close V Closs VI Percent distribution: Number o!'...,,,...,...,.,...,,... percent., All land in...,,.,...,...,..., percent.. Cropland harvested..., ,,,.. percent. ~~i~! ~~r!~~d;~d b~iidi~~: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~~=~~ Total value of all farm products sold...,...,,.,,,,.,...,,.percent.. Value of field crops other than fruits and vegetables sold... percent. Acres of con1 harvested for ell purposes.,..,,.,,,...,,,... percent.. Bushels of corn harvested for grain...,...,..,,,,,... percen-t;. ' Acres of wheat harvested.,,...,...,.,.,,,...,.,.,...,.,, percent.. Bushels of 1'1heat harvested...,...,....,..,.. percent. Percent of fa:rms with land in dlveraion p;:oogrwns: Wheat ,.... percent Feed grain ,.,...,...,.percent., 1::> ? ? J ? Average per form: Land in!'arms......,...,.....,....,.acres.. Cropland harvested ,.... acres Total crople:1d ,.,,..,,....,.acres. Land irrlgeted ,....,....,... acres. Value of land and buildings.....,...,...,..,,...,.dollars. Corn for ell purposes...,,...,...,...,. acres. Wheat for grain.., ,,,,...,,...,..,..... acres., Oats!'or grain...,......,.....,...,,,,..... acres. Barley for grain ,...,.,.....,,,.,... acres. All hey crops...,,,,..,..,,,......,.,...,,.,..., acres.. Expenditures for- Seeds, bulbs, plants, and trees dollers Fertilizer and fertilizing materiels.....,...,...,.. dollars Gasoline and other petroleum fuel end oil!'or the fo.:rm business...,..,.,.,.....,..,......,.... dollars., , ,039 1, , , ,?40 5,305 3, , ,136 1,? ,326 55,162 34,358 20, , ,0? Tractors other then garden and motor tillers....,.,,..,...,.nu!llber.. Grain and bean combines......,... number.. Regular hired workers ,,.persona. Percent of acreage or crops fertilized: Corn..,...,......,..., per<lent.. Wheat... percent. 2 1 (') (') (') (') (') (') (')?9.4?4.3 6? Percent of with- Grain crops sprayed or dusted for control of insects and diseases...,..... percent.. Fertiliz.:!r used ,.....,... percent., Corn treated for control of weeds, grasses, etc...,.. percent. Grein crops treated for control of weeds, grasses, etc... percent ? Average per acre: Corn for grain ,...,... bushels. Wheat for grain...,...,.... bushels., Oats for grain......,......,.. bushels Barley for grain...,.., ,... bushels.. Fertilizer per acre or corn fertilized.,...,..... pounds. Fertilizer per acre of wheat fert.uized... pounds Percent of fe.l'iiis operated by- Full owners......, percent. Pert owners percent.. ~:~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~=~~~:: Cash percent.. Share-cash percent. Crop-share, ,... percent., Livestock-share _.... percent.. Other and unspecified ,,...,.... percent ? ? lr.ess thnn

11 Tobacco -Tobacco comprised 8 percent of the 2.2 million commercial in Nearly all of the tobacco are in the South. Five States North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee-had more than 90 percent of the tobacco. Tobacco accounted for more than threefourths of the value of tobacco sold from all commercial in Tobacco had about 2 percent of the cropland in commercial. Tobacco accounted for one-sixth of the acreage of crops harvested on tobacco. Corn and hay crops comprised almost threefifths of the acreage of all crops harvested on tobacco. Tobacco were relatively small. More than two-thirds contained less than 100 acres and more than two-fifths contained less than 50 acres. About 88 percent had less than 50 acres of cropland harvested. More than one-third were operated by tenants, renting mostly for a share of the crop. About one-fifth of the tobacco were operated by nonwhite operators. Tobacco operated by nonwhite operators represented one-fourth of all commercial operated by nonwhite operators. The labor on tobacco was furnished largely by the farm operator and members of his family. An expenditure of $2,500 or more for hired labor was reported for approximately 4.8 percent of the tobacco, and an expenditure of less than $500 for two-fifths of the. Operators of tobacco depended primarily upon their farm operations for the main source of income for their families. For more than 85 percent of the farm operators, the income from the sale of agricultural products exceeded the income of the farm operator and his household from sources other than the farm operated. Tobacco were highly specialized. The sale of tobacco provided for 78 percent of the value of all farm products sold. There were approximately 6, 800 tobacco with a value of farm products sold of $20,000 or more. These were largely on which shadegrown and cigar types of tobacco were grown. Although these accounted for only 4 percent of all tobacco, they accounted for almost one-fifth of the value of all tobacco sold. More: than one-half of the tobacco had a value of farm products sold of less than $5,000. The average value of farm products sold per farm for these was less than $2,600. Almost a third of these were operated by tenants. There were significant differences in 1964 between economic class of tobacco as the data in the following table indicates. Subject All tobacco Class I Class II Economic class of Class III Class IV Class V Class VI Percent distribution: Number of. percent All land in percent. Cropland harvested,,.,., percent.. Total cropland,......,,,,......,,.,, percent. Ve.lue of land and buildings, percent.. Total value of farm products sold,...,.,....,...,.percent. Value of field crops other than fruits and vegetables sold percent Aores of t.obaoeo harvested, percent ? 13.) 20.? ? Average per farm: Land in acres. Cropland harvested acres Total cropland.,,,,, acres Land irrigated....,,, ,,.,,,, acres Value of land and buildings.,,, dollars Tobacco harvested., ,,, acres Corn harvested for all purposes.,..., acres All hay crops.,.,......,., ,acres Value of all farm products sold., dollars , , , , , , ,5? , , ?, (') '" 14, , (') 8, ,301 Expenditures for- Seeds, bulbs, plants, and trees dollars. Fertilizer and fertilizing materials dollars.. Gasoline and other petroleum fuel and oil for farm business.,,,., dollars ,62? 5, , , lll 88 Regular hired workers,,.,., persons..!ncojoo from sources other than the farm operated dollars (') 1,558 4,032 2,30J (l) 1,640 (') 1,636 (') 1,801 (') 1,025 Percent of with- Tobacco fertilized ,.,... percent Tractors other than garden and motor 'tiller.,.,. percent. Income from sources other than the farm operated,,,,.percent., ? L Average per acre: Tobacco harvested,..,,,,,... pounds. Corn for grain ,,,... bushels Fertilizer per acre of tobacco fertilized,.. ~.,.... pounds 2, ,850 2, ,498 2, ,001 2, ,914 1, ,779 1,? ,679 1, ,723 Percent of operated by- Full owners, percent.. Part owners.,,,,,,....,, percent... Managers,,,,,,, percent Tenants,,,,,,..,, , percent., Cash,,.,,,, percent Share cash..,,,,,,,,..,,.percent Crop share,,,,, percent Livestock share percent. Other and unspecified..,.... percent l.l ? ? ? (l) (l) Less than 0.05, 967

