CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Transcription

1 CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis, interpretation and discussion of the data. The data pertaining to present study were collected through structured interview schedule from the selected farm women who engaged with dairy farming in Junagadh and Gir-Somnath districts of Saurashtra region of Gujarat by means of personal interview. The data thus, collected are classified, tabulated and analysed in the light of the objectives. The study is presented, interpreted and discussed in a systematic way, under the following broad heads: 5.1 To study the selected characteristics of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. 5.2 To identify the training needs of farm women for improved animal husbandry practices. 5.3 To know the knowledge level of farm women about animal husbandry practices. 5.4 To ascertain the perceived training method in relation to relative suitability with the various aspects of training programme. 5.5 To explore the relationship between training needs of farm women and selected independent variables. 5.6 To identify the constraints experienced by farm women in adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. 5.7 To elicit the suggestions to overcome these constraints. 5.1 SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF FARM WOMEN ABOUT IMPROVED ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES Steady training is most needed to impart technologies and practices that raise their level of competence which increase the return from their farming. Training needs refers to those needs which are concerned with performance of farm women for various practices related to improved animal husbandry practices. Training needs assessment helps to identify, prioritize and select the specific action as a part of training programme which needs to make training relevant and

2 comfortable. However, some important characteristics of the respondents were selected and findings have been presented as under Personal Characteristics Age Age denotes the chronologically completed calendar years by the respondents. Age influences behaviour of an individual by exposing to varied situations number of times. Therefore, age of the farm women was considered as an essential aspect in this investigation. The distribution of respondents according to age has been presented in following Table 2. Table 2: Distribution of respondents according to their age No. Age group Farm women Frequency (n = 120) Percentage 1 Young age (Up to 35 year) Middle age (36 to 50 year) Old age (Above 50 year) Total The findings depicted in Table 2 indicate that more than two-third (67.50 per cent) of the farm women belonged to middle age group followed by per cent with old age and per cent were from young age group. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that majority of the farm women belonged to middle age group. The probable reason might be that this age is considered to be an actively working age of the farm women and being responsible for maintaining their families. Result is supported by Khokhar (2007), Upadhyay (2010), Gondaliya,(2011), Nishi et al. (2011), Patel (2011), Gade (2012),Tekale (2012) and Chaturvedi (2014). 70

3 Education Education is a process which brings desirable change in human behaviour. It helps in widening the mental horizons and preparing people to be more receptive to new ideas and accept new challenges. Formal education is most essential for farm women, as it provides them with wide exposure, helping the farm women to accept new technologies in the right perspectives and equip them to face challenges. Considering this aspect, the formal education of respondents was studied and data in this regards are presented in Table 3 and graphically depicted in fig. 4. Table 3: Distribution of respondents according to their level of education (n = 120) Farm women No. Level of education Frequency Percentage 1 Illiterate Functionally Literate Primary (up to 7th std.) Secondary (8th to 10th std.) Higher Secondary (11th to 12 std.) Graduate Post-Graduate Total The data presented in Table 3 reveal that more than two fifth (40.84 per cent) of the farm women were only read and write followed by per cent educated up to primary level, per cent of them were illiterate, 5.83 per cent of them had completed their secondary education and 3.34 per cent were educated up to higher secondary. It was also found that negligible women i.e per cent and 1.66 per cent completed their graduate and post graduate, respectively. 71

4 Education Illiterate Functionally Literate Primary (up to 7th std.) Secondary (8th to 10th std.) Higher Secondary (11th to 12 std.) Graduate Post-Graduate Per cent Result and Discussion Education Fig. 4: Distribution of respondents according to their level of education From the observations, it can be concluded that majority (83.36 per cent) of the respondents were literate, but majority of them were read and write only. This might be due to the availability of primary school and secondary school at village level and higher secondary school at nearby villages. This indicated in-spite of comprehensive efforts that in villages, the literacy rate was considerably less and there is scope and need for improvement in the literacy level in the country side. This finding was in concurrence with the findings of Parte (2003), Khokhar (2007), Parjapati (2008), Gondaliya (2011) and Nishi et al., (2011) Size of family The size of family refers the total number of individuals living together under common roof, having blood ties with each other and directly dependent on the head of the family. It was thought that size of family might influence the behaviour and decision making of the farm women in dairy farming. Data in this regard are given in Table 4 indicated that fifty per cent of the farm women belonged to the medium sized families i.e. 5-6 members, while per cent of them belonged to large sized families having above 6 members and only per cent of the farm women belonged to small sized families having up to 4 members. 72

5 Table 4: Distribution of the respondents according to their family size. No. Category of size of family Farm women Frequency Percentage 1 Small size of family (up to 4 members) Medium size of family (5 to 6 members) Large size of family (above 6 members) Total The probable reason might be that migration of people from village to city for their livelihood and better living leads to break large size family in rural areas. The result is supported by Sathyanarayan et al. (2010), Lahoti et al. (2012), Kumar et al. (2013), Lokhakare et al. (2015) Dairy experience Knowledge, adoption and attitude of farm women might be influenced by the experience of farm women in dairy occupation as experience help in developing maturity and ability to face varied situations. The data regarding the experience of farm women in dairy occupation were collected and are presented in Table 5. It can be observed from the data presented in Table 5 that about two-third (66.67 per cent) of the respondents were found with medium experience followed by per cent with high level of experience and per cent of them had low level of experience in dairy farming. It can be concluded that two third of the farm women had medium experience of dairy farming. This might be due to the fact that majority of the respondents were practicing dairy farming since 10 to 29 years. Further, it also provides additional income, which motivates them for dairy farming. 73

6 Table 5: Distribution of respondents according to their dairy experience. Farm women Category of dairy experience No. Frequency Percentage 1 Low experience (up to score) Medium experience (19.10 to score) High experience (above score) Total The finding is in line with findings reported by Bhagyalaxmi et al. (2003), Narmath et al. (2009) and Chandravadia (2013) Socio-economic Characteristics Land holding Size of land holding refers to the number of hectares of land owned and operated by the family of the respondent. Table 6: Distribution of respondents according to their size of land holding Farm women Category of land holding No. Frequency Percentage 1 Landless (no land) Marginal land holding (up to 1 ha) Small land holding (1.1 to 2 ha) Semi-medium land holding (2.1 to 4 ha) Medium land holding (4.1 to 10 ha) Large land holding (above 10 ha) Total

7 Per cent Result and Discussion 35 Size of land holding Fig. 5: Distribution of respondents according to their size of land holding It largely determines both economic and social status of a family in the rural areas. In the present investigation, the data regarding the land owned by the families of the farm women were collected and are presented in Table 6 and fig.5. It is apparent from the data in Table 6 that majority (30.84 per cent) of the farm women respondents were with semi-medium land holding i.e. between 2.1 to 4 hectare followed by per cent with small land holding, 1.1 to 2 hectare, 20 per cent with medium size of land holding i.e. 4.1 to 10 hectare and per cent with marginal farm women i.e. up to 1 hectare, 4.16 per cent farm women were landless and only 3 per cent of the respondents were large i.e. with land holding above hectare. The probable reason might be that caste system prevailed in village might be a reason for majority of small and semi- medium size of land holding. This finding is partially similar with Parte (2003), Upadhyay (2010),Gondaliya (2011), Jaishridhar et al. (2013), Kumar et al. (2013) Herd size It refers to the number of milch animals such as cows and buffaloes possessed by the respondents. The interest and participation of an individual increases with increase in number of animal holdings. The data regarding herd size are presented in Table 7. 75

