FAO efforts on shrimp aquaculture health management including the AHPND International Technical Seminar

Transcription

1 FAO TCP/INT/3502 Reducing and managing the risk of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) of Cultured Shrimp FAO efforts on shrimp aquaculture health management including the AHPND International Technical Seminar Melba B. Reantaso Lead Technical Officer:TCP/INT/3502 & Aquaculture Officer Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations Skype: mreantaso 6/24/ June 2015, Tryp Hotel, Panama City 1

2 Outline Global aquaculture production, top 10 P. vannamei and P. monodon producers Transboundary aquatic animal diseases (TAADs) Chronology of shrimp pathogen emergence in aquaculture FAO efforts on shrimp aquaculture health management FAO response to EMS/AHPND Why are we here? 6/24/2015 2

3 Capture vs Aquaculture Capture: plateau Aquaculture: increasing steadily 2011: 62.7 million MT 2012: 66.5 million MT 2013: 70.2 million MT Aqua Aquaria India 2015

4 Crustaceans (including shrimps are important! aquatic food protein production (food and ornamental) and trade extremely important for developing nations (high value commodity) livelihood and employment (economic empowerment) high value exports can buy lower value products on the world market; thus positively contribute to food security in producing and exporting countries 6/24/2015 4

5 #1 China #7 Mexico #9 Honduras #6 India #5 Vietnam #10 Malaysia #4 Ecuador #3 Thailand #2 Indonesia #8. Brazil Top 10 P. vannamei producers (2013, FAOStat) 1. China 2. Indonesia 3. Thailand, 4. Ecuador, 5. Vietnam 6. India 7. Mexico 8. Brazil 9. Honduras 10. Malaysia 6/24/2015 5

6 #4 China #6 Myanmar #8 Thailand #1 Vietnam #3 India #5 Bangladesh #7 Philippines #2 Indonesia #9 Madagascar #10 Malaysia Top 10 P. monodon producers (2013, FAOStat) 1. Vietnam 2. Indonesia 3. India 4. China 5. Bangladesh 6. Myanmar 7. Philippines 8. Thailand 9. Madagascar 10. Malaysia 6/24/2015 6

7 Diseases (infectious) in Aquaculture Diseases that are important to trade (OIE list of diseases), governed by international standards, set of criteria to be met to be included in the list, pathogens/diseases of important traded species (e.g. finfish, crustaceans, molluscs), mandatory reporting/notification is required during an outbreak Diseases that are consistently affecting aquaculture species: hatchery, nursery and grow-out levels, e.g. bacteria, parasites, fungal, virus Emerging diseases: known and unknown

8 Diseases in aquaculture Not caused by a single event End result of a series of linked events involving the interactions between the host, the environment and the presence of a pathogen (Snieszko, 1974). Snieszko, 1974 Bondad-Reantaso et al., 2002 STRESS is an important factor!!

9 Transboundary aquatic animal diseases (TAADs) highly contagious/transmissible (infectious!) potential for very rapid spread irrespective of national borders (no passport!) cause serious socio-economic and possibly health consequences (high risk and high impact!) OIE lists more than 30 aquatic pathogens/diseases which fit established criteria for listed diseases in terms of consequence, spread and diagnosis (important to trade!) one of the negative impacts trade globalization (important pathway!) 9

10 Factors contributing to the current disease problems in aquaculture intensification of aquaculture through global distribution of shrimp translocation of broodstock, diseases post-larvae, fry and fingerlings development and expansion of the ornamental fish trade koi herpesvirus (KHV) misunderstanding and misuse of specific Taura syndrome, Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) pathogen free (SPF) stocks in hatcheries of Specific pathogen free (SPF) Peneaus vannamei

11 Factors contributing to the current disease problems in aquaculture slow awareness on emerging diseases KHV in Indonesia and EUS inadequate or poorly incursion implemented in Africa biosecurity measures unanticipated negative interactions between cultured exemplified and by Kudoa wild amamiensis fish populations enhancement of marine and coastal areas through stocking of aquatic animals reared pilchard mortalities with feeding with live in hatcheries or fresh food as pathway

12 Chronology of shrimp pathogen emergence in aquaculture 1970s 1980s BMNV Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus MBV Monodon baculovirus WSSV White spot syndrome virus HPV Hepatopancreatic parvovirus NHP Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis IHHNV Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus BP Baculo penaeid virus 1990s YHV Yellow head virus TSV Taura syndrome virus Vibriosis: Vibrio (harveyi, damsela, alginolyticus, vulnificus, penaeicida) 2000 MoV Mourilyan virus IMNV CMNV Covert Infectious Mortality Nodavirus myonecrosis virus EMS/AHPND: a strain of V. parahaemolyticus EHP Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei LSNV Laem-Singh Virus 6/24/