12 Cotton -One out of 13 commercial in 1964 was classified as a cotton farm. Only cash-grain; tobacco; dairy; livestock, other than dairy and poultry ; and general exceeded the number of cotton. Cotton were located almost entirely in the South and in irrigated areas of the West. The greatest concentration was in the Mississippi Delta. Operators of cotton accounted for 60 percent of the farm operators growing cotton in 1964 and 75 percent of all cotton harvested. Cotton had 7 percent of the total cropland on commercial. Many of the cotton were small. Thirtysix percent contained less than 50 acres of land in and 52 percent contained less than 100 acres. Approximately three-fifths contained less than 50 acres of cropland harvested and less than one-third had 100 acres or more of cropland harvested. More than 1 out of 4 acres of cropland harvested on cotton was irrigated, and 16 percent of all irrigated land was on cotton. However, more than 85 percent of the irrigated land on cotton was on the 27,000 cotton with a value of farm products sold of $20,000 or more. The.;;arne 27,000 produced almost two-thirds of all cotton sold in The sale of cotton accounted for 78 percent of all crops sold, and for 74 percent of all farm products sold from cotton. Almost half of the cotton were tenant operated under a crop-share arrangement. More than 35 percent of the cotton were operated by nonwhite operators, and almost one-half of all commercial operated by nonwhite operators were cotton. The data in the following table show differences among economic classes of cotton in Subject All cotton Economic class of farm Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI Percent distribution: Nu.'!lber of fanns percent.. All land in fa:rm.s percent.. Cropland harvested...,...,.,..., percent.. Total cropland...,..,.....,..,...,..... percent.. Value of land and buildings...,... percent. Total value of all fen:n products sold.,,,,..,..,...,,... percent. Value of field crop other tha::-~ fruits and vegetables sold... percent. Cotton harvested...,.,...,......,... percent... Q-.Jantity of cotton harvested...,...,...,... percent.., Average per farm: Land in farm.s acres Cropland harvested...,...,.., acres.. Total cropland...,...,... acres.. Value o!' land and buildings...,..,... dollars., Cotton harvested...,... acres.. Quantity hervested...,... bales.. Tractors other than garden and motor tillers... number.. Corn her;rested for ell purposes... acres.. All hay crop harvested.,......,,......,...., acres.. Value of all farm products sold... dollars.. Land irrigated...,... acres.. Expend! tures for- ~=:~~ii~:b:~/i:~~ii:~~t:~:~i~i~:::::::::::::::::::::: :~~ii~~--. Gasoline and other petroleum fuel and oil for the farm business,.,,...,...,... dollbrs.. Hired farm labor ''!'dollars.. Machine hire, custom and contract work..... :... pollars. Regu.l 1'1"' hired workers... ~... ~... _,persofls.. Income from sources other ihiin the farm operated dollars Percent or fanns with- Cotton fertilized :percent. Cotton sprayed or dusted for control of insects end diseases.. percent.. Cotton treated for control of.weeds! grasses, etc... percent.. Tractors other th8:-t- garden and motor t'illers percent. Income from sources other than the farm operated percent. Average per acre: Cotton harvested bales.. Cot ton fertilized po'jl1ds Percent of fbrms operated by- Full o7tllers percent.. Part owners.,,,,,..,..,.,, percent.. ::::~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::: :::~:~:~i. Cash.,...,,..,...,...,... percent.. Share cash...,... percent.. ~~~~s~~~e;h~~~::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~=~=~;:: Other and unspecified., percent. lless than , , , , , ? JO.O J , , ,507 71,236 32,?67 1.5,100 7, (1) ,106 28' ,196 7, ,569 1,354 1 (') 1, ,337 1, ,752 2,043 13,213 2,967 4,002 1,170 1, , (1) (1) (1) (1) 3,3r:t7 2,267 1,984 1,830 1,467? ? J (1) (l)

13 Other field-crop farm ;-Other field-crop comprised only 1.6 percem of all commercial in 1964 and accounted for 2.1 percent of the acreage of cropland harvested. Other field-crop represented different kinds of in the various areas. In most areas, it was possible to identify other field-crop with a specific crop. In Maine, NewYork, New Jersey, North Dakota, Minnesota, Idaho, and California they were principally potato ; in North Carolina, Virginia, 'Jeorgia, Alabama, and Texas they were primarily peanut ; and in Louisiana and Hawaii, they were sugarcane. The characteristics of the different kinds of specialized included in other field-crop have a significant effect on the totals for the in the various economic classes. Other field-crop include 7,334 with sales of farm products of $40,000 or more. These 7,334 accounted for almost three-fourths of the value of all farm products sold from other field-crop. Approximately 2,237 of these were large-scale potato (average production of potatoes per farm reporting of 57,892 hundred-weight). These 2,237 accounted for more than half of the fertilizer used and approximately three-fifths of the regular hired workers and cash expenditures for hired labor on ali other fieldcrop. The average amount of fertilizer used per farm reporting was 273 tons and the average expenditure for hired labor per farm reporting was $58,508. Almost one-fourth of the other field-crop had a value of farm products sold ofless than $5,000. These 8,740 accounted for less than 2 percent of the total value of farm products sold from other fieldcrop. They were predominantly peanut and almost one-third were tenant operated. The average value of farm products sold per farm was $2,520, the average amount of fertilizer used per farm reporting was 5.2 tons, and the expenditure for hired labor per farm reporting was $293. The data in the following table show some of the significant differences between economic classes of other field-crop in Subject All other field-crop fa nos Econo:nic class of far.ns Class I Class II Class III Class IT Class V Class VI Percent distribution: Number of...,... percent.. All land in...,..... percent.. Cropland har,res ted......,.. percent.. Total cropland...,.,... percent.. Value of land and buildings...,...,...,.,.percent.. Total value of all farm products sold... percent.. Value of field crops other than fruits and vegetables sold.. 'Percent.. Irish potatoes harvested... percent.. Average per farm- Land in...,...,..,... acres. Cropland harvested...,,... acres.. Total cropland acres.. Value of land and buildings...,... dollars.. Irish potatoes harvested..., acres.. Tractors other than garden and motor tillers... number.. Value of all farm products sold,... dollars.. Land irrigated , acres.. Expenditures for- Seeds, bulbs, plants, and trees dollars.. Fertilizer and fertilizing materials dollars.. Gasoline and other petroleu.11 Cuel and oi 1 for the farm business......, dollars. Hired farm labor dollars.. Machine hire, custom and contract w.:>rk... dollal's.. Regular hired workers......,...,.,......,.,.persons.. Income from sources other than the farm operated... dollars.. Percent of with- Fertilizer used..., percent.. Tractors other than garden and motor tillers... percent.. Income from sources other than the farm operated... percent.. Average per acre: Irish potatoes harvested hundredweight.. Fertilizer per acre fertilized....,...,... pounds.. Percent of operated by- Full owners..,......,... percent.. Part owners percent.. Managers percent.. Tenants... percent.. Cash percent.. Share-co.sh,... percent.. Crop-share...,... percent.. Li vestook-share... percent.. Other and unspecified... peroent.. 1.Less than ,682 2? 3 36, ,318 2,902 1,512 5, ,03? ,1, ? ? ? SO.l ,466 81,122 53,782 29,908 19,509 10, (') ,462 28,301 14,466?,'2:72 3,635 1, ,320 1, ,529 2,633 1, ,276 1, ,660 2,886 1,163 52? , (') C'! (') (') 2,395 2,012 1,711 2,507 2,103 1, ? ? $ ? (') ?.? 5.7 '

