Annex 2: Assess the efficiency rates in function of environmental and climatic conditions and agricultural practices

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1 Annex 2: Assess the efficiency rates in function of environmental and climatic conditions and agricultural practices This annex supplements annex 1 by considering the various environmental and climatic conditions and agricultural practices in EU 27 and specific regions within MS. The methodology for obtaining information was as follows: Member States (MS) were contacted and asked to complete a questionnaire, to indicate the information required, a completed questionnaire was attached with the answers from one MS entered in blue. No responses have been received from: the Czech Republic and Malta. In the text below the questions are given in italics with the MS response in regular font. Please note that the response might not be aligned with the legal regulation of that particular MS. In those cases in the main report the legal text was considered for the analysis. Within Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) countries have to take measures to reduce nitrate leaching, including balanced N fertilization. Do you take into account in your Action Programme the efficiency with which manure-n is taken up by crops (referred to as 'manure-n efficiency'). If the answer is yes, please respond to the questions below. If you do not take manure-n efficiency into account in your Action Program, how do you value manure- N in the application standards in systems of balanced N fertilization? This could be by providing estimates of the amounts of N in manure that are available to crops (available-n) or the fertilizer-n replacement value (NFRV) of manures. Which factors do you take into account in the estimation of available-n or the NFRV? Below is a list of possible factors; there may be other factors that could be used. If you use other factors, please list them in your reply. Soil type Yes: Austria; Finland; Great Britain; Greece; Hungary; Ireland [Not explicit. Based on regional differences categorised by generalised assumptions regarding pollution risk based on soil and climatic factors]; Italy; Latvia [Not explicit, soil data is used for fertilizer planning]; the Netherlands; Poland; Romania [on a site-specific basis]; Spain; Sweden. No: Belgium (Flanders); Belgium (Wallonia); Cyprus; Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Luxemburg; Slovenia. The major reason why MS have taken account of soil type in their estimates of manure-n efficiency is to account for the greater leaching losses from sandy soils of available-n following application of manures in late summer or autumn. In the case of Spain soil type is taken into account to estimate the efficiency of irrigation. In many MS no allowance is made for soil type because autumn applications of manure are not permitted. For example, this is the case for Belgium (Flanders). Crop/rotation type, e.g. tillage land/grassland, autumn-sown/spring-sown crops, Season of application, Manure type (liquid/solid and livestock type) Yes: Austria; Cyprus [Orchard crops and vegetables]; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Great Britain; Greece [According to whether irrigated or not]; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxemburg; Poland; Romania; Sweden. 1

2 No: Belgium (Flanders); Belgium (Wallonia); Hungary; Ireland; Lithuania; the Netherlands; Slovenia; Spain. The most usual distinction is between arable and grassland. Time of application Yes: Belgium (Wallonia); Estonia; Germany; Great Britain; Finland; Hungary; Italy; Latvia [for fertilizer planning]; Lithuania; Luxemburg; Poland; Romania [autumn and spring]; Sweden. No: Austria; Belgium (Flanders); Denmark; Greece; Ireland; the Netherlands; Slovenia; Spain. Where autumn application of manures is allowed there is usually differentiation between the efficiency of manures applied in autumn and those applied in spring. Where different values are given there is evidence of differences among MS related to climate. For example, in Poland manures applied in spring are regarded as being only a little more effective than manures applied in autumn. This is likely to be due to the cold and dry winters in that MS leading to only moderate amounts of leaching over winter. In contrast in GB, where winters tend not be cold and drainage takes place throughout the winter, the proportions of slurry-n available for crop growth increase from 20/25% when applied in autumn to 30/45% when applied in spring. Countries which make a distinction according to time of application usually do so only for slurries and poultry manure and not for litter-based farmyard manure (FYM). Weather (e.g. temperature, rainfall) Yes, Cyprus [prohibited when land is flooded, frozen, snow covered and in periods of heavy rain]; Estonia; Germany; Finland [Not applied to water saturated, frozen or snow covered soil]; Ireland [Not explicit. Based on regional differences categorised by generalised assumptions regarding pollution risk based on soil and climatic factors]; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxemburg; Romania; Sweden. No: Austria; Belgium (Flanders); Belgium (Wallonia); Denmark; Great Britain; Greece; France; Hungary; Italy; the Netherlands; Poland; Slovenia; Spain. In practice few countries make any allowance for differences in manure-n efficiency based on weather events. Differences in manure-n efficiency between autumn and spring applications arise from the greater losses by leaching from autumn applications. Application is not allowed when the soil is flooded, frozen or snow covered. Manure application method (do you consider only broadcast application to the surface or do you take account of incorporation to reduce surface run-off or reduced-nh 3 emission spreading techniques) Yes: Cyprus; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Germany; Greece; Italy; Romania; Sweden. No: Austria; Belgium (Flanders); Belgium (Wallonia); France; Great Britain; Hungary; Ireland; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxemburg; the Netherlands; Poland; Slovenia; Spain. 2

