An Overview of Dairy Management & Dairy Food Safety in the United States. Michael Payne DVM, PhD University of California - Davis

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1 An Overview of Dairy Management & Dairy Food Safety in the United States 歡迎光臨歡迎 Michael Payne DVM, PhD University of California - Davis

2 Dairy Management

3 Information is summarized from USDA s National Animal Monitoring System (NAHMS) reports. Data was collected from more than 2,000 dairies, statistically representing about 80% of operations and dairy cattle in the U.S. You will find significant variability in practices from one dairy to another.

4 Dairying has changed since 1940s U.S. Dairy Farms: >4 Million to 65,000 U.S. Dairy Cows: 25 Million to 9 Million U.S. Milk Production: 53 B kg - 84 B kg

5 Trends in Milk Production As the number of cows has decreased, the amount of milk per cow (and produced nationally) has increased (Capper, 2009)

6 Milk Production per Cow The average U.S. dairy cow makes about 20,000 pounds of milk every 12 months, about 2,300 gallons or 13 times her body weight.

7 Number of Cows per Dairy The average U.S. dairy has about 150 cows. Midwestern dairies tend to be smaller, about 90 cows. Western herds are larger, averaging 1000 cows per dairy. Approximately ½ of all cows in U.S. on farms > 500 cows

8 Types of Breeds Comprising U.S. Dairy Herd Holstein (90% of cows) Jersey (5% of cows) Every other breed (< 1% of cows)

9 General Types of Dairy Operations in U.S. Conventional (Confinement) Combination Conventional & Grazing Only Grazing on pasture Organic

10 Conventional Operations Feed grown on farm or purchased brought to the cows. 64% of Dairies (82% cows) Hay Corn Silage

11 Grazing / Pasture Operations (Bring the Cows to the Feed) 3% of Dairies (15% cows)

12 Combination: Conventional + Grazing 31% of Dairies (< 2% cows) Depends on the seasonal weather.

13 Organic Dairy Operations 2% of Dairies (1% cows) Higher price at market. But higher in-put costs Limited drug use allowed Pasture time required Feed grown organically No pesticides No chemical fertilizer Conventional Milk: $1.82 ½ Gal Organic Milk: $ 3.94 ½ Gal (more then twice as expensive) USDA AMS 2012 data 30 cities across U.S.

14 Primary Housing for Lactating Cows Tie Stalls (49% of farms) Free-Stalls (33% of farms) Dry-lot (5% of farms) Pasture (10% of farms)

15 Primary Housing for Calves Almost 70% of operations house un-weaned calves in individual pens or hutches. Great variety of housing is used for weaned calves, from indoor and outdoor group pens to pasture.

16 Life Cycle of a Typical Dairy Cow? Nursing or hand-fed Colostrum Removed from dame < 12 hours New born calf Calves fed milk replacer for about 2 months. After calving the cow enters milking herd. Typically at 6-8 weeks calves are weaned and moved to group housing. 1 st calving at 25 months of age. Heifers are bred at 14 months of age.

17 Once in the Milking Herd A waiting period of 2 to 3 months before she is re-bred After calving cow re-enters milking herd. The average calving interval (period from one calving to the next) averages 13.2 months. 2 months before her expected calving date workers stop milking the cow. 2 months after she is dried off she calves.

18 Why keep re-breeding the cow? For replacement heifers and to freshen milk production.

19 Cow Identification Used on U.S. Dairies Neck Chains (13% of dairies) Electronic (4% of dairies) Ear Tags (54% of dairies) Branding (4% of dairies)

20 Production & Health Records Hand Written Records 74% of Dairies (54% cows) On Farm Computer Records 19% of Dairies (57% cows) Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) 46% of Dairies (48% cows)

21 How do cows spend their time? hours: lying resting hours REM & SW sleep hours ruminating 3-5 hours: eating (9-14 meals) 30 minutes: drinking (A Cow s Daily Time Budget ) 2-3 hours: social interactions - estrus, grooming hours: outside pen - milking, travel time Sources: Houpt ed Edition, Albright & Arave 1997 Who knew cows had Franklin planners?

22 Types of Milking Facilities? Milking Parlors 40% of operations 78% of cows Tie-stall / Stanchion 60% of operations 21% of cows

23 Most Common Milking Parlors The most common style of milking parlor is the Herringbone. 54% of U.S. dairies for almost 50% of all U.S. cows.

24 How Does The Milking Machine Work? Vacuum is applied the teat to draw the milk out The soft rubber liner collapses to massage the teat. University of Illinois Lactation Biology Website

25 Parts of a milking machine: Flow of Milk Teat into Teat Cup by short milk tube into the Claw University of Illinois Lactation Biology Website the long milk tube into the stainless steel milk line.

26 The milk continues flowing from the stainless steel milk line into the receiver jar. where it is pumped into the farm s bulk tank.

27 Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle 80% of herds every year will report at least one case of:

28 Leaving the Herd Cattle or calves can die on the farm. Cattle and calves can be sold at auctions or to directly to slaughter.

29 Dairy Food Safety

30 History of Milk Safety in U.S. Turn -of-century Health Issues : 65,000 TB cases d/t milk England & Wales 1938: 25% of all food water outbreaks were dairy related. 2012: < ½ %

31 Pasteurized Milk Ordinance Grade A PMO 1 st version 1924 Pasteurization Sanitation State / Federal cooperative program.

