Table of Contents List of Tables... vi List of Figures... viii Abbreviations... 1 Executive summary Introduction... 10

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2 Table of Contents List of Tables... vi List of Figures... viii Abbreviations... 1 Executive summary Introduction The SeFaMaCo Model Landscape Analysis SeFaMaCo Landscape Analysis of sweet potato and banana value chains in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda Methodology Targeted sites for Landscape Analysis Sweet potato SeFaMaCo landscape analysis in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda- Key findings Commercial viability of seed systems of Sweet potato Breeding efforts in improving sweet potato seed systems Farmer access to improved seeds and efficiency of seed distribution systems Characterization of the seed distribution systems Seed production site mapping Capacity of current seed systems to respond to commercialization Sweet potato seed demand analysis Seed enterprise profitability analysis Seed pricing and drivers Constraints in sweet potato seed systems Recommended areas of action on improving sweet potato seed systems Sweet potato production and Post-harvest analysis Production trends Production site mapping Production systems and cropping calendar i P a g e

3 3.2.4 Sweet potato production cost and benefits analysis Profitability analysis of sweet potato production Comparative gross margin analyses of sweet potato and other crops Post-harvest handling issues for sweet potato Harvesting Storage Handling, packaging and transportation Constraints on farm-level production and post-harvest management Recommended areas of action on improving sweet potato production and post-harvest management Marketing analysis Marketing patterns and channels Markets location Market size and volumes Sweet potato pricing Marketing seasonality mapping Marketing costs and drivers Market profit share analysis in the sweet potato value chain Constraints in sweet potato marketing Recommended areas of action on improving sweet potato marketing Consumer and nutrition analysis Consumption trends in sweet potato Sweet Potato value added products and consumption analysis Food and nutrition security gaps and contribution of sweet potato Contribution of Sweet potato to address nutrition gaps ii P a g e

4 Development of sweet potato nutrition products Constraints in sweet potato in consumption and nutrition contribution Recommended areas of action for increasing sweet potato production consumption for enhanced nutrition Gender considerations along sweet potato value chain Sweet potato policy issues Banana SeFaMaCo landscape analysis in Tanzania and Uganda: Key findings Commercial viability of seed systems for banana production Breeding efforts in improving banana seed systems Farmer access to improved seeds and efficiency of seed distribution systems Characterization of seed distribution channels Seed production mapping Capacity of current banana seed systems to respond to commercialization Banana seed demand analysis Seed enterprise profitability analysis-a case of Tanzania Seed pricing and Seed market drivers Constraints in the banana seed systems Recommended areas of action on improving banana seed systems Banana production and post-harvest analysis Banana production trends Production systems and cropping calendar Production sites mapping Banana production costs and benefits analysis Profitability analysis of banana production Comparative gross margin analyses of banana and other crops Post-harvest issues in banana production iii P a g e

5 4.2.6 Constraints in banana production and post-harvest management : Recommended areas of action on improving banana seed production and post-harvest management Marketing Analysis Marketing patterns and channels Markets locations Banana demand analysis Marketing size and volumes Estimating banana marketed volumes: Case study of selected markets Banana pricing Marketing seasonality of banana supply Marketing costs and drivers Market profit share analysis in the banana value chain Constraints in banana marketing Recommended areas of action on improving banana marketing Consumer and Nutrition Analysis Banana consumption patterns and trends Banana value added products analysis Food and nutrition security gaps and contribution of banana a) Nutrition interventions on sweet potatoes Establish school feeding programmes and school gardens Establish baseline information of OFSP adoption and impacts in different communities. 113 Introduce and promote improved processing technologies b) Nutrition interventions on bananas Introduction of banana varieties rich in vitamin A Improve processing and utilization of bananas and their products iv P a g e

6 Dietary diversification Constraints in banana consumption and nutrition : Recommended areas of action on enhancing banana consumption and contribution to nutrition Gender consideration in the banana value chain Banana Policy issues Private Sector Consultation and Expert Validation Private sector consultative forum- Key highlights Sweet potato value chain challenges and opportunities Preferred varieties of sweet potato in Uganda and Tanzania Key highlights on challenges and opportunities for sweet potato traders and processors Banana value chain challenges and opportunities Preferred varieties of banana in Uganda and Tanzania Key highlights on challenges and opportunities for banana traders and processors Strategic Partnership Consultative Forum with development partners Strategic Partnership Consultative Forum - Key highlights Summary from Banana value chain working group Summary from Sweet potato value chain working group AFMA Network Conclusion and way forward References Appendix Annex 1: List of External Technical Experts Advisory for Model (TEAM) involved in Desk review Annex 2: SeFaMaCo Technical Advisory Expert for Model (TEAM) Annex 3: List of Focus Group Discussions (FGD) Annex 4: List of sweet potato related initiatives in Tanzania Annex 5: List of sweet potato related initiatives in Uganda Annex 6: List of sweet potato related initiatives in Ethiopia v P a g e

7 List of Tables Table 1: Sweet potato varieties released in Tanzania, Table 2 Sweet potato varieties released in Uganda Table 3: Sweet potato varieties released in Ethiopia Table 4: Identified commercial vine producers in Sidama and Wolaita zones Table 5: Summary of costs and benefits for a combined seed and root enterprise, Kitange, Gairo, Morogoro Table 6: Sweet potato seed enterprise analysis Kibedya, Gairo, Morogoro, Eastern zone Table 7: Sweet potato seed enterprise analysis- The case of Imaramuhabi farmers group Table 8: Seed enterprise gross margin analysis- The case of Soroti sweet potato farmers association, Soroti Uganda Table 9: Gross margin analysis of seed (vine) and roots production per hectare in Ethiopia Table 10: Prices of vines per bag (2013?) Table 11: Summary of seed system constraints Table 12: Sweet potato production trends in major growing regions of Tanzania, Table 13: Sweet potato cultivars grown in different regions in Tanzania Table 14 : Sweet potato cultivars grown in different regions in Uganda Table 15: Sweet potato cultivars grown in different regions in Ethiopia Table 16: Gross margin for sweet potato production per acre*, Mtumbatu Gairo, Tanzania Table 17: Sweet potato enterprise profitability per hectare in Uganda Table 18: Gross margin analysis on sweet potato production per acre, Soroti Table 19: Gross margin analysis of sweet potato production in Ethiopia (in Birr/per ha) Table 20: Gross margin of Cassava per acre in Sengerema, Lake Zone Table 21: Comparative analysis of enterprise gross margins (USh/hectare) Table 22: Summary of production and post-harvest management constraints Table 23: Case study of Madibo Garment Market, Dar-es-Salaam vi P a g e

8 Table 24: Case study of Owino Market, Kampala Table 25: Summary of volumes of sweet potato marketed through various markets Table 26: Prices of sweet potatoes per bag (Tsh) Table 27: Prices of sweet potatoes per bag Table 28: Cost drivers for sweet potato whole marketing at Madibo Garmet Market, Dar-es-Salaam Table 29: Costs and Gross Margins in the Sweet potatoes Value Chain (A case of Morogoro) Table 30: Costs and Gross Margins in the Sweet potatoes Value Chain in Uganda Table 31 : Gross Margins in the Sweet potatoes Value Chain in Ethiopia Table 32: Summary of constraints in sweet potato marketing Table 33: Processed sweet potato products in Tanzania Table 34: Processed sweet potato products in Uganda Table 35: Summary of constraints in sweet potato consumption and nutrition Table 36: Banana sucker cost benefit analysis (1 acre) in Bukoba, Mwanza Table 37: Description of banana production zones in Tanzania Table 38: Banana harvesting seasons per zone Table 39: Cost and benefit analysis of banana production (per acre) in various regions of Tanzania. 90 Table 40: Summary of constraints on banana production and post-harvest management Table 41. Characteristics of demand of bananas by zone Table 42: Overview of banana marketing at Mabibo Urafiki Market, Dar-es-Salaam Table 43: Overview of banana marketing at Soko Kuu market, Bukoba region Table 44: Seasonality in the supply of banana from different regions Table 45: Seasonality in the supply of banana from different regions Table 46: Marketing cost drivers analysis delivered fromtukuyu, Mbeya Table 47a: Marketing costs and drivers for banana in Uganda (Peak) vii P a g e

9 Table 47b: Marketing costs and drivers for banana in Uganda ( Off Peak) Table 48: Common banana cultivars and utilization Table 49: Banana cultivars utilization in Uganda Table 50: Banana processed products in Tanzania Table 51: Banana processed products in Uganda Table 52: The key highlights from experiences of sweet potato traders (wholesalers/retailers) Table 53: The key highlights from experiences of sweet potato processors Table 54: The key highlights from experiences of banana traders (wholesalers/retailers) Table 55: The key highlights from experiences of banana processors Table 56: Proposed project sites Table 57:Target farmers per site List of Figures Figure 1: SeFaMaCo Model Process Map Figure 2: The three tier sweet potato seed system in Tanzania Figure 3: A flow diagram showing movement of landraces and improved varieties in the northern informal sweet potato seed system Figure 4: Sweet potato seed system in Ethiopia Figure 5: A map of the locations and types of vine multipliers of released varieties and the main road network, towns and cities in Uganda Figure 6: Map of the SNNP, Ethiopia Figure 7: Production area of sweet potato (ha) in Tanzania Figure 8: Production of sweet potato in Tanzania Figure 9: Acreage of sweet potato production in Uganda ( ) Figure 10: Production of sweet potato (tons) in Uganda Figure 11 : Production area of sweet potato in Ethiopia Figure 12: Sweet potato production in Ethiopia viii P a g e

10 Figure 13: Level of commercialization in different districts Figure 14: Frequency of purchase of sweet potatoes products by consumers (N=266) Figure 15: Consumer preferences established for two sampled schools of Central Uganda Figure 16: Percentage of farmers planting improved cultivars, Tanzania Figure 17: Banana production Volume (000 MT) trends in Uganda Figure 18: Banana production trends in Tanzania Figure 19: Banana producing areas in Uganda Figure 20: Tanzania map of banana growing areas Figure 21: Production acreage in different regions of Tanzania Figure 22: Banana profit analysis under low input use Figure 23: Comparative enterprise gross margins of banana and other crops Figure 24: Marketing channels and actors involved in trading banana Figure 25: Trends in banana consumption in Tanzania Figure 26: Banana consumption trends in Uganda ix P a g e

11 Abbreviations DONOTA Dissemination of New Agricultural Technologies in Africa DVM FCI Decentralized vine multipliers Farm Concern International NARS SeFaMaCO SNNP SP UgSh USD TDHS TSh VAD National Agricultural Research Systems Seed-Farmer-Market-Consumer Southern nations, nationalities and people s regional state Sweet Potato Uganda Shillings United State Dollar Tanzanian Demographic Health Survey Tanzanian Shillings Vitamin A Deficiency 1 P a g e

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13 Executive summary This report presents findings from a detailed Landscape analysis of sweet potato and banana value chains using the SeFaMaCo (Seed, farmer, market and consumer) business model developed by Farm Concern International (FCI).The SeFaMaCo business model is designed to offer an integrated and in-depth understanding of the market opportunities in agricultural value chains. The SeFaMaCo model is based on the principle that seed systems and consumer markets are interdependent as is reflected in the value chain interactions and participation The SeFaMaCo model is guided by a landscape analysis that is based on a value chain-wide participatory process focused on assessing viable opportunities, barriers, consumer markets 1 sustainable innovations and understanding the business environment along the seed-farmer-market-consumer value chain (Figure 1). This forms the basis of comprehensive programmatic intervention. The SeFaMaCo Model is designed to promote an industry-wide multidimensional approach with one critical step being to implement interventions based on identified consumer demand and prioritize opportunities presenting comparative advantage for smallholder farmers. The SeFaMaCo model is initially tested on two staple value chains sweet potato and banana. Despite the growing opportunities of these two smallholders-driven value chains in the region, there remains unmet consumer demand due to low productivity revealed through multiple value chain studies. Thus, applying the SeFaMaCo model, presents an opportunity to consolidate the benefits realized from research and development interventions for the two value chains. The model offers a deep understanding of the status of the banana and sweet potato value chains aimed at informing the design of a an ambitious intervention that will play a catalytic role in triggering a market-led sweet potato and banana smallholder farmer commercialization as well as awakening unprecedented value chain efficiency and investment in the two chains. The landscape analysis is targeting Ethiopia, Uganda and Tanzania for the sweet potato value chain and Uganda and Tanzania for the banana value chain. The comprehensive SeFaMaCo landscape analysis process entailed a detailed review of critical sector information on banana and sweet potato value chains. It combined a number of methods including detailed desk review of scientific publications and various technical reports, focus group discussions with different value chain actors and rapid consumer trials. In addition, a two-day private sector consultation and expert validation meeting that brought together private sector actors in trading and processing and development agencies 1 Consumer Markets under this SeFaMaCo proposal refers to all levels of consumers: 1). Smallholder Farmer households (HH). 2). Urban poor 3). Schoolsgoing children. 4). Youth. 5). Rural town HH 6). Urban families ). Institutions - schools, hospitals, prisons 8) The Vulnerable Communities 2 P a g e

14 to discuss further challenges and opportunities in the two value chains provided additional insights for the landscape analysis. Sweet potato SeFaMaCo landscape analysis in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda- Key findings Commercial viability of Sweet potato Seed systems Sweet potato breeding has been ongoing in the three countries for several decades. In Tanzania, various breeding efforts have led to the release of 12 varieties including the orange flesh variety. The National Sweet Potato Research Program in Uganda has released 21 sweet potato cultivars. In Ethiopia, 24 sweet potato varieties have been released through the public research system. However, in all the three countries the traditional informal system dominates the sweet potato seed distribution channels. These informal multiplication and distribution systems are underdeveloped and generally ineffective in reaching farmers with high quality sweet potato planting material. As demand for improved sweet potato varieties increases, there are growing efforts to entrench and formalize these seed systems. Most of these efforts are project driven although it is triggering the emergence of farmers as seed entrepreneurs. The information on the volume of seed produced and the volume purchased by farmers in the region is scanty. In Tanzania, analyses in different villages indicate that seed enterprises are generally profitable (about USD per acre) but a higher profit margin is attained in a dual enterprise that combines seed and root production (about USD 1,435/ acre). In Uganda, sweet potato vine multiplication is becoming a profitable venture for some farmers, who grow a multi-purpose crop where they also sell the roots, making between USD per acre of land. But in Ethiopia, the analysis was based on projections in optimal conditions which realized a huge profit of about USD 4,669. Production and post-harvest analysis In Tanzania, the annual production of sweet potato was estimated at about 2.4 million tons in 2010 and is produced on about hectares of land. The productivity is very low at about 4.2 t/ha. Sweet potatoes are produced in 21 regions. The potential and significance of sweet potato production is high around the Lake Zone (Mwanza, Shinyanga, and Kagera), Southern Highlands (Ruvuma), Western Zone (Tabora, Kigoma) and Eastern Zone (Morogoro, Coast, and Dar-es-Salaam)( Nkuba,2012) In Uganda, the estimated annual production reached 2.8 million tons in Its production area has fluctuated over time and currently covers about 540, 000 ha with an average yield of about 4.1t/ha. Sweet potato, most of which are local varieties is grown in all districts of 3 P a g e

15 Uganda. However, the northeastern and southwestern regions are the major production areas. In Ethiopia, Sweet potato acreage has steadily increased from about 25,000 in the late 90s to over 53,000 in hectares of land with total production of about MT. Sweet potato root production is concentrated in southern nations, nationalities and people s regional state (SNNP) and Oromia regional state. In Tanzania, findings from FGD with sweet potato producers in selected villages indicate that farmers make profit of about USD 125 per acre. In Uganda, a recent national study on profitability of various crop enterprises shows that sweet potato production generates little profit of about USD per hectare. The data from Ethiopia was not available. The pre- and post-harvest handling of sweet potato is affected by the bulkiness of the roots and its high perishability. Fresh roots have a shelf-life of about one to two weeks after harvesting after which there is significant deterioration in quality (firmness, colour and taste). The existing marketing systems of sweet potato (including harvesting, packaging, transportation) are poorly developed with high levels of tuber damage during post-harvest handling of the crop. Marketing analysis In all three countries, Sweet potato is characterized as largely a subsistence crop with little commercialization. This is partly because they have a low value-bulk ratio and are highly perishable. However, sweet potato is increasingly cultivated as a cash crop due to increasing market demand, which in some case is a result of the crop replacing other staple crops such as cassava in Uganda. Sweet potato marketing in all three countries is dominated by domestic trading in rural and urban areas. The level of commercialization varies across different regions in these countries. Consumption and nutritional analysis of Sweet potato Uganda has the highest per capita sweet potato consumption (kg/ person/year) in Africa. In 2010, this was estimated at 73 kg/person/year. In Tanzania, household sweet potato consumption has increased since 1990, from 400,000MT to 1,381,120MT in Sweet potato is mainly consumed as fresh tubers in the East African region. The leaves are also consumed in some regions. There is very little processing and value addition carried out although there are a number of sweet potato products that have been developed in the market. However, these products are not wide-spread and appear in specialized markets in specific regions. 4 P a g e

16 While sweet potato is consumed in many households in Tanzania, there is limited understanding of its nutritional benefits, particularly of the vitamin-a rich OFSP. Thus, some studies report that many consumers do not prefer OFSP. This is attributed mainly to limited dry matter content of most OFSP varieties which is a key consumer preference characteristic of sweet potato. In addition, there is also a wrong perception of OFSP in some areas because its promotion is associated with malnutrition and HIV/AIDS related diseases. Hence, healthy consumers tend to avoid consuming OFSP. In Uganda, in addition to being a staple, sweet potato is a key crop that is contributing to nutrition for vulnerable groups and is a potential staple for micro-nutrient enhancement via bio-fortification. Gender considerations along Sweet potato value chain In Tanzania and Uganda, both men and women are involved in the sweet potato value chain in different ways. In Uganda, when sweet potato are cultivated for subsistence they are considered a women s crop as they often are responsible for cultivating sweet potato, to feed the family. Men typically play a larger role in transport and marketing activities. In Tanzania, a study revealed that more women than men are involved at the production stage but women provide about 85% of the farm labor. Men engage more in land preparations and ridge making due to the amount of energy required, harvesting and trading. Banana SeFaMaCo landscape analysis in Tanzania and Uganda- Key findings Commercial viability of Seed systems of banana In Uganda, there have been substantial breeding efforts to address increasing challenges of pests and diseases affecting the banana crop. The officially released varieties include those that are resistant to Fusarium of bananas and M5 a consumer acceptable replacement for Gros Michel and Pisang awak as dessert bananas. The matooke hybrids that have officially been released include M9 and M2 resistant to black sigatoka and tolerant to weevils and nematodes. In Tanzania, banana breeding efforts are not well established and there have been no official banana seeds released into the markets. The banana varieties tested in Tanzania were from the Global World Germplasm at ITC in Belgium. These were multiplied and distributed through the national research centre and include FHIA17, FHIA23, FHIA25 and Yangambi Km5. The banana seed system in Uganda and Tanzania is largely informal. This informal system has contributed significantly to the spread of banana pests and diseases, triggering demand for clean planting material that catalyzed new seed distribution systems. Farmers access 5 P a g e

17 clean planting material through multiple channels including extension services (public and private), fellow farmers, farmers organizations, community based organizations and NGOs as well as private and public sector tissue culture (TC) laboratories. In Tanzania, formalization of banana seed systems to enhance access to improved and clean seed is at an infant stage. One of the key initiatives on the multiplication and distribution of improved banana varieties was a project funded by the Belgium Technical Cooperation (BTC) that worked with the public research institute and a group of farmers to multiple and distribute improved varieties. There is also one private TC laboratory but its reach to farmers is limited. There is limited information on the nature of uptake of the improved varieties by farmers in both countries to be able to estimate demand for banana planting material. In Uganda, current estimates from TC laboratories indicate demand for clean planting materials is about 10 million plantlets against a capacity of current clean seed produced that is about 600,000 plantlets. There is limited information on current seed production and distribution in Tanzania. But the findings from the BTC project indicate farmers increased uptake of new banana cultivars in various locations. Considering the nature of banana production where farmers don t need to grow new plants annually there is need to for systematic approaches in understanding demand dynamics of banana seed systems Seed systems enterprise profitability analysis conducted with a mix of actors in Tanzania indicates that seed multipliers can make a profit of up to USD in one season. Banana seeds (suckers) are sold for an average of between USD The main seed price drivers are demand and market assurance. Production and post-harvest analysis Uganda is the leading banana producer in Africa, with a total annual production of about 10 million tons valued at about USD 550 million. The area under cultivation is about 1.5 million hectares. Banana yields are highest in Western Uganda at26.4mt/ha and lowest in Central Uganda 5.5MT/ha, where production has been declining over the past 30 years due o banana wilt disease. Smallholders grow bananas on average farms sizes of about hectares in predominantly rain-fed systems. Most farmers grow a mixture of cultivars (up to 8 per farm), in addition to intercropping with other commodities. Tanzania is the second largest banana producer in East Africa after Uganda. Tanzania produces about 2.4 million tons of bananas per annum, covering an area of 289,496 (273,583 Tanzania mainland and 15,913 in the Zanzibar Islands) hectares with an average banana yield of 8.2 tons per hectare (NBS, 2013). The average banana farm per household is 0.5 hectares and production is mainly rain-fed except in northern zone where there is a traditional furrow irrigation system. 6 P a g e

18 Banana production in both countries is generally profitable. A profitability analysis of banana production in three different districts in Tanzania estimated annual profits ranging from about USD per acre. In Uganda, the analysis shows modest earnings of about USD 203 per hectare, which increases to up to about USD 1300 when farmers apply various inputs In Uganda, the comparative gross margin analysis of banana with other staple crops such as cassava, maize and beans over two seasons shows that banana provide the highest gross margin across the seasons. The production of improved banana varieties in the second season provides gross margins that are four times more than that of cassava which has the second highest gross margins of all crops. Marketing and market size The demand for banana in both countries is expected to increase due to a growing population and changing consumption patterns. However, supply is not meeting the demand due to various challenges. Up to about 70% of the bananas produced in both countries are consumed by the producing households. In Uganda, about 20% is then sold fresh to traders who then supply to various local, regional and to some extent the export market. The remaining 10% is absorbed in local industry for processing including making beer and wines. In Tanzania, about 30% of the banana produced is used for local brewing and only about 8% is sold fresh. Trading is done both by men and women as well as youth. But there are relatively more men than women involved in trading. Recent studies in Tanzania show that farmers market profit share for banana is between 25% and 35% while traders share was 58%. Generally, there is limited information on banana volumes and value of bananas traded through various market channels. Rough estimates can be derived from case studies of various markets. For example, the monthly estimate for banana trading in Madibo Urafiki market in Dar-es-Salaam is about USD 8,665,600. The key marketing cost in banana is sourcing which accounts for 73% of the total marketing costs. Consumption and nutritional analysis of banana In Uganda and Tanzania, a large portion of banana are cooked or consumed fresh. Uganda has the highest capita consumption of banana in the world estimated at between kg/annum or about 0.7 kg/day. There is a limited range of processed products that account for about 5% of markets sales for banana. Tanzania faces food and nutrition insecurity challenges, even with large portions of the population consuming banana as a nutrition rich food. This is mostly because of household consuming simplified diets that are heavy on energy foods. Furthermore, the preparation 7 P a g e

19 methods for bananas usually strip the meal of the requisite nutritional value and in some cases; the varieties are not rich in vitamins. In Uganda there is potential for developing banana products to target various groups. For example, a nutrient enhanced matooke product made by blending banana flour with soybean flour is being tested for its potential to improve nutrient intake of people living with HIV. Private Sector Consultation and expert validation As part of the landscape analysis, a two day private sector consultation and expert validation forum was held to discuss further the challenges and opportunities in the two value chains. The first day was the consultative forum that targeted private sector actors including wholesale and retail traders in informal markets and some industrial processors (small scale, medium and large scale) with the aim of addressing market and consumption aspects of SeFaMaCo in the banana and sweet potato value chains. The second day was a strategic partnership consultative forum targeting donor organizations, research institutions and development and government agencies. The forum largely focused on Seed and Farmer [SeFa] frameworks as the first two levels of SeFaMaCo Model. The forum was a platform for discussing the findings from the technical expert reviews and further engagement with representatives from the private sector forum in order to guide further the intervention design in the two value chains. The consultation provided guidance on supply chain management issues, buyers experiences and challenges in trading and recommended interventions that would unlock commercial opportunities. The way forward In order to address the challenges and build on opportunities identified, there is a need for synchronized efforts from the various development and private sector partners in the two value chains. Concerted efforts towards a common goal with each partner working on their area of specialization, drawing from the experiences and skills is an important step in the right direction. The landscape analysis enables a visualizing of the overall picture and a concerted effort is needed in operationalizing further areas of intervention guided by a detailed intervention design. The synergies realized will have greater impact whilst providing opportunities for growth and platforms for learning and sharing. 8 P a g e