3 Table 1. Summary of responses by MS of factors taken into account in the estimation of the proportion of manure-n available for crop uptake. MS Soil type Crop type Time of Climate Method of Manure Long-term availability Application Application type AT Yes Yes No No No Yes No BE (Flan) No 1 No 1 No No No 2 Yes No BE (Wall) No Yes 3 No No Yes 4 Yes No BG Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes CY No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No CZ DK No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes EE No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes FI Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No FR No Yes No No No Yes No DE No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No GR Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No HU Yes No Yes No No Yes No IE Yes No No Yes No Yes No IT Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No LT Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No LV No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No LU No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No MT NL Yes No No No No Yes Yes PL Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No PT No No No No No Yes No RO Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No SK No No No No No Yes Yes SI No No No No No Yes No ES Yes No No No No No No SE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes GB Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No GB NI No No Yes No Yes Yes No 1 Since it is no longer permitted to apply manures in the autumn. 2 Since all allowed application methods are reduced emission techniques. 3 Arable and grassland. 4 Slurries and liquid manures only What are the standard compositions named in the AP for the following: o Manure-N concentrations (kg/t fresh weight) Yes: Austria; Belgium (Flanders); Belgium (Wallonia); Denmark; Estonia [dry matter content]; Germany; Finland; France; Great Britain; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Ireland; Latvia [available from Ministry website]; Lithuania; Luxemburg; the Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Sweden; Slovenia. No: Cyprus; Spain. Nearly all countries differentiate among livestock types, although some MS report manure-n concentrations for a large number of livestock classes (e.g. Sweden) others report very few. o Proportions of organic/ min N in each manure type (% of total-n) Yes: Austria; Belgium (Wallonia); Great Britain; Greece; Hungary; the Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Spain (indirectly). No: Belgium (Flanders); Cyprus; Denmark; Estonia; Germany; Finland; France; Ireland; Italy; Lithuania; Luxemburg; Slovenia; Sweden. In general litter-based cattle, pig and sheep manures have the smallest proportions of crop available N, typically 5-10% of total-n. Some countries report the proportion of N in pig slurry is greater than that of cattle slurry, the proportions are typically 40-60% of total-n. An exception is Sweden which reports only 15-30% of slurry is available for crop uptake. Most countries attribute similar proportions of N as crop available for poultry manure as for slurry. Sweden is an exception in this as well regarding % of poultry manure-n as being available in the year of application. 3