32 National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) Conflict sanitation laws, markets (esp. WW II) 1 st Meeting 1950 (now biennially on odd years) Collaborative: Regulators, Industry, Academics FDA approves recommendations

33 Dairy Inspection At least every 6 months Videos at:

34 Dairy Farm Inspection Report

35 Poor Examples of Sanitation

36 Good Example of Sanitation

37 On-Farm Milk Refrigeration 45 degrees within 2 hours

38 Water Quality

39 Tuberculosis & Brucellosis Bovine lungs with TB abscess TB tail testing Brucellosis abortion Brucellosis blood testing

40 BSE Cases in Canada & the U.S. Canada: 12 cases1993 to June 2008 U.S. 3 cases WA (2003 from Canada) TX (2005) AL (2006) WA State packing plant where 1 st US BSE BSE was detected.

41 BSE Prevention Regulations

42 Investigations into Dee Creek Outbreak No Brucellosis or TB Testing Cattle in contact with elk. No water-cleaning barn system No hand-washing sinks No microbial testing well-water Mud-manure at parlor entrance Contact of buckets dirty areas Many areas of X-contamination No Raw Milk warning labels Processing area and domestic kitchen not separate.

43 Dairy Product Testing Collecting raw milk samples Kansas City 1921 National Agricultural Library

44 Options for Sample Submission Where samples are submitted may depend on: Lead investigating agency? Type of analysis? o Milk Quality o Pathogen Testing o Animal Medication o Pesticide Volume of samples? So not to overwhelm one lab Special expertise? Radiation, unusual chemicals

45 Different Paths Samples Can Take Farm Samples Creamery Samples Retail Samples Federal Regulatory Labs State Regulatory Labs Cooperative Lab Networks

46 Types of dairy samples: Fluid Dairy Products Private or State Milk Quality Samples Farm samples Retail samples

47 Fluid Milk quality standards Regulatory Allowable Limits Fluid Milk (per ml) Federal Total Plate Count 100,000 Somatic Cell Count 750,000 Additional standards for coliform and Laboratory Pasteurized for finished product.

48 Standard Plate Count. Coliform count Somatic Cell Count Antibiotic testing Water testing. Pathogen testing

49 Types of dairy samples: Powdered Samples sample taker for powdered milk Recalled Japanese powdered formula contaminated with radioactive cesium Philippines finds melamine in Chinese milk products

50 Types of dairy samples: Solid / Cheese Products Different illegal cheese manufacturing operations

51 Types of dairy samples: Solid / Cheese Products Different illegal cheese operations

52 Example of State-Federal Cooperative Sampling U.S. Mexio at San Ysidro

53 Livestock Residues in Dairy Products

54 Example of bad dairy drug storage...

55 Example of good dairy drug storage...

56 Dairy inspectors scrutinize drug labels

57 All tankers in US tested for penicillin class:

58 Livestock Drug Use Regulations

59 Melamine in infant formula with up to an estimated 105,000 children effected

60 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE & FOOD ANIMALS

61 Penicillin resistant Staph was detected in 1945, shortly after introduction of penicillin into hospitals.

62 Regulations on Manure Pathogens & Manure Application

63 Increasing regulations on manure application to crop fields The Porter-Cologne Act, part of the California Water Code regulates and protects both surface and groundwater.

64 and how to apply manure to protect groundwater. 160 Nitrate-N Concentrations in Monitoring Wells Located Between Two Fields Hilmar, CA well 6 well 8 well 9 winter months Nitrate-N (mg/l) Sampling Date Nov 95 Dec 95 Feb 96 Mar 96 May 96 Jun 96 Jul 96 Aug 96 Sep 96 Nov 96 Jan 97 Mar 97 Apr 97 Jun 97 Jul 97 Aug 97 Oct 97 Nov 97 Jan 98 Feb 98 Apr 98 May 98 Jun 98 Jul 98 Aug 98 Oct 98 Nov 98 Jan 99 Feb 99 Mar 99 May 99 Jun 99 Jul 99 Sep 99 Nov 99 Dec 99 Feb 00 University of California research shows that proper application of manure can prevent degradation of groundwater or even improve it.

65 Beijing Air Pollution Pictures with PM 10 Data

66 Central Valley air regulations for dairies are the toughest in the nation No other area in the country regulates gaseous emissions (VOCs) and particulate matter for dairies. Air trapped in the central valley by two mountain ranges makes it a challenge to keep the air clean.

67 Foot & Mouth Disease Response

68 FMD in China

69 FMD in the United States California FMD Outbreak 1924 & 1929

70 FMD in United Kingdom 6 to 10 million animals slaughtered from 10,000 farms $ 3.5 to $ 6 billion lost. Numerous producer suicides

71 Planning for a FMD Outbreak in California #1 Allowing movement of milk by farms with that have preapproved plant and farm biosecurity plans. #2 Surveillance for infected herds. #3 Vaccination of uninfected herds. Just In Time Training

72 #1 Allowing movement for companies with approved plans State-Federal FMD Planning

73 How is FMD transmitted? Saliva /Breath Blister Fluid Infected Cow Fence Line Uninfected Cow Manure/Urine Milk Seme

74 FMD also be carried on equipment Boots & Coveralls Infected Herd Trucks, trailers & Personal Vehicles Milk Uninfected

75 #2 FMD Vaccination FMD Vaccination in South Korea in 2011

76 Research in FMD Adenovirus Vaccines Single dose. Potential for expansion to multiple serotypes 7 dpi Can be produced on mainland U.S. Can differentiate between vaccinated & infected animals.

77 #3 Monitoring for Infected Herds Bulk tank milk can be tested..

78 Questions?