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21 1 Introduction The growth of the agricultural sector continues to be central to efforts in sustainable development and for enhancing livelihoods for the majority of smallholder farming households and other linked actors in sub-saharan Africa. Agricultural productivity growth is the most direct and efficient lever to reduce rural poverty and boost economic development in many developing countries. But as studies have shown, increasing agricultural productivity in ways that are not linked to profitable markets often leads to depressed commodity prices and hence lower incomes resulting in unsustainable smallholder commercialization and inefficient value chain development efforts (Diao et al., 2003 ; World Bank, 2007). Increasingly, value chain analysis and approaches are applied to programs aimed at promoting smallholder focused market-led agricultural development. A value chain approach seeks to address the major constraints at each level of the supply chain, rather than concentrating on just one group (e.g., producers). The underlying goal of value chain approaches is to harness private sector and market forces in ways that positively impact on development outcomes of reduction of hunger and malnutrition, wealth creation and sustainable economic growth. Successful value chain interventions entail promoting sustainable business models that can enhance productivity and competitiveness of smallholders through integrated value chain approaches. Thus, improvement in productivity and competitiveness of the value chain is the litmus test for value chain innovation (KIT et al., 2006 ; Vorley et al., 2009 ; World Bank, 2007). However, the application of value chain approaches in an integrated manner that aim to harness market-led smallholder development from seeds through to consumers have not been well articulated in research and development interventions. Most interventions have not paid adequate attention to value chain-wide system analysis that comprehensively integrate seed, farmer, markets and consumer dimensions in understanding the main drivers of sustainable smallholder inclusive market-led value chain development, and particularly role the private sector and business principles. FCI has developed the SeFaMaCo business model (Seed, Farmer, Market and Consumer) designed to offer an integrated and in-depth understanding of the market opportunities in agricultural value chains. The SeFaMaCo model is hinged on the principle that seed systems and consumer markets do not function in isolation but are interdependent as is reflected in the value chain interactions and participation. These interdependencies are affected by various market and non-market dynamics. The philosophy of FCI interventions and programs is anchored on facilitating smallholders in business and trading relationships through multi-partnership collaboration. Thus, the FCI implementation business models are 10 P a g e

22 focused on developing long term business partnerships that enhance smallholder participation in the rigors of value chain and market development. 1.1 The SeFaMaCo Model Landscape Analysis The SeFaMaCo model is guided by a Landscape Analysis that is based on a value chain-wide participatory process of assessing viable opportunities, barriers, consumer markets 2, sustainable innovations and understanding the business environment along the seedfarmer-market-consumer value chain (Figure 1). This forms the basis of comprehensive programmatic interventions. Thus, a SeFaMaCo landscape analysis ultimate goal is to inform the design of a comprehensive intervention plan along the value chain that takes into account the interdependencies and market dynamics from seed systems to consumers for any agricultural commodity. Figure 1: SeFaMaCo Model Process Map Seed Farmer Market Consumer Input & Seed Systems Production / Commercialization & Farmer Organizations Post-harvest Storage & Warehousing Value Addition & Product Development Distribution Channels & Supply Chains & Business Support Market & Value Chain Development Consumer Market & Create demand Source: Farm Concern International, 2014 The SeFaMaCo model is designed to promote an industry-wide multidimensional approach with one critical step being to implement interventions based on identified consumer demand and prioritized opportunities that present comparative advantage for smallholder farmers. Therefore, the fundamental principle of the SeFaMaCo business model is that consumer-oriented and market-led smallholder commercialization through value chain-wide strategic partnerships offering an industry wide stakeholder participation platform. The SeFaMaCo model is guided by comprehensive frameworks at each of the value chain levels that outline critical parameters focusing the interventions based on value chain-wide approach that actively engages private and public stakeholders. The development process will be subjected to periodical reviews and assessment to refine further the model. 2 Consumer Markets under this SeFaMaCo proposal refers to all levels of consumers: 1). Smallholder Farmer households (HH). 2). Urban poor 3). Schoolsgoing children. 4). Youth. 5). Rural town HH 6). Urban families ). Institutions - schools, hospitals, prisons 8) The Vulnerable Communities 11 P a g e

23 1.2 SeFaMaCo Landscape Analysis of sweet potato and banana value chains in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda The SeFaMaCo model is being tested on two staple value chains- banana and Sweet potato. The starting point is conducting comprehensive landscape analysis that aims at offering a deep understanding of the status of the banana and Sweet potato value chains in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda. Banana and sweet potato are important food and nutrition security crops for a large population in the East African region, but also presents huge potential for income generation for a large number of smallholder households. This is because of growing demand in both rural and urban areas, resulting from changing consumption trends and diversified market opportunities (Kilimo Trust, 2012 ; 2013a ; Namanda et al., 2011). These expanding opportunities for bananas and sweet potato are evolving into dynamic markets characteristic of which the World Bank (2007) refers to as emerging new agricultural focused value chains. Banana is a particularly key economic resource for Uganda and Tanzania both as a staple crop and a source of income for a large number of rural households. In addition, banana also adds key micronutrients to the diets of the consuming households. (Kilimo Trust, 2012). Sweet potato is another co-staple in East Africa. It is intensively produced in various regions in Tanzania, Uganda and increasingly in Ethiopia. Sweet potato is an excellent source of cheap energy and key nutrients. It offers a higher energy output per hectare per day and is nutrient dense. The crop, particularly the new orange fleshed Sweet potato (OFSP) breed is helping to ease the health burdens of inadequate nutrition, due its rich content in vitamin A and essential minerals. Studies have shown that incorporating OFSP into household diets in the region will greatly reduce vitamin A deficiency (Low et al., 2007). In addition to being an important food source, sweet potatoes are increasingly grown for livestock feed, and for industrial processes to make alcohol and starch (Harvest Plus, 2006) Despite the growing opportunities noted in these smallholder farmer-driven staple crop value chains in the region, the consumer demand for both commodities remains unmet due to low productivity as revealed in multiple studies (Andrade et al., 2009 ; Kilimo Trust, 2010 ; 2012 ; 2013a) and the recent country level reviews (see Annex 1). Thus, applying the SeFaMaCo model presents an opportunity to consolidate the benefits realized from research and development interventions and address the constraints that continue to limit the development of the two value chains. As staple crops, banana and sweet potato offer opportunity for potentially sustainable value chains that can enhance smallholder participation in dynamic markets. The ultimate goal of the SeFaMaCo landscape analysis is to inform the design of a comprehensive proposal for an intervention program that will play a catalytic role in triggering market-led sweet potato and banana smallholder farmer commercialization as 12 P a g e

24 well as awakening unprecedented efficiency in the value chain from the seed to consumers. Ultimately, these interventions will lead to improved household incomes of smallholder farmers in Tanzania, Uganda and Ethiopia. Objectives of SeFaMaCo landscape analysis Conduct orange Sweet potato and banana rapid value chain appraisal; map viable market opportunities; assess current seed systems; conduct farm-to-market profitability share 3 ; food-flow mapping and highlight unlocking innovations. Analyze consumer buyer behaviour: product image, preferences and attitude that influence consumption trends of various Sweet potato and banana varieties. Design comprehensive intervention plans aimed at strengthening sweet potato and banana (seed-farmer-market - consumer) value chains. Develop partnership framework matrix (crop/country/partner); mapping potential value chain players through a systematic stakeholder assessment and documentation. Following the landscape analysis, various proposed interventions targeting these two value chains (Banana and OFSP) would be subjected to an in-depth validation process with industry experts representatives and other key stakeholders. This expert and stakeholder group approach is designed to ensure sustainable interventions are developed driven from a hybrid business-development model. 1.3 Methodology The SeFaMaCo landscape analysis is based on a value chain-wide participatory process focused on assessing viable opportunities, barriers, consumer markets 2, sustainable innovations and understand the business environment along the seed-farmer-marketconsumer value chain so as to form the basis of comprehensive programmatic intervention in Ethiopia, Uganda and Tanzania. A team of technical experts drawn from three countries of focus led the process: 4 (see Appendix 1 for list of Experts). This multidimensional approach entailed an in-depth review of critical sector information on banana and sweet potato value chains from various sources and consultation with multiple stakeholders. This approach was designed to offer an in- 3 The farm-to-market profitability share reflects the profits percentage per level and reveals actual margins realized per value chain level and indicates losers and winners along chains; a critical parameter in guiding value chain interventions 13 P a g e

25 depth understanding of challenges and opportunities along the value chain. The main methods used for the landscape analysis included: 1. Desk reviews The desks reviews were in-depth value chain appraisals of the sweet potato and banana that assessed current seed and production systems, market and consumer trends identifying critical gaps and opportunities for intervention along the value chain. The main data source were a comprehensive list of peer reviewed articles, various project reports, market research reports, government and international agencies data sets. 2. Focus group discussions (FGDs) The experts and FCI staff members also conducted a number of FGD with various value chain actors such as farmers, traders, extension providers and researchers to complement the desk literature review (Annex 2 for list of FGDs). These multi-stakeholder discussions provided additional information that was not readily available in literature such as analyses of commercial viability of seed enterprises, farm to market profitability margins, market/consumer preference for different banana and sweet potato varieties. 3. Consumer trials For initial understanding of consumer tastes and preferences for banana and sweet potato products, rapid consumer trials were also conducted. This tested out different products with different consumer segments (See Annex 3 for list). These trials provided complementary information for analyzing consumer markets for the landscape analysis. Key outputs of the landscape analysis include several country level reports (see Annex 3 for details). The findings from the reviews and proposed interventions were subjected to an indepth validation process with private sector representatives and other key stakeholders at a consultation workshop. This participatory and multi-stakeholder approach was designed to ensure sustainable interventions that are developed driven from a hybrid businessdevelopment model and to initiate partnership linkage for subsequent seamless program roll out. This report is a regional synthesis of the landscape analysis and the recommendations for interventions. 14 P a g e

26 15 P a g e

27 2 Targeted sites for Landscape Analysis Source: Farm Concern International, P a g e

28 17 P a g e

29 3 Sweet potato SeFaMaCo landscape analysis in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda- Key findings 3.1 Commercial viability of seed systems of Sweet potato Sweet potato seed also known as sweet potato planting material is propagated through vine cuttings. Seed systems for vegetative or clonally propagated crops such as sweet potato fulfill a number of critical roles, namely: timely provision of planting material of appropriate quality for smallholders; efficient dissemination of new improved varieties from breeding programs; provision of replacement planting material following natural disasters or in times of crisis or civil war. In Uganda, Tanzania and Ethiopia like in majority of sub-saharan Africa, the sweet potato seed systems are dominated by an informal supply that covers between 85-90% of the required seed (CIP 2008). Major factors linked to the informal seed system limit sweet potato production and productivity that include: i) Unavailability of high quality planting material of improved varieties, ii) Continued use of landraces that have low yielding potential, iii) Susceptibility to pests and disease and iv) Shortage of clean and healthy planting material of improved varieties. Consequently, farmers face challenges of low availability of clean healthy planting material Breeding efforts in improving sweet potato seed systems There have been long standing efforts in sweet potato breeding in the three countries to develop higher yielding, disease and pests-resistant varieties as discussed below. Tanzania Sweet potato breeding in Tanzania has been ongoing at the National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) since the 1970 s. The local germplasm was used as a source of variation to generate new genotypes. From the 1990s, NARS in the East Africa region have collaborated with the International Potato Center (CIP) to introduce new germplasm including orangefleshed sweet potato (OFSP). The OFSP, which has high B carotene, is promoted for its potential to potential to alleviate vitamin A deficiency in communities, with particular emphasis on children under five and women. The dissemination of many new varieties follows the harmonization of policy on seed exchange in East Africa which has encouraged regional exchange of research materials and varieties. The various breeding efforts that also entailed participatory variety selection processes have led to the release of 12 varieties in Tanzania (Table 1) (MAFCS, 2010 ; 2013). Due to the differences in agro-ecologies and vastness of the country, breeding and trials of sweet 18 P a g e

30 potato is decentralized in the major agro-ecological zones. Sweet potato trials have been limited to a few agro-ecologies including the Lake Zone, Eastern Zone, Northern Zone, Southern Highlands and Zanzibar. The various released varieties have different characteristics but are mainly high yielding and resistant to pests and diseases. The OFSP varieties are promoted because of their nutritional beneficial characteristics as a source of vitamin A. Although there is increasing breeding effort to promote OFSP with about 22 clones introduced in Tanzania, however, farmers and consumers have not readily adopted the OFSP varieties due to characteristics such low dry matter content, fibrousness and being susceptible to sweet potato virus disease complex (SPVD). Even some locally adapted orange sweet potato cultivars (e.g. Hali ya Mtumwa and Carrot Dar-es-salaam) that have high dry matter content and deep orange flesh color but these are low yielding and have not been readily adopted. Table 1: Sweet potato varieties released in Tanzania, Year released Variety (Cultivar) Root yield (t/ha) Disease and pests resistance (SPVD) Maturity days Root color flesh Other comments 2000 Simama 20t/ha Tolerant 120 Cream flesh high dry matter content, most popular, consumer accepted, highly marketable Vumilia, 20t/ha Tolerant 120 Cream flesh high dry matter content, most popular, consumer accepted, highly marketable Jitihada 20t/ha Tolerant 120 Cream flesh high dry matter content, most popular, consumer accepted, highly marketable Sinia 20t/ha Tolerant 120 Cream flesh high dry matter content, most popular, consumer accepted, highly marketable Mavuno 20t/ha Tolerant 120 Cream flesh high dry matter content, most popular, consumer accepted, highly marketable 2003 Ukerewe t/ha Tolerant 120s Orange pigment Sweet, marketable, high dry matter 2010 Kiegea t/ha Tolerant 120 OFSP Moderate dry matter content, accepted by farmers. Mataya (12-15t/ha), Tolerant 120 OFSP Moderate yield, Moderate dry matter, accepted by farmers Kakamega (16.5t/ha), Tolerant 120 OFSP High dry matter content Ejumula (15t/ha Mild tolerance 120 OFSP Sweet, High dry matter content Polista t/ Tolerant 120 White Moderate dry matter, accepted by farmers NASPOT 1 16t/ha, Tolerant 120 OFSP moderate dry matter Various sources 19 P a g e

31 Uganda Because of the importance of sweet potato in nutrition, food security and the economy of Uganda, the Government of Uganda through the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), has given high priority to research and released 21 sweet potato cultivars since 1995 (Table 2). The OFSP has received particular research attention (Mwanga & Ssemakula, 2011) because of its contribution as a cheap source of Vitamin A. Consequently, 9 out of the 21 released varieties are orange fleshed. Table 2 Sweet potato varieties released in Uganda Year released Variety /Cultivar Root t/ha Yield Disease and pests resistance (-Weevils -SPVD -Alternaria) 1995 Bwanjule 21 (17) -Moderate resistance -Resistant -Resistant New Kawogo 23/17 -Moderate resistance -Resistant -Susceptible Sowola 28/18 -Susceptible -Moderate resistance -Resistant Wagabolige 24/16 -Moderate resistance -Resistant -Highly susceptible Tororo-3 21/16 -Susceptible -Moderate resistance -Susceptible Tanzania 23/21 Susceptible Moderate Moderate 1999 NASPOT 1 29/20 Susceptible Moderate Susceptible NASPOT 2 21/18 Susceptible Resistant Susceptible NASPOT 3 25/17 Moderate Resistant Resistant NASPOT 4 21/18 Moderate Moderate Resistant NASPOT 5 23/16 Moderate Moderate Resistance NASPOT 6 24/18 Moderate Moderate Resistant 2004 Ejumula 19/15 Susceptible Susceptible Moderate Kakamega 15/12 Susceptible Moderate Moderate 2007 NASPOT 7 25/12 Susceptible Moderate Maturity days Root flesh color White landrace White landrace Cream landrace White landrace Cream landrace Pale Yellow Pale Yellow Other comments landrace Cream Out of circulation Cream Out of circulation Pale Yellow The most popular among the released varieties, very mealy Out of circulation Orange Out of circulation White Out of circulation Orange Mealy Pale Orange Pale Orange mealy Out of circulation 20 P a g e

32 Moderate NASPOT 8 20/16 Susceptible Moderate Moderate NASPOT 9 ( Vita ) NASPOT 10 (Kabode) Dimbuka - Bukulula 20/13 Susceptible Moderate Moderate 18/12 Susceptible Moderate Moderate 30/16 Susceptible Susceptible Moderate 2010 NASPOT 11 38/20 Susceptible Moderate Resistant 2013 NASPOT 12 O 24.7/16.2 Susceptible Moderate Resistant NASPOT 13 O 38.4/10.8 Susceptible Moderate Resistant Pale Orange Most popular OFSP Orange Named Vita because of the deep orange colour and indicator of Vit A Orange Named Kabode because of big roots Cream Popular landrace Cream Deep rooting, tends to escape weevil damage Orange Root Sprout especially during wet season Orange Some farmers refer to it as cake Ethiopia In Ethiopia 24 sweet potato varieties (Table 3) have been released and disseminated to farmers and include white and orange fleshed varieties (MOA, 2012). Farmers have adopted some of these varieties, while others did not go beyond verification. Some of the reasons were poor performance of the varieties under farmers' condition, low productivity and poor resistance to sweet potato butterfly. Table 3: Sweet potato varieties released in Ethiopia Year released Variety /Cultivar Root Yield t/ha Disease and pests resistance (-Weevils,-SPVD, Alternaria) 1987 Koka susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Koka susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria 1997 Kudade (TIS-1499) 24.1 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Falaha(TIS-3017(2) 16.7 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Dubo (I-444) 21.7 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Guntute (AJAC-I) 35.4 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Bareda (375) 29.6 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Damota (Guralowlow) 30.7 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria 1998 Awassa Moderately resistant to SPVD, resistance to alternaria, susceptible to weevil I (Belella) 18.3 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria VIII (Temesgen) 17.6 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Maturity days Root flesh color Pale orange Cream Other comments Cream Semi- Compact White Semi- Compact White Semi- Compact Orange Semi- Compact White Spreading Cream Semi- Compact White Semi- Compact Cream Spreading White Spreading 21 P a g e

33 2004 Beletech( II) 18.4/16.9 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria 2005 Kulfo(LO-323) 27.0/25.6 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Tulla (CIP ) 28.5/25.5 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Kero (TIS-8250) 35.4/26.6 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Ordollo ( IX) 17.3/13.4 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Dimtu - susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria 2006 Ballo(Koka-18) 29.4/16.6 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria 2007 Berkume(TIS ) 19.5 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Adu(Cuba-2) 16 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria 2008 Jari(CN ) 19.2/16.5 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria Birtukane(saluboro) 19.9/11.4 susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria 2010 Mae - susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria?? Ogan Segan susceptible to SPVD and weevils, resistance to alternaria 150 White Orange Semicompact 150 Orange Semi- Compact 150 Orange Semicompact 150 White Semi- Compact 120 White White White Semicompact Cream Semicompact 133 Yellow Semi-erect 150 Orange Semi-erect White White Farmer access to improved seeds and efficiency of seed distribution systems Despite the noted efforts in sweet potato breeding, lack of well-organized seed distribution systems for vegetatively propagated crops in the East Africa region has contributed, partly, to the slow rate of dissemination of new improved varieties to farmers in order to enhance their productivity. This in turn poses challenges in meeting the growing market demand for sweet potato. This is. This calls for an effective seed system to enhance farmers access to quality planting material. An effective seed system is one that provides farmers with planting materials: In sufficient quantities At the right time Of appropriate physiological state, vigour and health Of superior genotypes appropriate to the farmers purpose and also demanded in the market At affordable prices An analysis of the seed distribution channels in the three countries provides insights on how farmers access planting material and the effectiveness of the seed system to be able to meet the demand. 22 P a g e

34 Characterization of the seed distribution systems In the East African region, the traditional informal system dominates the sweet potato seed distribution channels. This entails seed exchange among farmers across villages, towns and even across borders in the region. Farmers select varieties with desired characteristics and use these to multiply seed for their own use, randomly adopting different varieties over time(gibson et al., 2009). But the informal multiplication and distribution systems are underdeveloped and generally ineffective in reaching farmers with high quality sweet potato planting material particularly the new improved varieties. As demand for improved sweet potato varieties increases, there are growing efforts to entrench and formalize these seed systems. Below is a summary of the experiences from each country. Tanzania While the informal system remains the main channel through which farmers access seed (90-95%), more recently, two models that can be characterized as semi-formal seed systems have emerged in Tanzania. The first is the decentralized 3-tier system model which is linked to the NARS which were formally mandated to multiply and disseminate clean seed. Due to various shortcomings, the NARS have not been able to meet the demand a decentralized model was recommended (Kapinga et al., 1995). The decentralized 3 tier model involves primary, secondary and tertiary multiplication sites. As figure 2 illustrates, the NARS who are at the primary level are the source of foundation clean seed for different zones/regions. At the secondary level, are grassroots organizations that are linked to the NARS to become multipliers of clean planting materials for further dissemination. These organizations mobilize the farmers and provide them with practical trainings on the techniques of multiplying and maintenance of clean planting materials. They also work with motivated individual farmers and farmer groups to establish tertiary multiplication sites. This system has faced challenges of degeneration of the clean planting material over time resulting in yield reduction and continued pests and disease infestation. The second model is the decentralized vine multipliers (DVM) established through research and development collaborative projects. The initiative uses DVMs and distribution by voucher to stimulate rapid vine multiplication. Farmers are provided with vouchers to collect the vines only when they were ready to plant. (Low, 2010). The DVMs have the potential to develop as commercial seed enterprises. However, the challenge with DVMs is that the voucher system that subsidizes the seed and may not reflect the true demand of sweet potato vines. Thus, the profitability and commercial viability of such sweet potato seed enterprises is not well established. 23 P a g e

35 Figure 2: The three tier sweet potato seed system in Tanzania Vine source Primary Secondary Tertiary NARS- major role to produce Breeder and pre-basic seeds, ensure clean planting materials managed by researchers, conduct routine inspection of planting materials, Train lead extensionists and farmers, provide backstopping role to government and nongovernmental organizations Grass root organizations link with researchers to access clean planting materials, organize secondary multipliers, and mobilize farmers for practical trainings on the techniques of multiplying and maintenance of clean planting materials Grass root organizations mobilize farmers in establishing tertiary multiplication sites, through farmer groups or individual interested farmers. Multipliers produce vines and roots To producer Source: Farm Concern International, 2014 Several projects have used these two models to support sweet potato seed production. The SASHA Marando Bora project, implemented by CIP in collaboration with various development partners uses the DVM model. The project is specifically promoting the dissemination of the OFSP in the Lake Region. In Eastern zone, there is the Tanzania Agricultural Productivity program (TAPP) funded by USAID, that provided an irrigation facility and screen house to enable clean seed production. Another project is Reaching Agents of Change (RAC) funded by Gates Foundation, and coordinated from ARI-Kibaha and implemented in the Eastern and Lake Zones. The project used the 3 tier model to disseminate OFSP. The Agricultural Innovation systems (AIS) project funded by ASARECA implemented in Misenye and Muleba districts in Kagera region also has a seed production component. The DONATA project was funded by ASARECA and implemented in the Lake 24 P a g e

36 Zone, coordinated at ARI-Ukiriguru, focused on multiplication of sweet potato planting materials and its dissemination in the Lake zone Uganda According to Gibson (2013), there are three operational sweet potato seed systems in Uganda; (i) the limited formal seed system, (ii) project-based system that involves a few private-enterprise multipliers being funded to supply NGOs vines, which are then distributed for free to needy households, (iii) The self-sustaining informal seed system involving moderate numbers of small-scale multipliers who sell small bundles of vines to smallholders over large areas (see Figure 4). The informal system is the most widespread method through which farmers obtain planting material. Namanda et al (2011) analyses various ways in which farmers source/preserve seed in the dominant informal system farmers. Figure 3: A flow diagram showing movement of landraces and improved varieties in the northern informal Sweet potato Seed system. Source: Gibson (2013) Recently, a semi-formal seed system has emerged through development projects that are supporting dissemination of quality planting material for sweet potato (including the OFSP value chain development. These projects such as the Sweet potato Farmer Field Schools, Reaching End-user (REU) and Developing and Delivering Bio-fortified Crops (DDBC) have promoted vine conservation, multiplication and distribution with the objective of 25 P a g e

37 strengthening market oriented seed systems. The National Sweet potato Program (NSP) in collaboration with other national institutions is engaging large scale private sector multipliers (farmer groups/cooperatives or large scale farmers). The multipliers depend on selling the vines to the projects to distribute free to selected households. Other multipliers are specialized and more commercialized in the production of planting material using high density planting methods. Most of these are individuals who were involved in sweet potato project activities and embraced the vine conservation activities as business enterprises. In addition, collaborative efforts between researchers and farmers are testing technologies for enhancing farmers conservation of planting material. CIP in collaboration with NRI and farmers in East Africa have developed a system of technical options for enhancing the conservation of planting material called the Triple S System (Storage in Sand and Sprouting) appropriate for areas with a long dry season. In addition, other technical options for enhancing clean seed conservation have been tested including use of net tunnels to exclude insects from spreading disease, rapid multiplication using two node vines. Ethiopia In Ethiopia, like in the other countries, farmers access seed informally through planting material from their own farm, through gifts or exchanges from other farmers and through buying within their localities. But because of challenges of drought and disease, the informal system cannot provide the required clean planting material in sufficient quantity and quality at the appropriate time. Figure 4 below illustrates the main seed distribution channel. Figure 4: Sweet potato seed system in Ethiopia Source: Farm Concern International, 2014 The seed system is driven by government and development agencies that are promoting sweet potato as a food and nutrition security crop. These efforts support the informal seed system by providing clean planting material in areas where planting material has been lost due to drought, pests and disease. This is the catalyst for the emerging private seed enterprises in Ethiopia. During an FGD with various stakeholders, it was confirmed that the clients of commercial vine producers are not small scale farmers, rather humanitarian nongovernmental organizations and government extension agencies with the purpose of enhancing root production to alleviate food insecurity. 26 P a g e

