STOP THE ROT!! Exploring the Relationship Between Nitrogen and Bacterial Diseases of Onions. Introduction. Acknowledgements.

Transcription

1 3/16/1 Cornell Coopertive Extension Vegetle Progrm STOP THE ROT!! Exploring the Reltionship etween Nitrogen nd cteril Diseses of Onions Christy Hoepting Cornell Coopertive Extension Vegetle Progrm cteril Diseses of Onions Introduction Mngement of cteril diseses requires nd IPM pproch: Snittion Vriety selection Crop rottion & cover crops Induced resistnce mterils & ctericides Hrvest & post hrvest technology Culturl prctices Plnting configurtions Reducing nitrogen cknowledgements cknowledgements Grower Coopertors!! 1 lrge scle muck growers & 15 smll scle plstic onion growers especilly, our chmpion field tril hosts: Mtt Mortellro, El Guy Smith, Triple G, El Joe DiSlvio, Oswego Funding Provided y: NEIPM Competitive Grnt (Gugino, eer & Hoepting) 1

2 3/16/1 Ktie Klotzch & Reekh Edgell CVP Jen onser, Jo nn sselin & li Mohmed Zid eer L rin Nult & Cynthis Hsu NYSES Entomology cknowledgements Progrm ssistnts & Collortors: Reduced Plnt Spcing & Mulch Type to Reduce cteril ul Rot Funding provided y NESRE nd NEIPM Prtnership grnts 6 Results: Onion Spcing Tril % cteril rot t hrvest Yellow (cv. Neul) Interlken, 9 53 Results: Onion Spcing Tril % cteril ul rot t hrvest % ul rot t hrvest (y weight) % control Nrrow plnt spcing (4 inch) 1 35 Stndrd 4 rows 8 inch 41 W I D E plnt spcing (1 inch) Grower Stndrd 36 inch : 6 x 4 rows 1 4 inch (4 row 4 inch) 3 inch (3 row 8 inch) 48 inch (4 row 8 inch) 6 inch (4 row 1 inch) 8 inch (3 row 1 inch) Results: Onion Spcing Tril % cteril ul rot t hrvest Results: Onion Spcing Tril % cteril ul rot t hrvest Nrrow Plnt Spcing WIDE Plnt Spcing 4 inch : 4 x 4 rows 3 inch : 4 x 3 rows 6 inch : 1 x 4 rows 8 inch : 1 x 3 rows

3 3/16/1 Summry: Reduced Spcing Smll Scle Nrrowing plnt spcing y inches compred to the growers stndrd: Significntly provided 44 to 66% control of cteril ul decy t hrvest. Incresed mrketle yield y 1 to %. The economic return incresed 1.1 to 5.5 times representing $45 to $58 more income per 1 feet of ed. Does this work for lrge scle production? cteril disese tril locted on slope in mnured field Rep 1 83% Very High soil N Criticl Oservtion Rep 58% Rep 3 17% Rep 4 % Very Low soil N Presumly, nitrogen leched from the top of the slope to the ottom, where it fvored cteril disese. Impct of Nitrogen on cteril ul Decy (% rot t hrvest) % cteril ul decy t hrvest Nitrogen Onion Thrips Interction Study, El, NY Hsu, Hoepting & Nult, c Does Elevted Nitrogen Increse cteril Decy? l 6 l 94 l 15 l 187 l rte of nitrogen 11 Lrge Scle Field Tril, Oswego Ojectives: 1. Determine whether mount of pre plnt nitrogen ffects cteril diseses of onion.. Determine whether plnt spcing (row torow, plnt to plnt nd ul re) ffects cteril diseses of onions. Our smll scle tril results suggest tht 36 inch significntly increses cteril rot. trnsplnts Seeding Rte (# per ft) Plnt Spcing in Lrge Scle Onion Production In row plnt spcing (inch) Row spcing (inch) re per ul (inch ) Plnt pop n (plnts/) , , ,8 3

