Surfactant and Limited Irrigation Effects on Forage and Seed Production and Water Use Efficiency in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Transcription

1 Journl of Agriulturl Siene; Vol. 7, No. 9; 215 ISSN E-ISSN Pulished y Cndin Center of Siene nd Edution Surftnt nd Limited Irrigtion Effets on Forge nd Seed Prodution nd Wter Use Effiieny in Alflf (Medigo stiv L.) Sepideh Jfrin 1, Mohmmd Rez Chihi 1 & Hosein Moghddm 1 1 Deprtment of Agronomy, Collge of Agriulture, University of Tehrn, Krj, Irn Correspondene: Mohmmd Rez Chihi, Deprtment of Agronomy, Collge of Agriulture, University of Tehrn, Krj, Irn. Tel: E-mil: rhihi123@gmil.om Reeived: My 17, 215 Aepted: June 15, 215 Online Pulished: August 15, 215 doi:1.5539/js.v7n9p56 URL: Astrt Alflf is one the most importnt forge resoures in rid nd semirid regions of the world. To evlute the response of lflf to limited irrigtion nd surftnt pplition, n experiment ws onduted t Reserh Frm of College of Agriulture, University of Tehrn, Irn, during 213 nd 214 growing sesons. The experimentl tretments were rrnged s split plots sed on omplete rndomized lok design with three replitions. The limited irrigtion tretments omprised of replenishment of 1%, 75% nd 5% of weekly evportion nd plnt wter requirements ssigned to the min plots. Wter tretments of ontrol (wter lone) nd wter + surftnt, ssigned to the suplots. The quntittive nd physiologil hrteristis of lflf forge were reorded t 1% flowering stge. The seed yield of lflf ws mesured fter the plnts rehed full physiologil mturity stge. The result of the experiment showed tht s the severity of limited irrigtion inresed, plnt height, tiller numer per plnt, RWC, totl forge yield nd seed yield followed deresing trend. Aross ll the limited irrigtion systems, surftnt pplition inresed plnt height, RWC, seed yield nd totl forge yield. As the severity of limited irrigtion inresed, wter use effiieny (WUE) in forge yield followed signifint inresing trend. The highest forge (75 kg/h) nd seed yield (82 kg/h) under limited irrigtion tretments were hieved t 75% weekly evportion nd plnt wter requirements + surftnt, while the highest irrigtion wter use effiieny for forge (1.5 kg/m 3 ) nd seed (.16 kg/m 3 ) prodution ws oserved in limited irrigtion tretment of 5% weekly evportion nd plnt wter requirements + surftnt. Keywords: lflf, limited irrigtion, surftnt, vegettive growth trits, forge yield, seed yield, wter use effiieny 1. Introdution Drought is one of the most ommon nd ritil issues in rid nd semi-rid regions of the world. Wter shortge for humn nd griulturl onsumption is vitl mtter in some prts of the world. Aording to some preditions, glol wrming nd preipittion derement will e more violent in the ner future (Frre & Fi, 26). Wter is known s the most importnt ftor in rop yields nd freshwter soures onservtion plys n importnt role in sustinle griulture. By the yer 22 the numer of ountries tht will e fed to wter srity, rehes 35 (Morid et l., 24). So, more ttention is needed to improve the mngement of wter onsumption in ountries loted in rid nd semi-rid regions of the world. Bsed on the reserh literture, limited irrigtion tretments inreses the pure inome of frm (Chihi et l., 215). The gol of limited irrigtion is to inrese irrigtion wter use effiieny (IWUE) y reduing the mount of wter in irrigtion or y reduing the numer of irrigtion events (Kird, 22). By induing limited irrigtion methods not only wter onsumption will e redued ut lso the re under ultivtion will e inresed (Sfi et l., 211). Surftnt is the revition form of Surfe Ative Agent. It