National Assessment of Cambodia's Main Crop and Fodder Resources

Transcription

1 Draft Final Report National Assessment of Cambodia's Main Crop and Fodder Resources Commissioned by the Department of Animal Production and Health and Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations' Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative in Cambodia, funded by the Government of Italy Prepared by: Mr. Aum Sitha, Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid), Phnom Penh, Cambodia February 2012

2 Contents Summary... i Livestock and Poultry Resources... ii Land Cover and Fodder Resources... ii Acknowledgments... iv Abbreviations... v 1 Introduction Study Objectives Duration Personnel Activities Data Collection Initial Meeting Crop Cutting Study Landforms: Elevation, Sloop and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) Cambodia Land Use and Land Cover Livestock Distributions Cattle Buffalo Pigs Goats and Sheep Horse Poultry Total Livestock and Poultry Biomass Crop and Fodder Resources Rice Rice Straw Corn (Maize) Further Information about Corn (Maize) Production and Products Sugarcane Further Information about Sugarcane Production and Products Cassava Further Information about Cassava Production and Products Grass Maps of Fodder and Crop Production Rice Corn Sugarcane Cassava Grass Discussion and Conclusions Provincial Comparison of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Production Livestock and Poultry Resources Land Form, Land Cover and Fodder Resources Recommendations i

3 10 Bibliography Annex I: Crop Cut Survey Forms Tables Table 1 : Summary of Collected Samples of Each Crop by Province and District Table 2 : Livestock Density (head/km 2 ) by Province in Cambodia, Table 3 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Cattle, Buffalo and Pigs (head/km 2 ) in Cambodia, Table 4 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Poultry, Sheep Goat, and Total Biomass Density in Cambodia, Table 5 : Rice Production and Production Density in Cambodia by Season, 2010/ Table 6 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Wet Season Rice Production Density, 2010/ Table 7 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Dry Season Rice Production Density, 2010/ Table 8 : Rice Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/ Table 9 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Rice Production Density and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/ Table 10 : Corn (Maize) Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/ Table 11 : Top Twenty Four Districts with Highest Corn (Maize) Production Density, 2010/ Table 12 : Corn (Maize) Production Density and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/ Table 13: Top Twenty Four Districts with Highest Corn (Maize) Production Density, 2010/ Table 14 : Sugarcane Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/ Table 15 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Sugarcane Production Density, 2010/ Table 16 : Sugarcane Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/ Table 17 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Sugarcane Production Density and Animal Feed Resources, 2010/ Table 18 : Cassava Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/ Table 19 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Cassava Production Density, 2010/ Table 20 : Cassava Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/ Table 21 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Cassava Production Density and Animal Feed Resources, 2010/ Table 22 : Natural Grass Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/ Table 23 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Natural Grass Production Density, 2010/ Table 24 : Natural Grass Production and Production Density by Province, 2010/ Table 25 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Natural Grass Production Density, 2010/ Table 26 : Summary of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Production Densities by Province Table 27 : Mean Cattle Density and Stocking Rates in Selected Province Figures Figure 1 : GPS Locations Crop Cutting Sites... 4 Figure 2 : FCC, LandSat TM 28.5m 03/07/ Figure 3 : Digital Elevation Models (DEM), SRTM... 5 Figure 4 : Elevation, SRTM... 6 Figure 5 : Slope (%)... 6 Figure 6 : Present Land Use and Land Cover Map (simplified)... 7 Figure 7 : Cattle Density by District, Year Figure 8 : Buffalo Density by District, Year Figure 9 : Pig Density by District, Year Figure 10 : Goats and Sheep Density by District, Year Figure 11: Horse Density by District, Year Figure 12 : Poultry Density by District, Year Figure 13 : Total Livestock and Poultry Biomass Distribution by District, Year Figure 14 : Rice straw Production Density by Province, 2010/ Figure 15 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Rice straw Production Density, 2010/ Figure 16 : Corn (Maize) Residue Production Density by Province in Cambodia, 2010/ Figure 17 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Corn (Maize) Production s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/ Figure 18 : Density of Sugarcane Production s Residue by Province in Cambodia, 2010/ Figure 19 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Sugarcane Production s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/ Figure 20 : Density of Cassava Produce s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/ Figure 21 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Cassava Produce s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/ Figure 22 : Grass and Shrub Land in Cambodia, 2010/ ii

4 Figure 23 : Production Density of Natural Grassland by Province in Cambodia, 2010/ Figure 24 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Production Density of Natural Grasses in Cambodia, 2010/ Figure 25 : Wet Season Rice Production Density Figure 26 : Dry Season Rice Production Density Figure 27 : Corn Production Density Figure 28 : Sugarcane Production Density Figure 29 : Cassava Production Density Figure 30 : Natural Grass Production Density Figure 31 : Summary of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Production Densities by Province Figure 32 : Scatter Plot of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Resources, by Province iii

5 Summary At the inception of the Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative (EAHMI) in Cambodia it was recommended that "more detailed disaggregated information is needed on the distribution and abundance of fodder and animal feeds resources, and the temporal and spatial patterns of domestic animal resources"(sar and Bourn, 2010). The Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid) was, therefore, commissioned to conduct a Field study on an assessment of Cambodia Crops and Fodder Resources by Letter of Agreement (LOA/RAP/2010/75) with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations signed on 6 December The objectives of the study focused on: preparing a concise review of available technical literature relating to land cover, fodder availability and livestock distribution in Cambodia; mapping livestock fodder resources by integrating satellite images; using GIS applications to assess the relative abundance of fodder resource by district and province; and estimating and mapping potential national fodder yields, by district and province. The project was implemented by the Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid) in collaboration with the Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH), and Provincial Animal Production and Health Offices from January to May Due to various delays, it was not possible to complete data collection, processing and analysis according to the originally envisaged schedule, so the project was extended by mutual consent until February 2012 at no additional cost. The study consisted of two main components: 1. Secondary data collection, including: literature review to prepare a concise review of available technical literature relating to land cover, fodder availability and livestock distribution in Cambodia as: a) map the overall distributions of various types of cattle, buffalo, pig, horse, goat, sheep and poultry; b) compile crops production by provinces and districts by collecting agricultural data from provincial departments of agriculture for all 193 districts and 24 provinces in Cambodia; c) downloading two satellite images of LandSat mosaiced (28.5m resolution) and SRTM DEM from Global Land Cover Facility; d) acquiring the JICA LU 2002 land use dataset and its updated version from Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MoLMUPC) for estimating crops and grasses area by district and province. 2. Crop cutting surveys were conducted at the same time as the secondary data collection to obtain meaningful crop and grass yield estimates per hectare for fodder and crop resources by districts and provinces. A total of 24 samples of dry season rice, 24 samples of cassava, 24 samples of corn, 24 samples of sugarcane and 24 sample of grasses were collected from 4 selected provinces: Prey Veng, Kratie, Pursat and Kampot. Data collection was conducted by staff of provincial AHP offices, under the supervision of the AHP provincial chief and guidance by CelAgrid staff. Landforms relate to the natural features of the earth's surface, or landscape, such as valleys, plateaus, mountains, hills and plains. Cambodia s landforms are shown on various satellite derived maps of elevation, slope, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM). Knowing the elevation, slope and terrain of an area are important factors to consider in livestock production for instance, whether or not the land is low lying and prone to flooding, or whether the terrain is mountainous and well drained, and prone to dry season water and fodder shortages. i

