Traits and technologies to design crop breeding systems for climate change

Transcription

1 Genotype Breeding method Spectral signature Phenotype (yield) Environment Stress pattern Traits and technologies to design crop breeding systems for climate change SC Chapman1, MF Dreccer1, K Chenu2, D Jordan2, G McLean2, GL Hammer3, M Bourgault1, S Milroy1, JA PaltaPaz1, KB Wockner1, B Zheng1 1CSIRO, 2DEEDI3, The University of Queensland, Australia

2 Background and Outline Improved varieties are a management-level adaptation Shorter seasons to offset enhanced CO 2? Other challenges: poor crop establishment (rainfall variability) lower rainfall catastrophic heat effects on grain set and quality Current varieties are likely to differ in their response Outline 1. Plant breeding why act now? 2. Technologies to phenotype adaptive traits 3. Evaluating breeding strategies

3 1. Plant breeding: Why act now?

4 1. Plant breeding - why act now? TIME and COMPLEXITY 5-15 years to breed a wheat variety 2050 is only 2 to 8 cycles of breeding from TODAY Breeders screen 1000s of lines; phenotypic data is expensive 2 traits, 5 genes = 3 10 genotypes more realistically, breeders consider ca genotypes. (There are about to grains of sand on the planet ) The environment during the selection process may be different to that for the commercial life of the variety

5 1. Plant breeding - why act now? Different traits for different target environments Wheat (20 Mt/year) across summer and winter rainfall regions; Sorghum (3 Mt/year) in summer rainfall regions Summer dominant Winter dominant Adaptation is a season-long characteristic Large interaction of G x E x M for yield How will this change in the future? What traits can help us improve yield? Where do we find them?

6 1. Plant breeding - why act now? Adaptive traits for elevated CO 2 and temperature H 2 O CO 2 Photosynthesis Development avoiding high temp at flowering Faster crop development (earlier maturing) Leaf growth and tillering Faster appearance of more tillers Trade-off for water use Biomass accumulation Lower stomatal conductance, higher photosynthetic rates, higher transpiration efficiency, lower N requirement? Partitioning/yield components Higher carbohydrate storage in stems Grain number and potential size High temperature tolerance for pollen germination and grain set NCCARF Response June of Wheat 2010Traits to Elevated and technologies CO2 to design crop breeding systems for climate change

7 2. Technologies to phenotype adaptive traits

8 2. Technologies to phenotype adaptive traits Crop reflectance to estimate stem carbohydrate Spectral signatures Stem WSC for grain filling High stem carbohydrates provide resource for grain filling under stress Rapid, remote identification of new parents and offspring with better drought tolerance

9 2. Technologies to phenotype adaptive traits Infrared temperature - Cool or Hot genotypes During photosynthesis, plants open their stomata and lose water cool genotypes maintain water supply under good conditions hot genotypes saving water under heat/drought conditions? Which genotype do we need and where?

10 3. Evaluating breeding strategies

11 Diversity Breeding Method Genotype Environment type + Gene Mapping and analysis Phenotype A Modern Breeding Program Informatics System

12 3. Evaluating breeding strategies Simulating breeding programs as landscapes Simulate Genotype x Environment x Trait x Management interactions Determine WHICH search strategies (breeding programs) are robust to complexity (including climate change) and efficiently find the best genotypes

13 3. Evaluating breeding strategies Crop Adaptation G*M*E Adjust genotype (G) and management system (M) to combination most suited to particular environment (E) Manipulation of G*M achieved by integrated approach to crop improvement Molecular technologies and systems modelling combined to support plant breeding and crop agronomy In a climate-change context Hammer, G.L. and Jordan, J. (2007) An integrated systems approach to crop improvement. In, G. van Laar (ed.) Gene-Plant-Crop Relations: Scale and Complexity in Plant Systems Research. Frontis Series. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

14 Summary: Traits and technologies to design crop breeding systems for climate change Outline Breeding takes time. No matter what. Measure value of traits for adaptation to CC Validate high-throughput screening tools Source novel traits and genes in new germplasm Design efficient GxExTxM breeding strategies Germplasm Screening New sources Modelling breeding strategies Genetics & Genomics Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Candidate genes 1. Plant breeding why act now? 2. Technologies to phenotype adaptive traits 3. Evaluating breeding strategies Physiology of Adaptation Phenotyping methods

15 Traits and technologies to design crop breeding systems for climate change Breeding takes time. No matter what. SC Chapman1, MF Dreccer1, K Chenu2, D Jordan2, G McLean2, GL Hammer3, M Bourgault1, S Milroy1, JA Palta-Paz1, KB Wockner1, B Zheng1 1CSIRO Plant Industry/Climate Adaptation Flagship, Australia 2DEEDI, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Australia 3School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia Germplasm Screening New sources Modelling breeding strategies Genetics & Genomics Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Candidate genes Physiology of Adaptation Phenotyping methods

16 End

17 Summary of current research National assessment for wheat and sorghum traits Reference simulations identify reference locations/conditions Simulation of trait options (now and in 2012) Genetics deployment of existing traits for high temperature conditions in wheat and sorghum Phenological flowering time Morphological TE, vigour, tillering Adaptations allocation to yield and tolerance to heat shock Genetics variation in response to CO2 and temperature Screening in controlled environments Field modules being built in WA (CO2+temp) and QLD (temp) Designing breeding strategies identifying superior combinations of useful genetic regions and re -packaging these into new varieties

18 Grain filling Photo -synthesis WSC Traits and technologies to design crop breeding systems for climate change Breeding takes time. However, genetic control of traits is simpler and more heritable than yield Germplasm resources to study response to high CO2 and high temperature and identify useful traits Non-invasive phenotyping methods being devised for specific traits relevant to heat stress and CO 2 Simulation of phenotypes and plant breeding programs can develop improved, integrated strategies Outline 1. Plant breeding why act now? 2. Technologies to phenotype adaptive traits 3. Evaluating breeding strategies AIM: identifying superior combinations of useful genetic regions and re-packaging these into new varieties in new cropping systems for climate change environments

19 Tractor Genetics and Breeding 101 Genotype Blueprint consisting of words/diagrams ( genes ) Phenotype value of performance (a trait ), e.g. utility in muddy conditions Genotype x Environment interaction Where two genotypes (tractors) have a different phenotype (performance) in different environments e.g. one tractor is good in mud, another is not What breeders do: Combine parts of tractors (parents) to create better offspring Molecular genetics helps us read the blueprints Phenotyping (breeding trials) evaluate performance

20 3. Evaluating breeding strategies Climate comparison in QLD current vs 2050H - wheat yields over a 100 year record Shows consistent decrease in yield by ca. 1 t/ha Currently evaluating effects of different traits on this yield difference

21 3. Evaluating breeding strategies Comparing optimised selection against phenotypic selection in sorghum over 50 years of breeding Yield (kg \ha) Phenotypic (yield) selection Marker selection Trait + marker selection Cycle of selection Physiological model captures interactions of genes affecting traits and yield in different environments and management Breeding model captures alternative methods Optimised design of breeding strategy