O NOT COPY. P. Sheunda 12, F. Nzuve 2, E. Manyasa 1, G. Chemining wa 2. ICRISAT-Nairobi; 2 University of Nairobi-Kenya

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1 Evaluation of sorghum hybrids for adaptation and grain yield stability in drylowlands of Eastern and Southern Africa based on AMMI and GGE models P. Sheunda 12, F. Nzuve 2, E. Manyasa 1, G. Chemining wa 2 1 ICRISAT-Nairobi; 2 University of Nairobi-Kenya Sorghum in the 21 st Century Conference, Cape Town, 9 th -12 th April 2018

2 Sorghum Production in ESA Table 1. Area under sorghum (ha x 10 3 ) and production (tons x 10 3 ) in ESA Country Area Production Yield t/ha Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya 224 (>350) (>2.0) South Sudan Sudan > Tanzania Uganda Zimbabwe Botswana Zambia Malawi Mozambique South Africa Rwanda Source: ICRISAT ESA reports

3 Sorghum Hybrids Research in ESA EAFRO (Doggett); Sudan (Hageen Dura 1); SADC (SMIP) ICRISAT-Nairobi Hybrids development based on adapted introduced and local restorers have been successful Tanzania: 2 hybrids released in 2013 partnership with NACO Seed Company.

4 Kenya: 5 hybrids released in 2016 partnership with KSC and Egerton University Seed production underway-eaml (1 hybrid) Ethiopia: 3 hybrids released in 2016 based on ICRISAT female parents All the hybrids have 30-40% yield advantage over farmer/improved OPVs and good for food, feed and malting (Tables 1 and 2) 4

5 Table 2. Grain analysis of 5 hybrids for feed quality (Unga Feeds Ltd-Kenya) Hybrid Protein (%) Oil (%) Fibre (%) Tannin (%) Grain colour IESH White IESH White IESH White IESH White IESH White Sila(OPV)* White Specification <5% *variety currently used for poultry feed by the company 5

6 Table 3. Grain quality analysis-malt % E xtract Hybrid Moisture % Fine grind (Mash) Total N2 PH >77.2% <2.2% >5.6 IESH IESH IESH IESH IESH IESH IESH ICSA 12 X Kari Mtama Comments: All Samples have high extracts compares to the local varieties that are currently grown in Kenya All the samples were of the right size Nitrogen (protein) content within the operational limits for all the samples

7 Study objectives To determine adaptation and stability of 19 sorghum hybrids in the semi- arid agro-ecologies of ESA. Determine representative selection sites to reduce testing costs

8 Materials and Methods Table 4: Hybrids list Gen Genotype name H11 IESH H2 IESH H3 IESH H4 IESH H5 IESH H6 IESH H7 IESH H8 IESH H9 IESH H10 IESH H11 IESH H12 IESH H13 IESH H14 IESH H15 IESH H16 IESH H17 IESH H18 IESH H19 IESH G20 Local check Hybrids 19 sorghum hybrids 1 Check Environments 1. Kiboko SR 2. Kiboko 2015LR 3. Hombolo 2015LR 4. Kambi ya Mawe SR 5. Lucydale Matopos Miwaleni Mpambaa RCBD trial design Reps: 3 Rows: 4 Row length: 4m Spacing: 75cm x 20cm

9 Data Collection Days to 50% flowering Plant height (cm) % Seed set (SS) Plant aspect score (1-5) Grain yield (t ha -1 ) Threshing% 100 seed mass (g)

10 Data Analysis AMMI Stability Value; ASV= {([SS IPCA1 /SS IPCA2 ] x [IPCA1 score ]) 2 + (IPCA2 score ) 2 } 1/2 Where; SS =sum of squares, IPCA 1=Interaction Principal Component Analysis, IPCA2=Interaction Principal Component Analysis 2; SS IPCA1 = Sum of squares for Interaction Principal Component Analysis 1; SS IPCA2 = Sum of squares for Interaction Principal Component Analysis 2 The GGE model; Yij - μ - ßj = a i + j ij Y ij =measured mean of i th genotype in j th environment, μ =grand mean, a i =main effect of i th genotype, ßj =main effect of j th environment, j ij =interaction between i th genotype and j th environment

11 Results and Discussion Table 5. ANOVA for grain yield Source of variation d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr. Rep Env < Rep.Env Gen < Env.Gen < Residual Total % Total variation Genotypes, environment and GxE were significant (p<0.001) for grain yield Test environments were varied (Env. explained 55% of the variation)

12 Table. 6. Grain yield of stable and winning hybrids Hybrid H2 Hombo Kiboko Across sites lo LR (TZ) (Kn) (0.06)* KYM SR (Kn) Grain yield t ha -1 Lucydale Miwaleni Matopos 2015 (Zm) 2015 (TZ) 2015 (Zm) Kiboko (Kn) Mpambaa 2015 (TZ) H9 (KYM) (0.10) H (0.13) H (0.45) H (0.15) H (0.73) H (0.21) H15 (Mp) (1.16) Check G.Means (N=20) LSD SE± CV% *ASV

13 Fig 1. Mega environments Basically 1 Mega environment Most descrminating/ informative environment KYM

14 Table 7. AMMI ANOVA for grain yield Source d.f. s.s. m.s. v.r. F pr Total % of total variatio n Treatments ** 6.27 < Genotypes ** 2.59 < Environments ** < Block ** Interactions ** 1.67 < IPCA ** 2.77 < IPCA ** 2.3 < Residuals Error G, E and GxE effects were significant (p<0.05) for the additive main effect PCA1 and PCA2 scores were significant (p<0.05)

15 Fig 2. Stable hybrids Stable hybrids H9 (IESH 28018) H2 (IESH 28014) H3 (IESH 28015) H5 (IESH 28016) HG18 (IESH 22010) Some hybrids with specific adaptation

16 Sorghum and Pearl Millet Hybrid Parents Research Consortium (SPMHPRC) MOA in final stages input by ESA Seed Companies and STAK Expect launch on 20 th April 2018 ICRISAT develops hybrid parents (initiative at Kiboko) Diverse hybrid parents shared with partners, including PS seed companies Funds from consortium augment ICRISAT core resources for hybrid parents research

17 Conclusion Stable hybrids with good grain yield identified potential for regional release Advantage of regional harmonised seed systems Kiboko location good to select for most of the dry lowlands in ESA with advanced testing at specific sites Mpambaa with slightly more rainfall early generations testing The demand for sorghum grain in ESA countries is rising for conventional utilization and as new alternative uses/markets emerge. Huge potential for sorghum hybrids (+ plus GAPs) to improve grain productivity private seed sector and grain market interest emerging Need to build capacity of the private seed sector in hybrids dev and seed production 17