6 Livestock and Poultry Resources Cattle are by far the most abundant species of livestock in Cambodia, with an estimated total of 3,484,591 head in Takeo Province in the south of the country had the highest density at cattle per square kilometre, followed by: Kep (84.6 head/km 2 ); Prey Veng (67.3head/km 2 ); Kampong Speu (58.9head/km 2 ); Svay Rieng (55.5 head/km 2 ); Kampot (45.0 head/km 2 ); Kadal (41.9 head/km 2 ); with lowest densities in Mondulkiri (1.0 head/km 2 ) and Koh Kong (0.6 head/km 2 ). Buffalo are far less numerous than cattle, with an estimated total population of 702,645 head in Svay Rieng had the highest density 41.7 head/km 2, followed by: 21.2 head/km 2 in Prey Veng; 8.5 head/km 2 in Pursat; and 8.1 head/km 2 in Kampong Chhnang. Pigs are the second most numerous livestock species, with 2,055,171 head in The highest density of 78.9 head/km 2 was found in Prey Veng Province, followed by: 56.5 head/km 2 in Takeo; and 53.9 head/km 2 in Svay Rieng. At district level, the highest density was found Svay Antor head/km 2, followed by: head/km 2 in Me Sang; head/km 2 in Krong Daun Keo; and head/km 2 in Tram Kak, Takeo Province. Very few small ruminants are found in Cambodia, with an estimated total of 14,837 goats and sheep in The highest density was 3.7 head/km 2 around Phnom Penh, followed by: 1.0 head/km 2 in Kep; 0.6 head/km 2 in Kandal; 0.6 head/km 2 in Kandal; and 0.43 head/km 2 in Prey Veng. The highest density by district was 17.7 head/km 2 in Ruessei Kaev, followed by: 3.7 head/km 2 in Peam Ro; 3.5 head/km 2 in Krong Kampong Cham: and 3.3 head/km 2 in Muk Kampul. Horses are less numerous than goats and sheep, with an estimated total population of 13,219 head in Kampong Cham had the highest density 0.61 head/km 2, followed by: 0.43 head/km 2 in Kandal; 0.38 head/km 2 in Takeo; and 0.30 head/km 2 in Prey Veng. Poultry far outnumber livestock in Cambodia, with a total estimated number of 20,830,191 birds. The highest density of birds/km 2 was found in Prey Veng, followed by birds/km 2 in Takeo, birds/km 2 in Kep, and birds/km 2 in Svay Rieng. The highest density by district was 2,195.1 birds/km 2 in Krong Kampong Chhnang, followed by 2,145.9 birds/km 2 in Angkor Chum, 1,767.5 birds/km 2 in Krong Chbar Mon, and 1,296.5 birds/km 2 in Pea Reang. Total livestock and poultry biomass amounted to 3,757,553 TLUs 1, with the highest density of 98.2 TLUs/km 2 in Takeo, followed by 92.2 TLUs/km 2 in Prey Veng, and 88.4 TLUs/km 2 in Svay Rieng. The highest biomass density at district level was TLUs/km 2 in Tram Kak, followed by: TLUs/km 2 in Me Sang; TLUs/km 2 in Svay Antor; and TLUs/km 2 in Krong Daun Keo. Land Cover and Fodder Resources Land cover in Cambodia in 2010 was: 56.9% forest land; 23% agricultural land; 13.4% grass and shrub lands; 3.1% flood forest; 2.8% water bodies; 1.2% settlement and infrastructures; 0.4% mangrove forest; 0.20% rock and soils; and 0.03% shrimp farming and salt pond. The estimated total cultivated area of 2,777,323ha in 2010/11, included 2,372,519ha of wet season rice (equal to 85.4%) and 404,804ha of dry season rice (equal to 14.6%). Field sampling showed that more than half (54.4%) of the rice straw produced was removed by famers, with the 1 TLU: Tropical Livestock Unit; (TLU)=250kg animal biomass ii

7 remaining 45.6% left in the field. Nationally, this is equivalent to 15,472,364 tons of fresh rice straw being removed and 12,951,916 staying in field. At provincial level, the highest density of total both seasons rice straw in year 2010/11 was tons/km 2 in Takeo, followed by: tons/km 2 in Prey Veng; tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng; tons/km 2 in Banteay Mean Chey; and the lowest density was 2.2 tons/km 2 in Koh Kong Province. The total estimated quantity of corn (maize) produced in 2010/11 was 780,774 tons, including 655,091 tons of red corn (83.9%) and 125,684 tons of white corn (16.1%). At provincial level, the highest mean production density was tons/km 2 in Pailin, followed by 34.2 tons/km 2 in Battambang, with the lowest mean production density of 0.03 tons/km 2 in Kandal and Svay Rieng province. The total estimated quantity of sugarcane produced in Cambodia in 2010/11 was 368,549 tons. The highest production density 2 was 14.8 tons/km 2 in Kandal, followed by 10.7 tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng and 10.5 tons/km 2 in Kampong Speu, with the lowest production density of 0.08 tons/km 2 in Koh Kong. Total fresh sugarcane residue was 300,982 tons and dry residue was 134,520 tons (equal to 44.7% of fresh residue). It shows that after drying % of DM was 44.69%. The total estimated quantity of cassava produced in 2010/11 was 4,248,942 tons, including 3,980,963 tons of wet season cassava (93.7%) and 267,979 tons of dry season cassava (6.3%). Total cassava residue was 7,088,879 tons, with a dry weight of 1,848,361 tons (DM=26.1%). Fresh cassava residues are 1.67 times heavier (167%) than cassava tubers produced. The highest production density of fresh natural grass by province was ton/km 2 in Kampong Chhnang followed by: tons/km 2 in Kampong Thom; tons/km 2 in Banteay Mean Cheay; ton/km 2 in Kampong Speu; tons/km 2 in Phreah Sihaknouk; tons/km 2 in Battambang; and tons/km 2 in Kandal; with the lowest production density of 9.5 tons/km 2 in Pailin Province. The highest production density by district was 405 ton/km 2 in Rukh Kiri, followed by: tons/km 2 in Borei Cholsar; tons/km 2 in Leuk Daek; tons/km 2 in Thpong; tons/km 2 in Krakor; tons/km 2 in Samakki Mean Chey; with the lowest production density of 1.90 tons/km 2 in Samrong District in Takeo Province. 2 The term "production density" is used in this study to refer to total estimated production of a crop within a province or district (area cultivated x average yield) divided by the total area of that province or district in square kilometres. iii

8 Acknowledgments We wish to thank the following individuals for their assistance in this study: Advisory Group: Dr. Sar Chetra, Deputy Director of Department of Animal Production and Health and (DAPH) and Cambodia Focal Point of EAHMI. Dr. David Burn, EAHMI Sub regional Project Coordinator Dr. Carolyn Benigno, FAO Animal Health Officer in Bangkok Dr. Kieu Borin, Director of CelAgrid. Supervisory Group: Mr. Chum Chandara, Chief of Prey Veng s Animal Production and Health, helped as supervisor of data collection team. Mr. Seang Soklim, Chief of Kratie s Animal Production and Health, helped as supervisor of data collection team. Mr. Men Hong, Vice chief of Animal Production and Health Office in Pursat helped as supervisor of data collection team. Mr. Tuy Vichet, Vice chief of Kampot s Animal Production and Health Data Collection Group Mr. Hem Rattana, Mr. Prum Sopha and Mr. Khon Sopha, Prey Veng AHP officers who helped in field data collection. Mr. Sim Dimang, Kratie AHP officers who helped in field data collection. Mr. Ki Thy Kampot, Mr. Prum Sothy and Mr. Kong Oudom, Kampot AHP officers who helped in field data collection. Mr. Sak Monor, Mr. Toar Savon, and Mr. Mr. Choun Horn, Pursat AHP officers who helps in field data collection. Information Sharing Group: Ms. Meas Sotheavy, Chief of Agriculture Statistics Office, Department of Planning and Statistics, MAFF. Mr. La Veha, GIS National Advisor of Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction. Mr. Mam Somony, Chief of Animal Production Office, Department of Animal Production and Health. Mr. O Pich, Deputy Director of Statistics Department of General Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement; and All provincial Offices of the Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement. iv

9 Abbreviations APH CelAgrid DAPH EAHMI FAO ha HH K.Chhang K.Speu K.Thom Km 2 MAFF Max MCSF Min MLMUPC PDA SEAHMI Std. VAHW Animal Production and Health Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development Department of Animal Production and Health Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Hectare Household Kampong Chhang province Kampong Speu province Kampong Thome province Square Kilometer Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Maximum Mean Clinical Sign Frequency index Minimum Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction. Provincial Department of Agriculture. Sub regional Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative Standard Deviation Village Animal Health Worker v

10 1 Introduction The great majority (around 90%) of livestock in Cambodia are owned and managed by smallholder farmers (Stur and Horne, 1999 and 2001). Livestock are raised for various purposes, including: draft power for ploughing, carting and riding; sale and income generation; and milking, although the later is not widely practiced. Manure is also widely used as an organic fertiliser, and increasingly for the generation of biogas in bio digesters as an energy source for cooking and lighting ( Ruminant livestock, including buffalo, cattle, sheep and goats, depend on crop and fodder resources for their survival, maintenance and reproduction. Nevertheless, surprisingly little is known about crop and fodder resource distribution in Cambodia. A recent review of animal production in Cambodia concluded that "more detailed disaggregated information is needed on the distribution and abundance of livestock and poultry resources, and the temporal and spatial patterns of disease risk" (Sar and Bourn, 2009). Reliable, up to date information about the distribution and abundance of fodder resources, upon which ruminant species depend, is equally important. The Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid) was, therefore, commissioned to conduct a national assessment of crop and fodder resources in Cambodia by Letter of Agreement (LOA/RAP/2010/75) with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), signed on 6 December 2010 on behalf of the Cambodian component of the Sub regional environmental animal health management initiative (EAHMI) for enhanced smallholder production in South East Asia (GCP/RAS/244/ITA). The environmental animal health management initiative (EAHMI) is an institutional strengthening and capacity building project, implemented by FAO in collaboration with the Governments of Cambodia, Lao PDR and the Philippines, with funding from the Italian Government ( 1.1 Study Objectives The overall strategic objective of the study was to establish a national, spatial database on fodder resources and provide meaningful estimates of fodder resources by district and province across Cambodia, for further research, both as a strategic input to the Environmental and Animal Health Management Initiative, and as an objective basis for priority setting and targeting further investigations; using satellite imagery, Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology and ground truthing at representative sites across the country. The specific objectives were to: i) Prepare a concise review of available technical literature relating to land cover, fodder availability and livestock distribution in Cambodia; ii) Map livestock fodder resources by integrating: Temporal LandSat ETM+ derived from rainy and dry season inventories for two periods (dry and rainy season 2003 and 2004); Most recent MODIS Terra data; Most recent national land use map; iii) Utilize GIS applications to assess the relative abundance of fodder resource by district and province; and iv) Estimate and map potential national fodder yields, by district and province. 1