14 Vegetable -Vegetable comprised about 1 percent of all commercial and contained less than 1 percent of the total cropland in commercial. However, vegetable accounted for 2.5 percent of the value of all farm products sold, 74.1 percent of the value of all vegetables sold in 1964, and about 56.3 percent of the total acreage of vegetables harvested for sale in Vegetable were highly specialized. The sale of vegetables accounted for 83.8 percent of the value of all farm products sold, and the acreage of vegetables harvested for sale was equivalent to almost threefourths of the acreage from which crops were harvested. Fertilizer was used on 89 percent of the and the acreage fertilized was equivalent to 88 percent of the acreage from which crops were harvested. The average amount of fertilizer used per acre fertilized was 825 pounds. Vegetable are widely scattered with the greatest concentrations in California, Texas, Florida, New Jersey, New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Production of vegetables was concentrated on a relatively small number of large highly specialized. The 3,577 vegetable with a value of farm products sold of $40,000 or more, accounted for 82 percent of the value of all vegetables sold on vegetable and for 60 percent of the value of all vegetables harvested for sale in the United States. More than half of the land used for crops was irrigated and the average acreage of irrigated land per farm was about 309 acres. The average value of farm products sold from these was $195,000, and the average expenditure for hired labor was more than $54,000 per farm. Data in the following table indicate differences in characteristics among economic classes in l Subject Perce.nt distr lbution: Number of.....,..,...., percent All land in.,...,,,.,. percqnt Cropla..,d :.Srvested...,..... percent Tote.l cropland...,,...,...,,..,, percent. Value of la:1.d and buildings ,,,,... percent Total value of all ('arm products sold...,..,...,... percent.. Value of vegetables sold...,...,...,,... percent.. Acres o!' vegetables harveoted for sale ,.... percent.. Expenditure fo:;- hired farm labor...,... percent.. Average per farm: Land in acres.. Cropland harvested... acres. Total cropland......,... acres.. Value of land end buildings,...,... dollars.. Acres of vegetables harvested for sale... acres.. Tractors other than garden and motor tillers...,.. number.. Value of all fann products sold... dollars.. Value of all vegetables harvested for sale... dollars.. Lend irrigated...,...,.. acres. Expend! tures for- Seeds, bulbs, pla..'lts, and treeo... dollars.. Fertilizer and fertilizing... dollars.. Gasoline e.'"'d other petroleum fuel and oil for the farm business dollars.. iiired farin labor doljars.. Machine hire, contract and custom work dollars. Ree\llar hired,.-orlters perso:~s. Income from soul'(les other than the farm operated... dollars. o Percent or Lanna witli- Fertilizer used percent.. Tractors o~her than garden a..'ld motor tillers... percent Income from so~rces other then the farm operated peroent. Average per acre: Val1le of vegetables harvested for sale per acre dollars.. Fertilizer and fertilizing materials used per acre fertiliz.ad.. pound.. Farms operated by- Full owners o... o. o.... percent. Part 019'Ilers... o.... percent.. Me.. "''agers percent. Tenants...,.percent.. All vegetable ?, ,946 30, ,090 2,8?9 l,z72 9,692 1,9?7 3 2, Economic class or t'erms Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI 15.4 l0o ? noo ? LB Ill :/ , ,944 65,226 41, ,113 13, ?2 44 2:/ l 195,015 27,959 14,026 7,040 3, 513 1, ,630 22,680 11,340 5,706 2, ,112 1,006 6?8 3JS ,392 2,580 1, ,643 1, :/ ,280 6,555 2,848 1, ,363 1, ~943-1 (l) (l) (') 1,977 2,687 2,613 3,110 1, ' o3 87.1? o? 52o0 49.? 60o7 66o ? lr.eas than

15 Fruit and nut -I:< ruit and nut represented 2.6 percent of all commercial ; had 1.1 percent of the total cropland; 78.3 percent of the land in small fruits, fruit orchards, groves, vineyards, and planted nut trees; 4. 7 percent of the value of all farm products sold; and 92.7 percent of all fruits and nuts sold in Fruit and nut were highly concentrated in a few localities. More than two-thirds of these were in four States-California, Florida, Michigan, and Washington. The kinds of fruits and nuts grown in the various localities differ greatly. In western New York, apples and grapes were the principal crops; apples, cherries, peaches, grapes, pears, and berries were the principal fruits in Michigan. In Washington and northern California, there was a large variety of fruits grown separately and in combination-apples, pears, plums and prunes, cherries, grapes, walnuts, strawberries, and raspberries. In southern California, citrus fruits principally oranges and lemons; olives; grapes; walnuts; almonds; peaches; and apricots were grown separately and in combination. Oranges and grapefruit were the predominant fruits in Florida and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. In Georgia and South Carolina, peaches were the principal fruit grown. Apples were the important fruit crop along the Appalachian Mountains and parts of Arkansas and Missouri. Strawberries represented an important fruit crop in Arkansas and Louisiana. Fruit and nut were highly specialized. The sales of fruits and nuts accounted for 94 percent of all farm products sold on fruit andnut. The acreage of land in fruit orchards, groves, vineyards, and planted nut trees was equivalent to 82 percent of the acreage of cropland harvested on these. Approximately 16,000 large and highly specialized fruit accounted for more than 76 percent of the value of all fruits and nuts sold on commercial. These large specialized with a value of farm products sold of $20,000 or more had an average acreage of morethanl34acresoflandin fruit orchards, groves, vineyards, and planted nut trees. The average value of all farm products sold on these was $80,759 