38 Seed production site mapping Tanzania Seed production is quite informal and highly dispersed. It is found where there is high sweet potato root production such as in the Lake Zone, Eastern zone and Western zone. According to an FGD with various stakeholders, seed multiplication is mainly done in wetland areas where water is reliable, from August through November or December. In Gairo area, planting is done in January. In Temeke, Kisanga and Ilala seed production starts much later from November-December for March planting. There are several initiatives in the country working to strengthen sweet potato value chain including seed systems (See Annex 3). Uganda: Sweet potato seed multiplication, especially of the improved varieties is distributed in various regions of Uganda (Figure 5). Generally, sweet potato multipliers are located near the key production areas. As Figure 5also shows, some of the multipliers have emerged close to research stations that provide the clean seed for multiplication. Figure 5: A map of the locations and types of vine multipliers of released varieties and the main road network, towns and cities in Uganda Key = cooperatively owned groups which started by multiplying OFSP varieties; = Private enterprises which started by multiplying WFSP and/or OFSP varieties; = Informal vine multipliers selling released varieties; = Informal vine multipliers interviewed that sold local landraces (Source: Gibson 2013) 27 P a g e

39 There is increasing support in enhancing sweet potato seed systems in Uganda as part of broader initiatives on the sweet potato value (Annex 4) Ethiopia The ideal areas for commercial sweet potato seed production is in Sidama and Wolaita and Gamo Gofa zones in SNNP (Figure 6).This is mainly because of their location in the lowland with mild altitude and access to irrigation. Figure 6: Map of the SNNP, Ethiopia Source: A number of seed enterprises have emerged in these zones as shown on table4. This is mainly because of links with the national sweet potato improvement program at Hawassa Research Center that provides clean planting material for commercial multiplication. However, it is important to note that these vine multipliers are located far from the sweet potato growing regions. The distance limits farmers access to clean planting material due to transportation and handling costs. A number of recent initiatives promoting sweet potato seed production (Annex 5) have contributed to the growing seed enterprises. Table 4: Identified commercial vine producers in Sidama and Wolaita zones Name of Enterprise Zone/Woreda Land capacity in ha Capacity(cuttings in one season) Muluneh Boru Tufer Sebil Limat Ezra general Trading Plc1 Sidama/Shebedino Sidama/Shebedino Wamole Potato Sweet Vine Sidama/Shebedino P a g e

40 Production Hitamo Higisso Sidama/Boricha Debabesh plc Sidama/Loka abaya Jara Agro-industry Wolaita/Dugna Fango Source: Vine producers Capacity of current seed systems to respond to commercialization Sweet potato seed demand analysis The information on the volume of seed produced and the volume purchased by farmers in Tanzania and Uganda is scanty. This is an area for further analysis. The limited information is reflective of the dominance of the informal sweet potato seed system. In Ethiopia, estimates based on the current acreage under sweet potato indicate a demand of over two billion cuttings (recommendation of 55,555 plants per hectare). The current production from the active seed enterprises is about thirty million cuttings (see table 4). Therefore, there is wide gap between production and demand for clean planting material. With this short-coming, the existing commercial producers will not satisfy the demand at least in the short run. To respond to commercialization, it is necessary to arrange the creation of decentralized clean planting material production enterprises in the vicinity of root production. As sweet potato producers are scattered all over the major production zones, the informal system cannot meet the demand for clean planting material. This is despite what studies have shown as informal supply chains covering long distances through traders and local vendors (Gibson, 2013). Such a system only distributes small quantities of vines that have quality concerns. However, the annual loss of vines particularly in the dry season and due to pests and diseases requires that farmers acquire planting material annually. Thus, this unmet demand signals the potential for competitive formal seed system where private sector can establish profitable enterprises(mtunda et al., 2003 ; Namanda et al., 2011). However, findings from all three countries show that the growing semi-informal and formal sweet potato seed systems have mainly been NGO or project driven which have triggered a demand for vines. The promotion of OFSP based on its food and nutrition security contribution has been a key driver in increasing seed supply in all three countries. But the extent to which these efforts have stimulated viable seed enterprises that are sustainably commercial is in doubt. 29 P a g e

41 Seed enterprise profitability analysis Tanzania Sweet potato seed production and its profitability are not well documented although there is an increase in seed enterprises. Below we highlight several productivity analyses conducted during FGD with vine producers in selected villages in two regions of Tanzania. Case study I: Gross margin analysis of combined sweet potato seed and roots production enterprise, Kitange, Gairo, Morogoro Region The analysis looks at a dual enterprise in seed and roots production (Table 5). The results show a profitability margin of about USD for 0.25 acres that translates into a margin of USD 1,435 per acre. Table 5: Summary of costs and benefits for a combined seed and root enterprise, Kitange, Gairo, Morogoro Seed and vine production (0.25 acre) (for Simama and Singida red varieties) Revenue No. of bags Price per bag Total revenue (peak season) in Tshs S/potato vines 25 20, ,000 S/potato vines 20 10, ,000 S/potato roots 2 35,000 70,000 Revenue per 0.25 Acre 770,000 (USD= ) Revenue per 1 acre (0.4 ha) 3,080,000 (USD=1925) Production costs Costs per acre Hiring land 10,000 Ridging 10,000 Planting 10,000 Vine and Transport 18,000 Irrigation 72,000 Weeding (2 times) 20,000 Insecticide 10,000 Spraying 12 times 36,000 Manure 10,000 Total costs per 0.25 acre 196,000 USD=122.5 Total cost per acre 784,000 (USD 490) Margin per 0.25 acre 574,000 (USD=358.75) Total margin per 1 acre (0.4 ha) 2,296,000 (USD=1435) 30 P a g e

42 Source: Root crops program data, Kibaha, 2013* *Data collected during Kibaha Research Center regular activities was confirmed during focus group discussions in Gairo) Case study II: Gross margin analysis of Sweet potato seed production, Kibedya, Gairo, Morogoro, Eastern zone The second case study conducted in the same region but in a different village, focused on the profitability of a sweet potato seed only enterprise. The results (table 6) show a profit margin of about USD for 0.25 acre (USD per acre). This shows that seed only enterprises are less profitable than one that combines seed and roots marketing. Table 6: Sweet potato seed enterprise analysis Kibedya, Gairo, Morogoro, Eastern zone Seed only producer (0.25 acre) Revenue No. of bags Price per bag Revenue per 0.25 acre in Tshs S/potato vines 1 st harvest 15 20, ,000 S/potato vines 2 nd harvest 15 15, ,000 Total revenue (per.25 acre) 525,000 (USD ) Revenue per acre 2,100,000 (USD ) Production costs Hiring land 15,000 Ridging 10,000 Vines and Transport 15,000 Weeding 12,000 Irrigation per season 144,000 Insecticide 15,000 Harvesting 90,000 Guarding 30,000 Total costs 331,000 (USD Margin per 0.25 acre 194,000 (USD= ) Margin per 1acre 776,000 (USD= ) Source: Root crops program, Kibaha, 2013 CASE STUDY III- Seed enterprise in Mwanza, Lake Zone A case study of Imaramuhabi farmers group in Mwasonge Village, Mwanza, Lake Zone shows a profit margin of about USD for 0.25 acre (USD2712 per acre. The findings suggests that seed enterprises are more profitable in the Lake zone compared to the Eastern zone, even with Eastern zone vines fetching higher market prices (table 7). This is mainly because the agro-ecological differences between the two zones in terms of soil, 31 P a g e

43 water availability, seasonality and incidences of pests and diseases. Gairo, in the Eastern Zone which is semi-arid farmers has difficulties with water access; hence, sweet potato seed is produce along river banks and shallow wells. In the Lake Zone water is abundant, thus vine productivity per acre in higher. Table 7: Sweet potato seed enterprise analysis- The case of Imaramuhabi farmers group Seed only producer Activity No. of cuttings Unit cost Revenue per 0.25 Acre Revenue 1 seed bed produces 1, seed bed 1st harvest 124, seed bed 2nd harvest 99,600 Total cuttings 224,100 1 bag of vine 750 Bags in 0.25 acre 299 bags ,495,000 (224100/750) (USD ) Revenue for 1 acre USD=3736 Production costs Renting land 10,000 Seed 50,000 Field preparation 10,000 Ridging 10,000 Planting 20,000 Watering 60,000 x 2 120,000 Fertilizer application 20,000 x 2 40,000 Weeding (1st and 2nd) 20,000 x 2 40,000 Harvesting 30,000 x 2 60,000 Other costs/contingency 50,000 Total 410,000 (USD ) Gross Margin for.25 acre 1,085,000 USD= Gross margin for 1 acre 4,340,000 (USD ) Source: Imaramuhabi group Mwasonge, Key: 0.25 acre =83 seed bed; each seed bed produces an average of 1,500 cuttings; 1 bag of vine =750 cuttings: Uganda 32 P a g e

44 In Uganda, sweet potato vine multiplication is becoming a profitable venture for some farmers, who grow a multi-purpose crop where they also sell the roots. According to FGDs with a farmers association in Soroti, vine multipliers make gross margin profits that average between USD from an acre of land (Table 8). Table 8: Seed enterprise gross margin analysis- The case of Soroti sweet potato farmers association, Soroti Uganda Seed only producer (1 acre) Revenue Hiring land, purchase of fuel for the water pump and formation of ridges No. of cuttings Unit cost (bags) UgSh 10,000 (~$4) Production costs Revenue per acre 3,000,000-4,000,000 (USD ) 1,000,000 (USD= 400) Gross margin for 1 acre 2,000,000-3,000,000 (USD ) Source: FGD Ethiopia In Ethiopia, sweet potato is not considered a high value crop. But results from an FGD with experts revealed that in optimal conditions, a farmer producing both vines and root can earn an estimated profit of USD 11,673 per ha(table 9). However, it is important to note that most smallholder farmers have very small landholdings. Table 9: Gross margin analysis of seed (vine) and roots production per hectare in Ethiopia Revenue Item First vine harvest four months from planting Second vine harvest after three months of first harvest Amount of vine cuttings /root in ton per hectare Unit price birr birr root 9.4 ton 4 birr / kg Total income in birr Total income VAT (15%) Net sale (less VAT) Cost items Production costs (per ha) Land rent Land preparation cost 2800 Total Cost (in Birr) 33 P a g e

45 Seed cost Fertilizer cost 4155 Planting cost 900 Irrigation cost Weeding cost 5400 Harvesting cost 2400 Total costs Net profit(net sale less total cost) (USD= 11,673) Note: Expected production from a hectare is equivalent to national average = 9.4 tons per hectare (with clean planting material and recommended agronomic practices the production could be as high as 28 tons per hectare). If the current root price is assumed to be 4.00 birr per kg, the total income from the sale of roots is birr. So the net benefit is birr per hectare Seed pricing and drivers Most seed multipliers in the three countries target projects that promote enhanced production and consumption of sweet potato as their main market. As Table 10 below shows, the price (per bag) is varied. The average price per bag varies between the countries and even within different regions within the countries. Table 10: Prices of vines per bag (2013) Country Region No of vines Highest price Lowest price per bag (per bag) Tanzania Tsh 5000/bag Gairo district (Morogoro Singida) Uganda (depending on variety) (USD 12.5) (USD= 3.12) UgSh ,000 (USD 4-6) Ethiopia USD 6.9 _ 1 USD= Ugsh 2500 and TzSh 1600 As mentioned earlier, most of vine multipliers emerging in the three countries target various projects and programs promoting sweet potato production and consumption (particularly the OFSP). These projects normally purchase huge volumes, which has made the business lucrative for the seed suppliers. Thus, one the main price driver is the demand from these institutional (project) markets. However, as FGDs with farmers confirmed, there is a growing market of individual farmers purchasing sweet potato vines in some areas. The main drivers stimulating farmers demand for quality are constraints such as pests, diseases and drought coupled with increased market demand for various sweet potato varieties. _ 34 P a g e

46 3.1.4 Constraints in sweet potato seed systems Table 11: Summary of seed system constraints General Tanzania Uganda Ethiopia i. Drought, ii. Pests& diseases iii. Inadequate supply of clean and different cultivars of planting material especially at rains onset iv. Poor market v. Inadequate commercial adoption of OFSP due to dominance of project driven dissemination i. Lack of certified disease free vines of improved varieties ii. Low seed multiplication, storage and distribution technologies iii. Lack commercial production of seed iv. Donor driven seed systems that distort market forces v. Drought and unreliable rainfall vi. Inadequate awareness of OSP varieties and its benefits i. Lack of a formal seed sector ii. Lack of quality seed of different cultivar varieties iii. Limited availability of planting material due to drought. iv. Lack of irrigation equipment v. Pests and diseases vi. Poor markets i. Lack conservation and multiplication technologies for seed ii. Lack of clean planting material of improved sweet potato varieties iii. Lack of direct access of root producers to commercial seed producers iv. Lack of knowledge on importance use of clean planting material v. Farmers limited knowledge of the different types of varieties Recommended areas of action on improving sweet potato seed systems Facilitate decentralized commercially oriented production of clean planting material that incorporates existing formal and informal systems to ensure availability of sufficient quantity and in a timely manner. Assess the commercial viability of these decentralized systems. Build technical and entrepreneurial capacity of seed producers to ensure sustainable enterprises. Promotion of improved high yielding and disease resistant varieties Promote and train seed producers on appropriate conservation and production of quality and clean planting material 35 P a g e

47 Train farmers and extension service providers on importance of clean planting material. Capacity building of farmers and seed producers on pests and disease control. Stimulate demand from farmers of the seed through various promotional approaches. Develop regulatory and quality control measures including community based seed quality schemes to ensure production and distribution of clean planting material Promote appropriate methods and successful technologies of conserving and dissemination of clean planting material. 3.2 Sweet potato production and Post-harvest analysis Production trends Tanzania Sweet potato is a food and nutrition security crop, grown in almost all agro-ecological zones of Tanzania. The sweet potato crop provides farmers with food in deficit months. Land under sweet potato cultivation has been fluctuating since 2000 reaching a high of 760,000 ha in 2006 after which it declined, with a major drop in 2007/8 because of drought. The acreage increased again to reach about 576,000 ha in 2010 (figure 7). The average fresh root yield of sweet potato at farm level in Tanzania is quite low at 4.2 t/ha which compares poorly with the potential yields of t/ha (MAFCS, 2010). Figure 7: Production area of sweet potato (ha) in Tanzania Source: MAFCS-2010 In 2010, the annual production of sweet potato was estimated at about 2.4 million tons. The production has been fluctuating, reaching a record high of 2.5 million MT in 2006/2007 planting season. However, in2007/2008, drought in the Lake Zone, a major production area 36 P a g e

48 caused a huge drop in production to 444,000 MT representing an 82% decline in production (Figure 8). Figure 8: Production of sweet potato in Tanzania Source: MAFS-2012 Sweet potato production is mainly under rain fed condition and intercropped with other produce, with the exception of few areas such as Meatu where sole cropping is observed. The major intercrops include cassava, maize, pigeon pea, beans and cowpea. In Bukoba sweet potato is intercropped with cassava and banana. A few farmers plant sweet potato after harvesting rice crop, using the residual moisture. Uganda Sweet potato is an important food staple in Uganda. Production and consumption of sweet potato has intensified in recent years due to the decline in production of other main staples, such as cassava, which is seriously affected by viral diseases. Sweet potato is largely a subsistence crop with little commercialization, though this is changing. This is partly because of its low value-bulk ratio and high perishability. The Ministry of Agriculture, research institutes and development projects are increasingly interested in the role of sweet potato, particularly its potential to enhance food security and increase rural incomes in the Uganda 37 P a g e

49 (Hall et al., 1998).The acreage for sweet potato production has fluctuated over the years and currently covers about 540, 000 ha (Figure 9). Figure 9: Acreage of sweet potato production in Uganda ( ) Source: FAOSTAT FAO Statistics Division December 2013 The average sweet potato yield is about 4.1 t/ha which is low compared to 25 t/ha under optimal management. The production has almost stagnated over the last 10 years. The estimated annual production reached 2.8 million tons in 2010, dropping to about 2.6 million in 2012 (Figure 10). The small increases in production are attributed to expansion in area cultivated (Figure 9) rather than in yield per unit area. Figure 10: Production of sweet potato (tons) in Uganda P a g e

50 Source: FAOSTAT FAO Statistics Division December 2013 About 44% of Ugandan farmers grow sweet potato, according to the 2005 Uganda National Household Survey. Sweet potato production is rain-fed and is done mainly by poorer farmers. As some studies found, women represented the majority of the producers. Bashaasha et al. ( 1995)found that women represented majority producers in most districts they surveyed. Sweet potato is mostly produced in areas where it is the most preferred staple and an income source. The Eastern region reported the highest production of sweet potato with the total output 847,000 Mt (46.6%) followed by the Western Region with 366,000 Mt (20.1%) and the least was the Central Region with 312,000 Mt (15.2%) (UBOS, 2009). Ethiopia Sweet potato in Ethiopia an important food crop produced by small-scale farmers under rain fed conditions, Sweet potato acreage has steadily increased from about in the late 90s to over hectares in 2010 (figure 11). 39 P a g e

51 Figure 11 : Production area of sweet potato in Ethiopia Source: FAOSTAT, 2012 The total annual production has also increased from about 200,000 MT in 1998 to just above 400,000 MT in 2010 (figure 12). Currently 98% of the total area devoted to sweet potato is in two regions of Ethiopia, the Southern Nations and Nationalities People Region (SNNPR) and Oromia, 64% and 34% respectively in the south, southwest and eastern parts of the country. Figure 12: Sweet potato production in Ethiopia P a g e

52 Source: FAOSTAT, Production site mapping Tanzania In Tanzania, sweet potato is produced in twenty one (21) regions. The potential and significance of sweet potato production is high around the Lake Zone (Mwanza, Shinyanga, Kagera), Southern Highland (Ruvuma), Western Zone (Tabora, Kigoma) and Eastern Zone (Morogoro, Coast, Dar-es-salaam) (Table 12).As the table shows, is a lot of fluctuation in production trends even within the same region. Shinyanga region has the highest production. The districts within these different regions with high production include: Lake Zone: Biharamulo, Bunda, Musoma rural, Geita, Sengerema, Bukombe, Ukerewe, Shinyanga rural, Bariadi, Kahama, Kishapu Central Corridor: Igunga Southern Highland: Chunya, Ileje Western Zone: Bukoba rural, Kasulu, Kigoma rural, Mpanda, Mbinga Eastern Zone: Temeke, Kilosa Table 12: Sweet potato production trends in major growing regions of Tanzania, Region 2005/ / / / /2010 Area ('000 ha) Yie ld t/h Area ('000 ha) Yie ld t/h Area ('000 ha) Yie ld t/h Area ('000 ha) Yie ld t/h Area Produc tion ('000 tons) Produc tion ('000 tons) Produc tion ('000 tons) Produc tion ('000 tons) ('00 0ha ) Produc tion ('000 tons) Arusha DaresSa laa m Dodom a Iringa Kagera Yie ld t/h a 41 P a g e

53 Kigoma Kilimanj ar o Lindi Manyar a Mara Mbeya Morogo ro Mtwara Mwanz a Pwani Rukwa Ruvuma Shinyan ga Singida Tabora Tanga Tanzani a Source: (MAFCS, 2013) There are different cultivars grown in the various regions that have been identified in various studies (Mmasa et al., 2012; Gwandu et al., 2012, CIP, 2012). These varieties were confirmed during FGDs with farmers (Table 13): Table 13: Sweet potato cultivars grown in different regions in Tanzania Region Variety (local name) Remarks Lake zone Northern zone (Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Manyara regions) Eastern zone (Coast, Morogoro, Dar Lyochi, Umeme, Selena, Mwanamakinu Pipi, Bugoi, Nyahinga, Kalamu ya mwinyi, Mwanamke hana siri, Lukuba, Mwanabundala, Sinia la mwinyi, Polista, Balozi, Chilile, Mzondwa, Sinia, Ukerewe, Bilagara and Kiliwona Noveto, Tengeru red and Sinia 1 & II Simama (Gairo), Ukerewe, Mbutu, Shangazi/Tengeru red Polista is the most preferred varietybecause its roots are mealy, tasty, high yielding and early maturing. Baloziis the second preferred variety because it is high yielding, produces big roots and stays longer under the ground ( Preference to Gairo is attributed to its early maturity, high yielding, tolerance to pests and diseases, 42 P a g e

54 es salaam) Central zone (Dodoma, Singida regions) Southern highlands Source: FGDs 2013 Shangazi, Simama Jeshi, Simama, Nyekundu market demand and high consumer preference Uganda Sweet potato is grown in all districts of Uganda; however the northeastern and southwestern regions are the major production areas (UCA /UBOS 2008/09). The Eastern region reported the highest production of sweet potato with the total output 847,000 Mt (46.6%) followed by the Western region with 366,000 Mt (20.1%) and the least was the Central Region with 312,000 Mt (15.2%) (UCA /UBOS 2008/09). The major sweet potato producing districts in different regions in Uganda are as follows: in the Eastern region: Mbale, Iganga, Kumi, Pallisa, Soroti, and Kamuli. In the Northern region, the districts of Kitgum, Gulu, and Apac are known to be high productivity. In the west, Hoima and Masindi are known for high production of sweet potato while in the central region there is Mukono and Rakai districts. Most of the sweet potato produced in Uganda is from indigenous cultivars. Recently, there has been increased adoption of new improved varieties, particularly the OFSP owing to projects. Cultivation takes place mostly in subsistence systems using mostly indigenous cultivars. There is limited information about the different varieties grown in different regions as shown below (Table 14). Table 14 : Sweet potato cultivars grown in different regions in Uganda Region Variety/local name Remarks All districts Central Uganda (Kumi and Soroti districts) Local landraces Tanzania, Ejumula, Esapat, Araka, Kala. Kakamega, NASPOT1, NASPOT 11, NASPOT 2, NASPOT 4, NASPOT 5, SPK 004, According to Gibson et al (2008) NASPOT 1 is one of the most widely grown improved cultivar in central region. Most new varieties disseminated through research and development efforts- most working through an NGO BUCADEF Eastern White or yellow fleshed 43 P a g e

55 (Mbale) South Eastern (Tororo) In various districts in Eastern and Central regions Various sources varieties Rubongi, Panyangasi, Kidera, Kisoko, Naigongera, Kirewa, and Butalenja. OFSP varieties NASPOT 9 O (Vitaa) and NASPOT 10O (Kabode), Ejumula and Kakamega, Disseminated through research and development Harvest Plus Ethiopia The sweet potato root production is concentrated in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional state (SNNP) and Oromia Regional State where it is more established for, utilization and marketing. Sweet potato is produced in all districts of SNNP with midland and lowland agro-ecologies including Wolaita, Gamo Gofa and Sidama Zones. Additional information from a FGD indicated that in Sidama, the production is concentrated in Boricha, Shebeddino, Tulla, Hawassa Zuria, Dale Lock AbaYa, Aleta Wondo, Aleta Chiko and Dara districts. Boricha and Shebedino districts are the main production areas. In Oromia, production is significant in East and West Harerghe zones. However, there is great interest to adopt sweet potato in the cropping system of all other regions because of the significance of the crop for food and nutrition security. In southern Ethiopia, most farmers plant improved varieties, including some OFSP varieties (table 15), using traditional agronomic practices. In Eastern Ethiopia, farmers use mostly local varieties and the white fleshed varieties are more common. Table 15: Sweet potato cultivars grown in different regions in Ethiopia Region Variety (local name) Remarks Southern region -Hawassa 83, white fleshed and orange fleshed varieties, kulfo and tula. Most farmers grow some released improved varieties Eastern region Mostly local varieties 44 P a g e

56 3.2.3 Production systems and cropping calendar Tanzania In Tanzania, the average farm size per household under sweet potato cultivation is about 0.8 ha (MAFSC, 2010). Sweet potato producers rely mainly on rain and do not apply any production enhancing inputs (e.g. fertilizer or pesticides). In addition, findings from FDGs with farmers in Morogoro, found that about 60% of the farmers lease land for growing sweet potato on an annual basis. Farmers in both Morogoro and Gairo also noted that they practiced mono-cropping in growing sweet potatoes seasonally rotating with cereals. The production calendar of sweet potato in Tanzania varies according to region. For Mwanza and Shinyanga seed production starts in July-August with planting done from December to January. The peak harvesting period is from April to June (table 16). In Tarime, planting is done in May, and harvesting from September-November. Therefore seed production starts from January February. The root supply in Mwanza market is extended from April to November due to different harvesting periods in the Lake region thus stabilizing the prices. Peak food deficit period in Lake Zone is in February, this is the time farmers are establishing the main field but at the same time harvest roots from seed nurseries for their families. In Eastern zone seed production starts in August through October-November for the areas receiving a unimodal type of rains. Planting in this case is done in December-February. Where the rains are bimodal, seeds are produced from December through March and planting from March to May. Uganda In Uganda, small-scale farmers grow sweet potato on small plots, averaging between ha.According to the 2005 Uganda National Household Survey, about 44% of Ugandan farmers grow sweet potato. Indigenous cultivars dominate the production system which is mainly subsistence. The production systems is rain dependent and producers do not apply productivity enhancing inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides and face high incidence of diseases and pests(yanggen & Nagujja, 2006).. Sweet potato is mostly grown as a mono-crop though it is sometimes intercropped with early maturing beans, maize and similar crops. Farmers grow a mixture of varieties but even then, each variety is usually grown by itself in one patch (on mounds or ridges) rather than all mixed together. A few high yielding white- or cream-fleshed sweet potato (WFSP) varieties resembling local landraces such as NASPOT 1, Dimbuka and, and recently, NASPOT 11, have spread widely in Central Uganda (Gibson, 2013 ; Mwanga et al., 2009) 45 P a g e