4 3/16/1 Seeding Rte (# per ft) Plnt Spcing in Lrge Scle Onion Production In row plnt spcing (inch) Row spcing rows /ed (inch) 1 (ed) (twn eds) 1 (ed) (twn eds) 1 (ed) (twn eds) 6 (ed) = 3 rows (twn eds) re per ul (inch ) 19. (ed) 3 (twn) 8 (ed) 48 (twn) 14.4 (ed) 4 (twn) 14.1 (ed) 48 (twn) Plnt pop n (plnts/) 51,38 167, ,76 51,38 Reduced plnt spcing & nitrogen cteril field tril: lrge scle production on muck Tretments: Seeding Rtes: Stndrd: 7.5 seeds per foot (51,38 plnts/) Nrrow: 1 seeds per foot (335,76 plnts/) Wide: 5 seeds per foot (167,538 plnts/) Nitrogen Rtes: Stndrd: 9 ls per cre Low: 45 ls per cre None: ls per cre Vrieties: Neul Prince Reduced plnt spcing & nitrogen cteril field tril: lrge scle production on muck Reduced plnt spcing & nitrogen cteril field tril: lrge scle production on muck No N ( ls) Low N (45 ls) Std N (9 ls) Mesured Soil & Tissue Nitrogen eer & Hoepting 11 Nitrogen & Plnting Density Tril: Mesured Soil & Tissue Nitrogen eer & Hoepting 11 lef (June 1) Nitrogen pplied NO3 PMN NO3 PMN 7 9 lef (July ) Tissue Prince (%N) Tissue Neul (%N) lef (June 1) Nitrogen pplied NO3 PMN NO3 7 9 lef (July ) PM N Tissue Prince (%N) Tissue Neul (%N) None ( ls) Low (45 ls) Std (9 ls) None ( ls) Low (45 ls) Std (9 ls)

5 3/16/1 Hrvest Results Hrvest Results t hrvest:.44% cteril rot! 44 out of 9854 uls Where did ll the rot go? Hrvest Results Where did ll the rot go? Wether? 11 dry in July Crop rottion? 9 onions (3% rot); 1 lettuce Reduced nitrogen? 9 14 ls; 11 9 ls No djuvnts? Impct of Nitrogen on cteril ul Decy (% rot t hrvest) % cteril ul decy t hrvest Nitrogen Onion Thrips Interction Study, El, NY Hsu, Hoepting & Nult, Mjor thrips feeding Unspryed 9. Minor thrips feeding unspryed Spryed cteril ul Decy Effect of Vriety, Seeding Rte nd Nitrogen on cteril ul Decy Yield & ul Size % totl cteril ul decy (hrvest + storge) VRIETY SEEDING RTE NITROGEN Neul Prince high 1 eer & Hoepting 11 seed/ft std 7.8 seed/ft low 5.3 seed/ft no N ls high N 9 ls 5

6 3/16/ ul Size Distriution eer & Hoepting 11 Effect of Nitrogen pooled cross Vriety nd Seeding Rte no N ls high N 9 ls ul Size Distriution Effect of Seeding Rte pooled cross Vriety nd Nitrogen eer & Hoepting 11 high 1 seed/ft std 7.8 seed/ft low 5.3 seed/ft cwt per cre oilers (<1.75")smll (1.75.5")medium (.5 3") jumo (>3") mrketle yield cwt per cre c C 58 oilers (<1.75") smll (1.75.5") medium (.5 3") jumo (>3") mrketle yield C ul Size Distriution eer & Hoepting 11 Effect of Vriety pooled cross Nitrogen nd Seeding Rte Nitrogen y Seeding Rte: Mrketle Yield Prince High N (9 ls) Low N (45 ls) No N ( ls) eer & Hoepting 11 cwt per cre Neul Prince 467 oilers (<1.75")smll (1.75.5")medium (.5 3") jumo (>3") mrketle yield cwt per cre high N high N high N no N 1 no N 7.8 no N 5.3 cwt per cre high N 9 1 Nitrogen y Seeding Rte: Mrketle Yield High N (9 ls) high N high N Neul Low N (45 ls) eer & Hoepting 11 No N ( ls) no N 1 no N 7.8 no N Summry Nitrogen: Soil nd plnt tissue tests showed no differences etween nd 45 ls of dded N. 9 ls of dded N hd out x levels of N. There ws trend towrds higher incidence of cteril ul decy with 9 ls N No significnt differences occurred mong, 45 nd 9 ls dded N for totl mrketle yield 6