11 1.2 Duration The study was originally scheduled to be completed in six months and report by the end of May 2011, but, because of various delays in completing field studies, data entry and analysis, a no cost extension was requested and granted for completion by the end of January Personnel The study was conducted by Mr. Aum Sitha, remote sensing and GIS specialist, with advise from various experts including: Dr. Sar Chetra, Deputy Director and former Chief of Animal Production Office, Department of Animal Production and Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; and National Focal Point Officer for EAHMI in Cambodia; Dr. David Mackenzie Bourn, Project Coordinator, for the Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative for Enhanced Smallholder Production in South East Asia (EAHMI) Dr. Carolyn Benigno, Animal Health Officer, FAO's Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific in Bangkok; Dr. Khieu Borin, Director of Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid). Field work was carried out in close collaboration with Animal Production and Health field staff in Pursat, Kampot, Prey Veng and Kratie Provinces, as identified in the acknowledgements. 2 Activities 2.1 Data Collection Satellite Data Images of LANDSAT 7 ETM+ (30m) of dry season (07 March 2003) and rainy season (08 Sep 2004) were downloaded from website. Terra MODIS (250m) both seasons in Other Data Land Use (most recent data) SRTM DEM imagery (1km resolution) Soil fertility data Ecological zone Human, poultry population density Livestock and poultry population density Land cover and water resources, Crops statistics by districts and provinces Administrative boundaries, major towns, rail and road networks. Ground Truth Data Collected Crop cover, fodder resources (dry & wet seasons), and other land covers; Handheld GPS geo location of ground truth sites; Observation of fodder resources characteristics in selected sites; Collect and measure yield sample of fodder resources by crop cut survey in selected sites. 2

12 Random Selection of Sample Fields Interview sample household to determine the number of harvesting dry season s crops and location of each crop type to facilitate the field survey. Data collector selected the sample field at random, using simple random selection, for example, if there are "n" fields to be harvested during the survey period, "n" pieces of paper are individually numbered 1 to "n" and placed into a container from which one is extracted at random to indicate the field to be sampled. In case the data collector cannot enter the field because it is the wrong time for harvesting, the data collector should ask the exact period for harvesting and make an appointment for a follow up visit. In case, there is no field remains for harvesting, data collector should randomly select the reserved sample immediately. Random Selection of Survey Points From the lower left hand corner, walk along the edge of the farm field for 30 steps and turn right into the farm field and walk in for another 30 steps. The place reached is the randomly selected survey point. No. Table 1 : Summary of Collected Samples of Each Crop by Province and District. Province Selected District Number of samples by crop Dry season Det season Cassava Corn Sugarcane Total (Actual) Rice Rice Act. Plan Act. Plan Act. Plan Act. Plan Act. Plan Act. Plan 1 Prey Veng Peam Chor Completed Peam Ror Completed Kamchay Mear Completed 2 Kratie Chetr Borei Completed Prek Prasab Completed Chhloung Completed 3 Pursat Krakor Completed Bakan Completed Phnom Kravanh Completed 4 Kampot Dang Tung Completed Teuk Chou Completed Kampong Trach Completed Total Grass Total on actual (Plan)Comment collected 2.2 Initial Meeting An initial meeting was held in January 2011 to familiarise data collector and supervisors with the objectives, data collection method and questionnaire of the study, discuss how these could be achieved, review methodology and plan activities. 2.3 Crop Cutting Study This survey is designed to assess crop and fodder resources as rice (rice s straw), cassava, corn, sugarcane, and natural grass per hectare for estimating and preparing spatial data on crops and fodder resources by district and province in Cambodia. 3

13 The Field Crop Cutting Survey started from February 2011 and continued until the end of November Crop cut surveys were conducted depending on crop type, season and cultivation period as follows: Dry season rice, from February to March; Corn, Cassava and Sugarcane, from February to May; Natural Grass, from October to September; Wed season rice, from October to November. After identifying the target crop and selecting the sample household, crop cutting activities were conducted to collect data for estimation of crop and fodder production per hectare. Figure 1 : GPS Locations Crop Cutting Sites 3 Landforms: Elevation, Sloop and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) Landforms are natural physical features of the Earth's surface and local landscapes, such as mountains, valleys, plateaus, and plains. Cambodia s landforms are shown on various satellitederived maps of elevation, slope, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM). Although perhaps not immediately obvious, knowing the elevation, slope and terrain of an area are important factors to consider in livestock production for instance, whether or not: the land is low lying and prone to flooding; or the terrain is mountainous and well drained, and prone to dry season water and fodder shortages; or crop and fodder yields and overall production are sufficient to feed the number of animals being kept. 4

14 Figure 2 : FCC, LandSat TM 28.5m 03/07/2003 Figure 3 : Digital Elevation Models (DEM), SRTM 5

15 Figure 4 : Elevation, SRTM Figure 5 : Slope (%) 6

16 4 Cambodia Land Use and Land Cover Figure 6 : Present Land Use and Land Cover Map (simplified) Source: Simplified Dataset LULC of MLMUPC, 2011, La Veha, National GIS advisor of MLMUPC Land cover in Cambodia in 2010 (Figure 6) was: 56.9% forest land; 23% agricultural land; 13.4% grass and shrub lands; 3.1% flood forest; 2.8% water bodies; 1.2% settlement and infrastructures; 0.4% mangrove forest; 0.20% rock and soils; and 0.03% shrimp farming and salt pond. 5 Livestock Distributions The following sections and GIS derived maps are based on district and provincial figures compiled by DAPH's Animal Production Office from provincial returns (Error! Reference source not found.). 5.1 Cattle Cattle are by far the most abundant species of livestock in Cambodia, with an estimated total of 3,484,591 head in Takeo Province in the south of the country had the highest density at cattle per square kilometre, followed by: Kep (84.6 head/km 2 ); Prey Veng (67.3head/km 2 ); Kampong Speu (58.9head/km 2 ); Svay Rieng (55.5 head/km 2 ); Kampot (45.0 head/km 2 ); Kadal (41.9 head/km 2 ); with lowest densities in Mondulkiri (1.0 head/km 2 ) and Koh Kong (0.6 head/km 2 ). 7

17 Figure 7 : Cattle Density by District, Year 2010 At district level, Tram Kak had the highest density of cattle equal to head/km 2, followed by Basedth (152.3 head/km 2 ), Kong Pisei (144.2 head/km 2 ), Samraong (135.7head/km 2 ), Angkor Chey (131.0 head/km 2 ), Prey Chhor(126.5head/km 2 ); with lowest densities in Mondol Seima (0.2 head/km 2 ) and Thma Bang (0.1 head/km 2 ). 8

18 Table 2 : Livestock Density (head/km 2 ) by Province in Cambodia, 2010 Cattle Buffalo Pig Sheep &Goat Poultry Total Biomass Code Province Name Number Density Number Density Number Density Number Density Number Density Number Density 01 Banteay Meanchey 98, , , , , , Battambang 182, , , ,219, , Kampong Cham 379, , , , ,714, , Kampong Chhnang 211, , , ,500, , Kampong Speu 410, , ,571, , Kampong Thom 242, , , , , Kampot 212, , , , ,280, , Kandal 149, , , , , , Koh Kong 6, , , , , Kratie 104, , , , , Mondulkiri 13, , , , , Phnom Penh 12, , , , , Preah Vihear 82, , , , , Prey Veng 320, , , , ,082, , Pursat 110, , , , , Ratanakiri 29, , , , , Siem Reap 267, , , ,237, , Phreah Sihanouk 10, , , , , Steung Treng 26, , , , , Svay Rieng 159, , , ,194, , Takeo 370, , , ,144, , Udor Meanchey 58, , , , , Kep 15, , , , Pailin 7, , , , Total 3,484, , ,055, , ,830, ,757,

19 Table 3 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Cattle, Buffalo and Pigs (head/km 2 ) in Cambodia, 2010 Cattle Buffalo Pig No. Dist. Dist. Dist. District Name Number Density District Name Number Density Code Code Code District Name Number Density Tram Kak 115, Kampong Rou 23, Svay Antor 93, Basedth 77, Rumduol 13, Me Sang 64, Kong Pisei 54, Baribour 20, Krong Doun Kaev 13, Samraong 40, Svay Antor 21, Tram Kak 62, Angkor Chey 41, Svay Teab 15, Ruessei Kaev 5, Prey Chhor 57, Krong Bavet 9, Bati 34, Prey Kabbas 33, Chantrea 12, Peam Ro 17, Bati 46, Romeas Haek 29, Ba Phnum 26, Treang 50, Kanhchriech 10, Samraong 21, Odongk 62, Me Sang 13, Kampong Trabaek 35, Krong Daun Keo 11, Kamchay Mear 13, Svay Chrum 36, Svay Chrum 55, Kandieng 15, Odongk 36, Me Sang 41, Kampong Leav 5, Romeas Haek 52, Ba Phnum 35, Svay Chrum 13, Rumduol 18, Preah Sdach 49, Krong Svay Rieng 2, Preah Sdach 33, Samraong Tong 70, Krakor 31, Kampong Trach 22, Krong Chbar Mon 6, Ou Reang Ov 7, Dang Tong 19, Kampong Trabaek 44, Krong Pursat 7, Kampong Leav 11, Kaoh Soutin 16, Pea Reang 10, KrongSerei Saophoan 23, Dang Tong 27, Sithor Kandal 5, Damnak Chang'aeur 6, Angk Snuol 26, Bakan 27, Rovieng 118, Kampong Tralach 40, Ponhea Kraek 11, Treang 22, Kampong Siem 37, Kampong Trabaek 7, Kamchay Mear 23, Damnak Chang'aeur 10, Krong Stueng Saen 4, Prey Kabbas 12,