57 Ethiopia Sweet potato in Ethiopia is produced under rain fed condition in diverse agro-ecologies. Sweet potato is planted at three distinct planting times in a year. April-May, July-August and October-December. Sweet potato fields are ploughed two to three months before planting. Weeding is undertaken depending on the amount of rainfall which creates favorable condition for growth of weeds. The crop matures three to eight months after planting, depending on the variety and management. But as a FGD with farmers revealed, there are slight differences between regions with the cropping calendar. According to a study by Endrias et al. (2006), most farmers intercrop to varying degrees. The crops usually intercropped in the study area are maize with haricot bean, maize with sweet potato and sorghum with haricot bean. Farmers also practice crop rotation to improve and maintain soil fertility. The common crop rotation activities practiced by farmers are: maizesweet potato-maize, maize-sweet potato-tef, tef-maize-haricot bean-tef Sweet potato production cost and benefits analysis Profitability analysis of sweet potato production Tanzania A profitability analysis of sweet potato production was conducted during discussions with farmers in a village in Gairo district. The findings show that farmers make about USD 125 per acre. The profit reduces by about 25% in the case where farmers hire land for production as was noted to be the case in the region (Table 16). Table 16: Gross margin for sweet potato production per acre*, Mtumbatu Gairo, Tanzania Revenue (TzSh) Unit cost Total cost 10 bags 30000/bag 300,000 Production expenses 100,000 s Land hire(optional) (50, 000 )shillings Net revenue (without hired 200,000 land) (USD 125) Net revenue (with hired land) 150,000 (USD=93.75) Source: FGD, Mtumbatu, Gairo District; *1.2 ton /acre =10 bags of120 kg/per bag; 1 USD= TzSh 1600 Uganda A recent study by Kraybill and Michael (2009) show that the sweet potato production generates a gross margin of up to 238,323 (USD 76.66) in low input production systems(table 17). This margin increases by almost four-fold for sweet potato enterprises 46 P a g e

58 that use high inputs. The difference in profit margins reduces to about double in the second season. Table 17: Sweet potato enterprise profitability per hectare in Uganda Low input use/subsistence high input use/recommended First Season Second Season First Season Second Season Local (N=1,928) Type Local (N=1,626) Type Local (N=1,928) Type Local Type (N=1,626) Value of output (UShs/ha) 432, ,301 1,175, ,155 Family labor (UShs) 240, , , ,813 Hired labor (UShs) , ,150 Total input costs (UShs) ,460 43,843 Draft power/mechanization ,510 57,428 Total Costs 240, , , ,233 Gross Margins 191,647 (USD= 76.66) 238,323 (USD=95.33) 697,618 (USD=279.05) 546,922 (USD=218.77) But as findings from farmers FGD in Soroti show, the gross margin of producing improved varieties is considerably high (Table 18). Table 18: Gross margin analysis on sweet potato production per acre, Soroti Revenue Unit cost (UgSh) Total cost UgSh bags ,200, Production costs (heaping system) (USD ) mounds UGsh1000/8 mounds UgSh 375, (USD ) Gross margin UgSh 825, (USD Source: FGD, Soroti*Farmers use inputs (especially insecticides for the leaf roller) Ethiopia A profit analysis on sweet potato production in Ethiopia (table 19) compared production of local and improved varieties of sweet potato. The findings show huge margins. Whereas local varieties generated about USD 129 per ha, improved varieties fetch a profit of about USD Table 19: Gross margin analysis of sweet potato production in Ethiopia(in Birr/per ha) Cost item/benefit Variety 47 P a g e

59 Local variety Improved variety Gross income 4,800 40,000 Production costs: Total human and oxen labour costs Total input cost 1,668 4,639 Total cost of production 2,341 5,409 Net benefit 2,459 =(USD 129) 34,591 = (USD 1821) Source: Field Survey, October-December Comparative gross margin analyses of sweet potato and other crops Tanzania In Tanzania, sweet potato is an increasingly commercial crop that competes with other staples crops in the market. When the gross margin of sweet potato production (table 16) is compared that of cassava (table 20), a competing food staple in Tanzania, sweet potato production shows slightly higher returns (about 30%). Table 20: Gross margin of Cassava per acre in Sengerema, Lake Zone Revenue (TzSh) Unit cost Total cost 20 bags ,000 Production cost Harvesting/Drying Land preparation 15,000 Cultivation 20,000 Weeding 60,000 Total costs Net profit (USD 65.62) (Source: Match Maker (2007) Uganda Kraybill and Michael (2009) in their analysis of profitability of key agricultural enterprises in Uganda show that sweet potato has on average higher profit margin than maize but lower than 48 P a g e

60 cassava which can be considered two competing staples in one season (table 21).In the following season, the margin decreases. However, this analysis reflects relative enterprise profitability and should be interpreted with caution since production conditions, such as wage rates, input costs, output prices, and yield vary by agricultural production zone. Table 21: Comparative analysis of enterprise gross margins (UgSh/hectare) Crop Cassav a Local Type Improved Type First Season Second Season First Season Second Season Sampl Gross Sampl Gross Sampl Gross Sampl Gross e Size Margins e Size Margins e Size Margin e Size Margin s s ,441 (USD= ) Maize ,352 (USD=40.14) Sweet potato 1, ,647 (USD 76.65) Source: Kraybill and Kidoido (2009) Ethiopia ,471 (USD= ) ,991 (USD= ) 1, ,323 (USD=95.32) , , , ,859 Cassava is one of the most important food crops that constitute a considerable portion of the daily diet of the population and serves as a major source of carbohydrate in Southern Ethiopia. The average cassava production cost was estimated at Birr 4,650 per ha at Wolayita, Birr 4,200 per ha at Segne and Birr 4,000 at Gomogofa. This means that the production cost was about Birr 160 per ha. The largest input cost is the seed. Zone N Cost of inputs Birr/ha Wolayita 40 4, Segne Gomogofa ,200 4,000 Unit cost of production Birr/t Source: Getahun etal, P a g e

61 3.2.5 Post-harvest handling issues for sweet potato The pre- and post-harvest handling of sweet potato is affected the bulkiness of the roots and its high perishability. Fresh roots have a shelf-life of about one to two weeks after harvesting after which there is significant deterioration in quality (taste, firmness, color and taste) (Abidin, 2004 ; Kilimo Trust, 2013b). The existing marketing systems of sweet potato are considered poorly developed with high levels of tuber damage during post-harvest handling of the crop (Tomlins, 2000). However, the true extent of both biological and economic losses is not known and the relationship between cultivars, marketing systems and quality depreciation is inadequately understood. Critical points in post-harvest management include: Harvesting Hoes and other implements are normally used during harvesting operation of these crops. The implements used in this operation cause a lot of mechanical injuries to the crops which include cuts, skinning and breaks. All these reduce the shelf life as well as quality of the crops Storage In Uganda, Engoru et al (2005) analysis of post-harvest storage practices in Kumi and Mbale districts of eastern Uganda indicate that farmers stored in pits for an average of 38 days, although others were storing up to 138 days. Farmers reported storage losses amounting to approximately 27% of total output Handling, packaging and transportation In Tanzania, the handling and transport system (to markets) could result in up to 20% of tuber damage in a sack with severe breaks and between 35% and 86% with severe skinning injuries (Ndunguru et al., ; Ndunguru et al., 2003). Transport charges are usually per sack, which contributes to sweet potatoes mainly being transported in large extended bags weighing up to 250 kg but ordinarily bags weigh between kg. Polypropylene bags are normally used in packaging cassava and sweet potato. In the course of stuffing the roots into the bags, they break up and get bruised. This encourages decay by microorganisms. Further, such heavy bags result in difficulties in handling and ineffective transportation as the main modes of transport are, carts, bicycles, trucks, canoes and boats. Damage from handling, packaging and transportation contributes to low pricing, with price reducing by between 10% and 30% due to shriveled, cut or broken roots. The price is lower when the roots are rotten or damaged by insects. A study by Ndunguru, (2011) noted that, halving the weight of the sack did not reduce the damage, whereas transporting smaller quantities (20 kg) of roots and replacing sacks with locally available fiberboard boxes significantly reduced losses during transportation. 50 P a g e

62 Post-harvest losses are also a major challenge for sweet potato farmers in Ethiopia. Most farmers do not harvest the root unless they have a market. Because of lack of market access, the production area is very small. Harvesting is mainly by piecemeal even for farmers that grow the sweet potato in larger areas. These all is due to lack of adequate storage at the farm level and for traders. Thus, there is need for affordable storage structures at both farm and market levels Constraints on farm-level production and post-harvest management The farm level constraints on production and post-harvest management of sweet potato identified are summarized in table 22 below. Table 22: Summary of production and post-harvest management constraints General Tanzania Uganda Ethiopia i. Low income for the farmer due to participation of intermediaries ii. Lack of business skills iii. Poorly developed marketing systems i. Lack of farmers associations and commercialization ii. Low linkages to service providers - extension services, financial iii. Low productivity, poor post-harvest handling, poor market prices iv. Low awareness on nutritional benefits of OSP v. SP work neglected in western and southern highlands i. Pest and diseases ii. High cost of inputs iii. Low inputs use iv. Lack of storage facilities v. Post-harvest losses vi. poor infrastructure i. Inadequate skills in conservation and multiplication of clean planting ii. Drought iii. Shortage of farm land iv. Lack of storage, appropriate transportation and packaging facilities Recommended areas of action on improving sweet potato production and postharvest management Facilitate farmers access to clean and appropriate seed through linking them to seed producers and other support services (extension and research) Promote suitable and improved varieties for different target areas and stimulate commercial demand for the varieties Promote better harvesting practices to reduce post-harvest losses 51 P a g e

63 Promote increased commercial oriented production of sweet potatoes in areas with potential Promote better extension support for commercialization of sweet potatoes production in areas with potential 3.3 Marketing analysis The extent of trade in sweet potato is unknown but local, regional and international trade has existed for some time and is growing (Srinivas, 2009) Marketing patterns and channels Sweet potato marketing in the three countries is characterized mainly by local (rural) and urban marketing. The trade is dominated by a number of small-scale traders operating individually. Tanzania The major markets for sweet potato in Tanzania are Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Morogoro, Shinyanga, Dodoma, Zanzibar, Gairo, Sabasaba and Mji Mwema in Morogoro municipality. Whereas sweet potato from Kigamboni are traded in Tandale, Tandika, Buguruni and Mabibo with the peak period of supply being March to September Uganda In Uganda, sweet potato is characterized as largely a subsistence crop with little commercialization. This is partly because they have a low value-bulk ratio and perishability. The crop is extensively marketed but commercialization is more intensive in and around urban areas where prices compare well with those of other staple crops in the three countries. Soroti and Kumi districts are the leading suppliers of sweet potato to markets in Kampala, Jinja, Mbale and other urban areas in the country(gonzález de Uzqueta de Lorza, 2006) Ethiopia The Addis Ababa Market is the metropolitan Market, where the SP coming from different area is traded. The Adama and Wolaita are zonal town markets. The Hawassa market is regional town market and Addis Ababa is a metropolitan city market. However, the community is among the different markets visited and buyers consulted were that SP from Woliata is reaching all places. Hence Wolaita can be considered as SP belt /hub in Ethiopia. In the past sweet potato was solely grown mainly for its tuber for 52 P a g e

64 boiling, however, nowadays the demand for the veins has increased it become another source of income for farmers (see D.Getahun etal, 2013). The volume of SP traded various from one market to another.the frequency of buying sweet potato by wholesalers in all visited markets ranged from 2 to 5 days per week and that of selling per week ranged to 3 to 5 days. With regard to processing and value addition in most places it is silent about SP processing and No effort made to introduce commercial level processing and value addition. Similarly, Degu G. etal also confirmed that no value addition or changing of SP into different products is occurring in Ethiopia Markets location According to FGD findings, there are more than 6 markets in Morogoro municipality and more than 8 markets in Dar es Salaam city which market sweet potatoes from various areas of the country throughout the year Figure 13: Major Sweet Potato markets in Tanzania Figure 14: Major Sweet potato markets in Uganda- 53 P a g e

65 Figure 15: Major Sweet Potato markets in Ethiopia 54 P a g e

66 3.3.3 Market size and volumes Tanzania Sweet potato marketing in Tanzania, like other countries in the region is dominated by domestic markets in rural and urban areas. The level of commercialization varies in different districts, where the estimated percentage of sweet potato produced ranges from about 25-70% (figure 13). The marketing chain of sweet potatoes involves farmers, traders, transporters, commission agents and consumers. These actors can however, be classified into wholesalers and retailers. Figure 16: Level of commercialization in different districts 55 P a g e

67 Source: FGDs Uganda According to Hall et al (1998), sweet potato is increasingly cultivated as a cash crop and is replacing other staples that are cash crops like cassava and maize particularly in areas with a relatively prolonged dry season (Bukedea district) (REU, 2009). While demand is increasing, domestic marketing is largely characterized by low urban prices (Kanua & Rangat, 1990). Engoru et al. (2005)found that 52.9% of farmers in Eastern Uganda in Kumi and Mbale districts sold some portion of their sweet potato crop This region is considered to be one of the most intensely commercialized regions. Ethiopia Currently, sweet potato is marketed in urban centres like Addis Ababa, Hawassa, Diredawa, Harar, and several other cities and towns in the country in addition to rural marketing in localities where it is produced. Majority of respondents in Sidama zone sell their tuber (48.6%) at zonal market (50%). This is probably due to their proxity to Awassa city which is zonal as well regional market. In Wolayta and Woreda (district) markets are major tuber market distinations for a large portion of sweet potato where there is a diversity of buyers including secondary trader, retailers/assemblers and consumers. Tanzania An analysis of marketing in Madibo Garment Market in Dar-es-Salaam provides some indication of business volumes transacted through such outlets (Table 23). The findings indicate that volumes worth an estimated USD 946,600 a month are traded in this market. 56 P a g e

68 Table 23: Case study of Madibo Garment Market, Dar-es-Salaam Madibo Garments Market, Kinondoni District Council Dar-es-salaam Commodity traded Number of traders Sourcing Areas Jan to December Frequency of Sourcing Sweet Potatoes & Non Sweet Potato Average Quantity Purchase by the wholesalers 30 wholesalers Gairo Singida Sirari-Tarime Zanzibar and coastal region Kilosa-Kisanga Weekly 28,800 kg per week (240 bags) -May, June & July -July, Aug & September -Oct, Nov &December -Jan, Feb & March Averages volumes traded per week/all traders (Kgs) Quantity Purchased per trader is estimated to be 28,800 Kg Buying price (Tzs/ 120kg bag)- 20,000-25,000/- Selling price (Tzs/ 120kg bag)- 50,000/= to 55,000 Estimated Total Volumes traded by the 30 traders 864,000 Kilos per week (7200 bags) Estimated Total revenue per week Tzsh (USD 236,650) Uganda A market analysis of Owino Market in Kampala shows that significant volumes of banana are traded through this one market outlet (table 24). On average, traders sell about USD 47,600 worth of banana every week during the off peak season and about USD.44,800. Table 24: Case study of Owino Market, Kampala Name of market: Owino Market Place Location: Kampala District Commodity traded Sweet Potatoes Average Quantity Purchased by all the wholesalers per week Number of traders 70 Sweet Potato varieties traded 1400 Bags (350,000KG) Soroti, Kyebandula, Kawogo, Dimbuka, Nsoba, Kifuta, Bitambi, Mityana, Nakasongola, Omuganda and Owekipapali (orange fleshed) 57 P a g e

69 Sourcing Areas / per season Frequency of Sourcing January-June July-December Singo, Masaka, Fort Portal, Gomba, Mpigi, Luwero and Nakasongola. Soroti, Kumi, Jinja, Kamuli, Bugiri, Iganga and Buyende Daily Weight of 1 bag of sweet potatoes Averages volumes traded per week by all traders (Kgs)- Peak Season Averages volumes traded per week by all traders (Kgs)- Off Peak Season 250KG KG (1400 Bags) KG (700 Bags) Average buying price per bag-peak Season UgSh 50,000 (peak season) UgSh 120,000 (off peak) Average selling price per bag-peak Season UgSh 80,000 (peak season) UGX 170,000 (off-peak) Estimated Total revenue per week by a single trader- Peak Season Estimated Total revenue per week by a single trader-off Peak Season Estimated Total revenue per week by all traders-peak Season Estimated Total revenue per week by all traders-off Peak Season Source: Farm Concern International, 2014 UgSh 1,600,000 UgSh 1,700,000 UgSh 112,000,000 (USD.44,800) UgSh 119,000,000 (USD= 47,600) Ethiopia In Ethiopia limited data was available about marketing of sweet potato. But as table shows, there is varying volumes of sweet potato traders in various markets mainly around the sweet potato producing regions (Table 25). Table 25: Summary of volumes of sweet potato marketed through various markets Market Region Volume traded in month tones Peak (maximum) season Off peak season (minimum) Hawassa SNNPR Wolaita SNNPR Adama Oromia region P a g e

70 Markato Addis Ababa City Administration Ayertena Addis Ababa City Administration Total Source: Farm Concern International, Sweet potato pricing Tanzania A study by Tomlins et al. (2000) showed that sweet potato pricing is characterised by a lot of seasonal flactuation. In addition, there are huge variations between various sweetpatoto regions (Table 26). Table 26: Prices of Shanweet potatoes per bag (Tsh) Region District Village Farm gate prices Market prices (City) Low season High season Mwanza Ukerewe Busagami 12,000-15,000 6,000-8,500 Bukonyo 8,000 3,000-6,000 Low season of production High season of production 14,000-15,000 9,000-14,00 Sengerema Kafunzo 10,000 6,000 " Luholongoma 10,000-12,000 5,000 Morogoro Kilosa Kyegea 17,000 5,000 30,000 28,000 Mtumbatu 22,000 7,000 30,000 28,000 Dar es Saam Temeke Gezaulole 13,000 9,000 28,000 26,000 Source: Tomlins et al. (2000) Mbutu 15,000 7,000 30,000 20,000 More recently, the prevailing market prices show average prices range between US$ and 0.61 per kg. Uganda There is limited data about sweet potato pricing in Uganda. Ethiopia As Table 27 below shows, the average farm gate prices for sweet potato in Ethiopia is between USD 8. The market price for traders is about USD 9. Table 27: Prices of sweet potatoes per bag Market Source: Area /Village Farm gate prices(birr( Market prices 55 1 US$= Tshs 1,585 as at January, 2013 (Source, Bank of Tanzania) 59 P a g e

71 Hawassa Hawassa Suburb /Dato / Qaresso (Around Hawassa Mesenkela/Yirgalem (Birr)City Wolaita Damot Sore Woreda Soddo Zuria Woreda 150 Bolosso Sore Woreda 150 Kucha Woreda 150 Adama 380 Wolaita 300 Wonji 310 Methahra 310 Bole 310 Addis Ababab Wolaita Marketing seasonality mapping As the data below shows, sweet potato is avaible in the markets for most of the year in the three countries. However, the seasonality in terms of peak and off peak availabilty needs further analysis. Table 28: Summary Table Countries Uganda Tanzania Ethiopia Availability Available 11 months of the year Available 4 8 Months Available 4 8 months Table 29: Seasonality Mapping in Tanzania 60 P a g e

72 Production Region Sweet Potato Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oc Nv De Jan Fe Ma Morogoro High Season Low Season Mara High Season Low Season Zanzibar High Season Low Season Pwani High Season Low Season Iringa High Season Table 30: Seasonality Mapping in Uganda Month Source area 1=Peak 2= off peak December April & August Jinja, Soroti, Mbale, Luwero, Palisa & Buyende Jinja, Soroti, Mbale, Luwero, Palisa & Buyende 1 1 July 1 January, February, March, May, June, September, October & November Jinja, Soroti, Mbale, Luwero, Palisa & Buyende 2 Table 31: Seasonality Mapping in Ethiopia Market Peak Off Peak 61 P a g e

73 Supply areas Month Supply areas Month Hawassa Mesenkela /Yirglem and Lake Shore January-March Wolaita May September Wolaita Damot Sore, Soddo Zuria August - September Kucha, Bolos Sore December-May January-February Adama Wonji, Methehara Wolaita January June Addis Ababa Woalita June-September Wolaita January -May Marketing costs and drivers A Case of wholesalers at Madibo Garmets Market, Kinondoni District Council, Dar-essalaam, Tanzania According to wholesale traders at Madibo Garmet market in Dar-es-Salaam, in addition to the cost of buying the sweet potato roots, transportation comes second as a key driver of cost of business (table 28). There is need to further analysis to understand what drives this high cost of transportation. Table 32: Cost drivers for sweet potato whole marketing at Madibo Garmet Market, Dar-es- Salaam Cost item Unit cost 1. Sourcing including commission paid to broker Unit( per bag, kg, man hrs, duration, daily, weekly Tshs. Total cost Tshs (per truck) Per bag 5,000/= 600,000/= 2. Transportation Per 10ton truck 2,400,000/= 2,400,000/= 3. Loading cost Per bag 2,000/= 240,000/= 4. On transit Levy Per bag 1,000/= 120,000/= 5. Offloading costs Per bag 1,500/= 180,000/= 6. Market levy at Mabibo Garments Market 7. Broker fees selling at local markets Per bag 200/= 24,000/= Per bag 5,000/= 600,000/= 8.Buying cost Per bag 60,000/= 7,200,000/= 62 P a g e

74 Totals 11,364,000/= Source: Farm Concern International, Market profit share analysis in the sweet potato value chain The increase in demand for sweet potato is reflected in its growing and extensive markets. A gross margin analysis of the markets actors helps to understand who benefits from the increased marketing of sweet potato. Tanzania A gross margin analysis of the sweet potato along the value chain in Morogoro, one of the key production regions show that retailers retain the market margin (Table 29). Table 33: Costs and Gross Margins in the Sweet potatoes Value Chain (A case of Morogoro) Producers GM(TSH/Ha) Revenues Kg/Ha =4750kg Selling Price/kg=514 Wholesalers GM(TSH/Kg) Selling Price/100kg bag =65,000 Retailers GM(TSH/Kg) Selling Price/100kg bag =125,000 Costs Total Revenue/Ha = 2,441,500 Furrowing=60,000 Ridging = 60,000 Planting material =16,500 Planting =55,000 Weeding =50,000 Harvesting =63,000 Total Revenue/100kg bag =65,000 Buying Price/100kg bag = 51,400 Packaging material= 200 Stuffing into a bag = 200 Collection = 200 Loading = 700 Transport = 2,000 Levy =500 Total Revenue/100kg bag =125,000 Buying Price/100kg bag =65,000 Off-loading =700 Transport =1,000 Levy =500 Uganda Total Cost/Ha=304,500 Gross Per Ha per season Margins = 2,137,000 Kg/Season = 450 (0.28) Source: Kilimo Trust (2013b) According to findings of the study by Kilimo Trust, the farmers in Uganda retain the highest market margin (table 30). Table 34: Costs and Gross Margins in the Sweet potatoes Value Chain in Uganda Producers GM(UGX/Ha) Total Cost/100Kg = 55,200 Per 100kg = 9,800 Per Kg = 98 Wholesalers GM(UGX/Kg) Total Cost/100Kg =67,200 Per 100kg = 57,800 Per Kg = 578 Retailers GM(UGX/Kg) 63 P a g e

75 Revenues Kg/Ha =4200kg Selling Price/kg =500 Total Revenue = Selling Price/100kg =90,000 Total Revenue/100kg =90,000 Selling Price/100kg = Total Revenue/100kg = Cost Land Hiring =87,500 Land preparation= Planting Vines =15,000 Planting =100,000 Weeding =300,000 Harvesting =105,000 Gross Margins Total Cost/Ha =945,000 Per Ha per season = 1,155,000 Buying Price/100kg = 75,000 Transport=10,000 Packaging material =1000 Collection =1000 Loading = 400 Levy = 700 TotalCost/100Kg =88,100 Per 100kg = 1,900 Buying Price/100kg =90000 Transport =2000 Total Cost/100Kg =92000 Per 100kg = Kg/Season = 275 (USD 0.11) Source ; Kilimo Trust (2013b) Per Kg = 19 (USD 0.008) Per Kg = 228 (USD 0.09) Ethiopia The sweet potato producers reported lower price of Birr 1.58 per kg by adding a value of Birr 0.24 per kg which is 5% of the total value added. Wholesaler added the least (27%) and the retailers added Birr 2.40 per kg which is about 45 % of the total value added (Table 31). The price differentials between what consumers pay and what producers receive is 72%, which is the highest in the study area. Table 35: Gross Margins in the Sweet potatoes Value Chain in Ethiopia Value chain Producer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer Sales price Birr/kg Cost of raw material Gross value added % of total value added* Constraints in sweet potato marketing Table 36: Summary of constraints in sweet potato marketing General Tanzania Uganda Ethiopia 64 P a g e

76 i. A disconnect between market preference and production ii. Erratic market supply iii. Increased sourcing costs iv. Lack of bulking centers and storage facilities v. Lack of specialized transportation vi. Cottage processors lack of access to capital vii. Low quality product, lack of product certification & traceability iii. Short shelf life of roots ix. OFSP has low dry matter content i. Lack of farmers marketing groups/ associations ii. Low prices especially during peak season iii. Lack of standardization for the packaging iv. Limited information on the nutrition benefits of OSP v. Undeveloped market for processed sweet potatoes (OSP) i. Inefficient marketing systems poor infrastructure and ii. Limited access to credit iii. Inadequate market information iv. Limited processing capacity v. Short shelf life of sweet potato i. Produce gets easily spoilt ii. Product not readily available iii. Long preparation time Recommended areas of action on improving sweet potato marketing Enhance access to market information of different market segments Improve post-harvest handling and packaging to reduce damage (quality) Support formation of farmers and trader associations for improved marketing and reducing of various costs (e.g. transportation) Develop standards related to the weight of sweet potato consignments Promote processing and value-addition of sweet potatoes to reduce losses and increase use through diversified products Develop and expand opportunities in various market segments (domestic, regional and international export) 3.4 Consumer and nutrition analysis Consumption trends in sweet potato Sweet potatoes consumers can be segmented into urban (non-producers) and rural (producers and non-producers) consumers across low, medium, and high income earners. These are further divided into individual (household) consumers, institutional buyers, and food vendors. 65 P a g e