8 Table 7: Distribution of the respondents according to their herd size. Farm women No. Category of herd size Frequency Percentage 1 Small herd size (up to 5 animals) Medium herd size (6 to 10 animals) Large herd size (Above10 animals) Total A look into Table 7 showed that majority (43.34 per cent) of the farm women had medium herd size of milch animals i.e animals followed by per cent had large herd size of milch animals i.e. above 10 animals, while per cent of them had small herd size of milch animals i.e. up to 5 animals. This indicates that the farm women had a relatively medium herd size of milch animals. The probable reason for this finding might be that the respondents were aware of the importance of dairying, which can provide them regular income in all seasons. It can also minimize the risk of crop failure and provide valuable organic manure for agriculture. Above findings are supported by Temkar (2000), Ashwar (2005), Lahoti et al. (2012), Patel (2013) and Patel (2015) Annual income Family income referred to the total amount in rupees, earned in a year from the farm and non-farm sources of all earning members of respondent's family. So, annual incomes as an independent variable was studied and data were categorized into three groups are presented in Table 8 and fig.6. From the given below discussion, it can be concluded that majority (64.16 per cent) of the farm women belonged to medium level of income (in between 50,000 to 1, 00,000) group, whereas per cent of farm women family had low level of income (up to 50,000) and only 2.5 per cent farm women family had high level of income (above 1, 00,001) group. This finding might be due the fact that most of the dairy farmers had medium to large sized herd (6-10 animals) along with agriculture and allied activities. 76

9 Table 8: Distribution of the respondents according to their annual income. Category of annual income No. 1 Low annual income (up to 50,000/-) 2 Medium annual income ( 50,001/- to 1,00,000/-) 3 High annual income (above 1,00,001/-) Frequency Farm women Percentage Total Similar finding was showed by Rani (2009), Nehete (2010), Rathod et al. (2011), Takale (2012), Borkatoy (2013), Lokhakare et al. (2015). High annual income 2.5% Level of annual income Low annual income 33.34% Low annual income Medium annual income 64.16% (Up to 50,000/-) Medium annual income (In between 50,001/- to 1, 00,000/- High annual income (Above 1, 00,001/-) Fig: 6 Distribution of the respondents according to their annual income Social participation Participation in different social activities definitely influences one s way of thinking, acting and behaving. It is seen that more social participation by the elders in the family has greater influences on the family members. Keeping this in view, social 77

10 Per cent Result and Discussion participation of the respondents was studied and data in this regard are presented in Table 9 and fig. 7. Table 9: Distribution of respondents according to their social participation. Farm women Category of social participation No. Frequency Percentage 1 Low social participation (Less than 1.20 score) 2 Medium social participation (1.20 to 4.21)) 3 High social participation (above 4.21 score) Total As reveals from data presented in Table 9 that nearly half of the respondents (46.67 per cent) had low social participation followed by per cent with medium social participation and only per cent of the respondents were having high social participation. It can be inferred from Table 9 that majority of the respondents were having low and medium social participation Low social participation Level of social participation Medium social participation High social participation Fig.: 7 Distribution of respondents according to their social participation. The possible reason for these findings might be that the most popular and service oriented village organizations meet the needs of dairy farming and financial assistance by village dairy co-operative societies. Hence, most of the respondents 78

11 were members of only one organization for availing these benefits. This result is confined to findings of Parashar (2004), Dhole (2009), Upadhyay (2010), Gondaliya (2011), Rathod et al. (2011) and Kumar et al. (2013) Communication Characteristics Extension participation Extension participation of the farm women is an important factor in getting latest information related to dairy farming. Hence, the data regarding extension participation made by the respondents were collected and summarised in Table 10 and fig. 8. Table 10: Distribution of the respondents according to their extension No. participation. Category of extension participation 1 Low extension participation (less than 2.13 score) 2 Medium extension participation (2.13 to 23.81score) 3 High extension participation (above score) Frequency Farm women Percentage Total It is apparent from the data in Table 10 that majority (61.67 per cent) of the dairy farmers were found to have medium level of extension participation, followed by per cent with low and per cent with high level of extension participation. Thus, it can be concluded that majority (88.33 per cent) of the respondents had medium to low level of extension contacts. This might be due to their low to medium level of awareness regarding importance of various extension programmes in improving their knowledge. Because of the fact, they might not have shown their expected interest in useful programmes and also time factor of farm women who might be involved in different household work. 79

12 Per cent Result and Discussion 70 Extension participation Fig.: 8 Distribution of respondents according to their extension participation. The finding is in line with findings reported by Bhatt (2006), Chauhan (2008), Khokhar (2007), Sharma (2008), Pagar, (2011) and Gulkari et al. (2014) Mass media exposure Mass media exposures effect to farm women involvement and provide the information about animal husbandry practices through different information sources such as newspaper, radio, TV, etc. The Table 11 and fig. 9 presented data of mass media exposure with respect to animal husbandry practices. Table 11: Distribution of the respondents according to their mass media exposure. No. Low extension participation Medium extension participation Category of mass media exposure 1 Low mass media exposure (less than 2.50 score) 2 Medium mass media exposure (2.50 to 8.89 score) 3 High mass media exposure (above 8.90 score) High extension participation Level of Extension participation Frequency Farm women Percentage Total

13 Per cent Result and Discussion Mass media exposure Low Medium High Level of mass media exposure Fig.: 9 Distribution of the respondents according to their mass media exposure. It is evident from Table 11 that more than half (60.84 per cent) of the farm women had medium mass media exposure, whereas per cent of the respondents had high and per cent of the respondents had low mass media exposure. It can be concluded that majority of farm women had medium mass media exposure. This might be due to the fact that in the area under study the modern means of communication viz; internet, television, mobile, computer and newspapers are not still highly popular and the programmes and magazines related to animal husbandry are not highly perceived by the farm women. Above finding is supported by Khokhar (2007), Chauhan (2008), Rani and Subhadra (2009), Pagar (2011), and Patel et al., (2015) Psychological characteristics Economic motivation It indicates occupational success in terms of profit maximization and relative value an individual places on economic ends. It is evident from the data shown in Table 12 and fig. 10. It is evident from the data shown in Table 12 more than one third (37.50 per cent) of the farm women had medium economic motivation followed by per cent with high, whereas equal distribution (16.66 per cent) of dairy farm women had high and low and very high economic motivation. Only 8.34 per cent had very low economic motivation 81

14 Per cent Result and Discussion Table 12: Distribution of the respondents according to their economic motivation. No. Category of economic motivation 1 Very low economic motivation (6 to 10 score) 2 Low economic motivation (11 to 15 score ) 3 Medium economic motivation (16 to 20 score) 4 High economic motivation (21 to 25 score) 5 Very high economic motivation ( 26 to 30 score ) Frequency Farm women Percentage Total Economic motivation Very low Low Medium High Very high Level of economic motivation Fig.: 10 Distribution of the respondents according to their economic motivation. Dairying was considered as a means of supplementary income rather than a commercial enterprise by most of the respondents. So they were not much interested in large scale production and profit making. The result of study is corroborative with the findings of Rani (2009), Patel (2005), Bhatt (2006), Bhosale (2010) and Gondaliya (2011). 82

15 Per cent Result and Discussion Adoption It is a decision to continue full use of an innovation as the best course of action available. In the present study, it means the decisions to use appropriate improved practices in dairy farming for production maximization and reduce drudgery regarding to different animal husbandry practices. In the present investigation, the data regarding the adoption of improved practices of animal husbandry by farm women were collected and are presented in Table 13 and fig. 11. Table 13: Distribution of the respondents according to their adoption. Farm women Category of adoption No. Frequency Percentage 1 Low level of adoption (less than score) medium level of adoption (18.84 to score) high level of adoption (above score) Total Level of adoption Low medium high Category of adoption Fig.: 11 Distribution of the respondents according to their adoption. The data presented in Table 13 reveal that more than two third (67.50 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of adoption regarding improved practices of 83