4 Table 2 below summarises the information available on national estimates of the proportion of manure-n available to crops in the season of application. Table 2. Summary of MS estimates of available N in manure.% of total-n MS Cattle Pigs Layer Broiler Sheep Slurry Solid Slurry Solid Slurry Solid AT 50 5/ / NR BE (Flan) BE (Wall) NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR BG NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR CY NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR CZ DK EE FI NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR FR Low C:N High C:N Low C:N High C:N Low C:N Low C:N Low C:N High C:N DE NR GR HU NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR IE NR IT NR LT NR LV LU NR NR MT NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NL / NR PL PT RO NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR SK NR SI NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR ES NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR SE NR 48 47/57 38 GB 8 20/ /55 10 NR 8 25/ 8 25/ 10 GB NI % for deep litter. 2 Availabilites are presented as a matrix according to soil type and time of application. 3 First year only. Total over 3 years = 70%. 4 There are no figures available to indicate how manure-n uptake is changed by these factors as the calculations are performed using actual soil and climate conditions for all the soil polygons included in NVZs. 5 Different values are used in different regions. 6 Depending on class of animal. 7 Deep litter/other. 8 autumn/spring application on medium to heavy soils. Values are smaller for sandy soils. o Manure-P concentrations (kg P 2 O 5 /t fresh weight) Yes: Austria; Belgium (Flanders); Estonia; Finland; France; Great Britain; Ireland; Lithuania; Luxemburg; Poland; Slovenia; Sweden. No: Belgium (Wallonia); Cyprus; Denmark; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; the Netherlands; Romania. What are the reduced-nh 3 techniques used (reduced compared with emission following broadcast spreading) Yes: Austria; Belgium (Flanders); Denmark; Germany; Finland; France; Hungary; Lithuania; the Netherlands; Poland; Sweden. No: Belgium (Wallonia); Cyprus; Great Britain; Greece; Ireland; Italy; Luxemburg; Romania; Slovenia; Spain. 4

5 Table 3. Reduced-NH 3 manure application method MS AT None BE (Flan) Manure must be applied via methods which reduce emissions. Direct incorporation, trailing hose or on bare land surface application but incorporation within 2 h BE (Wall) Only for slurries and liquid manures. These must be incorporated to the soil during the 24 hours after application on soil uncovered by vegetation BG None CY Application must be followed by incorporation into the soil CZ DK Broadcast spreading of liquid manures is not permitted. All manure (solid or liquid) applied to bare soil, must be incorporated within 6 hours. Application to crop must be by trailing hose or injection EE Not required but in fields without vegetation manure must be incorporated into the soil within 48 hours after spreading FI Organic fertilizer applied in the autumn must always be incorporated within 24 hours at the latest, preferably immediately, or the field must be ploughed FR IPPC farms are obliged to incorporate manure into the soil within a maximum period of 24 h or 12h depending on the kind of manure DE Slurry, liquid manure or poultry manure applied to bare land must be mixed into the soil immediately GR Liquid Manure has to be directly incorporated in soil within 12 h HU There are no requirements or recommendations to use reduced NH 3 spreading techniques in the AP. There is an obligation for the incorporation of manures after application. IE None IT Incorporation LT There are no requirements or recommendations to used reduced NH 3 spreading techniques in the Regulations. LV No account is taken of incorporation to reduce surface run-off or reduced-nh 3 emission spreading techniques in the AP LU None MT NL All slurries have to be applied with a reduced NH 3 technique. The N efficiency factors are based on reduced NH 3 techniques PL Organic manures must be covered or mixed with soil by means of tillage not later than next day after their use. Slurry and liquid manure must be introduced directly into the soil or applied using overflow tubes (hoses). Splash plate can be used only on grassland and permanent crops PT Injection or low pressure method RO No specific techniques for reducing NH 3 emissions are required. As a general rule manure need to be incorporated in soil in 24 hours after application SK None SI None ES Some AP encourage the application of slurry by trailing hoses and injectors to reduce water pollution SE Livestock manure applied to bare soil in the counties of Blekinge, Skåne and Halland must be incorporated within four hours GB Detailed tables are provided in the fertilizer recommendations booklet RB209 of the impacts of incorporation to reduce surface run-off or reduced-nh 3 emission spreading techniques on manure- N uptake GB NI Application of slurry by splash plate is allowed. However, for grasslands the high manure N availability for cattle slurry specified in the NI-AP includes N voided by grazing livestock and which can exceed 50% of the annual manure production. The evidence is that manure N availability for grazing livestock is low (<10%) so that to achieve a whole farm manure N availability on cattle farms of 40% will require the use of low emission spreading techniques such as TS. What application/incorporation techniques are used to reduce run-off? Yes, Austria; Belgium (Flanders); Belgium (Wallonia); Cyprus [prohibited to sloping soils during periods of intense rainfall and when the soil is flooded]; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Germany; Greece; Great Britain; Hungary; Italy; Lithuania; Luxemburg; Poland; Romania; Spain; Sweden. No: Estonia; France [Only required for IPPC farms]; Ireland; the Netherlands; Slovenia. Most MS require manures to be incorporated within a stated time frame. These range from 6 h, e.g. Denmark, to 48 h (Lux). The method of incorporation is not usually stipulated. 5