77 Uganda A food consumption survey by Harvey et al. (2010) showed that banana and sweet potato still feature among the main consumed starchy staples in Uganda. Uganda has the highest per capita sweet potato consumption (kg/ person/year) in Africa. In 2010 this was estimated at 73 kg/person/year. It is the third most consumed food staple in Uganda after bananas and cassava (Kilimo Trust, 2013a(Kilimo Trust, 2013a). According to the Kilimo trust (2013a) survey, more (61%) rural consumers than urban consumers (46%) perceive sweet potatoes as a staple food, as it is readily available to the rural households. The study shows that sweet potatoes are consumed regularly and twice a week by about 28% of consumers, respectively (Figure: 14) Figure 17: Frequency of purchase of sweet potatoes products by consumers (N=266) Source: Kilimo Trust, 2013a Sweet potatoes are mainly consumed boiled, roasted, and fried and served with a sauce of beans, meat, fish, or vegetables. The leaves are consumed as a vegetable and are a substitute for other types of vegetables such as pumpkin leaves, cassava leaves, kales, and amaranths. Consumers in Uganda consume different varieties. Key varieties commonly consumed include: dimbuka, bamunyombokere, silk, mbale and osukut.consumption is largely driven by taste (sweet), high dry matter content, and availability. Consumption trends are influenced by household size, availability, income, low production, increased prices and presence of other substitutes(kilimo Trust, 2013a). The survey found that between 50-60% of the respondents perceived that the consumption of sweet potato had increased over the last 3 years. Across Uganda 50% and 60% of respondents from urban and rural markets respectively perceived that consumption trends over the last 3 years have increased. This is attributed to three key drivers, increased household size brought about by high population growth rates, availability in the market and among producers, and limited 66 P a g e

78 income which makes the sweet potato roots an attractive option since they are cheaper when compared to some substitutes such as cassava (Kilimo Trust, 2013a). Tanzania Household sweet potato consumption has increased since 1990, from 400,000MT to 1,381,120MT in Roughly 95% of annual consumption is domestic food supply, while roughly 5% is waste (Jonas et al., 2012). According to FAOSTAT cited from Jonas, et al., 2012, Tanzania does not import or export sweet potatoes. In Tanzania sweet potato are normally consumed as a snack which is prepared mainly boiled. In urban areas, particularly Dar es Salaam, sweet potatoes are roasted or fried for consumption as snack food (Ndunguru, 1992). Increasingly there are efforts to now promote the use of sweet potatoes in bakery and confectionery products (Kapinga et al. 1995). Sweet potatoes leaves are also consumed as vegetables. According to a Kilimo Trust (2013a) survey, sweet potatoes are consumed regularly at least twice a week by 23% of the interviewed consumers. The most common forms in which sweet potatoes are consumed across all income levels in both urban and rural markets are boiled, leaves, and fried. The leaves are consumed as a vegetable and are a substitute for other types of vegetables such as pumpkin leaves, cassava leaves, kales and amaranths. Temu et al., (2003) study on sweet potatoes marketing in Tanzania showed that some of the attributes preferred by consumers were big size roots, low-fiber content, sweetness, high dry matter content, and skin colour. Jonas et al. (2012) stated that consumers preference for sweet potatoes are high dry matter content (i.e. more starchy ) and a good taste. The color of the flesh and skin and the time required to cook are also important considerations, followed by low fiber content, storability and root size (Kilimo Trust, 2013a). These preferences were confirmed during FGDs with various actors in Mbeya, noting that when buying sweet potato consumers considered color, sweetness, starchiness, price, and place of origin and very few consider nutritional composition. In addition to domestic consumers, there are various institutional consumers. A recent study characterized various institutional consumers that include schools, churches, children orphanages, hospitals, prisons, and army barracks. All these consumers prefer fresh sweet potato roots. It is only learning institutions and hotels that buy other sweet potato products such as juice, chips, flour and cakes. Army barracks, hotels, and prisons only purchase raw/fresh sweet potato roots. Learning institutions purchase diverse sweet potato products namely fresh roots, flour, chips, pancakes and juice (Kilimo Trust, 2013a). Ethiopia Sweet potato is an underutilized crop in Ethiopia with a high potential to improve food 67 P a g e

79 security and nutrition, especially through exploiting the use of orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties (OFSP) which are rich in pro-vitamin A Sweet Potato value added products and consumption analysis Sale and consumption of sweet potatoes is confined largely to fresh tubers in the East African region. In some regions, the leaves are also consumed. Sweet potato roots are bulky and highly perishable, processing into different products could increase shelf life from 21 days to several months and also increase consumption by allowing transport over long distances without deterioration (Kilimo Trust, 2013b). However, there is very little processing and value addition being done. There are a number of products that have been developed from sweet potato. Thus there is increasing demand for sweet potato products pointing to opportunities for investing in crop processing and adding value. However, these products are not wide spread and appear in specialized markets in specific regions (Andrade et al., 2009). Tanzania The various processed products from sweet potato identified in the Tanzania are summarized below (Table 33). Table 37: Processed sweet potato products in Tanzania Product Description (local name where applicable) Michembe Matobolwa Chapatti Doughnuts Meal flour Sliced and dried roots Sliced, boiled and dried roots Made from flour with sweet potato Made from flour with sweet potato Sweet potato crisps Uganda The various processed sweet potato products noted in Uganda are summarized in Table 34 Table 38: Processed sweet potato products in Uganda Product Description (local name where applicable) Amukeke Inginyo Sliced and dried sweet potato Stone crushed and dried sweet potato 68 P a g e

80 Flour Chips Consumer trials (Figure 15) were conducted in two sampled schools of central region to establish consumer (adults and students) preference of various sweet potato products consumed. The findings show that most of these consumers still prefer matooke (cooked) banana to other processed products. Figure 18: Consumer preferences established for two sampled schools of Central Uganda Apple banana (fruit) 4 Cavendish (fruit) 4 Banana beer (mwenge Banana juice Gonja (roasted banana) Central College Bulenga Lugala Primary School Matooke (steamed Pancakes Crisps % number of responses mashed 4 sweetpotato+beans sweet potato chips boiled sweetpotato roasted sweet potato dried sweet potatoa (amukeke) fried sweet potato % number of responses Source: Consumer trials2013, by FCI Ethiopia Generally, farm household consume boiled sweet potato accompanied by relishes. However, with the introduction of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties, farmers were attended training and demonstration on how to processes different products made out of sweet potato. The products include juice, biscuit, beverages and mixing with the local staple foods etc. If this practice is to be promoted further it can benefit producers and improve the diets of consumers. But there are no local level food enterprises that have taken up these 69 P a g e

81 processing opportunities. To support large scale value addition, government and development programs could start by providing processing equipment, such as chippers, slicers etc Food and nutrition security gaps and contribution of sweet potato Agricultural-based interventions can improve dietary diversity and quality, and thereby accelerate reductions in malnutrition (Thompson & Meerman, 2010). An efficacy study (van Jaarsveld et al., 2005)in South Africa had shown that consumption of 125g OFSP improved the vitamin A status of children and can play an important role in developing countries as a viable long-term food-based strategy for controlling vitamin A deficiency. Replacing the pale-fleshed varieties currently grown by farmers with new high ß-carotene cultivars could potentially benefit an estimated 50 million children under age 6 who are currently at risk; in many sub-saharan African countries(walker et al., 2011) Tanzania Overall, Tanzania s food security situation appears to be improving. National wide 57% of population is energy sufficient, 14% are moderately food energy sufficient and 29% are highly food energy sufficient. While 6.6% of households have transitory food insecurity 1.7% are chronic food insecurity (WFP, 2013).Rural households in Tanzania are more exposed to food insecurity than urban households. The zones with food shortage are the Lake zone (26%), Western (25%), and Central (24%). The Southern Highlands and Zanzibar are least likely (11.5% and 7.1%) to experience food shortage. The food basket is composed of maize, beans, groundnuts, dried bean leaves, wheat, millet, sorghum, dried cassava, Bambara nuts, pigeon peas, soya and cowpeas. The food basket is inadequate despite being supplemented by banana. Vegetables and fruits are not included in the food basket. The dried beans leaves are boiled until they change color, leading to nutrient depletion. This indicates the need for increasing knowledge on processing with nutrient retention at the household level. In Tanzania, despite of the presence of food rich in micronutrients like sweet potato and banana, people consume food with low micronutrients that leads to micronutrient deficiency and hence malnutrition. According to the TDHS 2010 data, prevalence of VAD among children aged 6-59 months is 33%. The prevalence does not vary much with the child s age; however more boys are affected (35.3%) than girls (30.95). The nutrition situation of adolescent girls and women in Tanzania is also alarming. About one third of women age years are deficient in iron, vitamin A and iodine, two fifths of women are anemic and one in ten women are undernourished. Malnourished adolescent girls and women are more likely to give birth to low birth weight infants, thus transferring under nutrition from one generation to the next (NBS, 2010).Factors that contribute to 70 P a g e

82 malnutrition are many and varied. However, many studies in SSA have shown that the primary determinants of malnutrition are related to food intake and severe repeated infections or a combination of the two (Mahgoub et al., 2006 ; Semba, 2001). Other determinants include customs and beliefs of the tribes, particularly at low literacy level of its people. Sweet potato and particularly OFSP that is rich in micronutrients has great potential of narrowing the food insecurity and nutrition gap in both rural and urban households. This potential is expressed in a combination of characteristics: It is already the first or second staple for most of the rural poor in Tanzania like in many other countries in the region, it is agro-ecologically adaptable for production is many region and is high yielding per unit area with minimum input. Moreover, the OFSP that is increasingly accepted in different regions is a rich source of Vitamin A and has particularly been shown to have potential to improve the nutritional status of children(low et al., 2001 ; Schmidt, 2011). Uganda Generally, Uganda remains a food basket for the Eastern African region. Despite this attribute, malnutrition and hidden hunger still feature as health burdens for both rural and urban populations. Although, Uganda s households (72.4%) are food secure and their diets typically lack diversity to provide the much needed micronutrients (Shively and Hao, 2012).The Ugandan diet is mainly composed of plantain, starchy roots (cassava, sweet potatoes) and cereals (maize, millet, sorghum). Pulses, nuts and green leafy vegetables complement the diet. Overall, the diet remains poor in micronutrient-rich foods. Many of the nutrition problems that women (15-49 years) and children experience in Uganda are hidden hunger (i.e. micronutrient deficiencies) common among both vulnerable groups. Uganda s three most recent Demographic Health Surveys (UDHS) shows its nutrition indicators for young children and their mothers have not improved much over the past 15 years, with some indicators worsening (GOU, 2011). For example, in 1995, 45 % of the under 5 year olds were short for their age (stunted chronic malnutrition); 10 years later the 2006 UDHS showed the prevalence of stunted under-5 years had fallen to only 39 %. Vitamin A deficiency affects one out of five young children and women of reproductive age, resulting in impaired resistance to infection and consequently higher levels of illness and mortality, as well as potentially severe eye problems. There are a number of inter-related elements through which sweet potato, and particularly the OFSP can contribute to nutrition including improved vitamin A status of a community (whether rural or urban). Access to seed material (in this case OFSP vines) is fundamental to ensure the value chain supply is sustained. Creating demand for the new product, in this case OFSP coupled with availing creating awareness through information will contribute to increase consumption. Finally ensuring adoption of OFSP through sustained market 71 P a g e

83 development, which will in turn boost income of households resulting from sales of fresh roots and quality processed products. Ethiopia Ethiopia, with a population of about 85 million, is the second-most populous country in sub- Saharan Africa. Even though Ethiopia is making encouraging progress towards food and nutrition security, malnutrition remains a major public health issue, especially for rural households. The malnutrition rate in Ethiopia is one of the highest in the world. Rural children are more likely to be underweight (30%) than urban children (16%). According to Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (2011) a 10 percent of Ethiopian children are wasted, and 3 percent are severely wasted. Underlying causes include rapidly increasing population pressure, low productivity of the agricultural sector, widespread environmental degradation and recurrent droughts (Central Statistical Agency, 2011) Efforts to improve food security through a grain-led approach have failed, not even keeping up with population growth. In addition to insufficient energy in the diet, there are also major micronutrient deficiencies. Several studies have established that vitamin A deficiency is a major public-health problem in Ethiopia (Central Statistical Agency, 2011 ; Wolde- Gebriel Z, 1993) Contribution of Sweet potato to address nutrition gaps The nutrition situation in these three countries provides an excellent setting for implementing an integrated agriculture and health approach, as well as exploring mechanisms for enhancing nutrition using sweet potato. The potential of sweet potato s contribution to enhancing food and nutrition security in sub-sahara African remains unexploited. In particular the contribution of orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties (OFSP) with high levels of beta-carotene, the source of vitamin A has not been realized in the region. We discuss this dimension for the three target countries. Tanzania Dietary diversity is required to increase availability and access to the foods necessary for a healthy diet, and increasing the actual intake of such foods. This is mostly because diets of a large number of people have been simplified and reduced to a limited number of energy foods that do not provide nutrients in the required amounts (John, 2001). The most affected group are children below five years whose diets are mostly based on starchy staples with little or no fruits, vegetables and animal protein sources (Ruel, 2002). In addition, women and vulnerable groups like HIV/AID infected persons are also vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies. 72 P a g e

84 The nutritional composition of sweet potatoes and their contribution to nutrition gaps in Tanzania have not been studied comprehensively. However, other studies have shown the potential of OFSP to enhance nutritional status of children and pregnant women (van Jaarsveld et al., 2005).While sweet potato is consumed in many households, there is limited understanding of the nutritional benefits related to sweet potato, and particularly the vitamin-a rich OFSP. Some studies report that OFSP is not preferred across all consumers sectors, particularly because of low dry matter content. The adoption of OFSP is high in areas where projects promoting the same were undertaken. However, there seemed to be a wrong perception and stigmatization of OFSP in some areas because its promotion associated with malnutrition and HIV/AIDS related diseases. Hence, healthy consumers tended to avoid consuming OFSP. Uganda Uganda s Census Agriculture for 2008/ 2009 showed that maize, beans, banana (food), cassava and sweet potato were the main crops grown by most farming households. Each crop being grown by over one million households in each of the two seasons (UBOS and MAAIF, 2010). In addition to being a staple crop, sweet potato is contributing to nutrition for vulnerable groups and is a potential staple for micro-nutrient enhancement via bio-fortification. The OFSP in particular has potential to contribute to alleviating vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in Uganda (Yanggen & Nagujja, 2006).Thus, the promotion of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) has become part of the overall national strategy to address VAD, add value to the crop and expand market opportunities. Eating orange sweet potato has been shown to improve vitamin A status of children. OFSP is a promising crop that can be processed to various products to contain appreciably high retained content of beta carotene (Low et al., 2013). To sustain the efforts of promoting OFSP to consumers, key elements to be considered include: (i) Ensuring access to seed material (in this case OFSP vines) is in order to maintain steady supply in the value chain supply (ii) Creating demand for the new product (i.e. OFSP) (iii) Disseminating information on the nutritional benefits of OFSP to target consumer dietary habits (iv) Ensure sustained adoption of OFSP and market development for linked enterprises to improve income for producing households and communities. Ethiopia Diversifying of crops is being promoted in Ethiopia as a strategy for enhancing food and nutrition security. Promotion of sweet potato is part of this strategy as the crop remains underutilized, especially the exploitation OFSP which are rich in pro-vitamin A. There are 73 P a g e

85 increasing efforts through research in collaboration with extension staffs of the Ministry of Agriculture to promote expanded sweet potato production. This is mainly through dissemination of sweet potato production technologies through demonstration programs. In addition, there is increased promotion of consumption of sweet potato and awareness raising of its nutritional value especially the OFSP. Increasing production of sweet potato is not enough to accelerate reductions in hunger and malnutrition. Whilst people may have access to the minimum adequate level of calories, they are quite often deficient in one or more micronutrients and proteins. This has resulted in what has been referred to as a nutrition gap in the three countries Development of sweet potato nutrition products While there are several value added products that have been develop in the three countries, but these are not marketed as nutrition. According tolow et al., (2013) OFSP is a promising crop that can be processed into various products that contain appreciably high retained content of beta carotene depending of the processing method Constraints in sweet potato in consumption and nutrition contribution A number of constraints have been noted related to the contribution of sweet potato to food security and nutrition. These constraints are summarized below (Table 35). Table 39: Summary of constraints in sweet potato consumption and nutrition General Tanzania Uganda Ethiopia i. Negative product image of SP ii. Low market penetration iii. Food safety issues of processed products iv. Limited SP and OFSP acceptability &utilization options v. Long preparation time compared to alternatives vi. Unreliable supply of desired quality i. Stigmatization of OFSP (Previous promotions associated it with ailing conditions) ii. Limited variety of dishes iii. Poor preparation methods leading to nutrient loss Source: Farm Concern International, 2014 i. Lack of dietary diversity ii. Inadequate knowledge on balanced diets and suitable preparation methods iii. High level of aflatoxin contamination i. Major and worsening food insecurity ii. Sweet potato is underutilized iii. Short shelf life of SP iv. Major micronutrient deficient diets particularly lacking in Vitamin A v. Inadequate protein and energy in the diet Recommended areas of action for increasing sweet potato production consumption for enhanced nutrition Promote the nutritional value of sweet potatoes consumption 74 P a g e

86 Enhance the understanding of the nutritional properties of the pro-vitamin A and promote consumption especially in relation to an integrated approach to child health Promote consumption of sweet potatoes in institutions including schools, hospitals, colleges and other organizations Undertake studies on health impacts of adoption of consumption of vitamin A rich orange flesh sweet potato varieties Marketing of new products with a focus on understanding distinct consumer groups 3.5 Gender considerations along sweet potato value chain In Tanzania and Uganda, both men and women are involved in the sweet potato value chain with each playing different roles, in different ways. There is very little analysis that has been conducted in relation to gender and sweet potato value chain in Ethiopia. According to Hall et al (1998), although sweet potato have been increasingly cultivated as a cash crop though they continue grown mainly for subsistence mainly by women. Thus they are considered a women s crop often cultivated to feed the family. When sweet potato is marketed, men typically play a larger role in transport and marketing activities. A survey of 200 households in Tanzania found that most farmers interviewed perceived sweet potato as a female crop because the market value was not as high as maize or cotton (Mmasa et al., 2012). Women grow most of the sweet potatoes in home gardens both to feed their families and to generate cash for the family. The study by Mmasa et al. (2012) revealed that more women than men are involved at the production stage, with Ishika et al., (2008) indicating that about 85% of the farm labor is provided by women. However, men engage more in land preparations and ridge making due to the amount of energy required, harvesting. Like in Uganda, men typically play a larger role in transport and marketing activities both at national and regional levels. A key factor in OFSP dissemination was the critical role played by women and caregivers in households but also as producers and traders. Thus, it is important to target women with agricultural production materials and messages, as well as on practices to improve household nutrition status. 3.6 Sweet potato policy issues The Seed Act (2003): The Seed Act of 2003 complements the Plant Protection Act of 1997 in terms of regulation of the importation, exportation and sales of seeds in the 75 P a g e

87 country. According to the Act, all seed importation, exportation, production, processing, distribution, sale or advertisement for sale of seeds must seek permits. 76 P a g e

88 77 P a g e

89 4 Banana SeFaMaCo landscape analysis in Tanzania and Uganda: Key findings 4.1 Commercial viability of seed systems for banana production In Uganda and Tanzania, the banana seed system, like for other vegetative propagated crops is not well developed. Although seed is the most renewable agricultural resource failures in seed systems of clonal crops contributes to most productivity losses, especially in the case of diseases and pests that become endemic in the production systems(minot et al., 2007). Thus, an important area of intervention for enhancing commercialization of banana is facilitating improved seed delivery systems. This section analyses various dimensions of banana seed systems in the two countries Breeding efforts in improving banana seed systems Uganda The Uganda National Banana Research Program (NBRP) of the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) in collaboration with International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and Biodiversity International have been running a breeding program since the early 1990s to address complex problems of diseases and pests. This has resulted in the evaluation and introduction of a number of pests and disease resistant banana cultivars. In Uganda, most banana varieties are East African highland bananas (AAA-EA) (85%), the rest are the exotic bananas including FHIA, Gros Michel, Apple bananas, and Pisang awak hybrids. The officially released varieties include those that are resistant to Fusarium of bananas. KM5 is a consumer acceptable replacement for Gros Michel and Pisang awak as dessert and juice producing bananas. The Matooke hybrids that have officially been released include M9 and M2 resistance to black sigatoka and tolerant to weevils and nematodes. Tanzania In Tanzania, banana breeding efforts are not well established and there have been no official banana seeds released into the markets. The banana varieties tested in Tanzania were from the Global World Germplasm at ITC in Belgium. Among the 17 tested varieties, four were more accepted in Kagera community and are currently further multiplied and distributed through the national research centre including; FHIA17, FHIA23, FHIA25 and Yangambi Km5. 78 P a g e

90 4.1.2 Farmer access to improved seeds and efficiency of seed distribution systems Characterization of seed distribution channels Uganda The banana seed system in Uganda is largely informal. The most common method of obtaining banana planting materials in Uganda is maiden suckers from one s own banana plantation and, from nearby neighbors. Although, this informal system has enabled farmers to access planting materials, it has contributed significantly to spreading bananas pests and diseases (Staver et al., 2007). This is particularly so for the banana production systems in many agro-ecologies in East Africa, where established crop-stands often go into continuous production for a hundred years or more (Karamura et al., 2013). Thus, increased disease and pests and the release of new varieties triggered demand for clean planting material that triggered new seed distribution systems. Initially, the National Agricultural and Advisory Services (NAADS) and local governments using extension officers were the main providers of improved banana seed from research centres. But farmers increasingly access elite banana planting material through multiple channels including fellow farmers, farmers organizations, community based organizations and NGOs (Nowakunda et al. 2010). In addition, private sector tissue culture (TC) laboratories now dominate the banana seed sector in Uganda. There are three main private TC laboratories i.e. Agro Genetic Technologies (AGT), which has a network of nurseries. There are also 2 public tissue culture laboratories in Kawanda Agricultural Research Center and Makerere University Tanzania Banana production in Tanzania relies on an informal seed system. This system has contributed to the rapid spread of pests and disease. Formalization of banana seed systems that ensures multiplication and distribution of improved and clean seed is at an infant stage. Most of these efforts are within the banana growing areas especially in Kagera and Kigoma regions where the Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) is widespread. The Belgium Technical Cooperation (BTC) banana cropping systems project funded one of the key initiatives on the multiplication and distribution of improved banana varieties (FHIA17, FHIA23, FHIA25 and Yangambi Km5) in Kagera and Kigoma. During the project, seed multiplication was conducted at four levels: (i) Mother garden as source of all plant materials; (ii) Primary nursery based at ARI Maruku; (iii). Macro propagator nursery; 79 P a g e

91 (iv). Secondary nurseries owned and managed by selected farmers in respective districts. The banana suckers were made available through ARI Maruku and distributed in collaboration with 113 farmers as multipliers. About 5 million suckers were distributed between 2010 and 2013 (BTC, 2013). However, after the project ended there are no other official clean banana seed distribution activities in these areas. There is also limited tissue culture (TC) banana seed production and dissemination. This is done by one private sector tissue culture laboratory, Crop bioscience in Arusha at the public Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute. The distribution of TC banana seed is limited to areas where the laboratories are located Seed production mapping In both Tanzania and Uganda there is little information concerning seed production areas as access to seed is still predominantly informal. More information is needed to understand the emerging formal system, in order to understand seed production Capacity of current banana seed systems to respond to commercialization Banana seed demand analysis Uganda According to discussions with private TC laboratory actors, the current estimates for demand for clean planting materials is about 10 million plantlets while the capacity of current clean seed producers is about 600,000 plantlets. This amounts to a deficit of about 9,400,000 TC plantlets valued at about USD 9.4 million. Thus, there is huge commercial potential for TC banana seeds. In addition, a few farmers and farmer organizations have positioned themselves to produce banana suckers for sale. Some of the target markets for these seed producers are NGOs that buy and distribute the seedlings free to farmers in various locations. Also, some of the private sector TC laboratories (e.g. Agro Genetic Technologies (AGT), have a network of farmers in different location who multiply and disseminate the suckers. There is limited information on the nature of uptake of the improved varieties by farmers in the different production regions. However, the challenge remains to ensure distribution of quality of planting material, which will require developing quality assurance mechanisms in the system. Tanzania There is limited information on current seed production and distribution. But there are reports that indicate farmers increased uptake of new banana cultivars in various locations 80 P a g e