16 different area of animal husbandry while, per cent and per cent were found to have high and low level of adoption of improved animal husbandry practices, respectively. The probable reasons for above finding might be due to the economic condition and lack of positivism in terms of change agency contact, scientific orientation, risk orientation, knowledge and mass media exposure up to desired level. The main reason attributable for this fact is that their poor economic condition This result is confined to findings of Makwana (2006), Khokhar (2007), Singh et al. (2010), Sharma and Singh (2010), Fita and Trivedi (2012), Joshi et al. (2012), Gade (2014), Patel et al. (2014), Vahora et al. (2015) Attitude Attitude is usually considered as consisting of three basic components thinking, feeding and reacting. The poor adoption level of the scientific dairy practices can be attributed to variety of factors including the attitude of the farmers towards such practices. In the present investigation, favourable and unfavourable attitude of farm women illustrated in Table 14 and fig.12 with respect to improved and scientific animal husbandry practice. Table 14: Distribution of the respondents according to their attitude. Farm women Category of attitude Frequency Percentage No. 1 Low level of attitude (less than score) Medium level of attitude (15.73 to score) High level of attitude (above score) Total Data presented in Table 14 elucidate that majority (70.00 per cent) of respondents had medium level of favourable attitude towards animal husbandry practices, followed by high (15.84 per cent) and (14.16 per cent) low level attitude. 84

17 Per cent Result and Discussion The medium attitude of the farm women might because of medium level of education, insufficient information and limited social participation about improved dairy practices. The results are supported by that Khumana et al. (2014), Patel et al. (2014) and Patel et al. (2015). 70 Level of attitude Low Medium High Category of attitude Fig.: 12 Distribution of the respondents according to their level of attitude Risk orientation It is the degree to which a dairy farmer is oriented to take risk and uncertainty in adopting innovative dairy farming practices. Data illustrated in Table 15 lighted the risk orientation of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. The data presented in Table 15 indicate that majority (55.84 per cent) of the dairy farmers had medium level of risk orientation followed by per cent and per cent with high and low level of risk orientation, respectively. It was observed that majority (82.50 per cent) of the dairy farmers had medium to high level of risk orientation. Limited possibilities to involve in other occupation due to their medium educational status might have prompted them to take medium to high risk by resorting to loans to make dairy farming more profitable. 85

18 Table 15: Distribution of the respondents according to their risk orientation. Farm women Category risk orientation Frequency Percentage No. 1 Low risk orientation (less than 9.48 score) Medium risk orientation (9.48 to score) High risk orientation (above score) Total Similar finding was showed by Rani (2004), Patel (2005), Bhatt (2006), Rabari (2006), Gohil (2010), Khodifad (2010), Gondaliya (2011) and Harisha et al. (2015). 5.2 TRAINING NEEDS OF FARM WOMEN ABOUT IMPROVED ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PRACTICES Regular training is necessary to impart technologies and practices that raise their level of competence which increase the return from their farming. Training needs assessment helps to identify, prioritize and select the specific action as a part of training programme which needs to make training relevant and comfortable. Training needs refers to those needs which are concerned with performance of farm women for various practices related to animal husbandry. It is the needs they require to fill the gap existing in their attitude, knowledge, understanding and skills related to it. With a view to this, attempt has been made for assessment of training needs of farm women for new improved regarding to animal husbandry. It was determined through task analysis by each item wise training needs analysis and overall training needs of farm women pertaining to dairy management. In order to measure the training needs of farm women, a training needs schedule consisted of 62 sub items of 10 main items was prepared and then the items were arranged against three point rating scale. At the time of personal interview, the respondents were asked to rate each item in any one of the three response categories i.e. most needed, somewhat needed and not needed. The rating given to the 86

19 items were quantified by assigning the score of 3, 2 and 1 for most needed, somewhat needed and not needed, respectively. The overall training need was calculated by multiplying the frequencies of occurrence with the respective score of the category and adding them up. These added score were then divided by the number of respondents (n) to obtain the mean score. Based on the mean score, the training needs were ranked in order of importance. The overall training need was calculated by sum of the sub items gives us a total picture of the training need for each main item. Thus, a sum-up of the sub items are placed in form of following main items: The main items viz., housing facility, dairy practices, breeding practices feeding practices, fodder production, health care practices, management practices, marketing practices, milk product making and financial practices were included in Table 16 to Table 26. These main items were ranked on the basis of the mean score of sub items of each main item Training Needs for Housing facility Almost all the farmers did not keep their animals at a single place throughout the year or even for a whole day and night. Provision of proper housing facilities to the animals not only reduces the energy wastage in maintaining thermo neutral zone but also provides good hygienic condition, reduces the incidence of diseases, protects them from predators and provides better working condition to the farmers. The item was divided into five sub-items viz., construction of scientific low cost cattle shed, arrangement of scientific housing, provide facilities like fuel, land, construction material etc. for construction of cattle shed, plastering floors and arrangement of fan facilities. So far as training needs are concerned on this aspect, the data collected are presented in Table 16: 87

20 Table 16: Distribution of respondents according to training needs in housing facility Sub item of Training no. 1 Construction of scientific low cost cattle shed Degree of training needs Most Somewhat Not needed needed needed (89.17) (1.66) (9.17) Mean score Rank 2.80 I 2 Arrangement of scientific housing 99 (82.50) 9 (7.50) 12 (10.00) 2.72 II 3 Provide facilities like fuel, land, construction material etc. for construction of cattle shed 95 (79.17) 4 Plastering floors 79 (65.84) 13 (10.83) 28 (23.33) 12 (10) 13 (10.83) 2.69 IV 2.55 V 5 Arrangement of fan facilities 95 (79.17) 14 (11.66) 11 (9.17) 2.70 III (Numbers in parenthesis indicates the per cent in round number) The data presented in Table 16 reveals that majority of the respondents opted the degree of training needs most needed in case of construction of scientific low cost cattle shed (89.17 per cent), arrangement of scientific housing (82.50 per cent), provide facilities like fuel, land, construction material etc. for construction of cattle shed (79.17 per cent), plastering floors (65.84 per cent) and arrangement of fan facilities (79.17 per cent), respectively. In the construction of scientific low cost cattle shed got first rank followed by frequency of arrangement of scientific housing (second rank), arrangement of fan facilities (third rank), provide facilities like fuel, land, construction material etc. for construction of cattle shed (forth rank) and plastering floors ( fifth rank), respectively. It is worth to note that respondents had more training need in Construction of scientific low cost cattle shed because farm women do not have knowledge about 88

21 scientific low cost housing due to low level of social participation and poor economic condition. Similar findings were reported by Rani and Subhadra (2009), Saiyad and Badhe (2012) Training Needs for Daily Management Practices A daily management practice refers to day to day work related to animal husbandry practices. It plays a vital role in better livestock managment.so it is necessary to having good knowledge about different practices like cleaning of animal shed, cleaning utensil, bathing of animal, milking of animal, feeding fodder and feed, Chaffing of fodder, Soaking feed, watering animal, making dung cake, fodder collection. The data mentioned in Table 17 depicted that farm women felt maximum training needs in chaffing of fodder (53.34 per cent) followed by watering animal (48.34 per cent), soaking feed (45.84 per cent), milking of animal (45.00 per cent), cleaning of animal shed (38.34 per cent), feeding fodder and feed (42.50 per cent), cleaning utensil (36.67 per cent), bathing of animal (35.00 per cent) and least needed in fodder collection (30.00 per cent) and making dung cake (17.50 per cent). The above mentioned practices are regularly performed by women but it content low level of knowledge in performing these activates. The data illustrated in Table 17 shows the most training area in daily management practices. In same way, chaffing of fodder (first rank) whereas, watering animal, soaking feed and milking of animal, cleaning of animal shed, feeding fodder and feed and fodder collection got second, third, fourth and fifth rank respectively but least needed in area of cleaning utensil and bathing of animal and making dung cake got sixth and seventh rank, respectively. In the villages, farm women were used to give without chaffed fodder to animals which lead to a huge wastage of fodder. The probable reason behind it that farm women do not have chaffing cutter at their home and they thing that animal are comfortable to eat without chaffed fodder. Farm women were used traditional method in milking of animals and watering of animals which was due to low extension participation and less use of mass media exposure. 89