13 Shrimp diseases in aquaculture: scale of geographic distribution and numbers 6/24/

14 FAO efforts on shrimp aquaculture health management including the AHPND International Technical Seminar 6/24/

15 1999 (Cebu, Philippines): FAO Expert Workshop:14 shrimp-producing countries, including five Latin American countries, attended. The workshop discussed and agreed upon a number of strategies for controlling shrimp disease problems and made recommendations for future activities (Puerto Vallarta, Mexico): APEC/NACA/FAO/SEMARNAP Expert Workshop on Transboundary aquatic animal pathogen transfer and the development of harmonized standards on aquaculture health management 6/24/

16 2001: TCP/RLA/0071 (A): Assistance to health management of shrimp culture in Latin America: 14 countries: Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru and Venezuela. FAO/ASEAN/AAHRI: IMNV FAO/World Bank: WSSV in Madagascar/Mozambique TCP/SUR/3402: Suriname TCP/INS/3401: Indonesia TCP/MAL/3501: Malaysia Subcommittee on Aquaculture (SCA V, 2010 Thailand): Biosecurity agenda SCA 8: Brasilia; Side event on Biosecurity (October 2015) 6/24/

17 FAO response to EMS/AHPND CMC Emergency Mission (Jul 2012) TCP/VIE/3304 ( ) Hanoi Technical Consultation on EMS/AHPND (June 2013) Mexico Technical Consultation (July 2014) Development of two inter-regional TCPs Round-table discussion on EMS/AHPND in K Saudi Arabia (March 2015) TCP/INT/3502 EMS/AHPND ( ) TCP/INT/3501: IMNV ( ): includes an update on EMS/AHPNS: Brasil, China, Ecuador, Indonesia, Mexico, Thailand Development of technical guidance on application of SPF/SPR in aquaculture (2015) 6/24/

18 EMERGENCY TCP for VIETNAM Aquaculture is very important to Viet Nam in terms of food security & livelihood generation Red River Delta Viet Nam is the world s #1 producer of Black Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) at 316,000 tonnes and the world #3 for total shrimp, including white-legged shrimp (P. vannamei) at 410, 697 tonnes (2009) Export value of shrimp: USD 2.1Billion (2010) 82% of production in Mekong Delta; 70% comes for 3 affected provinces Unknown disease reported 3% 15% 15% Mekong River Delta 3% 82% Mekong River Delta Mekong River Delta Red River Delta Remaining area Red River Delta Remaining Area 82% Shrimp

19 Diagnostic studies: pathogens: virus, bacteria, parasites, fungi: methods: histology, PCR, Rep-PCR fresh smear, bacterial metagenomics, API 20E kit, 16S rrna sequencing Transmission and challenge studies: per os (orally administered) co-habitation (water) pathogen/pesticide challenge tests Unknown Disease EMS/AHPNS FAO TCP/VIE/3304 Epidemiology studies risk factors through cross-sectional study Environmental studies toxins in water, feed, sediment survey of pesticides in the environment 2 Technical Consultations November 2012: Project Team and National Team June 2013: Project Team and international experiences Philippines, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, USA (+ topics on vibriosis, bacteriophage)

20 CMC-AH Mission: July 2011 Emergency TCP Project Formulation Mission: September 2011 TCP/VIE/3304: April August 2013 Output 1: Causative agent confirmed Output 2: Affected farmers trained on farm biosecurity and good aquaculture practices Output 3: Emergency preparedness guidelines improved Output 4: National strategy on aquatic animal health in place Unknown Shrimp Disease EMS/AHPNS Early Mortality Syndrome Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome TCP/VIE/3304 Implementing Partners: Local Partners Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development DAH, DFish, RIAs, DOST, Can Tho University, Regional field offices International Partners FAO Auburn University (AU) Kasetsart University (KU) Mahidol University (MU) Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM) University of Arizona (UA)

21 Hanoi EMS Technical Consultation12-point EMS Actions and Risk Management measures Complacency in the shrimp aquaculture sector resulting to laxity, during a period of trouble-free shrimp production, led to vulnerability of the sector to any newly emerging pathogen that might arise unexpectedly, as is the case of EMS/AHPNS. Poor management practices, weak compliance with standard good biosecurity, and good aquaculture practices still evident. Shrimp aquaculture sector needs to improve and continue to implement responsible and science-based farming practices.