omposes of two polr moleules whih inlude hydrophili hed (hydrophili) nd hydrophoi til (hydrophoi) (Turios, 27). The mjor effet of surftnt is on the surfe tension of the ir-wter interfe. Beuse of these hrteristis y pplition of surftnt to wter, the speed of wter penetrtion into the soil will e inresed. Additionlly, with the speifi volume of wter, roder profile of soil will e wetted (Leinuer, 22). Surftnts lso help uniformity of soil moisture distriution nd root zone moisture holding pity nd s onsequene will improve rop yield (Wolkowski et l., 1985). Surftnt provides the plnts with the etter estlishment y enhning exess wter sorption in the soil nd mkes it ville for plnts in the pproprite sitution. Consequently prodution of 56

2 Journl of Agriulturl Siene Vol. 7, No. 9; 215 plnts will e inresed (Ahmed & Verplnke, 1994). Eonomil evlution hve shown tht using surftnt inresed yield prodution ost, however, the yield inrement ould ompenste surftnt prie nd onsequently higher profit ould e hieved. By surftnt pplition in limited irrigtion systems, higher yields ould e produed (Chihi et l., 215). The demnd for the food will reh two times more thn the urrent level till the yer of 23 (Eshghizdeh et l., 27). Development of niml husndry industry to meet the needs of popultion growth for protein produts requires serious pproh for supplying forge nd livestok feed (Dstjerdi, 212). Alflf (Medigo stiv L.) is known s the est forge mong different forges for livestok. This plnt hs gret nutritionl vlue ompred to other forge soures (Khodndeh, 29). The superiority of this plnt mong other forge rops is due to its very high yield, rod omptiility with wether onditions, nitrogen-fixing ility, resistne to the grzing nd good re-growth ility during the growing seson (Chngizi & Moveni, 27). All these hrteristis long with lflf potentil drought tolerne mke it the est forge rop to e produed under limited wter onditions in rid nd semi-rid regions of the world. No experiment hs studied the effet of surftnt pplition nd limited irrigtion on lflf. There is need to evlute the pplition of new tehnologies on lflf response to drought stress to find new solutions for higher forge qulity long with more effiient wter onsumption in the rid nd semi-rid regions of the world. This experiment ws onduted to evlute the response of lflf to limited irrigtion nd surftnt pplition. 2. Mterils nd Methods 2.1 Site Desription A 2-yr (213 nd 214) experiment ws onduted t the Reserh Frm of the College of Agriulture nd Nturl Resoures, University of Tehrn, Krj, Irn (N35 56 N, E5 58 E). The limte type of this site is onsidered s rid to semi-rid with long-term (5-yr) ir temperture of 13.5 C, soil temperture of 14.5 C, nd 262 mm of nnul rinfll. The wether ondition t the experimentl site during the two growing sesons is shown in Tle 1 nd Figure 1. Tle 1. Monthly reltive humidity, evportion, preipittion nd men ir temperture during 213 nd 214 growing sesons Month Reltive Humidity (%) Evportion (mm) Preipittion (mm) Men Air Temperture (ºC) My June July August Septemer Figure 1. Amriothermi urve of experimentl site se on men temperture nd preipittion of wether sttion of Krj ( ) 57