and the average value of fruits and nuts sold was $76,154. They had an average of 3.1 tractors other than garden per farm, an average expenditure for machine hire and hired labor of $24,559, and used an average of 58 tons of commercial fertilizer per farm. The data in the following table indicate the differences in fruit and nut by economic classes in Subject Percent distribution: Number or....,... percent.. All land in fa:nrw..,...,......,...,,,,...,.,..,,.... percent.. Cropland he.rvested.... percent.. Total cropland percent.. Value of land end buildings.,.,...,..,...,,..., percent. Total value or fa:m. products sold... percent.. Value o!: fruits end nuts sold...,...,... percent.. Land in bearing and nonbearing fruit orche.rds, gro 1es, vineyards, and planted nut trees...,......,... percent.. Average per farm: Land in....,...,..,,...,,...,.,,...,,. Beres.. Cropland harvested.,...,,,...,,,...,,...,..,,,... acres., Total cropland...,... acres.. Value or land and buildings....,,. dollars.. Land in bearing and nonbearing fruit orchards, groves, vineyards, and planted nut trees...,,.,.,...,..,,..,...,,,., acres.. Value or all farm products sold... dollars.. Value or fruits and nuts sold... dollars.. Tractors other than garden &..'ld motor tillers...,.,,..,... number.. Land irrigated...,..,.. acres.. Expenditures for- Seeds, bulbs, plants, a!ld trees dollars.. Fertilizer and fertilizing materials...,...,...,... dollars.. Gasoline and other petroleum ruel and oil ror the rarm business.... dollaro.. Hired farm labor... dollars.. Machine hire, contract and custom 11ork... dollars.. Regular hired workers.,,...,... :,... persons.. Income from sources other than the rarm operated.... dollars.. Percent ot tams with- Fertilizer used...,...,.percent.. Tractors other than garden and motor tillers......,,...,.percent.. Incooe from sources other than the farm operated... percent. Percent of farm operated by- Full owners...,... percent.. Part owners......,...,... percent.. Managers ,..., ,.. percent., Tena.'lts percent.. 1tess than All rrui t and nut ' , , , ,403?94 6,262 2,165 4, Economic elass or fan&ls Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI S "ZI , ,426 86,668 55,731 41,729 30, ,936 28,216 14,343 7,194 3, ,244 26,605 13,508 6,749 3,368 ass , ,506 1, , ,943 2,828 1, ,887 1,647 1, ,401 l <'> <'> (1) 4,305 4, ,215 2, ~

16 Poultry -Poultry comprised 82,000 of the 2.2 million commercial. They had 72 percent of the chickens 4 months old and over on hand on all. These accounted for 79 percent of the chicken eggs and 90 percent of the chickens including broilers sold, and 96 percent of the value of poultry and poultry products sold from all commercial. More than three-fourths of the poultry were located east of the Mississippi River. The greatest concentration of poultry was in the broilerproducing areas in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Delaware, and Maryland. Nine out of 10 poultry were owner operated. The 19,000 poultry withsalesoffarmproducts with a value of $40,000 or more were distinctly different from the poultry with a smaller value of farm products sold. The average value of farm products sold per farm of these large-scale poultry was $103,000 as compared with $15,000 of all other commercial poultry. These 19,000 accounted for 68 percent of all farm products sold by poultry and 62 percent of all poultry and poultry products sold from all commercial. The expenditures for feed on these were equivalent to 67 percent of the feed expenditures for all poultry and 31 percent of the feed expenditures for all commercial. Theaverageperfarmofthe various items of expenditure was: Item Feed.... Purchase of livestock and poultry, Hired labor Dollars 57,482 15, Poultry also included many with relatively small operations. There were about 25,700 poultry with a value of farm products sold of less than $10,000. These comprised 31 percent of all commercial poultry but accounted for only 4 percent of all farm products sold and 4 percent of all poultry products sold from poultry. More than half the operators of these small-scale poultry were 55 years old or over. Over two-fifths of the operators worked off their and almost a third worked off their 100 days or more. The operator and members of his household on 2 out of 5 of these obtained more income from sources off the farm operated than from the sale of agricultural products. Statistics in the following table provide a comparison of the characteristics and importance of poultry by economic class in Subject Economic class of farm All poultry f------,-----,-----,-----,-----,---- fa""' Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI Percent distribution: Number of fanns ,,...,.... percent.. L>:l:~d in... percent.. Cropla'ld harvested...,..,...,.,...,..,,...,.. percent.. Value of la:~d and buildings...,.,.penent.. Total value of all fann products sold......,.percent.. Value of poultry end poultry products sold.,... percent.. Chl~kens 4 months old end O'!er.,,.,,,,,,.,.,,... percent.. Chicken eggs...,...,...,... percent.. Turkeys and turkey frye!'$ raised...,... percent.. ljo.o EXJ.O J ? ? J (') Average per farr.~: Land ln...,... acres.. Value of land and buildings ,..,dollars Chickens 4 months old o.nd O'ler...,,,,.. number.. To~al value of all farm products sold.,...,...,... dollars.. Value of poultry and poultr; products sold...,... dollars,. Broilers and other meat type chi~kens sold...,.... dollars Chickqn eggs sold.....,...,dollars,. Turkeys a.'1d turkey fryers rais.:-d... number ,917 2,853 J5,540 33,119 11,3Jl 14,338 1,219 H ,073 30,314 8,281 2,074 l:)j, ,481 97,275 26,037 27,095 12,655 44,285 9,514 4, J ,131 19,4JO 17,651 13,763 1, ,737 7,427 3, J,324 6,548 3,07' ,970 2, ,841 2,986 1,9? Expenditures for- Feed for livestock and poultry..,,..,...,...,.,.. dollars., Purchase o1: livestock and poultry dollars Gasoline and other petroleum fuel!l!ld oil for ~he fann business...,...,...,...,....,... dollars.. Hired farm labor...,... dollars.. Ree:ular hired workers...,..... persons.. Income from aources other than farm operated ,...,,.. dollars.. Percent of : Selling only broilers and other meat type chickens..... Selling o.1ly started p'-lllets, turkeys, ducks, geese and other poultry n::1d their eggs Hoving only turk'9ys a!ld turkey frjers raised... farlll$,. Income fro'l'l sources other tha!l the fenn opecated ,997 5, , ,? ,394 16,396 15,406 5,376 1, , (1) 2,?t,l, ?4.4 8,J76 4,370 1, ,700 1,J4S (1) (') (1) (1) ?5.S ? Pe~ent of t'arma operated by- Full owners.,...,..,...,...,... percent.. Part ovl'lers...,...,...,...,... percent.. ll.!'l!1aeer:>...,... percent.. Tena'1 ts percent ? J.B J lless tha;j