92 as shown in figure 16 (BTC, 2011). In addition, FGD discussions with farmers indicate that in areas where the BTC project distributed free seeds, a good proportion of farmers indicate that they could pay for improved cultivars. This demand points to gaps and opportunities in the current system for establishing commercially oriented seed enterprises. Considering the nature of banana production where farmers do not grow new plants annually there is need to for more systematic approaches in understanding demand dynamics of banana seed systems. Figure 19: Percentage of farmers planting improved cultivars, Tanzania Source: Belgium Technical Cooperation, Baseline survey Seed enterprise profitability analysis-a case of Tanzania Tanzania During FGD with farmers and other actors, a seed enterprise analysis was conducted (table. 33The findings show that seed multipliers can make a profit of up to USD in one season (10 months). Table 40: Banana sucker cost benefit analysis (1 acre)in Bukoba, Mwanza ACTIVITY COST INTZS Field preparation (decouching, destumping, tillage 250,000 Holing 133,000 FYM purchase (including loading and unloading) 400,000 Manure distribution (including filling the holes) 100,000 Seed purchase and transportation (starting seed) 222,000 Mulching (6 cm depth) 400, P a g e

93 Removal of suckers/paring etc. 100, Total (1,605,000) 2. Removal of suckers after 6 months (before decapitation) at 888,000 least 4 sold at 500TZS 3. plant 100 TZS (44,400) 4. Weeding x 50,000 TZS (100,000) 5. Removal of suckers at month 10 at least 9 1,998,000 sold at 500 TZS (2 + 5) ( ) 1,136,600 (USD=710.37) Source:Farm Concern International- FGD, Seed pricing and Seed market drivers In both countries, banana seeds (suckers) are sold for an average of between USD These suckers are sold directly to farmers or through projects. There are various pricing drivers for banana seed. In Tanzania a key driver of seed production is market assurance, since most of the seeds multipliers involved in the formalized system were linked to a project which guaranteed a subsidized market. The project set the price (USD 0.3) paid to the seed producing farmers. In Uganda, the cost drivers were not analyzed, however, the unmet demand for clean planting material indicates that farmer demand is a key driver Constraints in the banana seed systems Banana Value chain Generic Constraints Uganda Tanzania i. Lack of demand for clean banana seeds i. Limited capacity of actors to produce clean seed ii. Poor access to clean planting material for farmers ii. Lack of certification and regulation standards for banana seed production iii. Prevalence of Banana and delivery iii. diseases and pests iii. There are no registered iv. Lack of information on farmer varieties demanded by consumers and processors groups/associations seed production on v. Poor market information flow between multipliers and farmers Source: Farm Concern International, 2014 i. Weak group ownership of seed nurseries ii. Direct competition between seed multipliers and free seed system Lack of business skills for banana seeds multipliers 82 P a g e

94 4.1.5 Recommended areas of action on improving banana seed systems Enhance farmers access to quality planting material (clean plants and properly identified cultivars) guided by quality assurance procedures. Regulate banana seed systems (production and distribution) through development and enforcement of standard operating procedures (SOP) suitable for banana seed systems. These include accreditation processes for private service providers, certification of seed producers and recording guidelines. Train and certify decentralized seed producers and inspectors on standard operating procedures (SOP) to ensure quality. Establish primary and secondary banana seed nurseries in various banana producing locations. Train and support farmers to enhance capacity in pests and diseases identification Develop awareness campaigns on the negative impacts of planting diseased or pests infested banana suckers Improve research capacity (laboratories) for assessment and screening of seeds Promote and build technical and business capacity in the establishment of seed production enterprises by farmers to upscale multiplication and distribution closer to farmers. 4.2 Banana production and post-harvest analysis Banana production trends Uganda Uganda is the leading producer and consumer of bananas in Africa, with a total production of about 10 million tons annually valued at about USD 550 million (Kalyebara et al., 2006). The production of bananas in Uganda has increased by 6% from 2005 to 2010 (figure 17). The area under cultivation has also increased steadily in within the same period to about 1.5 million hectares. Banana yields are highest in Western Uganda (26.4MT/ha.) and lowest in Central Uganda (5.5MT/ha) where production has been in decline over the past 30 years because of banana wilt. The production in both regions is still below the expected levels under the same area of production in other banana producing countries e.g. India where the average per capita yield is about MT/ha but can go up to 60 MT/ha in some regions. This low productivity is attributed to soil degradation as well as severe pests and diseases outbreaks, (most notably of bacterial wilt and sigatoka and nematodes) coupled with other factors such as unorganized production and marketing systems, and insufficient inputs supply systems. 83 P a g e

95 Figure 20: Banana production Volume (000 MT) trends in Uganda Source: Farm Concern International, 2014 Production in Uganda is dominated by the East African Highland Banana (EAHB), which includes both cooking matooke and brewing mbidde types. EAHB occupies more than 1.8 million hectares, equivalent to 38% of Uganda s arable land. Tanzania Tanzania is the second largest banana producer in East Africa after Uganda, and seventh in the world (Maerere, 2010).Tanzania produces about 2.4 million tons of bananas per annum, covering an area of 289,496 (273,583 Tanzania mainland and 15,913 in the Zanzibar Islands) hectares with an average banana yield of 8.2 tons per hectare (NBS, 2003). The average banana yield is 8.2 tons per hectare, which is low compared to other major banana producing countries in the world The attainable yields recorded by research at on-farm and on-station trials range from 25 tons per ha to 40 tons per ha, while the actual yields obtained by farmers ranges from 6 tons to 10 tons per ha (Mbwana et al., 1997). According to a recent study by Kilimo Trust (2012) banana production in Tanzania has been fluctuating over time and reaching about 2.9million tons in 2010 (Figure 18). Figure 21: Banana production trends in Tanzania P a g e

96 Production ('000MT) Banana production trends in Tanzania Years Source: National Bureau of Statistics Statistical Abstract, 2009 and FAO STAT, Production systems and cropping calendar Tanzania The average banana farm per household is 0.5 hectares and production is mainly rain-fed except in northern zone where there is traditional furrow irrigation system. In the banana based farming systems, banana crop covers about 25% and 35% of the total land area. Usually banana crop is intercropped with coffee and beans. However, farmers also intercrop with maize, cassava, sweet potato, yams and coco yams though these are not recommended. Uganda Smallholders cultivating on farms of about hectares dominate the banana production system with most farmers growing a mixture of cultivars (up to 8 per farm).the bananas are grown as either pure stands (mainly in South Western Uganda) or are intercropped mainly with coffee, agro-forestry trees and other crops including mainly beans, potatoes and maize. Over 90% of banana is under rain-fed production Production sites mapping Uganda There are four main banana growing regions in Uganda (Figure 19). The south west belt comprising of Ankole and Kigezi sub-regions produces more than 70% of Uganda s bananas. There is also the western belt around Mt. Rwenzori, the Buganda region and the Mt. Elgon region to the East. While Northern Uganda is traditionally not a banana growing area; with increasing demand for bananas in Southern Sudan, farmers in the region are establishing banana plantations with the support of the National Banana Research Program. 85 P a g e

97 Figure 22: Banana producing areas in Uganda Source: Farm Concern International, 2014 In Uganda, most banana grown are east African highland bananas (AAA-EA) (85%), the rest are the exotic bananas including Gros Michel, Apple bananas, Pisang awak, FHIA hybrids. Bananas are grown as either pure stands (mainly in South Western Uganda) or as intercrops mainly with coffee, agro-forestry trees and annual crops including mainly beans, potatoes and maize. Most farmers also grow a mixture of cultivars (up to 8 per farm) compared to the mono-variety commercial systems of South and Central America. Generally, over 200 local varieties have been recorded in Uganda. Within the AAA-EA group, there are two major types; the cooking types (mainly Mbwazirume. Kisansa, Kibuzi, Mpologoma) commonly used in the local diets due to their palatability and low astringency and the beer 86 P a g e

98 types (Mbidde) characterized by high astringency. The cooking bananas that is of food and income security value for many rural small holder farmers. Comparatively, they dominate the local market but are still short of the required demand in capital cities. Among the exotic bananas, there are two good dessert banana namely Gros Michel and Apple bananas. Gros Michel is the dessert banana that is used to dominate the International export market, until it was cleared by Fusarium race1 and replaced with Cavendish, an inferior dessert banana. NBRP has been well aware of this fact and been developing banana hybrids with FOC resistance. Already FHIA 17 as acceptable to consumers of Juba and Nairobi as the Gros Michel has been officially released (Mugisha et al. 2011). Other breeding efforts are in place and promising Apple banana hybrids resistant to FOC are under evaluation. These are the bananas that should be focused on to bring to the export market. There are also juice producing bananas mainly in Western region (Mt. Rwenzori and Bunyoro), Central and Eastern Uganda, mainly of Pisang awak Kayinja. These together with the juice producing EAHB are the bananas that are used for production of juice and local brew (Mwenge bigere). Some of local brew is distilled to make war gin (waragi). There is great potential for banana beverage industry. Tanzania Banana is grown mainly in the highlands of Tanzania, but there are small production sites spread throughout most of the agro-ecological zones as shown on the map below (Figure 20). The major production areas in Tanzania are Kilimanjaro (37%), Kagera (31%), Mbeya (12%) and a few other regions with less than 10% each. The East African Highland Banana (EAHB) is the dominant cultivar grown in Tanzania, particularly in the main highland production areas. But owing to the different agroecological zones a variety of cultivars are grown (Table 37). 87 P a g e

99 Figure 23: Tanzania map of banana growing areas Source: In other highlands of the country, another group of bananas which were characterized in 2003 by Karamura D, De-Langhe and Mbwana and called East African Highland Banana Sensu lato whose variety is called Ilalyi. This group is wide spread in the northern banana growing zones of Tanzania. In Kilimanjaro and Arusha, it is represented by the Mshare subgroup, in Tanga by the Suu sub-group and in Mbeya by the Ndyali sub-group. All these subgroups have gained high acceptability in these areas and are grown for their multipurpose uses. Table 41: Description of banana production zones in Tanzania Production zone Regions Main variety produced Average description Highland, high rainfall zone around Lake Victoria Highland, medium rainfall zone around mount Meru, Kilimanjaro Kagera, Mwanza, Mara and Kigoma Arusha, Kilimanjaro Tanga and EAHB, Exotic (Gros Michel, Nay Poovan, Pisang Awak, Mtwike), FHIA bananas and Yangambi Km5 Mshare, Suu, Ilalyi Mrerembo, production (tons) Less P a g e

100 and Usambara highlands Hot and humid lowland Coast, Dar es Mtwike, Kadule, Less 10 areas along the Indian Salaam and Plantain ocean Morogoro Dry areas of central Tanzania Singida, Dodoma, Iringa and Tabora Pisang Awak, Bluggoe Less 5 Southern highlands Mbeya Ndyali, Pisang Awak, 8-10 EAHB, Plantain Various sources Kagera is a leading production region in Tanzania, accounting for about 50% of the total acreage (NBS, 2013). Other major banana producing areas include the highlands of Kilimanjaro (21%), Mbeya (10%), and the rest of the regions such as Arusha, Tanga and Kigoma with acreage of less than 4% each (Figure 21). There are also minor banana producing areas found in coastal lowland areas and the Island of Zanzibar. Figure 24: Production acreage in different regions of Tanzania Source: (MOAC, 2000) Banana is produced throughout the year, although the quantities harvested vary by season and zone. The high peak harvest season is at the on-set of the dry season and low harvest at the on-set of the rains season. But the extent of seasonal fluctuation varies by zone (Table 38). In areas with more reliable rains and bimodal rains seasons, banana production is more stable than those with unreliable rains. Kagera region experiences good rains season and has different peaks of banana harvest, compared to other places. 89 P a g e

101 Table 42: Banana harvesting seasons per zone Zone Period January-March April-June July-September October- December Lake Medium Medium High Low Northern High Medium Low Low Southern Highlands High Medium Low Medium Eastern Low Low Low Low Source: Nkuba et al., Banana production costs and benefits analysis Profitability analysis of banana production Tanzania During an FGD with various stakeholders in Bukoba a detailed estimated profit margins analysis showed that banana is generally a profitable venture for farmers, with margins varying by region (Table 39). Table 43: Cost and benefit analysis of banana production (per acre) in various regions of Tanzania Activity Kibondo Missenyi Biharamulo Production costs: Cleaning and Removing stumps 50,000 50, ,000 Pegs 10, Ropes 1, Layout 5, Digging holes 154, , ,200 Farmyard manure 300, , ,000 Fertilizer transportation 100, , ,000 Fertilizer application (mixing and covering) 50,000 92, ,000 Ploughing 50, , , /= 154, , ,000 Sucker cleaning 20, Planting 20,000 15,400 20,000 Grass cutting 450, , ,000 Application - 50,000 - Weeding 20, , ,000 De- suckering and de-trashing 40, , ,000 Toppling post 133,200 Harvesting and transportation of 616 bunches 616, , ,000 Total cost 2,040,000 2,393,800 2,474,400 Benefits Selling of 616 bunches per 10,000 6,160,000 4,928,000 6,160,000 (Kibondo); 8,000 (Missenyi) Net benefit 4,120,000 2,534,200 3,685, P a g e

102 Source: Farm Concern International, 2014 (USD=2575) (USD=1583 ) (USD ) Previous studies indicated that banana crop requires more capital than maize and beans crops. However, banana crop was ranked as first crop on contribution of household income (BACAS, 2005 ; Nkuba et al., 1999). Uganda According to Kraybill and Michael (2009) who conducted analysis on the gross margins of banana production, subsistence farmers using local varieties and low-input technology generate low gross margins of about, (Figure 22). The gross margin improves slightly with improved varieties in the first season, and increases three-fold in the second season with improved varieties. Figure 25: Banana profit analysis under low input use First Season Second season Value of output (UShs/ha) Local Improved Local Improved Type (N=784) Type (N=14) Type (N=893 Type (N=19) 668,657 1,243, ,162 3,644,133 Family labor (USh) 158, , , ,693 Hired labor (USh) Total input costs (UShs) Draft power/mechanization Total Costs 158, , , ,693 Gross Margins 509,929 (USD ) Source: Kraybill & Michael, ,370 (USD ) 547,361 (USD ) 3,276,440 (USD ) Kraybill & Michael, 2009 conducted further analyses of profitability of banana enterprise with recommended input usage and additional hired labor for both local and improved varieties. The findings indicate a much higher profit margin in the second season of USD and respectively. Thus adopting these new practices coupled with adoption of improved varieties makes banana enterprises quite lucrative Comparative gross margin analyses of banana and other crops Comparing gross margins of banana and other crops that considered as competing substitutes provides insights into the relative profitability for smallholder producers. A case of Uganda When compared with other staple crops in Uganda such as cassava, maize and beans. Banana provides the highest gross margin. The production of improved varieties in the 91 P a g e

103 second season provides the highest gross margins that are four times more than the cassava which has the second largest gross margins. Figure 26: Comparative enterprise gross margins of banana and other crops Local varieties Improved varieties First season Second season First Season Crop Gross Margins Gross Margins Second season Banana 509, , ,370 3,276,440 Beans 129, , , ,625 Cassava 343, , , ,625 Maize 100, , , ,859 Source: Kraybill & Michael, Post-harvest issues in banana production Tanzania Banana fruit has a multipurpose uses in many communities due to its distinct aroma and taste. Lack of suitable post-harvest management practices may lead to a huge economic loss for the banana farmers. However, limited postharvest management practices have been introduced or are in use to enhance its shelf life by delaying the ripening, reducing respiration rate, and controlling the disease causing organisms, during transport and storage (Mohapatra et al., 2010) The harvesting standard varies from place to place, season, transport distance and the end use of the fruit. For local use, the fruits may be harvested at fully matured stage; for short distance transport, the fruits may be harvested at 90% maturity level and for long distance transport, the fruits may even be harvested at a maturity level of 75% (Mohapatra et al., 2010). However, majority of farmers are not aware on these harvesting strategies leads to high losses of bananas at farm level. After banana fruit harvested, proper handling and transportation means are required. Unfortunately farmers and traders have no special handling and transportation facilities from the farm to the markets. Thus high level of losses is incurred from finger damages and heat. Mechanical damage to bananas during transport results in crown browning caused by enzymatic oxidative degradation of phenolic compounds by polyphenol oxidase. This can be avoided by dehanding the fruits under water, applying vacuum, waxing and application of antioxidants like thio-urea and potassium aluminium sulphate (Ismail et al., 2004). 92 P a g e

104 Banana farmers are getting high post-harvest losses in terms of both quality and quantity of their bananas caused by untimely harvest, mishandling, improper storage practices and lack of modern transport facilities. With introduction of pre- and post-harvest technologies to replace the older ones can improve farmers food security and revenues. Further test of treatments should be conducted for the extension of shelf life through microbial decontamination, insect disinfestations, and metabolic activity inhibiting methods can be applied alone or in coherent with each other to have synergistic effect on the spoilage caused in banana. Uganda The bananas are usually harvested at green maturity, peeled and cooked for home consumption or sold for income. The bananas are mainly handled and marketed as bunches. At farm level, there are general insufficient in-field banana fruit quality control practices such as fruit protection, de-budding, protective harvesting, packaging and no protection during transportation or storage (Nowakunda et al., 2010) Constraints in banana production and post-harvest management Table 44: Summary of constraints on banana production and post-harvest management General Uganda Tanzania i. Poor post-harvest handling by farmers ii. Lack of collective action to supply larger markets iii. Poor quality of banana iv. Banana diseases and pests v. Declining soil fertility vi. Lack of capital to establish banana plantation i. Lack of space for ripening of bananas during drought, ii. High labor cost i. Inadequate extension services, ii. Insufficient farm input distribution systems and high prices of inputs iii. iv. Poor transport networks Fragmented (small) land sizes : Recommended areas of action on improving banana seed production and postharvest management Introduce, multiply and disseminate new banana varieties to farmer guided by farmers and consumers preferences. Strengthen farmers capacities on integratedpests management (IPM) and Integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) to enhance productivity. 93 P a g e

105 Establish research and demonstration plots for extension support and learning with farmers on good agricultural management for improved banana productivity. Set-up sources of stocks for clean planting material in public and private laboratories and farmer groups in various locations. Introduction and training of farmers on post-harvest technologies and management practices Conduct evaluation studies for selecting suitable varieties in different locations. Providing financial support to farmers to increase improved banana production 4.3 Marketing Analysis Marketing patterns and channels Uganda is the largest producer and Tanzania the second largest banana producer in East Africa. But both countries are not key trading players in the global market (FAO, 2008). Up to about 70% of the bananas produced in both countries are consumed by the producing households. In Kagera and Kilimanjaro regions for example, where over 60% of bananas are grown, it is a staple food for 75 95% of the population (Donge & Nkuba, 2012) In Uganda, only 20% is sold fresh to traders who then supply local, national (urban), and export markets. The remaining 10% is absorbed in local industry including making local beers and wines and for processing secondary food products such as juices and confectioneries (Kilimo Trust, 2012). In Tanzania, about 30% of the banana produced in used for local brewing and, only about 8% is sold fresh. Banana trading is mainly done on individual basis with limited associations or groups. Trading is done both by men and women as well as youths. But relatively there more men involved in banana trading than women. Nowadays there is increasing formation of trader groups or associations as way of outsourcing credits for the banana business. Thus there are different marketing channels characterized as either informal or formal through which banana is sold and includes: Local (rural)traditional markets (informal) Urban wholesale/retail markets Cross-border regional markets International export market Cottage and Large scale processors/ 94 P a g e

106 The bulk of the produce is sold in local and nearby urban markets. Only small quantities are sold to regional and international markets and used in processing industries. The diagram below (Figure 24) illustrates the different market channels and buyers of banana : Figure 27: Marketing channels and actors involved in trading banana 95 P a g e

107 4.3.2 Markets locations Figure 28: Major markets for banana in Tanzania Major banana Markets in Uganda 96 P a g e

108 4.3.3 Banana demand analysis Tanzania The banana demand in Tanzania is expected to continue to increase due to growing population, income effects and changing consumption patterns. But the supply is decreasing 97 P a g e

109 due to pests and disease indicating an important market growth opportunity. Furthermore, the opportunities in external markets have not been fully exploited. However, the local banana market growth is limited by poor communication between the supply and demand areas, and lack of appropriate processing technologies. It is expected that the completed network of tarmac roads, internet service and mobile phones will greatly increase the size and growth rate of the local markets in the country. The current situation is worse in remote banana growing of Lake and Southern Highlands zones where road construction has not yet reached (Table 41). Table 45. Characteristics of demand of bananas by zone Criterion Lake Northern Southern Highlands Eastern Major producing areas Kagera, Tarime Kilimanjaro, Arumeru Rungwe, Mbeya Morogoro and Pwani Local markets Mwanza, Shinyanga, Tarime, Tabora, Singida, Dodoma and Dar es Salaam Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Dar es Salaam Tanga, Dodoma, Singida, Morogoro Mbeya, Iringa, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Singida, Rukwa, Ruvuma Morogoro, Pwani, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma Local market access Poor - limited by far distance Good Good Poor Local markets growth Low Medium Medium Low External markets (availability of buyers) Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya Kenya, Somalia Malawi, Zambia, Botswana - External market access Poor Medium Medium Poor Estimated exported per year Amount < 1000 tons < 500 tons < 800 tons Nil Growth of external markets in the future (demand) Low medium Medium - Banana losses 15% 10% 10% 5% Source: FGD Uganda In Uganda, banana aggregate consumption is increasing signaling an increasing demand, although the per capita consumption is falling for reasons we discuss in this study. Major drivers for this include: (i) Increased urbanization 98 P a g e

110 (ii) Increasing population (iii) The emerging new markets across the borders in southern Sudan and DR Congo; and (iv) improvements in road infrastructure and increased demand for bananas for industrial use (Kilimo Trust, 2012). About 70% of harvested bananas in Uganda are consumed at home by the producers themselves. Only 20% is sold fresh to traders who then supply local, national (urban), and export markets. The rest go into making local beers and wines and into processing for secondary food products such as juices and confectioneries Marketing size and volumes The marketing of banana is spread to the numerous informal rural and formal markets which make it difficult to capture marketing data. The local and national urban wholesale/ retail markets for fresh bananas commands the largest market share for banana in both countries. According to a recent report by Kilimo Trust (2010), a very small proportion of bananas produced in Uganda and Tanzania, are exported to regional and international markets.there is need for more analysis to more systematically capture better estimates. Collecting information from the different groups that trade in banana at the various markets can be an entry point for capturing this information Estimating banana marketed volumes: Case study of selected markets Tanzania The FGDs with traders in Bukoba also provided some rough estimates of marketing volumes derived from different group of traders. Below we highlight two markets as case studies that provide a general view on banana marketing Case study Madibo Urafiki Market, Dar- es Salaam Madibo Urafiki market is located in the capital city of Dar-es Salaam. It is an urban market that serves both the wholesalers and retailers within the capital city selling a variety of agricultural produce. There are an estimated 271 banana traders in the market with each trader selling an average volume of 8.5 tonnes per week (Table 42). The total monthly sales for the 271 traders average about USD 4,750,955. To understand the profitability of these traders, further analysis on the buying prices and other marketing costs is needed. Table 46: Overview of banana marketing at Mabibo Urafiki Market, Dar-es-Salaam Mabibo Urafiki Market Location Dar es salam Nature of market Wholesale market Retail market Sources of banana Mbeya Moshi-Machame 99 P a g e

111 Varieties from the different regions Frequency of sourcing Volume sourced Buying price Selling price Mbeya -(1).Mzuzu - for roasting and making crisps (2). Bukoba -matoke for cooking and making crisps (3). Kimalindi-(for stewed banana with meat, making crisps and eat as ripened) Moshi -(1) Mshare(for stewed banana with meat, roasting banana and making of crisps) (2)Bukoba -matoke for stewed banana with meat and making crisps (3)Kimalindi (for stewed banana with meat, making crisps and eat as ripened). Daily From Mbeya one truck of 10 tons truck (300 Clusters of banana) From Moshi- Machame (3.5 tons) truck (70 clusters of banana ) - Tzs 10,000-15,000 per cluster - Tzs 20,000-35,000 per cluster Number of traders 271 trading this commodity in this market Averages volumes traded 8.5 tonnes ( 255 cluster) per week/trader (Kgs) Average revenue per TSh (USD ) trader/week Source: FGD Mabibo market, Dar-es-Salaam Case study Soko Kuu market, Bukoba region Soko Kuu is an informal market found in Bukoba region that serves both wholesalers and retailers. The market has 50 banana traders, 13 being wholesalers while the others are retailers. Table 43 provides an overview of the key transactions in the market during off and peak seasons. During off season the monthly sales for all traders is estimated to be about TSh (USD 140, 625). At the peak season, the monthly sales for all traders are about TSh630, 000,000 (393,750). Additional analysis is required to determine the profitability of the business. Table 47: Overview of banana marketing at Soko Kuu market, Bukoba region Name of Market Place Nature of market Soko Kuu Bukoba Soko Kuu Bukoba serves as Wholesale market Retail market Number of traders dealing with 50 traders. banana Sources of banana Karagwe District Muleba Bukoba rural District 100 P a g e

112 Varieties from the different regions Frequency of sourcing Volume sourced Buying price TzSh (from farm) Selling price- TzSh Averages volumes traded per week/trader (Kgs) Average total revenue per week/per trader Source: FGD Misenye District FHIA, Mtwishe, Njoge, Kanana (from Karagwe but in scarce), Yangambi (kwa mbege), Gonja, Mshale. Daily (throughout the year) tones ( bunches per truck) depending on seasons 6,000/- to 15,000/- depending on the bunch size and seasonality 10, /- depending on the bunch size and seasonality bunches per trader/week in off season i.e ( kg) bunches per week per trader during peak seasons i.e. ( kg) Off season- TzSh 1, 125, 000 ( USD ) -Peak season TzSh 3,150, 000 ( USD ) Overview of banana marketing at Nakasero Market, Kampala in Uganda Name of Market NAKASERO market Place Location Kampala Nature of market Wholesale Number of traders 20 traders dealing(wholesalers) with banana Sources of banana Mbarara, Bushenyi, Rukugiri, Ibanda, Ntungamo, Rakai, Masaka Varieties from the different regions Western Region (Mbarara, Bushenyi, Rukugiri, Ibanda, Ntungamo)= nandigobe, kitaka, Ntalagaza, kibuzi, nakitembe, mpologoma, nsakala Central Region (Masaka, Mpigi, Wakiso)= nakitembe, mpologoma, nsakala, nandigobe, kitaka Frequency of sourcing Everyday Volume sourced per trader 320 bunches Buying price UGX 10,000/= (from farm)-peak Buying price UGX 15,000/= (from farm)-off Peak Selling price UGX-Peak 17,000/= Selling price UGX-Off Peak 25,000/= Averages volumes traded 250 bunches per week/trader (Bunches) Average total revenue per 4,250,000/= week/per trader-peak Average total revenue per 6,250,000/=(USD 2500) week/per trader-off peak 101 P a g e