3 Journl of Agriulturl Siene Vol. 7, No. 9; 215 Aording to the USDA lssifition (Soil Survey Stff, 1999), the soil t the site is lssified s typi hplomid (Mirkhni et l., 21). Prior to plnting, soil smples were tken from to 3 m soil depth nd nlyzed for seletive physil nd hemil properties whih inluded soil textures, ph, EC, totl nitrogen (N), ville phosphorus (P), nd ville potssium (K). All soil hrteristis of the experimentl site re presented in Tle 2. Tle 2. Generl properties of the soil of the experimentl site (depth of 3 m) Yer Soil texture ph EC (ds m -1 ) Totl N (%) Aville P Aville K mg kg Cly lom Cly lom Experimentl Design nd Ftors The sttistil design of the experiment ws split plot sed on rndomized omplete lok design (RCBD) with three replitions. The experimentl tretments omprised of three levels of irrigtion systems nd two types of wter tretments. Min plots were lloted to irrigtion regimes omprised of norml irrigtion (replenishment of 1% of weekly evportion nd plnt wter requirements) (I 1 ) nd limited irrigtions inluding I 75 (replenishment of 75% of weekly evportion nd plnt wter requirements) nd I 5 (replenishment of 5% of weekly evportion nd plnt wter requirements). Su plots were ssigned to wter tretments of ontrol (wter lone irrigtion) nd wter + surftnt (1 ppm) irrigtion. The study ws rried out in plot sizes of 4 2 = 8 m 2, whih onsisted of 4 rows of ropping, 5 m prt. The Alflf (domesti Hmedni ultivr) ws ultivted t the rte of 25 kg of seed per hetre. To prepre suitle seeded, the lnd ws ultivted y deep plough in utumn nd light one in the spring of eh yer. The finl preprtion ws hieved fter 2 vertil nd horizontl disks were pplied. Seeded preprtion ws omplished on 1 st My, 213 nd 3 rd My, 214 for the first nd seond experimentl periods, respetively. The vermi-ompost (2 tons h -1 ) fertilizer ws inorported to the soil efore lnd ultivtion. Before sowing, the lflf seed ws inoulted y iologil fertilizer omprised of mixture of different proioti teri (2 teril solution per 1kg seed) ording to Somsegrn nd Hoen (1994). The lend io-fertilizer omprised of different proiotis of Azototer + Azosperilium + Myorrhiz + Bilus nd Rhizoium teril ws provided y the Soil Miroiology L. of Deprtment of Soil Siene, College of Agriulture, University of Tehrn. 2.3 Irrigtion In oth yers, ll experimentl plots were irrigted normlly until plnts rehed full estlishment (4-6 lef stge). Times of irrigtion in the norml irrigtion regime were sheduled sed on the ommon prtie in the re, whih onsisted of irrigting t 7 dy intervls. At the trigger of the seond step of irrigtion (limited irrigtion), ll experimentl plots were proteted y pile of soil to preserve the mesured irrigted wter during the sesons. Likewise, the timing of the irrigtion tretments (IR 1, IR 75 nd IR 5 ) were sheduled one week nd strted on 22 nd My nd 25 th April in 213 nd 214 (when plnts rehed 4 to 6-lef growth stge), respetively. Atul rop wter requirements for lflf were determined ording to the rop evpotrnspirtion (ET), estimted from the potentil evpotrnspirtion (ETo), nd using the rop oeffiients (K) y the following eqution: ET = ETo K (1) ETo ws lulted y the Penmn Monteith method (Allen et l., 1998) using dily dt of synopti wether sttion t Reserh Frm of College of Agriulture loted in Krj, Irn. The K is defined s the rtio of the rop evpotrnspirtion rte to the referene evpotrnspirtion rte. The lolized step-wise K for lflf ws.9 in Krj ording to FAO, 212 report. The wter requirement for individul plots ws mesured in gllon per week then it ws onverted to liter per week. The mount of wter pplied sed for eh tretment ws lulted y:.623 A K ETo I n (2) IE 58