20 Table 4 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Poultry, Sheep Goat, and Total Biomass Density in Cambodia, 2010 Sheep &Goat Poultry Total Biomass No. Dist. Dist. Dist. District Name Number Density District Name Number Density Code Code Code District Name Number Density Russeikeo 1, Krong Kg. Chhnang 101,504 2, Tram Kak 102, Peam Ro Angkor Chum 1,041,235 2, Me Sang 60, Krong Kampong Cham Krong Chbar Mon 132,160 1, Svay Antor 66, Muk Kampul Pea Reang 734,668 1, Krong Doun Kaev 12, Krong Serei Sophorn Prey Kabbas 290,666 1, Samraong 37, Krong Poi Pet Ba Phnum 350,803 1, Bati 45, Chol Kiri Ruessei Kaev 62,754 1, Basedth 61, Ba Phnum Krong Battambang 112,632 1, Svay Chrum 62, Krong Keb Krong Doun Kaev 89, Kong Pisei 44, Dangkor Odongk 489, Odongk 59, Ponhea Leu Cheung Prey 341, Prey Kabbas 30, Krong Ta Kmau Svay Antor 423, Ba Phnum 39, Krong Steung Treng Samraong 254, Treang 45, Krong Chbar Mon Kampong Tralach 376, Angkor Chey 35, Dang Tong Kong Pisei 311, Rumduol 30, Angkor Chey Kanhchriech 239, Preah Sdach 50, Krong Battambang Dang Tong 234, Kampong Trabaek 50, Damnak Chang Oeur Treang 300, Prey Chhor 46, Kampong Leav Angkor Chey 216, Krong Chbar Mon 6, Kien Svay Me Sang 268, Romeas Haek 69, Preah Sdach Banteay Meas 262, Dang Tong 27, Krong Daun Keov Bati 239, Kanhchriech 27, Krong Kh. Phumin Rumduol 169, Kampong Tralach 39, Krong Kampot Kampong Trabaek 301, Damnak Chang'aeur 10,

21 5.2 uffalo Buffalo are far less numerous than cattle, with an estimated total population of 702,645 head in Svay Rieng had the highest density 41.7 head/km 2, followed by: 21.2 head/km 2 in Prey Veng; 8.5 head/km 2 in Pursat; and 8.1 head/km 2 in Kampong Chhnang. Figure 8 : Buffalo Density by District, Year 2010 At district level, Kampong Ro with 60.3 head/km 2 had the highest density of buffalo in Cambodia, followed by: 47.6 head/km 2 in Rumduol; 46.0 head/km 2 in Baribo; 45.8 head/km 2 in Svay Antor; 45.4 head/km 2 in Svay Teab; 45.4 head/km 2 in Krong Bavet; 44.5 head/km 2 in Chantrea; 39.0 head/km 2 in Romeas Haek; 32.7 head/km 2 in Kanhchriech; 32.5 head/km 2 in Me Sang; 28.8 head/km 2 in Kamchay Mear; and 27.6 head/km 2 in Kandieng. 12

22 5.3 Pigs Pigs are the second most numerous livestock species, with 2,055,171 head in The highest density of 78.9 head/km 2 was found in Prey Veng Province, followed by: 56.5 head/km 2 in Takeo; and 53.9 head/km 2 in Svay Rieng. Figure 9 : Pig Density by District, Year 2010 At district level, the highest density was found Svay Antor head/km 2, followed by: head/km 2 in Me Sang; head/km 2 in Krong Daun Keo; and head/km 2 in Tram Kak, Takeo Province.; 96.1 head/km 2 in Ruessei Kaev, 92.8 head/km 2 in Bati, 88.4 head/km 2 in Peam Ro, 77.1 head/km 2 in Ba Phnum, 73.1 head/km 2 in Samraong, 72.4 head/km 2 in Kampong Trabaek, 70.3 head/km 2 in Svay Chrum, 69.9 head/km 2 in Udong. 13

23 5.4 Goats and Sheep Very few small ruminants are found in Cambodia, with an estimated total of 14,837 goats and sheep in The highest density was 3.7 head/km2 around Phnom Penh, followed by: 1.0 head/km2 in Kep; 0.6 head/km2 in Kandal; 0.6 head/km2 in Kandal; and 0.43 head/km2 in Prey Veng. Figure 10 : Goats and Sheep Density by District, Year 2010 The highest density by district was 17.7 head/km 2 in Russei Keo, followed by: 3.7 head/km 2 in Peam Ro; 3.5 head/km 2 in Krong Kampong Cham: and 3.3 head/km 2 in Muk Kampul. 14

24 5.5 Horse Horses are less numerous than goats and sheep, with an estimated total population of 13,219 head in Kampong Cham had the highest density 0.61 head/km 2, followed by: 0.43 head/km 2 in Kandal; 0.38 head/km 2 in Takeo; and 0.30 head/km 2 in Prey Veng. Figure 11: Horse Density by District, Year 2010 At district level, the highest density of horse was 7.7 head/km 2 in Koh Sotin followed by 2.27 head/km 2 in Khsach Kandal, 1.66 head/km 2 in Kang Meas, 1.6 head/km 2 in Sithor Kandal, 1.45 head/km 2 in Srei Santhor, 1.39 head/km 2 in Soung, 1.29 head/km 2 in Krouch Chhmar, 1.1 head/km 2 in Ou Reang Ov, 1.02 head/km 2 in Kong Pisei, 1.0 head/km 2 in Lovea Aem, head/ km 2 in Koh Andet. 15

25 5.6 Poultry Poultry far outnumber livestock in Cambodia, with a total estimated number of 20,830,191 birds. The highest density of birds/km 2 was found in Prey Veng, followed by birds/km 2 in Takeo, birds/km 2 in Kep, and birds/km 2 in Svay Rieng. Figure 12 : Poultry Density by District, Year 2010 The highest density by district was 2,195.1 birds/km 2 in Krong Kampong Chhnang, followed by: 2,145.9 birds/km 2 in Angkor Chum; 1,767.5 birds/km 2 in Krong Chbar Mon; 1,296.5 birds/km 2 in Pea Reang; 1,093.3 head/km 2 in Prey Kabbas; 1,007.6 head/km 2 in Ba Phnum; 1,006.9 head/km 2 in Russei Keo; 1,002.7 head/km 2 in Krong Battambang; head/km 2 in Krong Daun Keo, and head/km 2 in Odong. 16

26 5.7 Total Livestock and Poultry Biomass Total livestock and poultry biomass amounted to 3,757,553 TLUs 3, with the highest density of 98.2 TLUs/km 2 in Takeo, followed by 92.2 TLUs/km 2 in Prey Veng, and 88.4 TLUs/km 2 in Svay Rieng. The highest biomass density at district level was TLUs/km 2 in Tram Kak, followed by: TLUs/km 2 in Me Sang; TLUs/km 2 in Svay Antor; and TLUs/km 2 in Krong Daun Keo. Figure 13 : Total Livestock and Poultry Biomass Distribution by District, Year 2010 At district level, the highest density of total livestock and poultry biomass was TLUs/km 2 in Tram Kak followed by149.4 TLUs/km 2 in Me Sang, TLUs/km 2 in Svay Antor, TLUs/km 2 in Krong Daun Keo, TLUs/km 2 in Samraong, TLUs/km 2 in Bati, TLUs/km 2 in Basedth, TLUs/km 2 in Svay Chrum, TLUs/km 2 in Kong Pisei, TLUs/km 2 in Odong. 3 TLU: Tropical Livestock Unit; (TLU)=250kg animal biomass 17