17 Dairy -Dairy represented the second largest group of specialized in They contained 8.6 percent of all land in commercial, 12.8 percent of cropland harvested, accounted for 15.6 percent of all farm products sold and 89.7 percent of all dairy products sold from all commercial in Dairy comprised only 17 percent of all commercial, and they had 15 percent of all regular hired workers in They were most heavily concentrated in the New England States, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and along the Pacific coast. There were also concentrations of dairy around urban centers. In the eastern part of the country, in Ohio, northern Indiana, Illinois, and southeastern Wisconsin, and along the Pacific coast and around urban centers, dairy principally were those producing milk for sale as fluid milk, while in other parts of the country dairy were primarily those producing milk for processing into butter, cheese, and other dairy products. There were large differences in the size of operations of dairy. There were 15,463 dairy with a value of farm products sold of $40,000 or more. These accounted for 25 percent of all dairy products sold on dairy and 23 percent of dairy products sold from all commercial. About 50 percent of these had 100 or more milk cows. The expenditures for feed for these represented over 32 percent of the expenditures for feed for all dairy and 7 percent for the feed expenditures for all commercial. There were 77,000 commercial dairy with a value of farm products sold of less than $5,000. Over 35 percent of these had fewer than 10 milk cows. They accounted for less than 4 percent of all dairy products sold from all commercial dairy. A comparison of the importance and characteristics of the dairy in the various economic classes may be obtained from the data in the following table. Subject All dairy r'rrns Class I Class II Economic class of fnrm Class III Class IV Class V Cless VI Percent distribution: Number of fal'iils,,,,,, percent All land in....,...,...,..,.....,.,... percent.. Cropland harvested.....,, ,.., percent.. Total cropland....,....., ,....,..,.. percent,. Total pasture land..,...,, ,,,....,...,percent Value of land and buildings,..., ,...,percent. Total value of all farm products sold., ,..,... percent., Value of dairy products sold ,.,...,... percent.. Value of cattle and calves sold ,percent,, , lb.? , , ,8 2,3 L2 L7 3.1 L ,4 0.9 Average pe'i' farm: Land in..,,..,,,.,.....,, , ,acres. Cropland harvested.....,......,...,,.....,.... acres.. Total cropland.,,..,..,,,...,, acres.. Total pasture land....,.,......,,....,,... acres.. Hay harvested, , ,..,... acres.. Value of land and buildings., dollars. Cattle and calves., , ,...,.number. Milk cows,.,....,.,,...,..,,.,......, number.. Value of all farm products sold...,... dollars.. Value of dairy products sold..,...,...,..., dollars.. Value of cattle and calves sold., , dollars.. Tractors other than garden and motor tillers number.,, Land irrigated,...., acres , ,593 11,140 1,469 ' ,808 73, ,970 26,690 66,884 20,232 6,954 2, ,?9.5.2'6, ,211 7,385 10,584 5,392 1, , , 747 2, l , ,499 1, l Expenditures for- Feed for livestock and poultry dollars.. Purchase of livestock and poultry dollars. Seeds, bulbs, plants, and trecs dollars.. Fertilizer and fertilizing materials..., dollars.. Gasoline and other petroleum fuel and oil for the farm business..., ,...,.,. dollars,, Hired farm labor., ,..... dollars.. Machine hire, contract and custom work.....,,...,... dollar~.. Regular hired workers,., ,., persons. Income from sources other than the farm operated dollars. 3, (') 1,908 25,160 5,733 4,754 1, ,502 1,195 2,096 1,063 9,442 1, ,683 1,853 2, 755 1, (') (l) 1,705 1, (') 2, (') 1,389 Percent of with- Milking machines..., ,. percent.. Bulk milk tank , percent.. Fertilizer used...,....,..., percent.. Tractors other than garden and motor tillers percent ,8 98.l l ? ? Percent of operated by- Full owners, ,.....,... percent.. Part owners..,,, percent.. Managers , p<'rcent... Tenants..., percent.. Cash ,...,....., percent. Share cash..,....,..., percent.. Crop share percent,, Livestock share ,... percent. Other and unspecified......,..... percent Ll 3.5 L ' l Ll l 'J , L4 Ll " L6 L ~~? 2.4 0,9 LO L4 L , ,8 L ," lless than

18 Livestod(lfar_msJother than poultry and dairy ~~ IJ~estock /ranches)-livestock represented the largest group of commercial, accounting for 24 percent of all commercial in They contained 22 percent of land in and 25 percent of cropland harvested, accounted for 24 percent of all farm products sold, and 64 percent of all livestock and livestock products (except dairy and poultry products) sold from all commercial in Marketings from these represented 52 percent of all cattle and calves, 66 percent of all hogs and pigs, and 43 percent of all sheep and lambs sold from all commercial. While sales of all farm products averaged more than $16,000 per farm, only 12 percent of the had regular hired workers. Livestock were concentrated in the Corn Belt of the Middle West. The heaviest concentration occurred in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, northern Missouri, northeastern Kansas and Nebraska, southeastern South Dakota, and southeastern Minnesota. More than 80 percent of the income of livestock was from the sale of cattle, hogs, and sheep. Generally, hogs are raised on the from which marketed, but cattle and sheep are obtained as feeders largely from livestock ranching and grazing areas of the West. Corn and hay were the important crops. However, considerable quantities of feed were purchased-the expenditures for feed on livestock accounted for 30 percent of the feed expenditures on all commercial. There were 35,000 livestock with a value of farm products of $40,000 or more. These 35,000 accounted for a significant part of farm production not only on livestock but also on all. The value of all farm products sold from these was equivalent to 11 percent of the value of farm products sold from all and 47 percentofall farm products sold from livestock. These 35,000 included a considerable number of feedlots and the sales from such overstate the relative importance of these as producing units. The data in the following' table indicate the use of major resources and the characteristics of livestock with different size of operations. Subject Percent distribution: Number of percent Land in percent. Cropland harvested..., ,....,... percent.. Total cropland...,...,, percent. Total IX~Stureland ,... percent.. Value of lund and buildings,,..,,.,.. per<::ent., Total value of farm products sold ,... percent Total value of all livestock products other thun dairy and poultry prcxiucts sold , percent.. Value of cattle und calves sold ,... percent.. Value of hogs and piga sold percent.. Acres in corn for all purposes percent.. Acres in sorghums harvested for grain......,...,.. percent., Acres in all hay crops,.,.,...,...,..,... percent.. Average per form: L9.nd in far!lls ucrec.. Cropland harvested..., acres.. Total cropland ,......,... acres.. Total pastu:relond..., acres.. Lund irrig(;lted