22 Table 17: Distribution of respondents according to their training needs about daily management practices No. Sub item of Training 1 Cleaning of animal shed Degree of training needs Most Somewhat Not needed needed needed (38.34) (25.83) (35.83) Mean score Rank 2.02 IV 2 Cleaning utensil 44 (36.67) 20 (16.66) 56 (46.67) 1.9 VI 3 Bathing of animal 42 (35.00) 24 (20.00) 54 (45.00) 1.9 VI 4 Milking of animal 54 (45.00) 21 (17.50) 45 (37.50) 2.07 III 5 Feeding fodder and feed 51 (42.50) 26 (21.67) 43 (35.83) 2.06 V 6 Chaffing of fodder 64 (53.34) 23 (19.16) 33 (27.50) 2.25 I 7 Soaking feed 55 (45.84) 19 (15.83) 46 (38.33) 2.07 III 8 Watering animal 58 (48.34) 24 (20.00) 38 (31.66) 2.16 II 9 Making dung cake 21 (17.50) 8 (6.66) 91 (75.84) 1.41 VII 10 Fodder collection 36 (30.00) 46 (38.34) 38 (31.66) 1.98 V (Numbers in parenthesis indicates the per cent in round number) Training Needs for Breeding Practices Proper and better care of breeding stock helps in developing good dairy herd and getting good returns too. The information regarding breeding practices followed by dairy farm women are presented in Table

23 Table 18: Distribution of respondents according to their training needs about breeding practices No. Sub item of Training 1 Selection of breed 104 (86.67) Degree of training needs Most Somewhat Not needed needed needed 5 11 (4.17) (9.16) Mean score Rank 2.77 I 2 Infertility problems and reproductive disorder 3 Detection of heat symptoms 65 (54.16) 47 (39.17) 50 (41.67) 62 (51.67) 5 (4.17) 11 (9.16) 2.50 II 2.30 VII 4 Artificial insemination 61 (50.84) 49 (40.83) 10 (8.33) 2.42 VI 5 Pregnancy diagnosis 59 (49.17) 54 (45.00) 7 (5.83) 2.43 V 6 Repeat breeding management 62 (51.67) 52 (43.33) 6 (5) 2.46 III 7 Time of artificial insemination 61 (50.84) 51 (42.5) 8 (6.66) 2.44 IV 8 Knowledge of high yielding breed 63 (52.50) 50 (41.67) 7 (5.83) 2.46 III 9 Reproductive efficiency of dairy animals 64 (53.33) 52 (43.34) 4 (3.33) (Numbers in parenthesis indicates the per cent in round number) 2.50 II The data presented in Table 18 disclosed that farm women mostly perceived training in selection of breed (86.67 per cent) got first rank followed by infertility problems and reproductive disorder (54.16 per cent) and reproductive efficiency of dairy animals (53.33 per cent), second rank, and knowledge of high yielding breed (52.50 per cent) and repeat breeding management (51.67 per cent) third rank, time of artificial insemination( per cent) fourth rank, Pregnancy diagnosis (49.17 per 91

24 cent) fifth rank, artificial insemination (50.84 per cent) sixth rank, detection of heat symptoms ( per cent) seventh rank. Farm women were unaware about improved breed and also about their high productivity due to low social participation and illiteracy and lack of veterinary services, repeat breeding problem is also a reason behind adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. Above findings are supported by Saiyad and Badhe (2012), Patel et al. (2013), Patel et al. (2015b), Training Needs for Feeding Practices Feeding is one of the most important practices in animal husbandry. It is generally agreed that all the animals fail to prove their full genetic potential for higher production when fed at low levels. Table 19: Distribution of respondents according to their training needs about No. feeding practices Sub item of Training 1 Balanced feeding 53 (44.16) Degree of training needs Most Somewhat Not needed needed needed (45.00) (10.84) Mean score Rank 2.33 III 2 Feed Green fodder/roughage 52 ( (45.83) 13 (10.84) 2.32 IV 3 Feed dry fodder 53 (44.17) 50 (41.67) 17 (14.16) 2.30 V 4 Use of mineral mixtures/common salt 57 (47.5) 54 (45.00) 9 (7.50) 2.40 I 5 Extra dose of feed to pregnant animal 52 (43.34) 60 (50.00) 8 (6.66) 2.36 II 6 Feeding of milch animals 53 (44.16) 58 (48.33) 9 (7.50) 2.36 II 92

25 (Numbers in parenthesis indicates the per cent in round number) The dairy animal owners must have a thorough understanding of the facts that milk production can be increased by adoption of improved animal feeding practices. The data regarding the feeding practices followed by the dairy animal owners are presented in Table 19. It is evident in Table 19 that majority of the respondents opted the degree of training need most needed in case of use of mineral mixtures/common salt (47.50 per cent) and feed dry fodder (44.17 per cent) whereas, extra dose of feed to pregnant animal (50.00 per cent), feeding of milch animals (48.33 per cent), balanced feeding (45.00 per cent), feed green fodder/roughage (45.83 per cent) degree of training need somewhat needed. Use of mineral mixtures/common salt got first rank followed by extra dose of feed to pregnant animal and feeding of milch animals, balanced feeding, feed green fodder/roughage, feed dry fodder got second rank, third, fourth and fifth rank, respectively. It is interesting to note that respondents had more training needs in use of mineral mixtures/common salt, it might be due to lack of knowledge of dairy women about nutrient management. The women, who reared crossbred cows, supplied extra salt regularly, followed by feed. This result is confined to findings of Mustafa et al. (2005), Saiyad and Badhe (2012), Kavithaa and Vimal (2014), Jadav et al. (2014) Training Needs for Fodder Production It is very important for the animal to get green and dry fodder for the whole year, which is necessary for its health and growth. In fodder production important practices are included selection of varieties of fodder crops, cultivation of fodder crops, drying of fodder crops, Storage of fodder crops, preservation of fodder crops (Hay/Silage making. Training needs of farm women about fodder production are illustrated in Table 20. Data presented in Table 20 apparent that most preferred training area of fodder production is preservation of fodder crops (hay/silage making) (72.50 per cent), storage of fodder crops (70.00 per cent), selection of varieties of fodder crops 93

26 (62.50 per cent) drying of fodder crops (61.67 per cent) and cultivation of fodder crops (45.83 per cent), respectively. Preservation of fodder crops (hay/silage making) obtained first rank followed by Storage of fodder crops, selection of varieties of fodder crops, drying of fodder crops and cultivation of fodder crops second, third, fourth and fifth rank, respectively. Table 20: Distribution of respondents according to their training needs about No. Fodder production practices Sub item of Training 1 Selection of varieties of fodder crops Degree of training needs Most Somewhat Not needed needed needed (62.50) (31.67) (5.83) Mean score Rank 2.57 III 2 Cultivation of fodder crops 55 (45.83) 58 (48.33) 7 (5.84) 2.40 V 3 Drying of fodder crops 74 (61.67) 35 (29.17) 11 (9.16) 2.53 IV 4 Storage of fodder crops 84 (70.00) 29 (24.17) 7 (5.83) 2.64 II 5 Preservation of fodder crops (hay/silage making) 87 (72.50) 27 (22.50) 6 (5.00) 2.67 I (Numbers in parenthesis indicates the per cent in round number) It is worth to note that no single farm women practiced silage making because of shortage of green fodder and lack of knowledge about silage making. In some area of Gir- Somnath district found that farmer were able to find green fodder whole year regularly so they do not have need to prepare hay/silage but knowledge of women about varieties of fodder crop and storage structure was find low. Similar results were found by Rajput et al. (2012), Saiyad and Badhe (2012). 94