4 Journl of Agriulturl Siene Vol. 7, No. 9; 215 Where I n is the volume of irrigtion wter (gllons),.623 the onstnt of eqution, A the nopy surfe re (sq. ft.) in eh plot, K the rop oeffiient, ETo the umultive weekly potentil evpotrnspirtion (in.) nd IE the irrigtion effiieny. The surfe re of eh plot ws 8 m 2 nd the irrigtion use effiieny ws ssumed 8% in oth yers (Howell, 23). A ounter meter ws used for urte wter mesurement nd ontrol. The totl mount of irrigtion wter used during the plnt life yle were s follows: IR 1 = 515 m 3 h -1, IR 75 = 391 m 3 h -1 nd IR m 3 h -1 during the first yer, nd IR 1 = 9 m 3 h -1, IR 75 = 675 m 3 h -1 nd IR 5 = 45 m 3 h -1 during the seond yer for norml, moderte nd severe limited irrigtion regimes, respetively. To reh the physiologil mturity the different irrigtion regimes ontinued until 25 th Aug. nd 8 th Sep. in 213 nd 214, respetively. In this study non-ioni surftnt (1% lkyl polyglyoside, 7% EO/PO lok opolymer nd 83% wter) ws pplied t the rte of 1 ppm whih ws dded to the irrigtion wter tretments during irrigtion (Krher & Lndreth, 23; Mitr et l., 26). 2.4 Mesurements The quntittive forge hrteristis of Alflf were reorded t 1% flowering stge. The seed yield of Alflf ws mesured fter the plnts rehed full physiologil mturity stge. Wter use effiieny of irrigtion for forge nd seed yield (kg seed/m -3 ) ws lulted y dividing the yield (kg h -1 ) y the volume of irrigtion wter used (m 3 h -1 ). To lulte the RWC, ten rndom lef smples were tken from the lower, middle nd top lyers of the nopy of the lflf in eh plot t erly flowering stge (efore the pollintion). The smpling ws repeted two times during the erly flowering seson. The lef smples were tken in erly morning nd were rried out in seled ontiners to e weighted in the lortory. In the l. the smples were put in the wter for 24 hours nd weighted gin for sturted weight. To mesure the dry weight, leves were trnsferred to the oven, 7 Centigrde temperture, for 72 hours. RWC ws omputed y the following eqution: RWC= F w D w /S w D w 1 (3) Where, the F w is fresh weight, D w is the dry weight nd the S w is sturted weight (Rithi et l., 199). 2.5 Sttistil Anlysis Dt were nlyzed with SAS softwre (V9.2). Men omprison implemented using Dunn s multiple rnge test t the 95% level of proility. All differenes reported re signifint t P.5 unless otherwise stted. Grphs were designed y using Mirosoft Offie Exel. 3. Results nd Disussions 3.1 Plnt Height The height of the plnt deresed y inresing the severity of limited irrigtion, however, it signifintly inresed ross ll irrigtion tretments with surftnt pplition (Tle 3). The intertion of irrigtion systems nd wter tretments showed tht the surftnt pplition t eh irrigtion tretment, signifintly inresed the plnt height ompred to ontrol (no surftnt pplition) (Figure 2). These results support the previous reserhes whih showed tht the orn height ws enhned with the surftnt pplition under limited irrigtion onditions (Mehrvrz, 213). Tle 3. Plnt height, lef/stem rtio, numer of tillers per plnt nd RWC of lflf s ffeted y limited irrigtion systems nd wter tretments Tretments Plnt height (m) Lef/stem rtio Tiller numer per plnt RWC (%) Totl forge yield (kg h -1 ) Seed yield (kg h -1 ) Irrigtion system 1% % % Wter tretment Wter Wter+ surftnt Note. Men omprison ws implemented using Dunn test t the 95% level of proility. All differenes reported re signifint t P.5 unless otherwise stted. 59