27 6 Crop and Fodder Resources 6.1 Rice There are many varieties of rice. Swamp rice" is usually planted out in stagnant water, but mountain rice and "upland rice require less irrigation. Rice re growth after harvesting can be used as pasture. Rice may also be grown thickly until semi solid kernels are formed and then cut and cured into hay. The hay is suited for long storage and transportation and is fairly palatable. In this study, only rice and its straw harvested from the field in dry and wet season were measured. Milled rice, rice bran, rice hull (husks, chaff), rice polishing, or rice pollards were not measured. In Cambodia, rice is cultivated in both wet and dry seasons. The estimated total cultivated area of 2,777,323ha in 2010/11, included 2,372,519ha of wet season rice (equal to 85.4%) and 404,804ha of dry season rice (equal to 14.6%). An estimated total of 8,249,449 tons of rice grain were produced in 2010/11 (Table 5) 6,548,706 tons (79.4%) in the wet and 1,700,742 tons (20.6%) in the dry season At provincial level, the highest total production density 4 of both wet and dry season production in 2010/11 was tons/km 2 in Takeo, followed by tons/km 2 in Prey Veng, tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng, tons/km 2 in Kandal, tons/km 2 in Banteay Meanchey, 85.7 tons/km 2 in Kampot, 81.1 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham, 73.0 tons/4 in Kampong Chhnang, 67. tons/km 2 in BattamBang, 51.3 tons/km 2 in Kep etc., with the lowest total production density of 2.2 tons/km2 in Koh Kong Province. At district level, the highest total production density of both wet and dry season production rice in 2010/11 was tons/km 2 in Krong Prey Veng followed by tons/km 2 in Daunkeo, tons/km 2 in Chit Borey, tons/km 2 in Borey Cholsa, tons/km 2 in Trang, tons/km 2 in Somrong, tons/km 2 in Kampong Trabek, tons/km 2 in Preykabas, tons/km 2 in Koh Ondet, tons/km 2 in Angkor Borey etc., with the lowest total production density of 0.3 tons/km 2 in Mondol Seyma. 4 The term "production density" is used in this study to refer to total estimated production of a crop within a province or district (area cultivated x average yield) divided by the total area of that province or district in square kilometres. 18

28 Table 5 : Rice Production and Production Density in Cambodia by Season, 2010/11 Code Provincial Name WS Rice Area (ha) DS Rice Area (ha) WS Rice Production (Tons) DS Rice Production (Tons) Total Rice Production (Tons) WS Rice Prod. Den. (Tons/km 2 ) DS Rice Prod. Den. (Tons/km 2 ) 01 Banteay Meanchey 222,095 2, ,860 9, , Battambang 269,202 10, ,458 43, , Kampong Cham 165,606 52, , , , Kampong Chhnang 104,574 24, , , , Kampong Speu 110, ,478 1, , Kampong Thom 182,591 30, , , , Kampot 128,230 4, ,885 13, , Kandal 43,901 61, , , , Koh Kong 9,057 23,679 23, Kratie 30,093 14,165 85,075 45, , Mondul Kiri 17,382 37,132 37, Phnom Penh 4, ,218 1,348 13, Preah Vihear 44, , , Prey Veng 272,754 80, , ,487 1,098, Pursat 104,116 8, ,278 26, , Ratanakiri 26,343 65,858 65, Siem Reap 178,975 16, ,102 63, , Phreah Sihanouk 14,042 37,211 37, Steung Treng 25,773 62,628 62, Svay Rieng 167,178 16, ,571 64, , Takeo 183,804 80, , , , Udor Meanchey 57, , , Kep 3, , , Pailin 5,741 1,122 19,520 4,376 23, Grand Total 2,372, ,804 6,548,706 1,700,742 8,249, Note: (WS: Wet Season; DS: Dry Season) Table 6 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Wet Season Rice Production Density, 2010/11 KHET CODE District Code District Name WS Rice Area (ha) WS Rice Production (Tons) Rice Production Density (Tons/km 2 ) Svay Rieng 23, , Kampong Trabek 42, , Treang 29, , Tram Kak 39, , Samrong 20, , Banteay Meas 29, , Kampong Trach 23, , Prey Kabbas 16, , Kanhchriech 23, , Rumduol 22, ,

29 Table 7 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Dry Season Rice Production Density, 2010/11 KHET CODE District Code District Name DS Rice Area (ha) DS Rice Production (Tons) Rice Prod. Den. (Tons/km 2 ) Prey Veng 5, , Borei Cholsar 15, , Daun Keo 5, , Angkor Borei 15, , Peam Ro 8, , Peam Chor 17, , Kampong Leav 7, , Koh Andaet 11, , Koh Thum 15, , Muk Kampul 6, , Rice Straw Dry rice stalks minus the flowers or grains are called rice straw. It has a fair palatability, but is in most cases insufficient for maintenance. Excess feeding of rice straw will produce harmful effects because it contains oxalic acid, which will bind with calcium in the diet. This effect can be reduced by soaking the straw in water, or neutralizing it with a weak solution of calcium carbonate, or calcium hydroxide. Field sampling showed that more than half (54.4%) of the rice straw produced was removed by famers, with the remaining 45.6% left in the field. Nationally, this is equivalent to 15,472,364 tons of fresh rice straw being removed and 12,951,916 staying in field. The dry matter content of rice straw is 80.8%. At provincial level, the highest density of total wet and dry season rice straw production in 2010/11 was tons/km 2 in Takeo, followed by: tons/km 2 in Prey Veng; tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng; tons/km 2 in Banteay Meanchey; tons/km 2 in Kandal; tons/km 2 in Kampot; tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham; tons/km 2 in Kampong Chhnang; tons/km 2 in Battambang; and tons/km 2 in Kep, with the lowest density of 2.2 tons/km 2 in Koh Kong Province. At district level, the highest density of total wet and dry season rice straw production in 2010/11 was 1,105.6 tons/km 2 in Krong Prey Veng, followed by: 1,000.1 tons/km 2 in Chit Borey; tons/km 2 in Daun Keo; tons/km 2 in Trang; tons/km 2 in Kompong Tropek; tons/km 2 in Somrong; tons/km 2 in Borey Cholsa; tons/km 2 in Preykabas; tons/km 2 in Sithor Kandal; and tons/km 2 in Koh Ondeth; with the lowest density of 0.84 tons/km 2 in Mondol Seyma. 20

30 Table 8 : Rice Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 Pro. Code Province Cultivated Area (ha) Rice Yield (T/ha) Rice Product (tons) Rice Straw (Tons) Dry Rice Straw (Tons) Remain Rice Straw (Tons) Dry Remain Rice Straw (Tons) Total Straw (Tons) Total Dry Straw (Tons) Rice Product Density / km 2 01 Banteay Meanchey 224, ,686 1,224, ,138 1,024, ,008 2,248,943 1,817, Battambang 279, ,604 1,543,488 1,247,139 1,292,054 1,043,980 2,835,542 2,291, Kampong Cham 217, ,398 1,422,387 1,149,289 1,190, ,070 2,613,067 2,111, Kampong Chhnang 129, , , , , ,593 1,316,199 1,063, Kampong Speu 111, , , , , ,312 1,073, , Kampong Thom 213, ,636 1,009, , , ,126 1,855,432 1,499, Kampot 132, , , , , ,116 1,428,979 1,154, Kandal 105, , , , , ,647 1,218, , koh Kong 9, ,679 46,168 37,304 38,647 31,227 84,815 68, Kratie 44, , , , , , , , Mondulkiri 17, ,132 72,397 58,497 60,604 48, , , Phnom Penh 4, ,566 25,964 20,979 21,735 17,562 47,699 38, Preah Vihear 44, , , , , , , , Prey Veng 353, ,098,348 2,014,319 1,627,570 1,686,187 1,362,439 3,700,506 2,990, Pursat 112, , , , , ,715 1,099, , Ratanakiri 26, , , , ,487 86, , , Siem Reap 195, , , , , ,980 1,822,441 1,472, Phrah Sihanouk 14, ,211 72,552 58,622 60,733 49, , , Steung Treng 25, , ,107 98, ,216 82, , , Svay Rieng 183, , , , , ,161 1,638,239 1,323, Takeo 264, ,545 1,752,951 1,416,385 1,467,395 1,185,656 3,220,347 2,602, Udor Meanchey 58, , , , , , , , Kep 3, ,608 18,697 15,107 15,652 12,646 34,349 27, Pailin 6, ,896 45,016 36,373 37,683 30,448 82,700 66, Grand Total 2,777, ,249,449 15,472,364 12,501,670 12,951,916 10,465,148 28,424,279 22,966,

31 Table 9 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Rice Production Density and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 No. Pro. Code Province Cultivated Area (ha) Rice Yield (T/ha) Rice Product (Tons) Rice Straw (Tons) Dry Rice Straw (Tons) Remain Rice Straw (Tons) Dry Remain Rice Straw (Tons) Total Straw (Tons) Total Dry Straw (Tons) Rice Product Density / km Krong Prey Veng 7, ,979 51,002 41,210 42,694 34,497 93,697 75, Donkeo 8, ,513 59,041 47,705 49,423 39, ,464 87, Chit Borey 11, ,249 59,750 48,278 50,017 40, ,767 88, Borey Cholsa] 20, , , , ,195 97, , , Trang 37, , , , , , , , Somrong 27, , , , , , , , Kampong Trobek 52, , , , , , , , Preykabas 22, , , , , , , , koh Ondet 27, , , , , , , , Angkor Borey 21, , , , , , , , sithor kandal 29, , , , , , , , Preah Sdach 43, , , , , , , , Svay otor 41, , , , , , , , Ba Theay 45, , , , , , , , Kamong leav 13, ,749 81,617 65,947 68,322 55, , , Kirivong 38, , , , , , , , Peam Chor 26, , , , , , , , Peam Ror 11, ,252 73,645 59,505 61,649 49, , , Banteay Meas 30, , , , , , , , Tram kok 39, , , , , , , , Kampong Ro 32, , , , , , , , Kampong Trach 24, , , , ,436 96, , , Romdoul 23, , ,099 90,576 93,838 75, , , Tmor kol 60, , , , , , , ,