27 5.2.6 Training Needs for Health Care Practices Proper health care practices are required to be followed for maintenance of health, prevention of various diseases and clean milk production. Considering these points respondents were asked about the various health care practices followed up and results emerged from the study is presented in Table 21: Table 21: Distribution of respondents according to their training needs about No. health care practices Sub item of Training Most needed 1 Deworming 103 (85.84) Degree of training needs Somewhat needed 9 (7.50) Not needed 8 (6.66) Mean score Rank 2.79 IV 2 Vaccination 61 (50.83) 52 (43.33) 7 (5.84) 2.45 V 3 Control of ectoparasites 64 (53.33) 47 (39.17) 9 (7.50) 2.45 V 4 Identification and isolation of sick animals 5 Symptoms of common diseases 47 (39.16) 61 (50.84) 55 (45.84) 53 (44.16) 18 (15.00) 6 (5.00) 2.24 VII 2.45 V 6 Timely vaccination against diseases 104 (86.66) 8 (6.67) 8 (6.67) 2.8 III 7 Arranging veterinary care 61 (50.83) 51 (42.5) 8 (6.67) 2.44 VI 8 Information on infectious diseases 105 (87.50) 8 (6.66) 7 (5.84) 2.81 I 9 Care and management of pregnant animals at the time of parturition 104 (86.66) 9 (7.50) 7 (5.84) (Numbers in parenthesis indicates the per cent in round number) 2.80 II The results reported in Table 21 depicts that most preferred area by farm women in health care management was information on infectious diseases (87.50 per 95

28 cent) followed by care and management of pregnant animals at the time of parturition (86.66 per cent), timely vaccination against diseases (86.66 per cent), deworming (85.84 per cent),vaccination (50.83 per cent),control of ecto-parasites (53.33 per cent), symptoms of common diseases (50.84 per cent), arranging veterinary care (50.83 per cent) and identification and isolation of sick animals (39.16 per cent). Whereas, most important health care practices by rank wise were information on infectious diseases (first rank), care and management of pregnant animals at the time of parturition (second rank), timely vaccination against diseases (third rank), deworming (fourth rank), vaccination, control of ecto-parasites and symptoms of common diseases (fifth rank), arranging veterinary care (sixth rank), identification and isolation of sick animals (seventh rank). Farm women were not properly aware about health of dairy animals. They did not have knowledge about infectious disease, management of animals at time of parturition and it was also found that some time calves are attempt to death because of ecto-parasities attack. The probable reason might be that unavailability of veterinary staff and poor economic condition, low mass media exposure, low level knowledge about banking and insurance. This finding is in line with those reported by Kathiriya et al. (2014), Patel et al. (2015) Training Needs for Management Practices The results of various management practices followed by dairy farm women in the study area are presented in Table 22. The perusal of data in the Table 22 observed that farm women were desired to prefer most area of training was hygienic method of clean milk production (55.00 per cent) followed by follow full hand method of milking (50.00 per cent), maintenance of dairy management records (43.34 per cent). Whereas, somewhat needed training was cleaning of newly born calf after birth (51.66 per cent) and feed colostrum to newly born calves (34.17 per cent). In area of management practices, most needed training about improved animal husbandry practices were clean milk production which occupied first rank followed by follow full hand method of milking, maintenance of dairy management 96

29 records, cleaning of newly born calf after birth and feed colostrum to newly born calve got second, third, fourth and fifth rank, respectively. Table 22: Distribution of respondents according to their training needs about No. management practices Sub item of Training 1 Maintenance of dairy management records Degree of training needs Most Somewha Not needed t needed needed (43.34) (38.33) (18.33) Mean score Rank 2.25 III 2 Feed colostrum to newly born calves 41 (34.16) 41 (34.17) 38 (31.67) 2.02 V 3 Follow full hand method of milking 60 (50.00) 46 (38.33) 14 (11.67) 2.38 II 4 Cleaning of newly born calf after birth 42 (35.00) 62 (51.66) 16 (13.34) 2.21 IV 5 Hygienic method of clean milk production 66 (55.00) 47 (39.17) 7 (5.83) 2.49 I (Numbers in parenthesis indicates the per cent in round number) It can be concluded that the farm women were not a good adopter of hygienic method of clean milk production and did not follow full hand for milking but had a good knowledge about cleaning of newly born calf after birth and feed colostrum to newly born calve. The probable reason might be that believe in traditional method of milking due to illiteracy and poor economy. The finding is related with finding of Mustafa et al. (2005) Training needs for marketing practices Milk production and marketing is a source of supplement income after agriculture production. Data revealed in Table 23 shows training needs of farm women about different marketing practices. The data presented in Table 23 explicate that in the area of different marketing practices like banking and insurance (91.67 per cent), marketing of livestock and livestock products (70.83 per cent), store milk in summer season (88.34 per cent) and 97

30 Purchase of concentrated feed (38.34 per cent) most needed area of training but selling milk (58.34 per cent) found somewhat needed. Table 23: Distribution of respondents according to their training needs about No. marketing practices Sub item of Training Degree of training needs Somewhat needed Most needed 1 Banking and insurance 110 (91.67) 5 (4.17) Not needed 5 (4.16) Mean score Rank 2.87 I 2 Marketing of livestock and livestock products 85 (70.83) 21 (17.50) 14 (11.67) 2.59 III 3 Store milk in summer season 106 (88.34) 9 (7.50) 5 (4.16) 2.84 II 4 Purchase of concentrated feed 46 (38.34) 22 (18.33) 52 (43.33) 1.95 V 5 Selling of milk 42 (35.00) 70 (58.34) 8 (6.66) 2.28 IV (Numbers in parenthesis indicates the per cent in round number) It is interested to know that training need with respect to the minor operations of marketing and finance; the farm women needed training the most in banking and insurance for both knowledge and skill. This might be because the farm women had limited information regarding the various sources from which they could obtain financial assistance and also about the insurance policies. Store the milk in summer season is also a problem in rural area because limited resources are available. But due to availability of milk cooperative society women came to know all criteria of selling milk. Similar results found by Jacob and George (2013) Training Needs for Milk Product Making Different product made by milk was so popular in rural and also urban area. The results of milk product making followed by farm women in the study area are presented in Table

31 Table 24: Distribution of respondents according to their training needs about milk product making No. Sub item of Training 1 Ghee 0 (0.00) Degree of training needs Most Somewhat Not needed needed needed (26.67) (73.33) Mean score Rank 1.26 II 2 Buttermilk 0 (0.00) 24 (20.00) 96 (80.00) 1.20 III 3 Curd 0 (0.00) 24 (20.00) 96 (80.00) 1.20 III 4 Any other dairy product 6 (5.00) 37 (30.84) 77 (64.16) 1.40 I Data illustrated in Table 24 shows that in the area of milk product making farm women had an excellence performance and no need of any training in ghee, buttermilk and curd making. This might be due to most of women are used to prepare these all product regularly. The result of study are corroborate with the findings of Mustafa et al. (2005) Training Needs for Financial Practices To take an animal husbandry as a vocation financial assistance is necessary for farm women. There are many problem are arises due to low economic condition and women are unable to adopt improved animal husbandry practices. Data illustrated in Table in 25 and fig.13 depicts result of different financial practices. The data depicted in Table 25 reveals that farm women had low level of knowledge about the loan facility and interest rate. So both areas found most needed, loan facility (65.83 per cent) and loan interest rate (67.50 per cent). The probable reason might be illiteracy and low level of participation in extension program. 99