5 Journl of Agriulturl Siene Vol. 7, No. 9; d wter wter+surftnt e d Height (m) Irrigtion Figure 2. The intertion of irrigtion systemes nd wter tretments (with nd without surftnt) on the height of lflf (Medigo stiv L.) (men 213 nd 214) 3.2 RWC (Reltive Wter Content) Aross wter tretments (surftnt pplition), the RWC followed deresing trend s the severity of limited irrigtion inresed However, wter tretments (surftnt pplition) resulted in gret effet on RWC t 75% nd 5% irrigtion tretment whih inresed y 8% nd 12% respetively (Figure 3). Very interestingly, y sving 25% wter in I 5 we would hve equl RWC to I 75. Aording to these results, it seems tht surftnt n help the plnts to onserve more wter in severe drought onditions whih well demonstrtes the dvntge of wetting gent pplition in hrsh situtions. Sine RWC hs gret orreltion with soil moisture, y surftnt pplition more wter will reh the plnt roots in deeper soil lyers nd help to sve plnts in drought stress onditions. Due to the effet of surftnt on the surfe tension of the ir-wter interfe, y pplition of surftnt to wter, the speed of wter penetrtion into the soil will e inresed. Though, less wter will e evported due to the environmentl ftors like wind nd sun irrditions. In this wy, with the speifi volume of wter, roder soil profile will e wetted (Leinuer, 22). Surftnts lso help uniformity of soil moisture distriution nd root zone moisture holding pity nd s onsequene will improve rop yield nd wter use effiieny (Wolkowski et l., 1985). Consequently, in ll tretments with surftnt pplition the RWC rte, whih is hrteristi for ssessing the rops tolerne to drought stress, ws more thn the ontrol (no surftnt pplition). RWC of Psyllium sp. ws deresed y inresing drought stress (Afshrmnesh, 28). Tretments of limited irrigtion in diverse genotypes of red en redued the RWC, dry yield, hrvest index nd plnt height (Sdeghipour, 29) wter wter+surftnt RWC(%) Irrigtion Figure 3. The intertion of irrigtion systemes nd wter tretments (with nd without surftnt) on the RWC of lflf (Medigo stiv L.) (men 213 nd 214) 3.3 Totl Forge Yield As the severity of the limited irrigtion inresed, totl forge yield followed deresing trend. Moderte limited irrigtion (I 75 ) nd lso the Sever limited irrigtion (I 5 ) inresed the totl yield y 11% nd 13% when reeived surftnt. However, 25% of irrigtion wter ws sved y I 75 + surftnt tretment while lflf yield 6

6 Journl of Agriulturl Siene Vol. 7, No. 9; 215 did not suffer ompred to ontrol (I 1 ) (Figure 4). It is importnt to note tht in oth wter tretments (with nd without surftnt pplition) the totl forge yield did not experiene signifint hnges when severity of limited irrigtion inresed from I 75 to I 5. This ould e explined y the lflf well root development espeilly in the seond yer of the experiment. The good performne of wter tretment (surftnt pplition) t I 75 irrigtion tretment indites tht in dry region like Krj, y sving 25% of irrigtion wter in I 75 + surftnt tretment, we re still le to gin lmost the sme forge yield s ontrol with no wter stress (I 1 + no surftnt pplition) (Figure 4). In I 5 + surftnt the sme yield s I 75 + no surftnt pplition, ws hieved. The positive effet of surftnt is explined y its role in inresing wter infiltrtion into the soil whih n redue the run off rte s well s etter wter distriution in the soil profile (Mitr et l., 26). Kostk (2) stted tht surftnt s moisture sorent n e used s mngement method to inrese the effiieny of wter use. Inresing wter stress from optimum irrigtion (I 1 ) to moderte (I 75 ) nd severe limited irrigtion (I 5 ), resulted in 2% nd 34% redution in forge dry mtter yield. Jhnzd et l. (213) showed stepwise redution in totl dry mtter (TDM) nd grin yield (GY) of sorghum in oth tretments of with nd without surftnt s the limited wter severity inresed. However, surftnt pplition t ny irrigtion level resulted in higher grin yield (GY) nd totl dry mtter (TDM) ompred to no-surftnt tretments (Chihi et l., 215). Applition of nonioni surftnt, (.36 liter h -1 ) on soyen, resulted in 37% inrement in forge prodution (Muley, 