6 Long-term impact Yes: The Netherlands; Slovakia; Sweden; No: Austria; Belgium (Flanders); Cyprus; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Great Britain; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Luxemburg; the Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Slovenia. Few MS take explicit account of the availability of manure-n for crop uptake beyond the first season after application. The allowance made by the Slovak Republic, 20% of manure-n in the second year after application for all manure types is particularly large. The Netherlands estimates that 20-25% of slurry-n and 30% of solid manure-n may become available in years 2-6 after application Is any account taken of manure management / treatment? Yes: Cyprus; Denmark; Great Britain; Hungary; Ireland [Limited to individual cases]; Italy; Lithuania; the Netherlands; Poland; Romania [housing and storage type]. No: Austria; Belgium (Flanders); Belgium (Wallonia); Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Luxemburg; Slovenia; Sweden. Do you advise any manure treatments or management strategies to increase manure-n efficiency. If the answer is yes please name the treatment or strategy? Yes: Bulgaria; Denmark; Greece; Luxemburg; Netherlands; Poland; Spain. No: Austria; Belgium (Flanders); Belgium (Wallonia); Cyprus; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Ireland [Limited to individual cases]; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Portugal; Romania; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Sweden; UK; UK (Northern Ireland). What is the basis of your factors: field measurements; model outputs. 6

7 Table 4. Replies to question on the basis of the manure N factors MS AT Field measurements, model output and expert discussion BE (Flan) Field studies and incubation in laboratories BE (Wall) Field measurements BG The factors cited have been derived from field experiments and measurement CY International literature and laboratory measurements, not local field measurements or model output CZ DK The factors cited have been derived from field studies synthesised by modelling EE Several long term field studies FI Not provided by the MS FR Literature review and expert consensus DE Field studies GR Literature review and field studies HU Field measurements and data from literature IE Research findings IT Mostly field measurements LT Field measurements and model outputs LV Nitrogen balance principle is implemented in accordance with Fertilization plan LU N availability of organic manure has been derived from German, Belgian and French literature MT NL The NFRV is based on a combination of results of field experiments, in which the N yield of manure is compared with N fertilizer, and modelling, in which the availability of mineral N and organic N is estimated PL Field experimental data PT Not known RO Model output (ROIMPEL) based on long-time field trials in different pedo-climatic areas of Romania SK No local data, literature values from comparable countries SI No local data, literature values from comparable countries ES Literature review and the results of local studies SE GB GB NI Analysis of manure for ammonium nitrate content Field studies synthesised in the MANNER model which estimates losses of N to the environment following application of manure to land and the amounts of N remaining in the soil for uptake by crops Field trials undertaken over many years Are any publications or documents available reporting the basis for manure-n efficiency? Yes: Austria; Belgium (Flanders); Belgium (Wallonia); Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Greece; Great Britain Hungary; Latvia; Lithuania; the Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Spain; Sweden. No: Cyprus; Finland; Ireland; Italy; Slovenia. 7