32 Figure 14 : Rice-straw Production Density by Province, 2010/11 Density of Rice Straw by Province, 2010/ 11 Tons/km Dry straw remianed on field Dry straw taken by farmer Total Dry Straw 23

33 Figure 15 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Rice-straw Production Density, 2010/11 Top 24 districts of high density on ricestraw in Cambodia, 2010/ /11 Tons/km2 1, , Dry straw remianed on field Dry straw taken by farmer Total Dry Straw 24

34 6.2 Corn (Maize) Two types of corn are grown in Cambodia: white and red corn. The total estimated quantity of corn (maize) produced in 2010/11 was 780,774 tons (Table 10), including 655,091 tons of red corn (83.9%) and 125,684 tons of white corn (16.1%). At provincial level, the highest production density 5 of total corn in 2010/11 was tons/km 2 in Pailin followed by: 34.2 tons/km 2 in Battambang; 20.2 tons/km 2 in Kandal; 7.8 tons/km 2 in Prey Veng; 5.5 tons/km 2 in Phnom Penh; 4.9 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham; 3.0 tons/km 2 in Banteay Meanchey; 2.9 tons/km 2 in Preah Vihear; 1.9 tons/km 2 in Kampong Speu; and 0.8 tons/km 2 in Kampong Chhnang; with lowest production density of 0.03 tons/km 2 in Kandal and Svay Rieng Provinces. Pro Code Table 10 : Corn (Maize) Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11 Provincial Name Corn Area (ha) Corn Production (Tons) Corn Production Density (Tons/km 2 ) 01 BanteayMeanchey 8, , Battambang 106, , KampongCham 13, , KampongChhnang 2, , KampongSpeu 6, , KampongThom 1, , Kampot 1, , Kandal 18, , KohKong Kratie 2, , MondulKiri , PhnomPenh , PreahVihear 12, , PreyVeng 7, , Pursat , RatanaKiri SiemReap 1, , PhreahSihanouk SteungTreng SvayRieng Takeo , UdorMeanchey , Kep Pailin 27, , GrandTotal 213, , The term "production density" is used in this study to refer to total estimated production of a crop within a province or district (area cultivated x average yield) divided by the total area of that province or district in square kilometres. 25

35 Table 11 : Top Twenty Four Districts with Highest Corn (Maize) Production Density, 2010/11 No. District District Corn Area Corn Product Corn Production Code Name (ha) (Tons) Density (Tons/km 2 ) Rukha Kiri 16,800 75, Somlot 60, , Pailin 17,347 73, Kampong Cham 500 2, Peam Chor 6,947 36, Sala Krao 10,000 42, Leuk Dek 6,370 24, Koh thom 7,297 27, Borvel 11,830 41, Preh Vihear 2,650 8, Saang 2,848 11, Ta Kmeo Krong Battambong 1,010 1, Serey Sophorn 2,333 5, Koh sotin 548 2, Kroch chma 2,119 7, Khan Russei Keo Banon 3,320 9, Eak Phnom 3,395 12, Chit Borey 517 1, Srey Santor 900 3, SongKe 6,100 12, Kampong Siem 1,017 3, Kong Meas 730 3, At district level, the highest density of total corn in 2010/11 was tons/km 2 in Rukh Kiri followed by: tons/km 2 in Samlot; tons/km 2 in Pailin; 92.5 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham, 85.2 tons/km 2 in Peam Chor; 79.7 tons/km 2 in Sala Krau; 65.8 tons/km 2 in Leuk Daek; 57.5 tons/km 2 in Koh Thum, 42.1 tons/km 2 in Bavel; and 30.0 tons/km 2 in Preah Vihear; with lowest density 0.01 tons/km 2 in Koh Kong. The estimated total fresh corn residue (leave, stem, bushes and cob) in 2010/11 was 4,028,404 tons while corn product (grain) in the same year was only 780,774 tons. The dry matter (DM) content of fresh residue was 23.6%. The average of total fresh corn residue (leave, stem, bushes and cob) was 516.0% of total corn product (corn grain), but after drying was 121.5%. At provincial level, the highest production density of total fresh corn residue in year 2010/11 was tons/km 2 in Pailin, followed by: tons/km 2 in Battambang; tons/km 2 in Kandal; 40.4 tons/km 2 in Prey Veng; 28.5 tons/km 2 in Phnom Penh; 25.1 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham; 15.6 tons/km 2 in Banteay Meanchey; 14.8 tons/km 2 in Preah Vihear; 9.9 tons/km 2 in Kampong Speu; 4.2 tons/km 2 in Kampong Chhnang; 4.0 tons/km 2 in Kampot; 3.9 tons/km 2 in Kep; and 2.0 tons/km 2 in Takeo; with lowest production density of 0.03 tons/km 2 in Kandal and Svay Rieng Provinces. At district level, the highest production density of total fresh corn residue in year 2010/11was tons/km 2 in Rukha Kiri, followed by: tons/km 2 in Somlot; tons/km 2 in Pia Lin; tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham; tons/km 2 in Peam Chor; tons/km 2 in Sala Krao, 26

36 339.6 tons/km 2 in Leuk Dek; tons/km 2 in Koh thom; tons/km 2 in Borvel; tons/km 2 in Preah Vihear; tons/km 2 in Saang; tons/km 2 in Ta Kmeo; tons/km 2 in Krong Battambang; 70.4 tons/km 2 in Serey Sophorn; 66.4 tons/km 2 in Koh sotin 66.4 tons/km 2 in Kroch chma; and 64.2 tons/km 2 in Khan Russei Keo; with lowest production density of 0.03 tons/km 2 in Koh Kong Further Information about Corn (Maize) Production and Products Corn (Maize) is a coarse, quick growing, annual cereal grass up to 2.5m high, with long, broad strap shaped leaves, native to South America, but now widely cultivated all over the world. It can be cultivated in all climates where the summers are long and warm enough to permit the grains to ripen. There are many varieties of maize. Flint maize, or round maize, and dent maize or horsetooth maize are the two most commonly used for animal feeding. More recent varieties are hybrid maize and high lysine (opaque 2) maize. All types of maize grain should be ground before feeding. Even for poultry it is necessary to crush the grains before feeding. Maize meal cannot be stored for long, because it is likely to become rancid. Dried grains have a better keeping quality. A cheaper way to store maize is to ensile the fresh grains in a trench silo. The moisture content of the grain should be 30% and it should be crushed before ensiling. When maize is dry milled to provided maize flour, the bran and the germ are first separated. Maize grain. Maize is palatable and suited for all classes of livestock. It is rich in energy and low in fiber and minerals. The level of protein is low in maize and the biological value of the protein is low. To fully utilize the high productive value of maize these deficiencies have to be counterbalanced by proper supplementation. Its inclusion in diets should be restricted only in feed for pigs. The fat in maize is highly unsaturated and may produce a soft fat if maize is included at high levels. The color pigment in yellow maize, cryptozanthin, can also affect the color of the fat of the pig. This pigment is of value in poultry diets where it gives a desirable color to meat and egg yolks. The pigment is partly transformed to vitamin A in the animal. Maize with protein of higher biological value was developed in the middle 1960 s. Maize contains several different types of protein with different biological value. In ordinary maize about half of the protein is in the form of zein, a protein almost devoid of lysine. In the new, high lysine strains called opaque 2 maize, the ratio between the protein fractions is change so that zein constitute less than 30percent of the protein. The net result of this changed ratio is maize with a higher content of lysine and tryptophan. Maize of this type can therefore supply a larger part of the protein requirement in diets for pig and poultry than can ordinary maize. If carcass quality is a minor consideration and exceptional performance is not required, Opaque maize can be used as the only source of protein for pigs, except during early growth when soya bean oil meal should be added to bring the protein level up to about 12%. Although there is a slightly lower feed conversation rate, the growth rate is equal to that obtained with the ordinary 16% protein maizesoybean formula. Another variety of maize with increased content of lysine is the floury 2 variety, which is similar to Opaque 2, both in chemical composition and in that it has soft grains. There are several methods of increasing the digestibility and palatability of maize by processing, roasting, dry rolling, and flaking etc. Flaking is the most commonly used method. The grains are steam cooked and then passed between rollers while still hot and soft. Flaked maize has about 25% more repaid passage through the alimentary tract and about 5% higher digestibility. Flaked maize is also more palatable than cracked maize. Flaked maize should not be store a long time before feeding. 27