1993). Totl yield (kg h -1 ) wter wter+surftnt Irrigtion Figure 4. The intertion of irrigtion systemes nd wter tretments (with nd without surftnt) on the totl yield of lflf (Medigo stiv L.) (men 213 nd 214) 3.4 Seed Yield As the severity of the limited irrigtion inresed, seed yield followed deresing trend (Tle 3). In ll tretments with surftnt pplition, seed yield ws more thn the ontrol (no surftnt utiliztion). The highest seed yield ws gined t I 1 + surftnt. Considering the results otined in I 75 + surftnt tretment, it ould e onluded tht y onserving 25% of irrigtion wter, the sme seed yield of ontrol (I 1 ) ould e hieved. Moreover, t 5% irrigtion wter with surftnt tretments the sme seed yield s in I 75 + no surftnt pplition ws otined. In this se 25% of irrigtion wter will e sved with no redution in seed yield ompre to I 75 + no surftnt tretment (Figure 5). Our results supports the findings of the other reserhers like Nemi et l. (29) who reported tht the seed yield of nol ws deresed under limited irrigtion y out 3% whih ourred due to the shttering of siliques under stress ondition. By inresing the severity of limited irrigtion for soyen, the seed numer per plnt, 1 seed yield, seed yield, iologil yield nd hrvest index were redued (Rustei et l., 212). 61

7 Journl of Agriulturl Siene Vol. 7, No. 9; 215 Seed yield (kh h -1 ) wter wter+surftnt d d Irrigtion Figure 5. The intertion of irrigtion systems nd wter tretments (with nd without surftnt) on the seed yield of lflf (Medigo stiv L.) (men 213 nd 214) 3.5 Effet of Irrigtion Regime nd Surftnt Applition on Irrigtion Wter Use Effiieny (IWUE) in Forge Prodution The WUE is expressed s totl ove ground iomss to totl evpotrnspirtion. IWUE remrkly inresed under oth limited irrigtion systems (I 75 nd I 5 ) nd surftnt pplition (Tle 4).The effet of surftnt ws quietly signifint in I 5 + surftnt tretment whih inresed the IWUE y 12% (Figure 6). These results orresponds with findings of Kini nd Reisi (213) on soyen. IWUE is influened y rop yield potentil, method of irrigtion nd limti hrteristis of region. It hs een demonstrted tht WUE in different rops hve inresed in wter stress ondition (Zegd-Lizrzu & Ijim, 25; Ngz et l., 29). 1.6 wter wter+surfytnt ( kg m -3 ) Irrigtion Figure 6. The intertion of irrigtion systems nd wter tretments (with nd without surftnt) on the IWUE in lflf (Medigo stiv L.) forge prodution (men 213 nd 214) 3.6 Wter Use Effiieny (WUE) for Seed Yield The highest IWUE (2 kg m -3 ) ws gined in I 5 + surftnt tretment. The surftnt tretment showed signifint influene on IWUE in ll tretments (Figure 7). These results re supported y the previous reports y Chihi et l. (215) who explined tht y pplition of surftnt in irrigtion wter, oth IWUE nd GY (grin yield) of orn inresed. Wter use effiieny (WUE) in oth limited irrigtion tretments of I 75 + surftnt pplition nd I 5 + surftnt pplition inresed y 12% nd 5%, respetively, ompred to ontrol (no surftnt pplition) whih lerly displys the positive role of surftnt pplition in defiit wter onditions. Thus, the outome of this reserh indited tht y inresing the severity of limited irrigtion, the mount of irrigtion wter tht ould e ville for plnts in limited irrigtion will e inresed y surftnt utiliztion nd susequently, IWUE for forge yield would e rised (Chihi et l., 215). The highest IWUE for grin yield hve een reported in 5% ET tretment (3.25 kg m -3 ) for orn y Di Polo nd Rinldi (28) whih supports our findings. 62