32 Table 25: Distribution of respondents according to their training needs about No. financial practices Sub item of Training 1 Loan facilities 79 (65.83) Degree of training needs Most Somewhat Not needed needed needed (17.50) (16.67) Mean score Rank 2.49 II 2 Loan interest rate 81 (67.50) 21 (17.50) 18 (15.00) 2.52 I (Numbers in parenthesis indicates the per cent in round number) Overall Training Needs of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices Overall training needs of farm women about different practices showed in Table 26 and fig.13, which apparent about the most preferred training area by farm women. Data depicted in Table 26 lighted that with respect to overall preference of training need of farm women on improved dairy farming practices, housing facility was the most preferred training area of rural women (first rank) followed by health care practices, fodder production, financial practices, breeding practices, marketing practices, Feeding practices, management practices,daily practices and milk products making got second, third, fourth,fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth rank, respectively. From the study it is concluded that without the training farm women cannot able to adopt latest technologies of animal husbandry, only training can help toimprove the knowledge and skill and also change attitude of the farm women about improved practices of animal husbandry. 100

33 Table 26: Overall Training needs of rural women on improved dairy farming Practices No. Training needs Mean score Rank 1 Housing facilities 2.69 I 2 Daily practices 1.99 IX 3 Breeding practices 2.48 V 4 Feeding Practices 2.35 VII 5 Fodder production 2.56 III 6 Health care Practices 2.59 II 7 Management Practices 2.27 VIII 8 Marketing Practices 2.43 VI 9 Milk products making 1.27 X 10 Financial practices 2.51 IV milk products making 5% Marketing Practices 10% Financial practices 11% Housing facilities 12% Daily practices 9% Breeding practices 11% Management Practices 10% Health care Practices 11% Fodder production 11% Overall training needs of farm women Feeding Practices 10% Fig.:13 Distribution of the respondents according to their overall training needs about improved animal husbandry practices 101

34 Similar results were reported by Rani and Subhadra (2009). 5.3 KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF FARM WOMEN ABOUT IMPROVED ANIMAL HUSBANDARY PRACTICES Knowledge is a body of understood information possessed by an individual. For the purpose of this study, knowledge was operationalized as the information and understanding of the dairy farmer regarding improved practices of animal husbandry. Knowledge level of farm women regarding different areas of livestock management practices was measured on four aspects namely, breeding, feeding, management and health care. The findings regarding knowledge level in various aspects have been presented and discussed as under: Knowledge about Animal Breeds Knowledge level of farm women about improved animal breeds was illustrated in Table 27. Table 27: Distribution of respondents according to knowledge about animal breed No. Knowledge about animal breed Farm women Frequency Percentage 1 Low knowledge (less than 0.23 score) Medium knowledge (0.23 to 1.16 score) High knowledge (above 1.16 score) Total It is evident from Table 27 that more than half (70.00 per cent) of the farm women had medium level of knowledge, they knew only about local breeds of cow and buffalo like Gir, Kankraj and Jafarabadi and negligible women are found to have knowledge about improved breed like Jersey and Holstein Friezian, whereas per cent of the respondents had low and no knowledge about the improved animal breed. 102

35 It is worth to noted that women live in rural area might be found more traditional so that they were not adopting improved breed of cow (Holstein Friezian and Jersey) Knowledge about Feeding and Fodder The data presented in Table 28 lighted knowledge levels of farm women about balanced feeding. Table 28: Distribution of respondents according to knowledge on feeding and fodder No. Knowledge on Feeding and fodder Farm women Frequency Percentage 1 Low knowledge (less than 2.23 score) Medium knowledge (2.23 to 5.98 score) High knowledge (above 5.98 score) Total Perusal of data in the Table 28 revealed that feeding is most important and complex aspect of dairy farming management. Overall, about feeding practices in dairy farming, majority (75.84 per cent) of respondents had medium level knowledge followed by per cent and per cent had high and low knowledge, respectively. This might be due to lack of interest of farm women in feeding management and lack of knowledge about the methods of conservation of feed, urea treatment over the feed to enhance its nutritive value and likewise feeding management practices particularly during summer and in scarcity. Similar findings were reported by Mankar et al. (2011), Solanki et al. (2011), Parjapati et al. (2012), Kaur and Rathore (2014) Knowledge about Breeding Practices Table 29 showed data about knowledge of farm women about improved breeding practices. It is evident from Table 29 that in dairy farming majority (

36 per cent) of respondents had medium level of knowledge followed by per cent low level of knowledge. There was no high level of knowledge about breeding practices Table 29: Distribution of respondents according to knowledge on breeding No. Knowledge on breeding Frequency Farm women Percentage 1 Low knowledge (less than 4.46 score) Medium knowledge (4.46 to 6.58) High knowledge (above 6.58 score) Total Which is due to fact that majority of farm women understood the importance of knowledge of accurate and timely heat detection, A.I. / natural service at proper time of heat and pregnancy diagnosis at days after A.I. / natural service, for better breeding efficiency of dairy animals but lack of contact with veterinary surgeons/ staffs because of high cost involved in calling them for treatment of breeding related problems, lack of Artificial Insemination (A.I.) centres, ill equipped and poor services at A.I. centres and distant location of veterinary hospital/ A.I. centres discourage them to adopt improved breeding practices. This result is confined to findings by Prajapati et al. (2012), Akhtar et al. (2013), Singh et al. (2013), Kaur and Rathore (2014) Knowledge about Dairy Management Practices Knowledge level of farm women presented in Table 30 about various dairy management practices. It is depicted from Table 30 that majority (70.84 per cent) of farm women regarding management practices had medium knowledge level followed by and 8.33 per cent low and high level of knowledge, respectively. It was found that majority (91.67 per cent) of farm women belong to medium to low category. The probable reason might be that housing facility are less because of poor economic condition and depends only agriculture and dairy for their 104

37 livelihood. Only 8.33 per cent farm women had high level of knowledge about housing facility. Table 30: Distribution of respondents according to knowledge on dairy management practices No. Knowledge on dairy management Farm women Frequency Percentage 1 Low knowledge (less than 2.49 score) Medium knowledge (2.49 to 6.03 score) High knowledge (above 6.03 score) Total This finding is in line with those reported by Singh et al. (2005), Sharma et al. (2009), Patil et al. (2009a), Prajapati et al. (2012), Singh et al. (2013) and Kaur and Rathore (2014) Knowledge about Health Care Practices To prevent the dairy animals from infectious disease and care pregnant animal are most important practices in animal husbandry. Data presented in Table 31 showed knowledge level of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. Table 31: Distribution of respondents according to knowledge on health care No. Knowledge on health care Frequency Farm women Percentage 1 Low knowledge (less than 0.05 score) Medium knowledge (0.05 to 1.16 score) High knowledge (above 1.16 score) Total

38 The data presented in Table 31 visualizes that in the area of health care maximum number of farmers come under medium level of knowledge with per cent, followed by per cent and 9.16 per cent with high and low level of knowledge, respectively. This is attributed to the findings of field survey that majority of the farm women were aware about the importance of timely and regular vaccination of dairy animals against commonly occurring contagious diseases, prompt reporting of incidence of contagious diseases to Government authority, hygienic disposal of placenta and dead body and proper care and post bite vaccination of dairy animals after dog bite. However, majority of farmwomen failed to understand the significance of regular deworming of dairy animals for maintaining better health and productivity of dairy animals and also about dehorning practices in calves. The finding is related with finding of Patil et al. (2009a), Solanki et al. (2011), Prajapati et al. (2012) and Kaur and Rathore (2014) Knowledge about marketing Practices Knowledge about different marketing practices was identified in Table 32 and fig.14 regarding to animal husbandry practices. Table 32: Distribution of respondents according to knowledge on marketing No. Knowledge on marketing Frequency Farm women Percentage 1 Low knowledge (less than 1.99 score) Medium knowledge (1.99 to 3.73 score) High knowledge (above 3.73 score) Total The data depicted from Table 32 revealed that maximum number of farm women come under medium level of knowledge with per cent followed by per cent and 6.67 per cent with high and low level of knowledge, respectively. 106