37 Hominy feed. This by product from dry milling consists of the bran coating and the maize germ and is palatable to all classes of farm animals. It approaches maize grain in feeding value but contain more fat as the germ is include and may produce soft carcasses when fed in large rations for pigs. The optimum level in pig rations is 20 to 25%. In diets for cattle and poultry it is practically equal to maize grain. Hominy feed is often erroneously called maize bran, which name should be reserved for the bran coatings without germ. Maize and cob meal (ground ear maize) This is the entire maize ear, including the cobs which from about 20% of the weight. If the entire maize ear including the husks is ground, the product is called ground snapped maize. Maize and cob meal is valuable for fully growth ruminants and there is practically not different in performance in feedlot animals receiving maize and cob meal and animal feeding on shelled maize. For houses, maize on cob meal is usually preferred to shelled maize as it is less likely to form a doughy mass in the stomach. Its higher content of fiber restricts the use of maize and cob meal diets for poultry. Pigs can tolerate 25 to 50% in the diet depending on the age. the meal should be well dried as otherwise it is likely to get mould in a hot climate. Maize cobs. This is low quality roughage comparable with poor hay. It is not palatable and unless dried, it gets mould within a few days in a hot climate. Preferably it should not replace more than haft of the roughage portion except for feedlot cattle. Maize gluten feed. This by product from the wet milling of maize is suitable for all farm animals. It is most widely used for dairy cow, but should not be fed alone as it is not very palatable. The unbalance amino acid composition restricts its use in poultry and pig rations. Maize gluten feed contains the coloring pigment of the grain and is therefore of value in poultry ration. The maximum recommended level of maize gluten feed is: for growing chickens 10% and for layers 16%, for growing pigs 10% and fattening pig 16%. Maize gluten meal. The amino acid composition of this by product is unbalanced but maize gluten meal gives good results in pigs and poultry when mixed with soybean meal or meat meal. It is not very palatable and is mostly used for cattle. Maize germ oil meal (cake or maize oil meal). This product is valuable feed for all farm animals except pigs. Meal with a high content of fat is likely to cause soft back fat if fed in large quantities. It should not be used as the only source of protein of poultry. Maximum recommended amounts for cattle are 2 kg per day and 0.5 kg per day for pigs. 28

38 Figure 16 : Corn (Maize) Residue Production Density by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km2 Density of Corn Residue by Province in Cambodia, 2010/ Density of Fresh Residue Density of Dry Residue 29

39 Figure 17 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Corn (Maize) Production s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km2 Top 24 districts of high density on total corn Production's Residue in Cambodia, 2010/ / Density of Fresh Residue Density of Dry Residue 30

40 Cod e Province Table 12 : Corn (Maize) Production Density and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 Area (ha) Red Corn Yield Product (ton) Area (ha) Yield Product (ton) Leave, stem, bushes Fresh Cob Total Corn Fresh Residue Dry Residue Residue Yield Dry Residue Yield Product Dens (ton/km2) 01 Banteay Meanchey 7, ,543 8, ,573 74,291 21,535 95,826 22, BattamBang 105, , , ,046 1,624, ,810 2,094, , Kampong Cham 7, ,991 13, , ,754 53, ,310 56, Kampong Chhnang 2, ,350 17,400 5,044 22,444 5, Kampong Speu 6, ,306 53,224 15,428 68,652 16, Kampong Thom 1, ,297 13,190 3,823 17,013 4, Kampot 1, ,601 14,403 4,175 18,578 4, Kandal 16, ,465 18, , ,066 83, ,569 87, koh Kong , , Kratie 1, ,072 2, ,938 15,752 4,566 20,318 4, Mondulkiri ,880 11,520 3,339 14,859 3, Phnom Penh ,075 8,300 2,406 10,706 2, Preah Vihear 3, ,122 12, , ,446 46, ,955 48, Prey Veng 2, ,800 7, , ,240 43, ,501 45, Pursat , ,000 12,000 3,479 15,479 3, Ratanakiri , , Siem Reap 1, ,808 15,232 4,415 19,647 4, Phreah Sehanouk , Stueng Treng , , Svay Rieng Takeo ,316 5,264 1,526 6,789 1, Udor Meanchey ,324 5,295 1,535 6,830 1, Kep Pailin 27, ,349 27, , , , , , Grand Total 172, , , ,774 3,123, ,308 4,028, ,

41 No. Code District Table 13: Top Twenty Four Districts with Highest Corn (Maize) Production Density, 2010/11 Area (ha) Red Corn Yield Product (ton) Area (ha) Yield Product (ton) Leave, stem, bushes Fresh Corb Total Corn Fresh Residue Dry Residue Residue Yield Dry Residue Yield Product Dens (ton/km2) Rukha Kiri ,150 16, , ,400 87, ,058 91, Somlot 17, ,026 60, , , ,247 1,247, , Pailin 17, ,149 17, , ,817 84, ,698 88, Kampong Cham ,150 8,600 2,493 11,093 2, Peam Chor 2, ,752 6, , ,938 42, ,242 44, Sala Krao 10, ,200 10, , ,800 48, ,731 51, Leuk Dek 5, ,424 6, ,739 98,955 28, ,639 30, Koh thom 7, ,414 7, , ,673 32, ,754 33, Borvel ,550 11, , ,960 48, ,068 50, Preah Vihear 1, ,204 2, ,533 34,132 9,894 44,026 10, Saang 2, ,260 2, ,041 44,163 12,802 56,965 13, Ta Kmau , , Krong Battambang 1, ,836 7,344 2,129 9,473 2, Serei Sophorn 2, ,280 21,119 6,122 27,241 6, Koh sotin ,356 9,426 2,732 12,158 2, Kroch chhma 3, ,275 2, ,366 29,465 8,541 38,007 8, Khan Russei Keo , , Banon 1, ,204 3, ,976 39,904 11,567 51,471 12, Eak Phnom 3, ,215 48,860 14,163 63,023 14, Chit Borey ,011 4,042 1,172 5,214 1, Srey Santor ,870 15,480 4,487 19,967 4, SongKe 6, ,200 48,800 14,146 62,946 14, Kampong Siem ,259 1, ,860 15,441 4,476 19,917 4, Kong Meas ,139 12,556 3,640 16,196 3,

42 6.3 Sugarcane Total sugarcane production in Cambodia in 2010/11 was 368,549 tons (Table 14). At provincial level, the highest production density 6 of sugarcane in 2010/11 was 14.8 tons/km 2 in Kandal, followed by: 10.7 tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng; 10.5 tons/km 2 in Kampong Speu; 6.3 tons/km 2 in Takeo; 5.1 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham; 3.7 tons/km 2 in Kampot; 3.1 tons/km 2 in Kep; 2.4 tons/km 2 in Preah Vihear; 2.3 tons/km 2 in Prey Veng; 1.6 tons/km 2 tons/km 2 in Siem Reap; 1.2 tons/km 2 in Battambang, 1.0 tons/km 2 in Kampong Chhnang; and 1.0 tons/km 2 in Pursat, with the lowest density of 0.08 tons/km 2 in Koh Kong. Table 14 : Sugarcane Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11 Code Provincial Name Sugar Area (ha) Sugar Product (Tons) Sugar Production Density (Tons/km 2 ) 01 Banteay Meanchey , Battambang , Kampong Cham 2, , Kampong Chhnang , Kampong Speu 5, , Kampong Thom , Kampot , Kandal 1, , Koh Kong Kratie , Mondul Kiri , Phnom Penh 13 Preah Vihear 1, , Prey Veng , Pursat , Ratanakiri , Siem Reap , Phreah Sihanouk Steung Treng , Svay Rieng , Takeo , Udor Meanchey , Kep Pailin Grand Total 17, , At district level, the highest production density of sugarcane in 2010/11 was tons/km 2 in Suong, followed by: 90.2 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham; 50.9 tons/km 2 Preah Vihear; 50.7 tons/km 2 in Chantrea; 49.5 tons/km 2 in S'ang; 27.4 tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng; 25.9 tons/km 2 in Muk Kampul; 22.8 tons/km 2 in Khsach Kandal; 21.8 tons/km 2 in Phnom Sruoch; The term "production density" is used in this study to refer to total estimated production of a crop within a province or district (area cultivated x average yield) divided by the total area of that province or district in square kilometres. 33

43 tons/km 2 in Lvea Aem; with the lowest production density of 0.01 tons/km 2 in Samroung Tong. Table 15 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Sugarcane Production Density, 2010/11 KHET CODE District Code District Name Sugar Area (ha) Sugarcane Product (Tons) Sugarcane Production Density (Tons/km 2 ) Suong , Kampong Cham , Preah Vihear , Chantrea , S'ang , Svay Rieng , Muk Kampul , Khsach Kandal , Phnom Sruoch 2, , Lovea Aem , The estimated total fresh residue from sugarcane in 2010/11 was 300,982 tons (Table 16) equivalent to 81.7% of total sugarcane production. Fresh residue has 44.7% dry matter content. At provincial level, the highest production density of fresh residue 2010/11 was tons/km 2 in Kandal, followed by: 8.8 tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng; 8.6 tons/km 2 in Kampong Speu; 5.2 tons/km 2 in Takeo; 4.2 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham; 3.0 tons/km 2 in Kampot; 2.5 tons/km 2 in Kep; 3.0 tons/km 2 in Preah Vihear; and 1.9 tons/km 2 in Prey Veng; with the lowest production density of 0.07 tons/km 2 in Koh Kong. At district level, the highest production density of sugarcane residue in 2010/11 was 90.2 tons/km 2 in Suong, followed by: 73.7 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham, tons/km 2 Preah Vihear, 41.4 tons/km 2 in Chantrea; 40.4 tons/km 2 in S'ang; 22.4 tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng; 21.1 tons/km 2 in Muk Kampul; 18.6 tons/km 2 in Khsach Kandal; 17.8 tons/km 2 in Phnum Sruoch; and 13.3 tons/km 2 in Lovea Aem; with the lowest production density of 0.01 tons/km 2 in Samrorng Tong. 34