113 Banana pricing Tanzania Banana farm gate price per bunch fluctuates within and between harvesting seasons, ranges from about 10 to 20 times the consumer prices. Large-scale traders receive the largest (40% to 60%) shares of gross marketing margins, followed by retailers, small-scale traders (20% to 30%) and farmers (10% to 25%). Traders realized higher profits per shilling spent during the peak supply period than during the low supply period. Average percentage of gross margin in peak supply was 123% and in low supply was 78% (Nkuba & Mkulila, 2009) Banana is generally sold per bunch. The price per bunch is determined by its size, variety, maturity, size and shape of fingers and sometimes the origin. Banana farm gate price per bunch fluctuates within and between harvesting seasons, ranges from about 10 to 20 times the consumer prices. For example farm gate price per bunch in Bukoba and Karagwe in 2008 ranged from Tsh. 500 to 8000 with an average price of Tsh The first ten varieties recorded with high average prices per bunch (in order of importance) were Enshansha, Nyoya, Njoge, FHIA 17, Mshale, Nshakara, FHIA 23, Nchoncho, Ntaliyo and Mtwishe. The analysis showed that average banana price per kg had different sequence to that of price per bunch due to difference in bunch compactness. The first five varieties had high farm gate prices per kg (in order of importance) were Kanana, Njoge, Nyoya, Ntente and Mtwishe). Nshakara variety that was most common sold by majority of farmers ranked at tenth position in farm gate price per kg (Nkuba and Mkulila, 2009). Banana farmers are usually disadvantaged in terms of bargaining for higher prices because of the highly perishable nature of bananas, bulkiness, limited market information and their lack of capacity to process or store the commodity. Most rural retailers are also farmers. They buy bunches in small quantities and sell at village centres or open-village markets directly to consumers or to traders. Large traders buy fresh banana bunches and transport them to far urban markets where they sell them to wholesalers through commissioned brokers or directly to the retailers (retailers) and consumers. Uganda Banana pricing analysis focusing on peak and off peak season in different region and markets Table 48:Western Region on peak in Ugsh. Banana size Rutooma Bwizibwera Rubindi Ruti Biharwe Large 12,000 15,000 12,000 20,000 20,000 Supper medium 8,000 8,000 8,000 15,000 15, P a g e

114 Medium 4,000 4,000 3,000 10,000 10,000 Bag 120, , , , ,000 Table 49: Western Region off peak Banana size Rutooma Bwizibwera Rubindi Ruti Biharwe Large 14,000 17,000 15,000 23,000 23,000 Supper medium 10,000 10,000 10,000 17,000 17,000 Medium 7,000 7,000 8,000 15,000 15,000 Bag 140, , , , ,000 Table 50: Central Region on peak Banana size Nsangi Busenga Kalerwe Owino Nakasero Large 12,000 15,000 13,000 24,000 25,000 Supper medium 10,000 10,000 12,000 18,000 20,000 Medium 12,000 12,000 13,000 15,000 18,000 Bag 130, , , , ,000 Table 51: Central Region off peak Banana size Nsangi Busenga Kalerwe Owino Nakasero Large 15,000 18,000 20,000 25,000 35,000 Supper medium 13,000 13,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 Medium 14,000 15,000 18,000 20,000 20,000 Bag 140, , , , , P a g e

115 Marketing seasonality of banana supply Tanzania seasonality mapping The production and marketing of banana has seasonal fluctuations in the different regions. The table below provides some indication of the peaks and lows of banana supply from the various production regions (Table 44). Table 52: Seasonality in the supply of banana from different regions Region in Tanzania Months of high supply (Peak) Months of low supply Arusha July November Dar-es-salaam April February Kagera April & July November Kilimanjaro July & September January Mbeya May & June December Morogo April November Mwanza January July Shinyanga March & April November & December Zanzibar August January & February Source: Farm Concern International, 2013 Uganda Seasonality Similarly in Uganda, the different regions have varying peak and off-peak seasons for supplying sweet potato (Table 45) Table 53: Seasonality in the supply of banana from different regions Region/District in Uganda Months of high supply (Peak) Months of low supply Iganga May January Jinja April July Kabalore February December Kampala December & January April & May Kyegegwa January September & October Kyenjojo January September & October Lira August March & April Luwerro April January Masaka December June & September 104 P a g e

116 Region/District in Uganda Months of high supply (Peak) Months of low supply Mubende January June Nakasongora August April Ngora August & October February Soroti October February Source: Farm Concern International, Marketing costs and drivers Tanzania There are a number of transaction costs related to marketing bananas. Findings from an FGD with traders in Madibo Urafiki Market indicate that sourcing of banana accounts for about 73% of the total marketing costs for each 10 truck delivery (Table 46). Table 54: Marketing cost drivers analysis delivered fromtukuyu, Mbeya Cost of items 1. Sourcing including commission paid to broker Unit( per bag, kg, man hrs, Unit cost Tshs. Total cost Tshs. duration, daily, weekly Per cluster 15,000/= 4,500,000/= 2. Transportation Per 10ton truck 1,200,000/= 1,200,000/= 3. Loading cost Per Cluster 200/= 60,000/= 4. On transit Levi Per truck 30,000/= 30,000/= 5. Offloading costs Per cluster 200/= 60,000/= 6. Market levi at Mabibo Urafiki Market 6. Broker fees selling at local markets Per truck 10,000/= 10,000/= Per cluster 1,000/= 300,000/= Totals 6,160,000/= Source: Farm Concern International -FGD, 2013 Uganda Sourcing of banana is one of the main costly factor in banana marketing in Uganda and this is mainly as a result of commissions paid to brokers. Table 55a: Marketing costs and drivers for banana in Uganda (Peak) Cost of items 1. Sourcing including commission paid to broker Unit (per bag,bunch, kg, man hrs, duration, daily, weekly Unit cost (UGX) Per bunch 10,000 3,200, Transportation Per bunch 1, , Loading cost Per bunch , On transit levy Per truck , Offloading costs Per bunch , Market levy at market Per truck , Broker fees selling at local Per bunch NIL NIL Total cost per truck (320 bunches) 105 P a g e

117 markets Totals 12,800 4,096,000 Table 56b: Marketing costs and drivers for banana in Uganda ( Off Peak) Cost item 1. Sourcing including commission paid to broker Unit (per bag,bunch, kg, man hrs, duration, daily, weekly Unit cost (UGX) Per bunch 15,000 4,800, Transportation Per bunch 1, , Loading cost Per bunch , On transit levy Per truck , Offloading costs Per bunch , Market levy at market Per truck , Broker fees selling at local markets Per bunch NIL NIL Totals 17,800 5,696, Market profit share analysis in the banana value chain Total cost per truck (320 bunches) Tanzania A marketing margin measures the share of the final selling price that is captured by a particular agent in the marketing chain(scott, 1995). In previous studies, marketing margin analyses indicated that farmers market share in Kagera region was between 11.5% and 20.5% compared to 69% market share of traders in 2008 (Nkuba & Mkulila, 2009) and farmers market share was between 25% and35% while traders share was 58% in 2012 (Donge and Nkuba, 2012). Large-scale traders receive the largest (40% to 60%) shares of gross marketing margins, followed by retailers, small-scale traders (20% to 30%) and farmers (10% to 25%). Traders realized higher profits per shilling spent during the peak supply period than during the low supply period. Average percentage of gross margin in peak supply was 123% and in low supply was 78%. (Nkuba and Mkulila, 2009). Farmers market share is much less for distant markets such as Dar es Salaam markets. These findings indicate that farmers receive a smaller share of the market. This has been attributed to the fact that usually farmers have limited or no information about markets. In addition, farmers are not collectively organized to pool their efforts and resources to reach markets. Uganda Market vendors in the banana value chain are the most profitable actors since their costs are lower and they sell a higher number of bunches on average than brokers.market vendors report monthly profits of US$915 compared to brokers monthly profits of 106 P a g e

118 US$676.In contrast, a banana farmer in Uganda makes an average profit of US$44/month.Average bicycle traders profits were US$131/month (TRIAS 2012).Clearly farmers end up with the lowest profit margins in spite of undertaking all the risks of production and sometimes undertaking other functions like transportation.(kilimo Trust,2012) Constraints in banana marketing General Uganda i. Tanzania i. Price fluctuations ii. Theft on farm and during transportation and Insecurity in some areas that affect transaction iii. iv. Limited capital by the traders Poor communication systems and roads network v. Poor handling during transportation vi. vii. Lack of ripening rooms Lack of juice processing technology i. Lack of markets during peak seasons ii. Poor Market structures iii. High taxation by government iv. Ineffective national traders association v. Expensive packaging vi. materials for processed products Under-developed formal markets for processed products Recommended areas of action on improving banana marketing ii. Decrease in banana supply due to prevailing banana diseases iii. Minimal value addition of bananas in most regions iv. There are not structures in the market for handling bananas. v. Lack of post-harvest handling knowledge by traders vi. Lack of market information Strengthen marketing through formation of collective action groups of various actors (farmers, traders, vendors) Build business management skills capacity of above actors Improve dissemination and access to market information for farmers through various medium such as radio, newspaper and mobile phone services. Identity and link farmers to various potential markets (rural, urban, cross-regional and international export) Explore options for reducing transport costs of banana Capacity building on processing bananas into long-life shelf products Promote and support farmer-owned processing SMEs (wine making, drying, flour) Support establishment of standards for banana processed products through national bureau of standards. 107 P a g e

119 Expand opportunities for export markets of processed banana products (wine, dried fruits, flour) Promote affordable financial /credit access to enhance banana processing different actors Develop, promote and market new non-food banana products 4.4 Consumer and Nutrition Analysis Banana consumption patterns and trends Tanzania A large portion (60%) of bananas produced is cooked or consumed fresh (as dessert) with minimal processing. Brews (e.g., mulamba and gongo ) account for 30% of banana utilization. Roasted bananas (2%) are found on the roadside or sold to consumers in various places (Mgenzi et al., 2010). As Table 48 shows different varieties in various regions are preferred for diverse uses. Table 57: Common banana cultivars and utilization Banana types Lake Zone Northern Zone Southern Highlands Zone Cooking Brewing Dessert Roasting -Nshakara -Entobe -Nyoya -Kiguruwe -Kijoge -Nshambire -Mbire -Kijoge -Kanana -Kiguruwe -Gonja -Nshakara -Mshare -Mtwishe -Mlelembo -Ndizi Uganda and Bukoba -Sirya -Kambani/kanana -Sirya -Kambani/kanana -Mshale -Itoke/Ifufu or Mzuzu or Gonja -Matooke* -Sirya -Kambani kanana -Ndifu -Ndyari -Mwanyira -Kambani Kanana -Kisukari or or Mzuzu or Itoke or Ifufu Eastern -Kimalindi -Mtwishe -Mshale -Jamaica -Kisukari -Jamaica -Mtwishe -Kimalindi -Mtwishe -Kimalindi -Kisukari -Jamaica -Mzuzu Mkono wa Tembo or Gonja Zanzibar (Ugunja and Pemba) -Mzuzu -Kimalindi -Ndizi Bukoba Mtwishe - -Kisukari -Kimalindi -Mkono Tembo (Gonja) -Mzuzu wa 108 P a g e

120 According to a recent survey (Kilimo Trust, 2012), most consumers in all income brackets thought that banana consumption was increasing (Figure 25).This was attributed to bananas being the staple food, its popularity at breakfast, increasing population and family size, and availability all year round. Figure 29: Trends in banana consumption in Tanzania Source: Kilimo Trust, 2012 Uganda Uganda has the highest capita consumption of banana in the world estimated at between kg kg/annum or about 0.7 kg/day (Kilimo Trust, 2012). Banana is mainly considered to be a subsistence crop and is mainly used when traditionally cooked and brewed. On average, households spend about 12% of their income on purchasing cooking banana matooke. Banana consumption is concentrated in the central and western regions and constitutes the highest caloric intake in the South west region (49%) and Central Uganda (31%) (Ssewanyana and Kasirye 2010). There are different banana cultivars that are preferred for different uses and consumptions (Table 46) Table 58: Banana cultivars utilization in Uganda Banana type Variety/ cultivar Cooking Kibuzi, Mpologoma, Kitika, Malira, Nakabululu, Mbwazirume, Nakitembe, Naminwe, Katetema, Musakala, Enyeru, Lisindaro, Mutule, Murule, Butube, Entoragaza, Katwaro, Nandigobe Dessert banana Beer banana Bogoya, Ndizi, Gonja, Cavendish, Bulemezi, Zaire, Ibu Embere, Kisubi, Musa, Germica, Embide, Kayinja Source: Kilimo Trust, 2012 According to thekilimo Trust (2012) survey, banana consumption trends are a mixed picture. Most middle and high income consumers thought that banana consumption was increasing (Figure 26).This was attributed to a growing population, increased income, fair prices, 109 P a g e

121 nutritional value, and increasing prices of banana substitutes. Some thought that consumption was decreasing due to decrease in production, low supply in dry season, limited income and availability of substitutes. Figure 30: Banana consumption trends in Uganda (Source: Kilimo Trust, 2012) Banana value added products analysis Tanzania Bananas consumption is limited to a small range of products. As noted a large proportion (60-80%) is cooked, roasted or consumed fresh (as dessert) with minimal processing. Brewing (including illicit spirits) accounts for 30%/. There is a limited range of processed products that account for about 5% of market sales for banana. These are sold locally at roadsides, bus stops, local markets and rural and urban pubs. Banana processing businesses are limited to locally made and locally consumed products (food and non- food). Table 47 provides a summary of the products found in the market. A small portion of dried bananas are exported to Germany by a local enterprise, Matunda Mema (Mgenzi et al., 2010). Table 59: Banana processed products in Tanzania Product Local name Principal buyers Banana Juice Mulamba Medium to high income people Banana wine Medium and high income people Banana gin Gongo Low income Banana beer Rubisi Low income Banana biscuits, flours, breads, Medium to high income people Chichiri Pastries Balagara Dried Crisps Medium to high income people 110 P a g e

122 Source: Nkuba et al., 2001 More analysis is needed to understand demand and marketing trends for these products. However, some preliminary studies indicate that these products have good profit margins per bunch as compared to freshly consumed banana. Uganda Most banana is traditionally consumed fresh as cooked banana, and someused for brewing and as dessert. However, there are a number of secondary products made from bananas (Table 51). Table 60: Banana processed products in Uganda Product Local name banana beer Tonto Banana crisps Plantain chips Dried bananas (mainly from apple banana) Banana juice Banana wine Vacuum packed cooking banana Gonka Matoke Source: TechnoServe 2010, Kilimo Trust 2012) Food and nutrition security gaps and contribution of banana Tanzania As previously noted (see section 2.4.2), Tanzania, faces food and nutrition insecurity challenges. Even with large portions of the population consuming banana as a nutrition rich food. This is mostly because diets of a large number of people have been simplified and reduced to a limited number of energy foods that do not provide nutrients. Furthermore, the preparation methods for bananas usually strip the meal of the requisite nutritional value and in some cases the varieties are not rich in vitamins. Banana fruit contains good amounts of health benefiting anti-oxidants, minerals, and vitamins. Bananas contain beta carotene, a type of vitamin A that is contained in carrots (Moore, 2011). This food is very low in saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium making the fruit heart-healthy. It is also a good source of dietary fiber and several minerals and vitamins C, B1, B3, B6, B12, and vitamin K (Decuypere, 2002 (Moore, 2011). Uganda Banana is among the main contributors of food security and nutrition in Uganda. It has potential for addressing micro-nutrient deficiency especially for vulnerable groups through micro-nutrient enhancement via bio-fortification. A study by Wamono et al., (2011) showed 111 P a g e

123 that nutrient enhanced matooke products made by blending banana flour with soybean flour had the potential to improve nutrient intake of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Interventions on banana and nutrition Tanzania a) Nutrition interventions on sweet potatoes Establish school feeding programmes and school gardens At present interventions to improve nutritional status for school aged children is not yet well established in Tanzania. Also there are inadequate nutrition interventions to improve the nutritional status of children under five years of age in many communities. There is a need to focus on nutritional status of both children under five years and school aged children in relation to agricultural production. Therefore establishment of school feeding program by introducing sweet potatoes (especially OFSP) rich in vitamin A is of prime importance. Orange fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP) are rich in vitamin A and other micronutrients. What is produced doesn t meet the nutritional requirements of the population at hand. There is a need to link production with nutritional needs. Introduce school gardens (farms) as a teaching aid for school children and to support school feeding programs. These are strategic institutions for awareness creation, adoption, and building a consumption culture among young people. Investing in reaching school children, who are the future parents of the world, is an effective means for reaching large numbers of households through a centralized location as children have proven to be effective transmitters of technologies from school to household. Moreover, influencing preferences and changing behaviors regarding diet and health practices is complex and young children are under the strong influence of their parents and other adult caretakers (Nicklas et al., 2001). In addition, experience to date indicates that adult preferences in varietal selection (taste in particular) often differ from young child preferences, but adults determine what varieties are grown and how much are grown. 112 P a g e

124 Establish baseline information of OFSP adoption and impacts in different communities. A number of interventions projects aimed at improving availability and consumption of OFSP has been done. But limited or no studies have been conducted to assess adoption and the contribution of the OFSP varieties on nutritional health status in the Lake Zone and other areas where OFSP had been introduced. Therefore we need adoption as well as impact assessment disaggregated by gender. Introduce and promote improved processing technologies Develop and promote storage techniques to reduce post harvest losses. Sweet potatoes have a short shelf-life and spoil easily and rapidly, therefore proper processing technologies for value addition should be introduced. Promote sweet potatoes as an alternative raw material among the animal feed processors by providing technical skills and encouraging increased production among producers to ensure sufficient supply. FAO has documented a very low consumption of animal sources of vitamin A, iron and proteins among households (Speedy, 2003).Orange fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP) are rich in vitamin A and other micronutrients. OFSP is the cheapest source of vitamin A and other micronutrients. Therefore promotion of OFSP will help to fight against vitamin A and malnutrition. b) Nutrition interventions on bananas Introduction of banana varieties rich in vitamin A Studies have shown that the diets of most children 6-59 months in East Africa are based on starchy staples, with little or no protein, fruits or vegetables (Ruel, 2002), In addition, studies on dietary patterns of children from banana-dependent regions indicate that these children are basically weaned on banana (FANTA, 2010) and the levels of malnutrition, especially micronutrient deficiencies such as vitamin A deficiency and iron deficiency, have remained above the WHO threshold points (SCN, 2010). Therefore, introduction of banana rich in vitamin A will fight against Vitamin A deficiency and malnutrition. 113 P a g e

125 Improve processing and utilization of bananas and their products Develop post-harvest handling technologies to improve crop quality and shelf-life of banana. Encourage processing and value addition during periods of high production to improve product shelf-life. Work with existing processors as an entry point to train value chain actors on the importance of banana and to create demand. Reduce post-harvest losses by investing in processing technology (promote post-harvest processing and preservation techniques) and promote processed products. Promote good meal preparation techniques that retain nutrients after cooking (preparation) for all members of the family, especially pregnant and breastfeeding women and children aged less than two years. Dietary diversification Development of nutritious diversified diets that includes banana, sweet potatoes and other nutritious food to address malnutrition and food insecurity is required. Uganda The three foci for Uganda s agricultural development entail (i) Nutrition (ii) Agriculture and (iii) Connecting Nutrition to Agriculture. There are several broad interventions being implemented in Uganda that is linked to sweet potato (and other crops). These include: o Nutrition advocacy (UNICEF, WFP) o Nutrition trainings for core personnel in the agricultural and health sectors o Improved infant and child feeding practices (UNICEF) o Bio-fortification: conventional breeding for nutrient rich crops (Harvest Plus) o Improved agronomical management practices Similarly Shively and Hao (2012) proposed other interventions: Advocacy for nutrition education as a direct pathway to improve the health and nutritional status of women and children. Making nutrition available to various sectors beyond the health and nutrition centers. 114 P a g e

126 Micronutrient interventions as focal to improving the hidden for various sections of rural and urban communities Constraints in banana consumption and nutrition Table 61: General Uganda Tanzania i. Inability to differentiate varieties for various utilization ii. Many of the cultivars have gain popularity only in the production areas iii. Poor utilization practices iv. Low supply and Price fluctuations v. Bananas consumption is limited to a small range of products - is mostly is consumed fresh Source: Many of the cultivars have gain popularity only in the production areas Micronutrient deficiency diet i. High prices of bananas compared to substitutes ii. Low customers income affecting their purchasing power iii. Consumption already exceeds production : Recommended areas of action on enhancing banana consumption and contribution to nutrition Promotion of banana nutritional benefits to increase consumption Promotion of Vitamin A rich banana varieties as part of an integrated approach to health promotion particularly on children Promote banana meals in school feeding programs, hospitals, prisons and other institutional markets Development and promotion of other banana food products 4.5 Gender consideration in the banana value chain Tanzania Banana production is dominated by men (63%) most of whom (25%) are above 51 years of age. They are mainly engaged in manual labor. Most women engaged in banana production (15%) are also aged above 51 years. There are no female banana farmers under 20 years old (Kilimo Trust, 2012). Generally, all household members are involved in banana production. Men are more involved in banana operations of land preparation, digging holes, planting, de-trashing, de-suckering, propping and harvesting of banana for beers while women are more involved in operations of weeding, mulching and harvesting of cooking bananas. 115 P a g e

127 Both men and women are engaged in marketing of banana, though men dominate, especially as traders in market and in processing. However, more women either individually or as groups are involved in production of various products from banana by products. These are mainly handcraft such as table-mats, handbags, envelopes, postcards, wall pictures (Mgenzi et al., 2008). Uganda 4.6 Banana Policy issues Tanzania agricultural policies and strategies favor both banana productivity improvement, postharvest and value adding technologies. The government through Small Industry Development Organization (SIDO) recognizes the role of SME sector and their support emphasis on research in value adding to different by-products, training on value addition and quality control. Also, the government has put great emphasis on construction and/or rehabilitation of rural access roads, support on the on-going construction /rehabilitation of market infrastructure (local market programs) and market information disseminations. Thus the availability of clear and proper agricultural strategies such as Kilimo Kwanza and Big Results Now (BRN) enhances the empowerment of farmers to improve their farm productivity and market linkages. Similarly, these policies are promoting and strengthening the public private partnership (PPP). Uganda In Uganda, the downstream components of a functioning seed system e.g. production and distribution of seed has been liberalized. The duty of the public sector, through the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), is to provide a regulatory function. MAAIF is expected to develop standards, provide testing and certification services, regulate movement of plants and plant parts within and across borders of Uganda and also enforce these requirements. There are two regulatory documents used by the ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF). They are the plant protection act (ACT 2010) and the Seeds and Plants Act (2006) The plant protection act (ACT 2010). The Act focuses on trans-boundary movement (importing) of plants or plant parts. The points of entry target epidemics of global dimension and to a limited extent, those of East and Central African regional nature. The biggest regional banana epidemic threats e.g. Banana bunchy top or banana bacterial wilt. All plant parts imported into Uganda shall be examined by an inspector and those found with doubtable characters may be held under quarantine for period as he or she may think fit. This important regulatory role is supported 116 P a g e

128 by standard operating procedures (SOPs) to guide vegetatively propagated material production, quality and distribution in Uganda (under development). This is, however, not customized to sufficiently support banana seed system. The roles and responsibilities of actors, the procedures for accreditation, customized certification standards for pests and diseases, preparation and handling of samples for testing and documentation management and record control should be in such a guide. This then would form a basis for inspection and enforcement of quality regulation rules. 117 P a g e

129 118 P a g e

130 5 Private Sector Consultation and Expert Validation A central approach to the SeFaMaCo model is to apply a participatory value chain process focused on assessing viable opportunities, barriers in the sweet potato and banana value chains. To this end, FCI organized a two-day strategic consultative and expert validation forum. The first day was the consultative forum that targeted private sector from processing industries and traders from informal markets with the aim of addressing the market and consumption aspect of SeFaMaCo in the banana and sweet potato value chains. The participants in this forum included processors (small scale, medium and large scale) and informal markets buyers. The second day was a strategic partnership consultative forum targeting donor organization, development, research and government agencies. The forum largely focused on Seed and Farmer [SeFa] frameworks as the first two levels of SeFaMaCo Model. The forum was a platform for discussing the findings from the technical expert reviews and further engagement with representatives from the private sector forum in order to guide further the intervention design in the two value chains. Comprehensive forum proceedings from the forum are available (Farm Concern International, 2014). This section, highlight some of the key issues discussed during from the two- day forum held in Kampala, Uganda on 9 th -10 th January Private sector consultative forum- Key highlights During this forum held on the first day of the consultative process participants discussed sweet potato and banana supply chain management issues, buyers experiences and challenges in trading and recommended interventions that would unlock commercial opportunities Sweet potato value chain challenges and opportunities Preferred varieties of sweet potato in Uganda and Tanzania i) Uganda Varieties Preferred by traders Kakamega (High Yielding), Kabode, Ejumula (*Not high yielding) These three are preferred because the i. High Dry Matter ii. Yellow Skin iii. High sugar content Preferred by processors White fleshed Polista, Ukerewe and Naspot, 119 P a g e