acres.. Value of land Bnd buildings......,,... dollars.. Cattle and calves...,..,...,., nwnber.. Cows including heifers that have calved...,... nwnber.. Hogs and pigs nwnber.. Litters farrowed, December 1, 196:3 to November JO, u nwnber.. Cattle and calves sold number.. Hogs and pigs sold ,... number.. Sheep and lambs sold number.. Value or all farm products sold..., dollart::. Cattle and calves sold dollars.. Hogs and pigs sold , dollars., Sheep and lambs sold, dollars.. Expenditures for- Feed for livestock and paul try dollars.. Purchase of livestock and poultry... dollars.. Seeds, bulbs, plants, and trees... dollars.. Fertilizer and fertilizing materials..., dollars.. Gasoline and other petroleum fuel and oil for the farm business ,... dollars.. Hired farm lo.bor dollars.. Machine hire, contract and custom work..... dollars.. Ra~ntlar hired workers persons.. Income from sources other than the farm operated., dollars.. Percent of with- Fertilizer used percent.. Trnctors other than garden Md motor tillers percent.. Incorrc from sources other them the farm operated percent.. Percent of operated by- Full owners..... percent. Part owners... percent.. Managers percent. Tenants percent. Ca5b..., : percent.. Shore cash , percent.. Crop share percent Livestock share percent.. Other ond unspecified..., percent.. 1Lesa t.han All livestock , ,122 9,8?2 3, ,125 4,? (') 2,819 67,g 88.5? Economic class of farm Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI ? 1? ? ? ? ?.? , , ,839 6?,662 44,782 30,925 18, ,5?7 27,650 14,170 7,222 3, ,095 13,710 6,077 3,286 1,9: ,761 7,221 4,210 1, , ,744 4,?44 2,411 1, ,919 6,685 2, ,542 1, ,261 1,24? , ? (') (') (') (') (') 3,213 2,43? 2,428 2,977 3,801 2,041 8? ?8.? ? ? ? ? , LS

19 L lvestock ranches-the classification "livestock ranches" was used only in the 17 Western States, Florida, Louisiana, Hawaii, and Alaska. Livestock operations of this type represent those or ranches on which the chief emphasis is placed upon the production of livestock by grazing. The classification was not used in the remaining 29 States as livestock consist almost entirely of on which livestock products are produced primarily by the feeding of crops produced on the farm or by the feeding of purchased feed. Livestock ranches comprised only 3 percent of all commercial. They.contained 31 percent of the land in commercial, 2 percent of the cropland harvested, they had 55 percent of all land used for pasture and grazing, 15 percent of all the cattle and calves, and 45 percent of the sheep and lambs. They accounted for 4 percent of the value of all farm products sold from commercial, and 40 percent of the number of sheep and lambs sold in Livestock ranches are located mainly in grazing areas of the western half of the United States. Areas of concentration include the Edwards Plateau of Texas, the Flint Hills of Kansas, the Sand Hills of Nebraska, western South Dakota, western North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and Florida. Other areas of concentration were in the grazing areas of Washington, Oregon, and California. The characteristics of the livestock ranches differ in various parts of the country. About three-fourths of the livestock ranches sold only one kind of livestock. Both cattle and sheep ranches are found in the western part of the country. Goat ranches are limited almost entirely to Texas. The livestock ranches in Florida, Louisiana, and Hawaii are cattle ranches. Livestock ranches are highly specialized. The sale of livestock and livestock products (other than dairy and poultry products) accounted for 96 percent of all farm products sold from the. Almost 90 percent of the livestock ranches are owner or manager operated. Only 1 out of 4 had regular hired workers. The 5, 900 large ranches, those with sales of all farm products of $40,000 or more, accounted for a large part of the production on livestock ranches. These large-scale ranches accounted for 64 percent of the sales of livestock and livestock products (other than dairy and poultry products), 54percentofthe cattle and calves, and 60 percent of the sheep and lambs sold from livestock ranches. The figures in the following table show some of the important characteristics of ranches of various sizes of operation. Subject All livestock ranches Economic class of farm Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI Percent distribution: Number of.. percent Land in percent. Cropland harvested...., , percent.. Total cropland..., percent.. Total pastureland percent.. Value of land and buildings percent.. Total value of all farm products sold... percent.. Value of cattle and calves sold percent.. Value of sheep and la.mbs sold per_cent.. Average per farm: Land in farm., acres.. Cropland harvested......, , acres. Total cropland acres.. Total pasture land.., , acres Value of land and buildings dollars.. Cattle and calves number.. Cows including heifers that have calved number.. Sheep and lnmbs number. Ewes 1 year old and over number.. Cattle and calves sold.., ,.number. Sheep and lambs sold number.. Value of all farm products sold, dollars.. Cattle and calves sol,d dolla.rs.. Sheep and lambs sold...,.., dollars.. Expenditures for- Feed for livestock and poultry... dollars.. Purchase of livestock and poultry dollars. Seeds, bulbs, plants, and trees dollars. Fertilizer and fertilizing materials......,.. dollars. Gasoline and other petroleum fuel and oil for the farm business., dollars.. Hired farm labor...., ,... dollars.. Machine hire, contract and custolll work dollars.. Regular hired workers....., persons.. Inoone from sources other than the farm operated..... dollars.. Percent of with- Fertilizer used percent.. Tractors other than gnrden and motor tillers..., percent.. Inco~re from sources other than the farm operated, percent.. Percent of farll\5 operated by- Full owners...,, ,... percent.. Part owners pcrct:!nt.. Managers..,, ,... percent. Tenants , ,.. percent.. Cash percent.. Share cash..., , percent. Crop share..,,....,, percent Livcstook share percent.. Othcl' and unspecified percent. 1Less than ,571 7l 207 4, , ,270 17,233 1,849 4,253 6, , , ? ? LO L '23,438 8,316 4,618 2,269 1, ,648 8,002 4,389 2,142 1, , ; , ,256 82,088 53,150 1, ?> ? ? ,409 27,79'7 14,063 7,0?5 3,545 1, ,402 20,903 10,725 5,629 2, ,71? 2,938 1, ,919 4,307 2,395 1, ,526 5,580 2,534 1, , ,520 1,530 1, ,979 3,029 1, , (') (') (') 7,383 4,067 3,72'7 4,023 4,448 2, ? 7?.6 73.L ? ? L ? ? LO L1 LO