8 Journl of Agriulturl Siene Vol. 7, No. 9; 215 (kh m -3 ) wter wter+surftnt Irrigtion Figure 7. The intertion of irrigtion systems nd wter tretments (with nd without surftnt) on the IWUE in lflf (Medigo stiv L.) seed prodution (men 213 nd 214) Tle 4. IWUE for totl forge nd seed yield of lflf s influened y irrigtion systems nd wter tretments Tretments IWUE for totl forge (kg m -3 ) IWUE for seed yield (kg m -3 ) Irrigtion system 1% % % Wter tretments Wter Wter+ surftnt Note. Men omprison ws implemented using Dunn test t the 95% level of proility. All differenes reported re signifint t P.5 unless otherwise stted. 4. Conlusion With inresing the severity of limited irrigtion, plnt growth hrteristis, forge nd seed yield followed deresing trend. Aross ll the irrigtion systems, surftnt pplition modified the dverse effets of limited irrigtion nd signifintly inresed wter use effiieny in forge nd seed prodution in lflf. Aording to the results of this experiment, surftnt pplition t moderte limited irrigtion tretment (75% weekly evportion nd plnt wter requirement + surftnt) in dry regions ould e gronomi nd eonomilly point of view justified y 25% wter onservtion long with seuring forge nd seed yield equl to 1% irrigtion tretment without surftnt pplition. Referenes Afshrmnesh, B. (28). Effet of wter stress nd mnure on yield, qulity nd physiologil hrteristis of mediinl plnt Psyllium. New Agriulturl Findings, 2(4). Ahmed, M., & Verplnke, H. (1994). Germintion nd iomss prodution s ffeted y slinity in hydrogel treted sndy soil. Pkistn J. Forest, 44, Chihi, M. R., Nurre, P., Slven, J., & Rostmz, M. (215). Surftnt pplition on yield nd irrigtion wter use effiieny in Corn under Limited Irrigtion. Journl of Crop Siene, 55(1), Chngizi, M., & Moveni, P. (27). Queen of forge rops. Islmi Azd University pulitions. Dstjerdi, M. (212). Effet of iofertilizers on qulittive nd quntittive trits of mediinl forge, se of study: Alflf (Medigo stiv L.) nd fennel (Foeniulum vulgre Mill.) in n interropping system (Ms.C disserttion, College of Agriulture nd Nturl Resoures, University of shhed, Krj, Irn). Di Polo, E., & Rinldi, M. (28). Yield response of orn to irrigtion nd nitrogen fertiliztion in Mediterrnen environment. Field Crop. Res., 15, Eshghizdeh, H. R., Chihi, M. R., Ghlvnd, A., Shni, G. H., Azizi, K. H., Tork Nezhd, A.,... Ppizdeh, 63

9 Journl of Agriulturl Siene Vol. 7, No. 9; 215 A. (27). Study of interropping on yield nd protein ontent of lflf nd rley in dry onditions. Reserh nd Constrution, 75, Frre, I., & Fi, J. M. (26). Comprtive response of mize (Ze mys L.) nd sorghum (Sorghum iolor L. Moenh) to limited irrigtion in Mediterrnen environment. Agriulturl Wter Mngement, 83, Howell, T. A. (23). Irrigtion effiieny. In B. A. Stewrt & T. A. Howell (Eds.), Enylopedi of wter siene (pp ). Mrel Dekker, New York. Jhnzd, E., Jort, M., Moghdm, H., Sdeghpour, A., Chih, M. R., & Dshtki, M. (213). Response of new nd ommonly grown forge sorghum ultivr to limited irrigtion nd plnting density. Agriulturl Wter Mngement, 117(31), Krher, D. E., & Lndrerth, J. W. (23). Weting gents derese wilt symptoms nd wter replleny on Snd-Bsed putting green. AAES reserh series 52, Hortiultirl studies (pp ). Khodndeh, N. (29). Forge frming (1st ed., p. 37). Pulitions of Agriulturl Sienes. Kini, A., & Reisi, S. (213). Study of wter use effiieny of soyen vrieties under different mounts of irrigtion wter. Journl of Soil nd Wter Conservtion, 2(5). Kird, C. (22). Limited irrigtion sheduling sed on plnt growth stges showing wter stress tolerne. Limited Irrigtion Prtie (pp. 3-1). Wter Rep. 22. FAO, Rome. Kostk, S. J. (2). Ameliortion of wter repleny in highly mnged soild nd the enhnement of turfgrss