131 OFSP: Ejumula, Kabode, Karoti dar and Jewel ii) Tanzania Polista (Purple skinned and yellow fleshed) Jewel, Ejumla, Caroti Dar, Kabonde, Resisto OSP is mainly preferred by children iii) Ethiopia Non orange white flesh is the most common Varity traded in all markets visited. It is the same variety that is preferred by consumer 120 P a g e

132 Key highlights on challenges and opportunities for sweet potato traders and processors Table 62: The key highlights from experiences of sweet potato traders (wholesalers/retailers) Supply chain parameter/issues Challenge Quality management and Assurance Deteriorated quality of product at the market e.g. rotting, breakage, unwholesomeness, change in skin color, shorter shelf life Losses during transportation Volumes Price fluctuation hence no predictions for incomes and return on investment for the farmer Lack of standardized packaging measures e.g. the use of extended bags up to 400kg per UgSh. 10,000 resulting to low incomes to the farmers Erratic market supply of the sweet potatoes Increased sourcing costs for the traders and wholesale buyers Low yields per unit of land Recommendations Training & Engaging farmers on quality issues e.g. SP curing, better harvesting methods, proper time in harvesting, packaging conditions, Proper seed selection. Exchange visits on farmers and traders. SP Harvested when needed. Farmers farming as business Linking the innovating initiatives in quality assurance with government extension services for sustainability Policy framework on transportation of sweet potato to ensure that quality is maintained during transportation To standardize a bag of SP at least 100kg per bag. Adoption of Good Agronomic Practices. Adoption on the use of inputs e.g. fertilizers, pesticides Promote investment partnerships in irrigation technology; mapping out areas for demo sites with intended partners 121 P a g e

133 Bulking/aggregation No bulking centers thus Brokers taking advantage of. They have breach the link between farmers & traders Increased sourcing costs for the traders Low income for the farmer due to the participation of the intermediaries Implementation of the collective action through the Commercial Village Model Principles (Collection Centers, schedule etc) Transportation & Loading Lack of specialized transportation means Packing potatoes in boxes that can accommodate certain volumes Specialized transportation for fresh produce Training on handling produce Post-harvest Handling & Storage Packaging materials Post-harvest losses Product is sold when harvested leading to low incomes due to poor storage techniques Heat build-up and physical injury due to the arrangement within the gunny bags resulting in deterioration and rotting Training on post-harvest handling at farm level Investment in storage facilities through setting up demo s on storage and partnering with organizations Use of standardized wooden boxes Regulations and policies High cost of operation for the trader Participatory stakeholder forums for review and propose amendments to existing government to existing policies Standardization of levies 122 P a g e

134 Table 63: The key highlights from experiences of sweet potato processors Supply chain Parameters Challenge Recommendations Quality management and assurance Costing Volumes Low/poor quality product Low potential of product to penetrate and effectively compete in markets Negative product image in the market on cottage industry processed products No access to formal markets due to quality certification requirements by the formal markets Processed Product traceability issues High uncompetitive prices for processed products. Intermittent processing cycle High costs of operation in terms of sourcing, transportation, production High pricing of the products Training on proper post-harvesting management issues Viability assessment of processed product Promote investment opportunities in the private sector Improve access to modern technology e.g. drying, packaging etc Promote partnerships and strategic alliance s that will facilitate certification and registration Design quality responsive transportation methods e.g. wooden boxes for produce Explore commercialization of processed products to leverage on economies of scale Diversification to produce composite flours as a sales strategy in comparison with pure OFSP flour. Fortified flour: Mix with other flours to ensure it is bought e.g. nutritional flour Mapping production seasons and volume projections & making it available to processors and buyers Promote investment partnerships in irrigation technology; mapping out areas for demo sites with intended partners Dissemination of information on a timely on expected output from the regions 123 P a g e

135 Bulking/aggregation Transportation Packaging Regulations and policies Few or non-existent bulking centers for sweet potatoes in the different regions Sourcing area widely dispersed which increases the cost of transportation Poor roads infrastructure mainly those leading to farms Short shelf life of processed products Poor product image due to the packaging used Regulatory conflict e.g. certification bodies Food safety issues due to poor packaging of the processed products Inadequate market access of the processed product. Consumer unacceptability because they perceive the product to be of lower quality Institute collective marketing through the principles of the Commercial Village Model Invest in modernized village bulking stores that serve communities efficiently. Lobby for improvement of roads Establish collection centers thereby reducing the costs of transportation, wear and tear since the produce will be picked from there Product packaging standardization Linkages between cottage processors and researchers Partnership with the standardization authority to educate processors on the certification process Promotion to sensitize consumers on product quality 124 P a g e

136 5.1.2 Banana value chain challenges and opportunities Preferred varieties of banana in Uganda and Tanzania Preferred varieties of traders A ranking of various varieties of banana was conducted by the traders. The ranking was based on volumes handled and consumer preferences. Banana varieties were categorized according to end usage i.e. cooking bananas, Dessert and Juice types. The ranking was as follows: Uganda Cooking type bananas: i. Nakitare (Luganda), Ntaragaza (Runyankole) ii. Enjeru /Nshenyi iii. Kibuzi iv. Mushakala Other varieties mentioned include Nandigobe, Muvubo, Mporogoma, Mbwazilume, Enjoga (Katwalo/Ntinka), Siira. Dessert type bananas: i. Gonja ii. Bogoya iii. Sweet ndizi Juice type bananas i. Musa ii. Kisubi iii. Mbidde Preferred varieties of processors: Mainly juice making Most of the processors produce juice. But there is lack of clear information on varieties with desired attributes for processing. Tanzania a. Cooking Bukoba/Uganda varieties Mshale: for boiling Mzuzu: for frying b. Ripening fruits: Malindi variety c. For Crisps i. Mshale In Dar Es Salaam & Arusha ii. iii. Mzuzu In Dar Es Salaam Bukoba for Arusha 125 P a g e

137 d. For Flour iv. Mshale - In Dar Es Salaam v. Mzuzu - In Dar Es Salaam 126 P a g e

138 Key highlights on challenges and opportunities for banana traders and processors Table 64: The key highlights from experiences of banana traders (wholesalers/retailers) Supply chain Challenge Recommendations parameter/issues Quality management - Harvesting banana is laborious and time consuming - Technologies for mechanization of harvesting and assurance as buyers & farmers move from tree to tree and - Farmers/ buyers should be trained on harvesting and post harvest farm to farm looking out for quality bunches handling of bananas - The way loading and offloading is done affects the - Training of famers on disaster management e.g. planting tree wind quality of the banana breaks - Natural calamities e.g. hail storm and drought - Accessing market information affect banana quality - Provision of security at community level - Price fluctuations affects quality and differentiation - Theft on farm and during transportation Volume/ Bulking/ aggregation - Limited capital - Insecurity in some areas - Long distances with poor roads and network - Poor communication systems e.g. phone network which affects communication to farmers in arranging for supplies - Lack of trust among members. Members delegate one another to arrange for purchase of bananas but are suspicious of price agreements between their members and farmers. Transportation Poor transport regulations Poor loading and off loading by loaders affects banana quality Poor handling during transportation results in low quality bananas: Lorries are stacked and compacted with bananas to take up as many as possible. - Trainings on group saving - Access to financing - Easy mode of accessing money e.g. mobile money, M-pesa - Improving on the infrastructure e.g. road networks - Training of Group and member dynamics - Develop Transporter Standards byunbs (Uganda National Bureau of Standards). For example use of box body trucks that are enclose bananas which limits the number of bananas that can be transported and also ensures safety from theft. - Develop loading regulations so as to enhance quality control - Government regulations that protect buyers, so that they do not incur large fee payments during transportation 127 P a g e

139 Post-harvest Handling Storage and Warehousing Packaging materials High costs of transport High taxes and fees Theft occurs during transportation resulting in losses for the buyer Losses due to bad debts which the transporter incur when one extends credit to the consumers Cartels - Isolation of new entrants as suppliers by middlemen Price fluctuation due to season Breach of trader contract Poor road infrastructure affects both lorries and bicycles Limited stakes/ poles for supporting Breach of contract by farmers - Sensitization on safety and security Planting of many wind breaks using trees Training farmers to honor contracts Provide shade/cover Timely delivery Bananas should not be stored for more than 4 days Not durable and accepted in markets Need to identify packaging options Regulations and policies Lack of known tariffs at borders makes buying a risky investment The national associations are not dealing with problems faced by members e.g. high tariffs, market fees and road taxes faced by buyers There is need for the association to take this up with government- to have agreed upon market fees, road taxes tariffs to facilitate trade across borders 128 P a g e

140 Table 65: The key highlights from experiences of banana processors Supply chain parameter/issues Challenges Recommendations Quality management and Assurance Ripening rooms aren t available as a result pits are used. Immature Gonja is usually sold to processors together with the mature ones. Volumes Banana wilt was identified by processors as a threat to achieving the desired volumes by producers Loss of business due to inconsistent supply of bananas to processors Lack of technology to squeeze out the juice from the bananas. Bulking/aggregation Traders have a fixed price for banana so that even in times of plenty they still pay farmers the same amount. Some traders/farmers side sell during shortage but run after formal processors and demand to sell at fixed prices during the glut period Capital still a challenge for the cottage processors whose volumes are still low for volumes aggregation Transportation Poor handling during transportation was found to damage bananas e.g. finger breakages, mishandling among others. Post harvest handling Capital is a challenge which leads to use of old vehicles. The vehicles are prone to breakdown leading to very high losses In many occasion bananas are damages due Some of the group members indicated that it will necessary to set up banana ripening stations Introduce new varieties which are resistant to diseases, drought and pests especially on varieties sourced from long distances. Use pulping equipments to achieve volumes especially where (Mali Juice) there is reliance on technologies that are rudimentary more so by farmer groups There is a need for better processing technology to increase the volumes produced to enhance profits There is need to develop sustainable relationships between traders and processors Need for business financing to increase volume of processed products Many players at the transport level also require training on banana handling to prevent damages Development partners need to support better handling of bananas Processors require more financial support 129 P a g e

141 to poor handling at the farm, during transportation and at the market. Storage and Warehousing Lack of proper storage was also identified as a gap The storage facilities are not favorable for long term storage of the processed products (garage) among others was found to be not favorable storage facility for the wine. Loading Fingers are picked from banana bunches which results in a mixed and un-harmonized processing process Packaging materials Inaccessibility to cooling systems to enable the use of plastic bottles for packaging banana juices Processors indicated that most of the packaging materials used are expensive. Product labelling is a major challenge though standard labels are clearly indicated; Some formal buyers such as supermarkets do not stock the processed juice. Lack of knowledge on product labelling is a challenge to processors Regulations and policies It takes too long to standardize their products. It was noted that electricity needs to be stabilized. Better stores need to be built for processed wine. Low interest rate loans needed for agroprocessors through subsidies program like the one in Europe (Excel Hort Consut) to build their factories. Volumes and market growth for processed products will lead to processors engagement at the loading stage in the banana supply chain management Plastic packages are needed as they are cheap for packaging juice. Better labels that do not disintegrate easily are required especially for juices Appropriate & acceptable processing facility and infrastructure is required to facilitate acquisition of quality assurance permit. Subsidised generator fuel is required e.g Government driven subsidies program for agroprocessors. Governments should foster use of locally produced commodities. 130 P a g e

142 Market Access Transport is a major challenge. Kick-backs are taken from the processors so as to have their products sold. People prefer juice that is made naturally (organic). 131 P a g e

143 5.2 Strategic Partnership Consultative Forum with development partners The Strategic Partnership Consultative Forum targeted donor organization, development, research & government agencies and representatives from the private sector consultation that was held on the first day. The forum largely focused on Seed and Farmer [SeFa] frameworks as the first two levels of SeFaMaCo Model Strategic Partnership Consultative Forum - Key highlights To kick start the consultations, the representative of the private sector actors provided an overview of issues that they had deliberated on during the first day as summarized in the preceding section. The TEAM then presented findings from the landscape analysis of the two value chains that have been summarized in sections 2 and 3. The Landscape analysis and the private sector consultation identified the broad areas for interventions. These were discussed further with the other stakeholders that participated in the strategic partnership consultative forum. To guide the next steps in consolidating the intervention design, working groups focused discussions on three key issues: 1. How can SeFaMaCo plug-in into existing interventions/ongoing programs? 2. What do you think SeFaMaCo can address at each level? 3. What are important resources and materials that can support SeFaMaCo? Summary from Banana value chain working group How can SeFaMaCo plug in into existing/ongoing programs? 1. Support the ongoing research on specific banana variety for juice manufacturing and up scaling and improving technologies. 2. Support Banana Product Diversification 3. Thorough assessment of activities that are on going to identifying the gaps and propose viable interventions 4. Bringing Tissue Culture Services to the needy and commercialize it. How SeFaMaCo can address the various issues at each level? 1. Capacity building, knowledge transfer, information sharing & knowledge generation 2. Mobilizing different actors to come together 3. Business Innovation and Incubation 4. Periodical consultative forums with Government and other stakeholders 5. Support in developing/ establishing database intervention areas stakeholders 6. Support policy advocacy Summary from Sweet potato value chain working group How SeFaMaCo can plug into these initiatives? 132 P a g e

144 A. SeFa (Seed and Farmers): 1. Multiplication at primary level to ensure dissemination of virus free material (quality assurance)- before going to the secondary level of multiplication 2. Promote implementation of quality standards developed by FAO 3. Improve access to quality declared seeds to the farmers 4. Develop strategies on multiplication, preservation techniques, monitoring of quality and certification for efficient and sustainable seed enterprises 5. Developing the marketing strategies of specific varieties 6. Include sweet potato crop in the list of crops regulated by the regulatory board 7. Provide training and capacity building on marketing and business skills 8. Assessment of Commercial viability of the root crop and processed products B. Markets: 1. Markets and trade- marketing the new varieties and development of market strategies for these varieties 2. Development of value added products-support through information dissemination and business development support services- build business and entrepreneurship among farmers 3. Processed products diversification and viability assessment Identify the different products in the market?? Most still at the cottage level 4. There is need to upgrade from cottage to commercial production There is need to map out the opportunities and plug in to meet the market needs 5. Focus on market potential for products that have the highest potential e.g. Composite flours etc 6. Viability assessment for SP chipping, drying and storage What SeFaMaCo can address at each level? Capacity Building, Development & Advocacy 1. Advocacy of standardized unit of packing and design of new packaging materials e.g. wooden Boxes (during trials - using potato crates - the quality reaching the markets was of better quality than that transported in bags) 2. Lack of knowledge on quality assurance design, testing and advocacy- PCMIA- tried to implement where they had linked farmers but they could not continue- There is need to promote better packing material 3. Reaching agents for change- Fund raising skills and advocacy-tot to get funds to continue training- establishment and supporting a network of ToTs Innovation ideas and interventions by development organizations should be shared and linked to the extension service providers e.g. Government agencies for sustainability. 5.3 AFMA Network To further build partnerships and enable the diverse stakeholders to engage in enhancing the two value chains, the formation of a network was proposed. The Network would be a 133 P a g e

145 platform for linkages, information sharing, marketing multi-stakeholder engagement as well as experience exchanges. 134 P a g e

146 135 P a g e

147 6 Conclusion and way forward The landscape analysis provides a comprehensive analysis of the opportunities and challenges in the banana and sweet potato value chain. These findings from the review processes and consultation with the private sector are the basis for the design of a comprehensive intervention plan to enhance efficiency and to unlock the market potential of the two commodities along the seed systems and consumer continuum of the value chain. This landscape analysis provides critical evidence to guide program design and make informed decisions about where to make effective investments. As an initial step the processes has identified the regions in the target countries where the program will strategically focus its interventions in the two value chains (Table 66 &67) Table 66: Proposed project sites Country Zone Tanzania Sweet Potato 1. Kilimanjaro 2. Lake Zone 3. Coastal Zone (Dar es salaam) 4. Zanzibar 5. Central Banana Uganda Eastern Zone (Iganga, Kamuli and Soroti) Western zone (Mbarara, Bushenyi, Ntungamo, Kigezi,Kabarore) Northern Zone (Gulu and Lira) Ethiopia Hawassa Zone The program aims to target a number of households in each of the identified sites as summarized in Table 57. In total the program will target to reach 100,000 smallholder farmer. Table 67: Target farmers per site Value Chain Sweet Potato Banana Region Target Household Region Target Household Country : Uganda Iganga 5500 Mbarara 5000 Kamuli 4000 Kigezi 3000 Soroti 5500 Bushenyi 4000 Nothern- Lira and Guru 4500 Ntungamo P a g e

148 Kabarole 4000 Total 19,500 19,000 Country : Tanzania Lake Zone -Kagera 6000 Kagera Region 5000 Mwanza (Mara ) 4000 Mwanza 4000 Arusha 3000 Arusha 2000 Kilimanjaro 3000 Kilimanjaro 3000 Zanzibar 3500 Zanzibar 3000 Dar es Salaam 2500 Morogoro 4500 Morogoro 3000 Total 26,500 20,000 Country : Ethiopia(Hawassa Region) Wolaita 3000 GamoGofa 3000 Sidama Zones 3000 Harerghe zones 6000 Total Grand Total 100,000 The review also provides guidance in synchronizing efforts among various actors that are implementing interventions in the two value chains. The detailed process is expected to guide market led interventions that are expected to enhance food and nutrition security and improve household incomes for smallholder farmers in Tanzania, Uganda and Ethiopia. 137 P a g e

149 138 P a g e

150 References Abidin, P. E. (2004). Sweetpotato breeding for northeastern Uganda: Farmer varieties, farmer-participatory selection, and stability of performance. Wageningen University, Wageningen, Andrade, M., Barke, I., Cole, D., Kapinga, R., Kroschel, T., Labarta, T., Lemaga, B., Loechl, C., Low, J., Ortiz, O., Oswald, A. & Thiele, G. (2009). Unleashing the potential of sweet potato in Sub-Saharan Africa:Current challenges and way forward. Lima, Peru, International Potato Center (CIP). BACAS (2005). Final Report on Coffee Baseline Report. Tanzania Coffee research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania., Tanzania. Bureau for Agricultural Consultancy and Advisory Service., Sokoine University of Agriculture. Morogoro. Bashaasha, B., Mwanga, R. O., p Obwoya, M. O. & Ewell, P. T. ( 1995). Sweetpotato in the farming and food systems of Uganda: A farmsurvey report. ub. Nairobi, Kenya, International Potato Center, Sub-Saharan Africa Region. Central Statistical Agency (2011). Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey Diao, X., Dorosh, P., Rahman, S. M., Meijer, S., Rosegrant, M., Yanoma, Y. & L, W. (2003). Market opportunities for African Agriculture: An examination of demand-side constraints on agricultural growth. Washington, DC, IFPRI. Donge, J. & Nkuba, J. M. (2012). Banana value chain analysis and marketing in Kagera and Kigoma regions, Tanzania. B. B. P. A. Maruku. Endrias, G., Legesse, D. & Teressa, A. (2006). Informal channels for transfer and adoption of improved technologies: the case of sweet potato varieties in Boloso Sore woreda, Southern Ethiopia. Paper presented at Commercialization of Ethiopian Agriculture: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society of Ethiopia. February, 24-26th Addis Ababa, Engoru, P., Mugisha, J. & Bashaasha, B. (2005). Tuber Utilisation Options Among Sweet Potato Producers in Eastern Uganda. African Crop. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 7: Farm Concern International (2014). Workshop Proceedings Report on SeFaMaCo Regional Banana and Sweetpotato Sector Consultative Forum. Kampala, Uganda 9th-10th January Gibson, R. (2013). How sweet potato varieties are distributed in Uganda: actors, constraints and opportunities. Food Sec. Food Security 5(6): Gibson, R. W., Mwanga, R. O. M., Namanda, S., Jeremiah, S. C. & Barker, I. (2009). Review of sweetpotato seed systems in East and Southern Africa. Integrated Crop Management, Working Paper. I. P. C. (CIP). Lima, Peru: González de Uzqueta de Lorza, S. (2006). Sweetpotato in Ugandan Farming Systems: Farmer s evaluation of rapid multiplication of sweetpotato planting material in Soroti and Kumi Districts. Germany, University of Hohenheim GOU (2011). Uganda Nutrition Action Plan Scaling Up Multi-Sect oral Efforts to Establish a Strong Nutrition Foundation for Uganda s Development. Hall, A., Bockett, G. & Nahdy, S. (1998). Sweetpotato Postharvest System in Uganda: Strategies, Constraints, and Potentials. International Potato Center Social Science Department Working Paper, Harvest Plus (2006). The use of orange-fleshed sweet potato to combat Vitamin A deficiency in Uganda. Harvey, P., Zo, R. & Omar, D. (2010). The 2008 Uganda Food Consumption Survey: Determining the Dietary Patterns of Ugandan Women and Children. A2Z: The USAID Micronutrient and Child Blindness Project. AED, Washington D.C. John, T. (2001). Dietary diversity, global change and human health... Proceedings of the Symposium Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems, Montreal, Canada. Jonas, D., Gugerty, M. K. & Anderson, C. L. (2012). Sweet potato Value Chain: Tanzania. EPAR Brief No.211. Kalyebara, M. R., Ragama, P. E., Kikulwe, E., Bagamba, F., Nankinga, K. C. & Tushemereirwe, W. K. (2006). Economic importance of the banana bacterial wilt in Uganda. African Crop Science Journal 14(2): Kapinga, E. R., Ewell, T. P., Jeremiah, C. S. & Kileo, R. (1995). Sweet potatoes in Tanzanian Farming and Food systems: Implications for research. CIP, Sub-Sahara Africa Region. 139 P a g e

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155 Appendix Annex 1: List of External Technical Experts Advisory for Model (TEAM) involved in Desk review Country PHOTO NAME PROFILE Ethiopia Dr. Elias Urage Ethiopia A Scientist and Sweet potato breeder at Hawassa Research Center, Hawassa Ethiopia. He is also the Technical advisor for sweet potato and other root crops Seed system in Ethiopia. Dr. Elias has more than twenty five years of work experience on crop improvement research releasing several crop varieties. Getahun Degu Ethiopia An Agricultural Economist at Hawassa Research Center, and Technical Advisor for production and marketing of sweet potato in Ethiopia. Getahun has over 20 years experience in Agricultural Research. Biniyam Tesfaye A Food Scientist at Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI) Tesfaye has three years experience in research, nutrition and food science at Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI) and Technical Advisor for production and marketing of sweet potato in Ethiopia 144 P a g e

156 Uganda Dr.Jerome Kubiriba Uganda A Senior Research Scientist at National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kawanda and the leader, of the National Banana Research Programme of Uganda, under National Agricultural Research Organization, NARO. He is also the Technical Advisor for seed systems and production of banana in Uganda Jerome has 19 years experience in generation of technologies Dr. Gorretti Uganda A Plant breeder and Head of Uganda National Sweet potato Research Team. She is the Technical Advisor for seed system and production of sweet potato in Uganda. Dr. Gorretti has over 25 years experience in research and currently works for National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) Dr. Namanda Sam An Agronomist and researcher at International Potato Center (CIP) Uganda and Technical Advisor for Sweet Potato seed system in Uganda 145 P a g e

157 Dr.Agnes Namutebi Uganda A Food scientist and a senior Lecturer at Makerere University and Technical Advisor for banana and sweet potato consumption and nutrition analysis in Uganda. Ms. Agnes has over 13 years as Lecturer at Makerere University, Kampala Uganda. Tanzania Mgenzi Byabachwezi Tanzania An entomologist and Banana specialist working at ARI Maruku in Bukoba and Technical Advisor for banana seed system and production in Tanzania Dr. Kiddo Mtunda Tanzania A Plant breeder at Sugar Research Institute (SRI) and Technical Advisor for sweet potato seed system and production in Tanzania Dr. Kiddo has over 20 years experience on Research at SRI Dr. Gabriel Ndunguru Dr. Jackson Nkuba A Chief Food Scientist, Consultant and Technical Advisor for marketing of sweet potato in Tanzania He has over 35 years experience on food and nutrition. Previously worked for Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre (TFNC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania till 2006 An Agricultural Economics at Ministry of Agriculture & Food Security- DRD, Temeke, Dar es Salaam and Technical Advisor for post harvest management and marketing of banana in Tanzania 146 P a g e

158 Dr. Jackson has extensive research experience on banana value chain Tanzania Esther Domina A nutritionist at the Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and cooperatives-maruku. She is the Technical Advisor for Consumption of sweet potato and banana and nutrition interventions in Tanzania. Ms. Esther has over 15 years of training and working with extension officers and farmers on nutrition and orange fleshed sweet potatoes value addition. Regional Mary Oyunga A nutritionist and a Senior research officer at Kenya Agriculture Research Institute (KARI)-Kisumu and Technical advisor for SeFaMaCo consumption and nutrition analysis for sweet potato and banana at regional level focusing on the three countries. Ms. Oyunga has over 15 years experience in nutrition research, extension services and technology transfer with farmers and NGOs. 147 P a g e

159 Annex 2: SeFaMaCo Technical Advisory Expert for Model (TEAM) Regional Office FCI TECHNICAL EXPERT 148 P a g e

160 Tanzania Uganda Celestine Kasagga : Market and Trade Manager 149 P a g e