20 General -Farms on which one source of products did not provide 50 percent or more of the total value of all farm products sold were classified as general. There were wide differences in the sources of value of farm products sold from general in various parts of the country. In some areas the sources of sales were only three or four farm products, while in other areas many farm products contributed to the sales of farm products. In the Midwest, cash grains and two or more kinds of livestock and livestock products were the principal sources of sales. In the Southern States, cotton, tobacco, peanuts, livestock, and poultry and poultry products were the principal sources of sales. The sales of all crops including vegetables, fruits and nuts, forest products, and horticultural specialties provided 67 percent of all farm products sold in 1964 on general. About 14 percent of the general had a total value of farm products sold of $20,000 or more. More than two-fifths of all general had sales of all farm products of less then $5,000. As indicated by the data in the following table the use of resources and the characteristics of general vary widely. SubJect All generol fbl'lils Economic class or ranns Closs I Closs II Class III Class IV Closs v Class VI Percent. distrlbutio:1: Number or forms percent.. All lend in fel'iiis.,..,...,,..,, percent Cropla:-td horves t.ed.,,,, percent Total cropland..,...,...,,...,...,... pereent. Value or land 8!\d buildings,,,,,,.,,,, pei'c"ent. Total value or rann pruducts sold...,... percent. Value of all ::lrops sold ,... perc ant. Value or all livestock. poultry and their p:oducts sold..... percent.. Average per fa~: La,d In fa'l'r.l5..., acres 31.8 Cropland harvested ,.,, acres 146 To'!;al cropland,...,,,,.., ,... acres.. 1'>8 Value 0~ land and buildings,,.,,,.,,,,.,.,,, , dollars. 64,341 Value of all fann products sold...,...., dol lora 12,975 Value or all ~r.)ps aol:i...,...,..,......,,...,,... dollars.. 8,695 Value or ell liveatoclt, poultry and their products sold....., dollarlll 4,266 Troetors other than garden and motor tillers nwnber.. 2 Land i l'rigated......,...,......,.... acres.. 26 Expenditures for- Seeds, bulbs, plants and trees....., ,.. dollars 31> Fertllizer ""d fertilizing materials.....,,,,...,.. dollars 965 Gasoline and other petroleum fuel and oll for farm business...,..,.,,..., ,...,. dollars Hired rarm labor dollars 1,046 ~chine hil'e, contrtlct and c>jstom work dollars Feed ror livestock nnd paul try. o.,,, o....., o...., o... dollara. 97o Purchase or lives tack and pou1 try... o...,....,.. dollars, o 846 Regular hired W")rkers.... o o..... o o o...,.. persons. (1) Income from SO.!reeS other tha""l. the raxm vpera ted1 o... o.. dollars. 2,594 Pe.reant or f'anns wi.th- Fertilizer used......, o. o..,..... o o.. percent... 80o7 Tractors o~her than garden..,. motor tillers o.., o o percent.. 90o9 Income from sourcas other than the rann operuted percent ?ercant or ranns operated oy- Full owners..., o.,, o... o..... percent. o 45o6 Part owners,,.....,. o... o,..,..... o..., o... percent. o 34.5 Mana~ers. o... o.... o.., o! penent. 0.6 Tenants, ,...,.,.., o.,... percent Cash.... o.,, o.., o... o..., o,..... percent 3.1 Shore cash. o.,... o. o...., o o.. o o.... percent. 6.1 Crop share...,.,, o.. o. pereant. 6.1 Livestock s11.areo...,.,,...,.... o... percent Other and u.""!specir led..., ,, 0, o. o o,.. o... percent lj,j ? ? JJ J H ? , ? ,1?7 113,246 68,883 43,040 29,300 19, ,250 Z7,068 14,003 7,206 3,62<) 1,283 90,064 17,096 8,032 4,249 2,J ,097 9,941 5,954 2,947 1, ) , ,2cn 2, ,540 1.} ,64a 1,870 64? , , , / 156 6,522 1, (') <'> (1) (') 3,807 2,517 2,249 2,.534 3,1?2 1, ol o o4 6') ?6o9 83.5? o loo? l.o l.o Less than

21 Miscellaneous -Detailed data by economic class of farm are not presented separately for miscellaneous. The most important group of commercial included in miscellaneous are producing nursery and greenhouse products. This group of also included a considerable number of with no value of farm products sold in 1964, and also some on which the sale of forest products, or horses and mules, or mink, or other miscellaneous livestock products were the principal farm products sold. The following table presents selected data for miscellaneous commercial by economic class. Forest products and horticultural specialtyproducts provided 78 percent of the value of all farm products sold from miscellaneous in More than 61 percent of the miscellaneous commercial had 1 or more acres of cropland harvested. However, the acreage of irrigated land in miscellaneous was equal to more than one-fourth of the acreage of cropland harvested in SubJect Totttl nll forms Total Class I Corr.mereial Other Part Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class n Part time retiren:ent Abnormal FARMS, ACRF..AGE, AND VALUE Farms.,,,,.,. number 3,157,85??8,528 5,034 Land in fnl'jti8.,.,.,.,. acres. 1,110,187,000 15,490,867 2,908,574 Aver0.r;e size of form acres ,823 6,597 8,731 10,767 42,57(, 116, , ,454,802 1,800,197 1,984,080 1,984,699 5,3:)8, ~15 7, 701 '716 5, 550,688 4,208, :: ,568.0 Lund in accordincr to use: Cropland harvested ,?01,694 47,990 4,171 acres 286,891, , ,342 1 to 9 acres ,036 30,494 1, to 19 acres ,938 6, to 29 acres ,3?8 3, to 49 a.cres ,906 3, to 99 acres ,698 2, to 199 acres,,,,..... f&i'ii'.s. 454,885 1, to 499 acres , to 999 acres , ,000 acres or more , Irrigated land in 297,387 9,626 2,111 37,056, , ,343 All farm products sold..,.,,,. 35,293,529, ,693, Average per farm.,..,... 11,176 12, ,914 Forest products and horticultural specialty products,..., ,749, ,484, ,178,083 3,635 5,002 6,586 8,106 20,490 51,647 26, , , , , , , ,75') 7,366 1,907 2,!:188 3,541 4,620 15,873 39, ,317 2,868 8,152 3, ':' , ?50 B4G 548 1, GO ,233 1,333 1,369 1,296 2,284 6,868 2, ,019 22,12? 18,992 13,749 55,248 78,074 25,495 4,263 ljo ,573,205 59,893,976 37,625,361 11,095,045 19,309,534 9, 750,325 10,439,506 27,111 13,578 6,860 3, L.l,100 91,822,2?6 61,746,036 41,829,327 26,213,376 7,695,720 11,322,013 6,622,656 7,812 '763 CHANGES IN THE NUMBER OF FARMS BY TYPE Changes in number of by type ~Because of changes in the criteria for classifying by economic class of farm and type of farm, after the census, a direct comparison of the number of by type of farm for all cannot be made for the 1950 and 1954 censuses with the 1959 and 1964 censuses. However, comparisons can be made for with a value of products sold of $2,500 or more, for in the 48 States comprising the conterminous United States. The following table presents comparative data for the conterminous United States for the number.of by type of farm for the 1950, 1954, 1959, and 1964 censuses for three value-of-farm-products-sold groups. Total, all Value of fe.nns products Cashsold commercial grain Cotton Tobacco and year fa11ms Livestock Other. Fruit Vegefieldtable other than Liv.::;- and Poultry Dairy Miscel- General crop nut poultry, stock lenous dairy, and ranches livestock ranches All cornmerical ,162, , , , ,412, , , ,057 34,457 22,787 56,567 81, , , ,930 78,227 37,435 21,551 60, , , ,544 66, ' ,974 Fanns with a value of farm products sold of- $2,500 or more ,815, ' , ,593 30,710 16,981 49,616 76, ' ,618 53,(,66 175,065 35, ,064, , , ,298 31,700 17,221 55,t~?o 94 J , ' , ' , ,101, , ,000 (1) 1182,927 19,709 59,248 97, J 607 (2) 2238' , ,087, , ,837 (') 1169, ,691 93' ' ,425 (') 2293,382 25,897 $2,500 to $4, ,192 77' ,700 49,989 4,800 4,379 10,725 7,902 59,2?6 109,235 16,700 ~9, , ,819 92,160 67,058 73,166 6,481 4,430 12,927 17,640 97,315!56,638 19,027 61,134 8, , , ,163 (') 1114,222 6,384!6,876 27, ' ,072 n , ,815 91,377 (1) 1114,317 9, J , !76,580 (2) 2138' 940 9,131 $5,000 to $9, : ' ,828 45,969 5,890 3,648 11,6:38 11, ,425 l3,888 53,488 8, , ' 559 3?,961 46,357 7,640 4,090 14,:357 22, ,963 1(10, J , , ,337 47,013 (l) 147,706 5,094 16, l5t>, 50(1 152,L..l3 (2) 287,301 5, , ' ,972 (1) 13' ,743 15,491 28,L,27 153' ,087 (2) 2uo,854 6,59? $10,000 or more , ' ,635 20,020 8,954 27,253 56, o, , , , lj, ,579 8, , , , ,568 lj, ' ,592 40,824 (1) 120,999 8, ,691 87' ,122 <') 2 53,357 10, ,382 87,865 38,488 (l) 117' 918 7,932 16,271 :31,179 7l J ,758 (2) ~ 1In 1954 and 1950, tobacco were included with other field crop. 2In 1954 and 1950, livestock ranches were included with livestock other than poultry and dairy. 977

22 Changes in the 15-year period 1950 to 1964 had different impacts upon the several types and sizes of. Improved techniques to increase yields and to decrease labor requirements in farming have varied in their adaptability to different crop and livestock enterprises and to different sizes of. Differential rates of progress have occurred in the invention and putting into actual use farm machinery to mechanize completely the production of major cash crops and major types of livestock and poultry. Mechanization has been more feasible for farm operators on larger units and for those with agricultural land in larger tracts. Moreover, the high capital requirements and the financial and credit positions of farm operators have been important factors influencing the rate ofmechanization, the adoption of new and improved practices, and the use of purchased inputs. Some crops have been benefited more than others by the development of improved or new varieties. Changes in transportation cost, in the relative increase in population in various areas, in the relative demand for various farm products, in government programs, in farm managerial requirements, in the improvement in the management of, and other factors have influenced significantly the number of by type and by value of farm products sold. In the last 15 years, commercial have become fewer, but they are much larger whether size is measured in terms of value of farm products sold, acres of cropland, or acres of land in the farm. The larger have become more numerous and there are fewer small. However, there continues to exist a large number of small, with low production, low utilization of resources, low levels of gross income from farm operations and without recent changes in enterprise combinations, production practices, land use, use of new technology, management, or without any more land, livestock, machinery, fertilizer, or other capital items per farm than 15 years ago. Changing conditions have had their effect upon types of farming, the kinds of farm products produced, the number of producers, and the combination of farm enterprises. Data indicate that most major farmproducts are now produced by fewer and by a small proportion of the. The need for efficient use of machinery and other capital equipment has brought about greater farm specialization. Increased investments in farm machinery and in improved housing and facilities for livestock and poultry have required increases in the size of livestock farm enterprises. To utilize new technology satisfactorily many farmers have found it necessary to concentrate on one or a few enterprises rather than several. The number of commercial with a value of farm products sold of $2,500 or more varied less than 2 percent for the census years 1950 to However, the number in 1964 was 12 percent less than the number in 1959 and 14 percent less 'than the number in The decrease of 273,000 in the number of commercial from 1950 to 1964, resulted largely from a decline of 58,000 in the number of cotton, 17,000 in the number of poultry, 56,000 in the number of dairy, 55,000 in the number of livestock other than poultry and dairy, and 118,000 in the number of general. The decrease in the number of these five types of was partially offset by an increase of 43,000 in the number of cashgrain. The decrease in the number of cotton, poultry, and dairy reflects to a large extent farm operators quitting these types of farming. The decline in the number of livestock other than poultry and dairy, and ~n the number of general, reflects, in part, shift of producing livestock to the production of cash grains, as well as the decline in the number of farm operators engaged in farming. Type of farm Number of all commercial All commercial with sales of all farm products of $2, 500 and more Total, conunercial ,162,678 2,412,917 1,815, ,064,444 2,101,871 2,087,895 Cash g-rain.,, ,,,.,....,. Tobacco Cot ton fai'ills Other field crop , , ,076 34, , ,509 1~0, ' , ,241 37,435 30, ' , , ' 298 (1) (') 158, , ,837 31, , J 551 Vegetable farrns Fruit and.out fa1"jll Poultry fa TinS o o o o o o o o Dairy.. o o o o o o o o 22,787 56,567 81, ,839 21,551 16,981 60,709 49, ,046 76, , ,124 17,221 19,709 23' ,470 59,248 50,691 94,154 97,878 93' , , ' 129 Livestock other than poultry, dairy and livestock ranches. Li v.;:s toe K ranches o o o General... o o o Miscellaneous fanns.... o.'. o o o. o o o o 514,149 66, ,930 78, ,541t 416,618 66,979 53, , ,065 36, ' ' , ,425 60,544 (') (') 185' , ,382 30,645 22,964 25,897 1In 1954 a:~.d 1950, tobacco farm.; w~re included with other field crop. 2In 1954 and 1950, livestock ranches were included with livestock other than poultry and dairy. The number of commercial with a value of farm products sold of $2,500 to $4,999 decreased 439,000, almost 50 percent from 1950 to The number of of every type except miscellaneous, in 1964, was at least 29 percent less than in The largest proportion of decline from 1950 to 1964 occurred in the number of poultry, dairy, and general. Commercial with a value of farrri products sold of $5,000 to $9,999 declined 217,000 or 30 percent from 1950 to Except for other field crop, including tobacco and miscellaneous, the number of of each type was less in 1964 than in The decrease of 50,000 in the number of dairy, 65,000 in the number of livestock other than poultry and dairy, and 57,000 in the number of general accounted for four-fifths of the 217,000 decrease in the number of commercial from 1950 to There were 383,000 or 79 percent more commercial with a value of farm products sold of $10,000 or more in 1964 than in There were more with a value of farm products sold of $10,000 or more in 1964 than in 1950 for each type of farm. The number of with a value of farm products sold of $10,000 or more in 1964 exceeded the number in1959 by 97,