7 3/16/1 Summry Nitrogen: chieving 754 to 951 cwt per cre with zero dded nitrogen confirms preliminry soil tests showing potentilly minerizle nitrogen (PMN) ws VERY HIGH nd definitely dequte. 9 ls per cre gve significntly x more jumo weight nd significntly lower oiler nd smll weight 9 ls N per cre is lower thn stndrd grower prctices, which is 1 to 14 ls per cre Summry Seeding Density: There ws numericl trend towrds the highest plnting density hving the lowest incidence of cteril ul decy No significnt differences in mrketle yield Lowest seeding density yielded x nd 6.7x higher jumo weight thn 7.8 nd 1 seeds per foot, respectively. If you give onions the spce, they will tke it nd get ig (N ws not limiting fctor t this site) Summry Seeding Density: Higher seeding densities (7.8 & 1) hd significntly more mediums, smlls nd oilers thn 5.3 seeds per foot Jumos sell for higher price nd sometimes it is hd to sell lrge proportion of smlls In oth vrieties, slight increse in yield ws only oserved with the 9 l rte of N in the highest plnting density. Summry Vriety: Neul hd significntly x more cteril ul decy thn Prince Vriety ws the most importnt fctor for cteril ul decy Prince hd significntly higher mrketle yield thn Neul No significnt differences occurred mong size clsses, except Neul hd significntly more oilers thn Prince Finl Thoughts Results from this tril suggest tht there is opportunity for muck onion growers to reduce their N inputs nd still chieve excellent yields Py more ttention to soil testing (i.e. spring PMN) It would e worthwhile to continue to investigte the effect of nitrogen on yield nd cteril ul decy Include high N tretment It would e interesting to get red on the effect of seeding density on cteril ul decy in tril with higher levels of cteril disese Reltive susceptiility of vrieties to cteril ul decy wrrnts further study Ojective: Oservtionl Study Identify fctors ssocited with cteril disese incidence in commercil onion fields in order to fcilitte the development of n integrted pest mngement progrm for onion cteril diseses in the Northest region. 7

8 3/16/1 Oservtionl Study pproch: 1. Intensive smll plot surveys of commercil fields fields in NY (direct seeded ( trnsplnts) muck: 6 vrieties, 7 growers 9 fields in P (smll scle production: Cndy trnsplnts on plstic) 3 su plots per field Soil & tissue smples, plnting configurtions, plnt size, thrips, field history, yield, cteril rot, etc.. Replicted on frm component reserch trils Nitrogen rte study (piggy ck with rin & Simon) % ul rot t hrvest Oservtionl Study: ul Decy t Hrvest Prince Neul Festivl Hendrix Hmlet 1 Color coded y grower Hoepting, Red ull (trnsplnts) Oservtionl Study: Nitrogen vs. ul Decy t Hrvest Oservtionl Study: Nitrogen vs. ul Decy t Hrvest 4 Hendrix, 11 Hoepting 11 4 Hendrix, 11 Hoepting % cteril ul rot t hrvest El 1El 1El El El 3SodusSodus Low High Low High 1 N N N N % cteril ul rot t hrvest El 1El 1El El El 3SodusSodus Low High Low High 1 N N N N 5 5 ville nitrte NO3 mmoni NH4 Potentilly minerlizle N ville nitrte NO3 mmoni NH4 Potentilly minerlizle N % cteril ul rot t hrvest Os. Study: Mid Seson ville N vs. ul Decy t Hrvest Hendrix, 11 7 fields x 3 su smples = 1 y =.466x R² =.5149 Hoepting, ville nitrte NO3 mid seson (lte Jul: 7 1 lef) fields, 6 vrieties color coded y grower PMN Rnge: 4 8 erly ( 4 lef) Potentilly Minerlizle N Oservtionl Study: Soil Nitrogen Hoepting 11 Mid NO3 Rnge: Hendrix mid seson ville NO3: 7 9 lef (lte July) Oswego No N Oswego Low N Oswego High N Oswego No N Oswego Low N Oswego High N Potter High N Potter Low N El El 1 Low N El 1 High N El Low N El High N El 3 Sodus 1 Sodus Sodus 3 8

9 3/16/1 Oservtionl Study: Replicted Smll Plot Nitrogen Rte Study Oservtionl Study: Replicted Smll Plot Nitrogen Rte Study Oservtionl Study: Replicted Smll Plot Nitrogen Rte Study Oservtionl Study: Replicted Smll Plot Nitrogen Rte Study ~ 4% cteril ul rot t hrvest Next Steps Questions? Storge evlution of ll trils nlyze nd mine the dt Identify fctors driving cteril rot Repet in 11: Oservtionl study Component studies STOP THE ROT!! 9