39 It is inferred that per cent farm women had medium to high level of knowledge about selling of milk and animal because milk cooperative society are working in each village, most of women are member of dairy cooperative society, but they found less knowledge in government programme which provide subsidy on dairy farm. The reason behind this is low level of participation and use of mass media Overall Knowledge about Improved Animal Husbandry Practices Data related to overall knowledge of farm women about animal breeds, feeding and fodder, breeding, dairy management, health care and marketing practices were illustrated in Table 33 and fig 14. The data presented in Table 33 lighted that overall knowledge about improved animal husbandry practices. It was found that per cent farm women had medium level of knowledge about improved animal husbandry practices which is followed by per cent low and per cent high level of knowledge. Table 33: Distribution of respondents according to overall knowledge about improved animal husbandry practices No. Knowledge Frequency Farm women Percentage 1 Low knowledge (less than score) Medium knowledge (13.44 to score) High knowledge (above score) Total The probable reason for their medium level of knowledge might be due to their medium level of extension contact and mass media exposure, besides their medium level of experience in dairy farming and their primary to secondary level of formal education might have encouraged them to take interest in various awareness programmes run by Junagadh Agriculture University, Sardar Samirti Kendra and state department of agriculture. Here, per cent of farm women had low level of 107

40 Per cent Result and Discussion overall knowledge which is mainly attributed to illiteracy, small herd size and poor economic status and low level of social participation. This finding is supported by result reported by Khokhar (2007) and Patel et al. (2014). 160 Level of Knowledge Low Medium High Fig.: 14 Distribution of respondents according to overall knowledge about improved animal husbandry practices 5.4 PERCEIVED TRAINING METHOD IN RELATION TO RELATIVE SUITABILITY WITH THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF TRAINING PROGRAMME Training needs analysed task of improved animal husbandry practices in which farm women expressed their training needs. But to organize successful training programme, training methodology is also important as training for learning and teaching activity in which learning situation play important role. Thus, to make training programme effective, convenience of farm women to get same was studied under heading of suitable venue, time, duration, size of trainee group and methods of teaching for training programme. Responses were taken on three point continuum scale i.e. most preferred, somewhat preferred and not preferred which was score as 3, 2 and 1, respectively. Mean score was calculated to rank this preference. For this, 108

41 frequency of each category were multiplied with assigned score and added up to get mean score based on which rank were assigned Venue of Training It can be concluded from the data indicated in Table 34 that a majority of (2.72 mean score) farm women had suggested village as suitable venue for training with a first rank followed by Sardar Smruti Kendra (2.07 mean score), Farmer Training Centre (1.98 mean score) and taluka (1.95 mean score), respectively. This might be due to the fact that farm women are mainly engaged in household and farm work likely to prefer village venue so that she can manage at household. However, Sardar Smruti Kendra and Farmer Training Centre were second and third preference as they believe that at it can provide better facility. Table 34: Preference of farm women for suitable venue for training about improved animal husbandry practices. Degree of preference Venue Most Somewhat Not Mean Rank preferred Preferred preferred score Sardar Smuriti Kendra II (45.00) (17.5) (37.5) Farmer Training III Centre (30.00) (38.34) (31.66) At taluka level 46 (38.33) 22 (18.34) 52 (43.33) 1.95 IV At village level 99 (82.50) 9 (7.5) 12 (10.00) 2.72 I al. (2013). This result is clearly in line with result showed by Patel et al. (2012), Tekale et 109

42 5.4.2 Suitable time of training The data observed in Table 35 revealed that majority of farm women preferred April to June (2.87 mean score) got first rank, July to September (2.71 mean score) second rank, October to December (2.30 mean score) third rank and January to March (1.42 mean score) fourth rank. It is obvious that during this period they are not engaged any farming activity and can give time for training. Table 35: Preference of farm women for suitable time for training in improved Suitable time animal husbandry practices Most preferred January to March 4 (3.33) April to June 105 (87.50) July to September 90 (75.00) October to December 63 (52.50) Degree of preference Somewhat preferred 42 (35.00) 15 (12.50) 26 (21.67) 31 (25.83 Not preferred 74 (61.67) 0 (0.00) 4 (3.33) 26 (21.67) Mean score Rank 1.42 IV 2.87 I 2.71 II 2.30 III This might be facts that in the month of April and May they get some free time due to post harvesting period. During rest of the months, they were busy with their domestic and agricultural activities. This finding is conformity with Mustafa et al. (2005), Patel et al. (2012), Tekale et al. (2013) Duration of training The data in Table 36 indicated that majority of farm women opined one day training (2.85 mean score) followed by Two day (2.81 mean score), three day (2.45 mean score), one week (1.90 mean score) and more than one week (1.42 mean score) training for improved animal husbandry practices. From this, it can be inferred that farm women mainly prefer one or two days training with nearly similar mean score. This might be due to the fact that women are responsible member of family have to look after livestock management, social 110

43 obligations as well as family members, cannot afford to go out of home for longer duration of time in most cases. This result is supported by that of reported by Mustafa et al. (2005), Patel et al. (2012), Tekale et al. (2013). Table 36: Preference of farm women for suitable duration for training about improved animal husbandry practices Suitable duration One day 106 (88.34) Degree of preference Most Somewhat preferred preferred 9 (7.50) Not preferred 5 (4.16) Mean score Rank 2.85 I Two day 104 (86.67) 9 (7.50) 7 (5.84) 2.81 II Three day 61 (50.84) 51 (42.50) 8 (6.67) 2.45 III One week 42 (35.00) More than one 4 week (3.33) 24 (20.00) 42 (35.00) Trainees Group Size for Training 54 (45.00) 74 (61.67) 1.90 IV 1.42 V The data shown in Table 37 revealed that majority of farm women prefer up to 15 trainees in a group (2.50 mean score) and 16 to 30 trainees group (2.28 mean score). It also be found that some of them have no objection even with more than 30 trainees group size (1.98 mean score). Thus, it can be summarized that majority of the trained farm women suggested training group of up to 15 trainees. The probable reason might be that with a small size of group, they feel more face to face interaction and they could get opportunity to express their ideas freely and better learning situation. 111

44 Table 37: Preference of farm women for optimum size of group of trainees for training about improved animal husbandry practices Suitable group size Most preferred Up to 15 trainees 85 (70.83) Degree of preference Somewhat preferred 21 (17.50) Not preferred 14 (11.67) Mean score Ra nk 2.50 I 16 to 30 trainees 42 (35.00) 70 (58.33) 8 (6.67) 2.28 II More than 30 trainees 36 (30.00) 46 (38.34) 38 (31.66) 1.98 III This finding is supported by that of reported by Mustafa et al. (2005), Patel et al. (2012), Tekale et al. (2013) Training Methods An attempt was also made to elicit the suggestions from the trained farm women about the appropriate methods by indicating training methods suggested by training experts to training institutes. Table 38: Preference of farm women for extension method in training about improved animal husbandry practices Extension method to be use Most preferred Lecture method 46 (38.34) Degree of preference Somewhat preferred 31 (25.83) Not preferred 43 (35.83) Mean score Rank 2.03 IV Demonstration method 99 (82.50) 9 (7.50) 12 (10.00) 2.73 I Discussion method 64 (53.33) 47 (39.17) 9 (7.50) 2.46 III Educational tour 79 (65.83) 28 (23.33) 13 (10.84) 2.55 II 112

