OSR Yield Physiology & Oilseed Yield Enhancement Network. Sarah Kendall, ADAS

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1 OSR Yield Physiology & Oilseed Yield Enhancement Network Sarah Kendall, ADAS

2 Outline Yield Physiology Oilseed Yield Enhancement Network

3 Components of yield Yield = number of seeds x seed weight

4 Components of yield Seed weight (mg) t/ha 4 t/ha 5 t/ha existing crops Seeds/m 2

5 Seed number determination Determined by photosynthesis during a o Cd period after flowering (2-3 weeks)

6 Pod & seed numbers Seeds per pod pods/m 2

7 Pod & seed numbers Seeds per pod seeds/m pods/m 2

8 Effects of canopy size on yield Optimum canopy Large canopy Canopy size (GAI) 3 5 Pods/m Seeds/pod Seeds/m 2 95,200 90,720 Thousand seed weight (g) Seed yield (t/ha) Final crop weight (t/ha) Harvest index 30 26

9 Determination of seed size

10 Seed Filling Seed size Seed number 14 Biomass (t/ha) seed pod wall stem Leaf mid-flowering Mar 14-Apr 14-May 13-Jun 13-Jul

11 Duration of seed filling Days of seed filling Mean temperature ( o C)

12 Duration of seed filling Days of seed filling Mean temperature ( o C)

13 Photosynthesis Photosynthetic rate Leaf Pod Stem

14 Dense canopies Fewer leaves Poor light penetration to leaves & lower pods Increased lodging Less seed filling

15 Survey of OSR rooting (RLD) 40 crops Av. rooting inadequate below 40 cm White et al., 2014

16 Survey of OSR rooting (RLD) 40 crops Av. rooting inadequate below 40 cm White et al., 2014

17 Oil & protein contents Protein formed early Oil formed late (increases from 15% to 45% during 2nd half of seed filling) Oil content reduced by high temperature, disease, frost Oil contains twice as much energy as starch or protein

18 Oilseed YEN

19 Aims: To identify arable innovators and Support their innovating 1. Activities: 2. Competition open, absolute & % of potential yield for field & plot 3. Analysis understand yield drivers & constraints 4. Networking idea sharing, conference Ultimately Platform for industry-science interaction & synergies Accelerate yield improvement

20 OSR Yields in UK tonnes per hectare Bridging the Technology Gap? Bio-physical potential Technology Gap = new systems to increase capture +/or conversion of Technology resources Gap = new systems to increase capture +/or conversion of resources ??

21 Understand yield formation Solar Energy Water Resources TJ / ha mm Yield = x Capture % % x Conversion tonnes / TJ t/ha/100mm

22 Understand yield formation OSR yield formation is quite well understood (Berry & Spink, 2006) Yield is sink limited must maximise number of seeds set Optimum canopy size at flowering Prolonged canopy survival to increase oil Few stem reserves translocated to seed Ultimately maximising capture & conversion of primary resources (light & water) is critical Some phases of growth more important than others

23 Estimate Potential Yields Develop a simple, but plausible, model of yield and oil content Use model to estimate potential yields Seed yield, oil content, gross output Previous ADAS papers have estimated; Potential seed yield with current technology: 6.5 t/ha Ultimate yield potential for UK of 9 t/ha Current record OSR yield: t/ha Quantify how yield potential affected by: Location; Season; Soil type Improve model as understanding increases Wheat 2015 t/ha

24 Yield Competition Quantify maximum yields possible with current technology Break world records! Identify what crop traits and husbandry treatments associated with high yields Identify yield limiting factors Calculate return on investment of high yielding crops Competitions for; Best overall gross output Best % of potential gross output

25 Yield Competition Information collected Soil description Weather data (Morecs or local station) Photos for plant establishment and early light capture Hopefully also satellite images Key developmental dates Stem extension, flowering, senescence Whole crop sample ~2 weeks pre harvest Total biomass, harvest index, nutrient uptake Seed sample off combine oil, protein, seed size Husbandry details

26 Yield Competition Calculations Potential yield for entrant s field Description of the entered crop Yield components Oil/protein Total biomass, Harvest index Nutrient uptake Most likely factors constraining yield E.g. light capture or water capture Gross margin Using standard figures

27 Yield Competition Analysis The OSR YEN dataset will have great value Which will increase each year Data base will need careful management Identify the most common factors constraining yields in the UK Enabling research to be correctly focussed Identify husbandry practices associated with high yields Identify which plant traits must be improved

28 Summary Canopy management important for maximising yield optimal pod number and maximum seed number. Oilseed YEN initiated to identify innovators and increase understanding of yield drivers. Estimate potential yields and understand yield limitations.

29 Thank you