performne through the systemti pplition of surftnts. J. Hydrol., , Leinuer, B. (22). Wetting gents nd their impt on wter retention of turfgrss root zones. Austrlin Turfgrss Mngement (Volume 4.1). File: Finl Surftnt projet report. Ferury 28, 23. MCuley, G. N. (1993). Nonioni surftnt nd supplementl irrigtion of soyen on rusting soils. Agron. J., 85, Mehrvrz, S., Chihi, M. R., Hshemi, M., & Prsinejd, M. (213). Yield nd Growth Response of Mize (Ze Mys L. S. C.74) to Surftnt under limited Irrigtion. Stokridge Shool of Agriulture, University of Msshusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. Mirkhni, R., Roozitl, M. H., Khleghpnh, N., Rezei, N., & Teimori, S. (21). Physio-hemil hrteristis nd ly minerlogy omposition of seleted soils in rid nd semirid regions of Irn. August 5-8, st Austrlin Cly Minerls Conferene-Brisne, QLD, Austrli. Mitr, S., Vis, E., Kumr, R., Plum, R., & Fm, M. (26). Wetting gentnd ulturprties informtion nd redue runoff losses of irrigtion wter. Biologi, Brtislv, 61(Suppl. 19: 1), Morid, S., Mssh, A. R., AghAlikhni, M., & Mohmmdi, K. (24). Mintining sustinle griulture under limte hnge: Zyndeh Rud Bsin (Irn). In J. C. J. H. Aerts & P. Droogers (Eds.), Climte hnge in ontrsting river sins (pp ). CABI Pulishing, Mnhester, Englnd. Nemi, M., Akri, G. H. A., Shirni Rd, A. H., Modressnvi, S. A. M., & Sdtnoori, S. A. (29). Effet of limited irrigtion t the end of the growth period on yield nd qulity of rpeseed end. Journl of griulturl rops, 12(2), Ngz, K., Msmoudi, M. M., & Mehil, N. B. (29). Yield nd wter use-effiieny of perl millet (Pennisetum gluum (L.) R. Br.) under defiit irrigtion with sline wter in rid onditions of Southern Tunisi. J. of Agron., 3(1), Rustei, K. H., Dehnvi, M., Khdem, S. M., & Oliyi, H. R. (212). The effet of different levels of super sorent polymer nd mnure on the qulittive nd quntittive properties of soyen under limited irrigtion. Journl of Crops, 14(1), Sdeghipour, A. (29). Effets of limited irrigtion on physiologil nd gronomi trits of en genotypes. Journl of Crop Siene, 11(41), Sfi, L., & Zeinli, H. V. D. (211). Assessing the geneti diversity of gronomi trits in different genotypes of fennel (Foeniulum vulgre Mill.). Two Journls of Reserh of Genetis nd Plnt Breeding Psture nd 64

10 Journl of Agriulturl Siene Vol. 7, No. 9; 215 Forestry (Irn), 19(1), Soil Survey Stff. (1999). Soil txonomy: A si system of soil lssifition for mking nd interpreting soil surveys. USDA-NRCS Agri. Hnd, 436. U.S. Gov. Print. Offie, Wshington, DC. Somsegrn, P., & Hoen, H. J. (1994). Hnd ook for rhizoi: Methods in legume-rhizoium tehnology. New York: Springer-Verlg, U.S.A. Steduto, P., C. Hsio, T., Fereres, E., & Res, D. (212). Crop yield response to wter. Irrigtion nd dringe pper. FAO, Rome. Steven, W., Rithie, H., Nguyen, T., & Sott Holdy, A. (199). Lef Wter Content nd Gs-Exhnge Prmeters of Two Whet Genotypes Differing in Drought Resistne. Amerin Soiety of Agronomy, 3(1), Turios, M. A. (27). MS thesis. Cliforni Stte Polytehni University, Pomon, CA. U. S. A. Wolkowski, R. P., Kelling, K. A., & Oplinger, E. S. (1985). Evlution of three wetting gents s soil dditives for improving rop yield nd nutrient vilility. Agron. J., 77, x Zegd-Lizrzu, W., & Iijim, M. (25). Deep root wter uptke ility nd wter effiieny of perl millet in omprison to other millet speies. Plnt Prodution Siene, 8(4), Copyrights Copyright for this rtile is retined y the uthor(s), with first pulition rights grnted to the journl. This is n open-ess rtile distriuted under the terms nd onditions of the Cretive Commons Attriution liense ( 65