22 FIRA Seminar 26 February 2015

23 LAC: Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru FAO TCP/INT/3502: Reducing and managing the risk of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) of Cultured Shrimp Asia: India, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, Sri Lanka June 2015: (1) International technical seminar on EMS/AHPND; (2) Workshop to prepare EMS/AHPN risk management and risk reduction strategy at country levels 2 nd /3 rd quarter 2015: intersessional period for countries to conduct national level consultations 1 st or 2 nd quarter 2016: Final regional workshop (Asia) 6/24/

24 Currently known distribution of EMS/AHPND Confirmed: China, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam From scientific literature: the Philippines, Mexico Suspicion: some Asian and LAC countries 6/24/2015 International Technical Seminar/Workshop EMS/AHPND: Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses 24

25 Transmission to other cultured species? risk Transmission to wild stocks? risk risk Frozen commodity shrimp Live/fresh feed Economic impacts??? risk Live broodstock/pl 25

26 6/24/2015 Why are we here?? +/- 22 government delegates +/=20 experts +/=50-60 (?) producers: Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama Different agenda but common interest: Share knowledge/experience Learn and understand the risks Contribute to finding solutions Recognize opportunities Take actions Reach a consensus for cooperation 26

27 EMS/AHPND Technical Seminar Day 1 to Day 2 (22-23 June) Session 1: Government and inter-governmental responses to EMS/AHPND (4 presentations) Session 2: Vibrio and Vibriosis in shrimp farming (4 presentations) Session 3: Farmers experiences dealing with EMS/AHPND (4 presentations) Session 4: Scientists understanding of EMS/AHPND, other emerging shrimp pathogens, disease resistance (7 presentations Session 5: Farmers best practices in shrimp farming (2 presentations) 6/24/2015 International Technical Seminar/Workshop EMS/AHPND: Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses 27

28 EMS/AHPND Technical Seminar Day 3 (24 June) Session 6: Working Group discussions and more interactions between producers, governments and scientists/experts that are expected to generate generic and specific recommendations and action packages addressed to: (1) Competent Authorities, regional/international intergovernmental organizations; (2) farmer/producers and (3) scientists/experts. 6/24/2015 International Technical Seminar/Workshop EMS/AHPND: Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses 28

29 EMS/AHPND Technical Seminar Day 3 (24 June) Session 6: Working Group discussions and more interactions between producers, governments and scientists/experts that are expected to generate generic and specific recommendations and action packages addressed to: (1) Competent Authorities, regional/international intergovernmental organizations; (2) farmer/producers and (3) scientists/experts. 6/24/2015 International Technical Seminar/Workshop EMS/AHPND: Government, Scientist and Farmer Responses 29

30 Time to rethink! Change the mindset Aquaculture is a highly complex sector! Aquatic (fluid) environment and its trans-boundary nature Over 500 species Different habitats Different food habits Different production systems Different production practices FIRA Seminar 26 February 2015

31 hatchery nursery grow-out processing plants Breeding programs SPF/SPR stocks Hazard and critical point at farm facility RISK RISK Biosecurity governance: National, regional international Value chain risk management RISK Surveillance, emergency preparedness, contingency plans Risky areas in the value chain Supplier of inputs and products Trading practices Enabling environment Policies, legislation and enforcement AAH services Extension services Compliance: GAP CoC, trading standards

32 A few last thoughts.. TAADs will continue to threaten the sector unless appropriate and effective biosecurity measures are put in place Government and private sectors will be faced with more costs in terms of production losses and efforts to contain and eradicate them, funds which would have been better spent in preventing their entry into the system, in the first place. Eradication programmes, extremely difficult and costly, may be unlikely for shrimp diseases Focussing efforts on prevention, appropriate pre-border and border controls, good husbandry and biosecurity practices and maintaining a healthy environment are still the key to managing risks from diseases.

33 Questions and issues Private sector recognize the presence of the disease but countries not officially reporting. OIE during the last General Session (May 2015) already included AHPND in the OIE list: will this encourage transparent reporting? What is the role of inbreeding? Can shrimp be bred for tolerance and/or resistance? Can SPF/SPR stocks solve the problem? Are there lessons from WSSV? Can we stop illegal movements? Government actions on banning shrimp trade/importation/movements justified? 6/24/

34 Questions and issues Will rumours remain as they are is someone going to take action? Virulence factors? Is there a specific toxin responsible? Phage or plasmid involved? Stressors from the environment? Precise mechanism of infection? Diagnostics? Green water technology, polyculture, immunostimulants, etc. Biosecurity for a pathogen that is ubiquitous in the environment? 6/24/

35 Chronology of shrimp pathogen emergence in aquaculture 1970s 1980s 1990s ??? 6/24/

36 6/24/2015 A health threat anywhere is a health threat everywhere Muchas gracias. Thank you very much. 36