45 Data pertaining to this is presented in Table 38 which reveal that demonstration method is a most preferred training method (2.73 mean score) followed by Educational tour (2.55 mean score), discussion method (2.46 mean score) and lecture method (2.03 mean score) for training about improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, it can be concluded that majority of farm women were interested in learning through practical experience which can be provided by demonstration method and educational tour at field level. Improved animal husbandry practices like deworming, vaccination, dehorning and other health care practices could be learn more efficiently by demonstration method. This finding is in line with that of reported by Mustafa et al. (2005), Patel et al. (2012), Tekale et al. (2013). 5.5 REATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAINING NEEDS AND SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES To ascertain the relationship between profile of farm women and their training needs for improved animal husbandry practices, the co-efficient of correlation was worked out. Total fourteen profile characteristics of the farm women in terms of personal, social, economic, communicational and psychological characteristics were studied. The zero order correlations are presented in Table 38 and graphically depicted in Fig. which is discussed under following subheads: Age and Training needs The data presented in the Table 39 and fig. 15 revealed that age had negative and non-significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women for improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, the null hypothesis (H 0 1) that there is no relationship between age of farm women and their training needs for improved animal husbandry practices is accepted. Age of the respondent was not found to be significantly related with training needs of dairy farmers. The possible reason might be that, training need could be felt important depending upon the situation, need and knowledge of the respondent and not mostly upon the age. 113

46 This finding is in line with findings reported by Kullayappa (2008), Patil (2009a) Education and Training needs The data reported in Table 39 and fig. 15 reflects negative and significant correlation ( ) between education and their training needs of farm women for improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, the null hypothesis (H 0 2) that there is no relationship between education of farm women and their training needs for improved animal husbandry practices is rejected. It was noticed that, there is negative and significant relationship between education and training needs of the dairy farmers. It might be because education imparts knowledge and creates awareness and curiosity to learn skills and newer things. This result is supported by research carried out by Rajput (2010), Patel (2012) Size of family and Training needs The data presented in the Table 39 and fig. 15 revealed that size of family had positive and non-significant correlation (0.0238) with training needs of farm women for improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, the null hypothesis (H 0 3) that there is no relationship between size of family of farm women and their training needs for improved animal husbandry practices is accepted. This result indicates that irrespective of family size, farm women had different extent of training needs. It might be possible because family size does not intercept in expressing their training needs for improved animal husbandry practices. This finding is conformity with result illustrated by Patil (2009a), Tekale (2013) Experience and Training needs It reflects from the data presented in the Table 39 and fig. 15 that dairy experience has positive and non -significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women for improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, the null hypothesis (H 0 4) that there is no relationship between experience of farm women and their training needs for improved animal husbandry practices is accepted. 114

47 This finding might be resulted from the fact that experience also increases the knowledge about different practices. This result is completely favoured by result showed by Kanwat and singh (2014) Size of land holding and Training needs It evident from the data presented in the Table 39 and fig. 15 that size of land holding had negative and non-significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, the null hypothesis (H 0 5) that there is no relationship between size of land holding of farm women and their training needs about improved animal husbandry practices is accepted. This finding might be resulted from the fact that dairy management does not require larger quantity of produce which in turn fails to effect on training needs for different animal husbandry practices by farm women. This finding is supported by that of Patil (2009a), Tekale (2013) Herd size and Training needs The data presented in Table 39 and fig. 15 highlighted that herd size had positive and non-significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, the null hypothesis (H 0 6) that there is no relationship between herd size of farm women and their training needs about improved animal husbandry practices is accepted. It can be concluded that herd size was found to be an independent factor with training needs because increase and decrease in hard size cannot affect the training needs of farm women. This finding is in conformity with the findings of Sharma (2011) Annual income and Training needs The data mentioned in the Table 39 and fig. 15 reveal that annual income had positive and significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women improved animal husbandry practices. Therefore, the null hypothesis (H 0 7) that there is no relationship between annual income of farm women and their training needs about improved animal husbandry practices is rejected. 115

48 It is true that income decides persons spending. Farm women who have sufficient annual income can fulfil their basic requirement and interested to get training. This may be possible reason behind this finding. This finding is in line with that of Patel (2012), Kanwat and Singh (2014). Table 39: Relationship between training needs of farm women and selected independent variable No Independent variables Correlation- coefficient ( r value) 1 Age NS 2 Education * 3 Size of family NS 4 Experience NS 5 Size of land holding NS 6 Herd size NS 7 Annual income * 8 Social participation ** 9 Extension participation ** 10 Mass media exposure ** 11 Economic motivation NS 12 Adoption ** 13 Attitude ** 14 Risk orientation ** * Significant at 0.05 level (r = 1.981) ** Significant at 0.01 level (r = 2.618) NS Non significant 116

49 5.5.8 Social participation and Training needs The data presented in Table 39 and fig. 15 illustrate that social participation had negative and highly significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, the null hypothesis (H 0 8) that there is no relationship between social participation of farm women and training needs of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. to be rejected. The fact is that as social participation increases farm women came to know about new innovation regarding animal husbandry practices and they desired to adopt those technologies. This finding is completely supported by findings reported by Rajput (2010) Extension participation and Training needs The perusal of data in Table 39 fig. 15 illustrate that extension participation had negative and highly significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, the null hypothesis (H 0 8) that there is no relationship between extension participation of farm women and their training needs about improved animal husbandry practices to be rejected. The probable reason is that contact with extension functionaries make them aware about different practices like breeding, health care, improved animal breeds, loan facility and also about banking and insurance. This finding is in conformity with Rajput (2010), Sharma (2011) Mass media exposure and Training needs It is clear from data presented in Table 39 and fig. 15 determine that mass media exposure had negative and highly significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. This provides sufficient ground to reject the null hypothesis (H 0 9) that there is no relationship between mass media exposure of farm women and their training needs about improved animal husbandry practices is rejected. It can be concluded that mass media exposure was found to be an important factor which played a vital role in increasing the knowledge level of the respondents regarding improved animal husbandry practices. The probable reason for the above 117

50 finding may be that the exposure through mass media provided the knowledge and understanding of improved practices in better way. This result is supported by Rajput (2010) Economic motivation and Training needs It is apparent from the data presented in Table 39 and fig. 15 that economic motivation had positive and non- significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, the null hypothesis (H 0 10) that there is no relationship between economic motivation of farm women and their training needs about improved animal husbandry practices is accepted. This result is completely in favoured by Punitha (2012) Adoption and Training needs The data showed in Table 39 and fig. 15 indicate that adoption had negative and highly significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. So, the null hypothesis (H 0 12) that there is no relationship between adoption of farm women and their training needs about improved animal husbandry practices is rejected Attitude and Training needs It is apparent from the data presented in Table 39 and fig. 15 that attitude had negative and highly significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. Hence, the null hypothesis (H 0 13) that there is no relationship between attitude of farm women and their training needs improved animal husbandry practices. is rejected Risk orientation and Training needs The data presented in Table 39 and fig. 15 illustrate that risk orientation had negative and highly significant correlation ( ) with training needs of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. Thus, the null hypothesis (H 0 8) that there is no relationship between risk orientation of farm women and training needs of farm women about improved animal husbandry practices. to be rejected. 118

51 Age Education Size of family Experience Size of land holding Herd size Annual income Social participation Extension participation Mass media exposure Economic motivation Adoption Attitude Risk orientation NS NS NS NS * Correlates of Training needs NS NS * ** ** ** ** ** ** Fig.15 Relationship between training needs of farm women and selected independent variable