44 Figure 18 : Density of Sugarcane Production s Residue by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km2 Density of Suguarcane Residue by Province in Cambodia, 2010/ Fresh Residue Dry Residue 35

45 Figure 19 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Sugarcane Production s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km Top 24 districtss of high density on Sugarcane Residue in Cambodia, 2010/ Fresh Residue Dry Residue 36

46 Cod e Province Table 16 : Sugarcane Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 Area (ha) Yield Product (ton) Tops stalk Leaves Total S.cane Bagasse Dry bagasse Dry leaves Dry tops stalks Fresh Residue Dry Residue Product. Density (ton/km2) 01 Banteay Meanchey ,671 2, , ,815 1, BattamBang ,138 7,069 2,356 23,563 2,121 1,909 1,131 2,121 11,546 5, Kampong Cham 2, ,441 24,221 8,074 80,735 7,266 6,540 3,875 7,266 39,560 17, Kampong Chhnang ,384 2, , ,397 1, Kampong Speu 5, ,005 36,503 12, ,675 10,951 9,856 5,840 10,951 59,621 26, Kampong Thom , , , Kampot ,119 8,559 2,853 28,531 2,568 2,311 1,369 2,568 13,980 6, Kandal 1, ,537 26,269 8,756 87,562 7,881 7,093 4,203 7,881 42,905 19, koh Kong , Kratie ,327 4,164 1,388 13,878 1,249 1, ,249 6,800 3, Mondulkiri ,148 1, , ,571 1, Phnom Penh 13 Preah Vihear 1, ,920 16,960 5,653 56,533 5,088 4,579 2,714 5,088 27,701 12, Prey Veng ,980 5,490 1,830 18,300 1,647 1, ,647 8,967 4, Pursat ,737 5,869 1,956 19,562 1,761 1, ,761 9,585 4, Ratanakiri ,635 1, , , Siem Reap ,776 8,388 2,796 27,961 2,516 2,265 1,342 2,516 13,701 6, Phreah Sihanouk , Steung Treng ,313 2, , ,339 1, Svay Rieng ,772 15,386 5,129 51,287 4,616 4,154 2,462 4,616 25,130 11, Takeo ,110 11,055 3,685 36,850 3,317 2,985 1,769 3,317 18,057 8, Udor Meanchey ,618 1, , ,955 1, Kep Pialin Grand Total 17, , ,275 61, ,249 55,282 49,754 29,484 55, , ,

47 Table 17 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Sugarcane Production Density and Animal Feed Resources, 2010/11 Dry Product Area Product Tops Total Dry Dray Fresh Dry No. Drist. District Yield Leaves Bagasse tops Dens (ha) (ton) stalk S.cane bagasse leaves Residue Residue Code stalks (ton/km2) Krong Soung ,662 5,831 1,944 19,436 1,749 1, ,749 9,524 4, Kampong Cham ,095 1, , , Preah Vihear ,500 7,250 2,417 24,167 2,175 1,958 1,160 2,175 11,842 5, Chantrea ,051 7,026 2,342 23,419 2,108 1,897 1,124 2,108 11,475 5, Saang ,704 12,852 4,284 42,840 3,856 3,470 2,056 3,856 20,992 9, Svay Teap ,810 1, , ,295 1, Mok Kampol ,441 3,221 1,074 10, ,260 2, Ksach Kandal ,237 4,119 1,373 13,728 1,236 1, ,236 6,727 3, Phnom Srouch 2, ,882 17,941 5,980 59,803 5,382 4,844 2,871 5,382 29,304 13, Lovea Em ,199 2, , ,429 1, Kong Meas ,300 3,150 1,050 10, ,145 2, Oral 2, ,030 18,515 6,172 61,717 5,555 4,999 2,962 5,555 30,241 13, Peam Chor ,560 3,280 1,093 10, ,357 2, Chamka lor ,465 4,232 1,411 14,108 1,270 1, ,270 6,913 3, Trang ,460 2, , ,459 1, Romdoul ,513 1, , ,869 1, Krong Svayrieng ,215 2, , ,443 1, Kampong Siem ,065 2, , ,136 1, Kirivong ,585 3,293 1,098 10, ,378 2, Koh thom ,068 2, , ,139 1, Dong Tong ,190 1, , ,606 1, Krong Kampot Sot Nikom ,248 3,624 1,208 12,080 1, ,087 5,919 2, Somrorng ,755 1, , ,250 1,

48 Further Information about Sugarcane Production and Products Sugar cane is a tall perennial grass, up to 3m high. The canes can be 5 to 6 cm in diameter and the leaves 0.5 to 1 m long. After about 18 months after planting or previous harvest the sugar cane became tough and turns pale yellow. At this point the harvest commences. Usually the cane field is burnt before harvest in order to defoliate the cane and facilitate the harvest operation. However, in countries with a dry climate, the cane is not burnt as the leaves left in the field improve moisture retention of the soil. At the factory the chopped cane is pressed and the sugar is extracted with water. The almost sugar free residue is called bagasse or megasse. The extracted juice is clarified by liming, heating, settling and filtration. The residue on the filters is called filter press mud. The clarified juice is then evaporated to syrup and crystallized by boiling in vacuum pans. The mixtures of crystals and liquid is centrifuged and the crystals are retained on the perforated wall of the centrifuge, while the liquid, called A molasses, is transferred back to vacuum pan, boiled and centrifuged, This step is repeated with the subsequent B molasses. The final molasses or C molasses, from which no more sugar can be crystallized, is called blackstrap molasses. The final product, raw sugar, or muscovado, is boiled and clarified to form crystallized with sugar. During this process refinery molasses is produced as a by product. Sugar cane can be used in a variety of ways animal feeding: it can be grown for forage, the can juice can be use in the form of invert molasses, The leaves can be used for fodder, and the bagasse or the fine portion of the bagasse can be used as a roughage or as a carrier for molasses. Sugar cane tops is an important feed in my sugar cane growing countries, The sugar itself is used livestock feeds when the price is low, and of course, all types of molasses, A, B, final and refinery molasses, are used in livestock feeding or as a substrate for the production of fodder yeast. On average, Sugar cane yields about 10% sugar, but this varies with the variety, the time of the year, the weather condition, whether or not the field has been burnt and with the time interval between harvest and processing. In view of these factors only approximate figures of the amounts of the different by products from sugar cane can be given: Whole sugar cane plant 30% top 60% cane 10% leaves 3% molasses 15% bagasse 10%sugar+70% water 30% fines 2% filter mud 70% coarse Whole sugar cane: Because of its high sugar content and high yield, sugar cane is, in many parts of the world, unequalled in production of energy per hectare. It is therefore not surprising that sugar cane has also been used as a forage plant. Sugar cane can be fed fresh to cattle in whole stalks as an emergency feed but because of the hard and fibrous rind it is 39

49 a better if the cane is chopped in a silage cutter. Sugar cane contains very little available protein and must therefore be supplemented with a protein concentrate. A ration of 2 parts if sugarcane, 2 part of corncob, and 1 part of cotton seed meal gave, in one trial, a daily gain of 0.6 kg for fattening bulls. it is possible to ensile the cane by covering heaps of sugar cane with earth, but much of the sugar is lost in the process. If the climate is cold the sugar cane can be shocked I the field and later chopped for feeding. Sugar cane is sensitive to trampling but young cane can be strip grazed if the cattle are not allowed to graze the same area more than a few days. A new approach to the utilization of sugar cane as a forage has been made where fresh sugar cane is processed in a cane peeler whereby the rind is removed from the succulent pulp, and all parts of the cane be utilized as illustrate below: Cane Epidermis Pulp rind Crude bagasse juice Long fiber Short fiber The rind can be made into board or wrapping paper, the long fiber can be used for paper, and the short fiber used to as an absorbent for nitroglycerine. The pulp is of high digestibility and contains over 90% of the sugar in the cane. The juice is easily extracted and can be used in the normal way if require for the manufacture of sugar. The pulp is an excellent high energy feed. It does not contain the hard indigestible fiber of the rind and can be used for monogastric animals as well as for ruminants. It is an excellent base for feeding urea to ruminants. As % of dry matter (DM) Whole sugar cane. Trinidad Stalks only. Trinidad Stalks only, chopped, ensile. Puerto Rico Sugar cane tops: The tops are cut off the plant during harvesting and widely used for feeding drought animals or cattle owned by workers of the sugar estates or by the sugar companies. As a fodder, fresh sugar cane tops can provide nutrients to meet the maintenance requirement of cattle but for production it is necessary to add a protein concentrate. Sugar cane tops can be ensiled in order to better utilize the large quantities produced during the harvest season. Chopped sugar cane tops are easy to ensile and provide palatable silage. The low nitrogen content of sugar cane tops may be increase d by adding urea or a ureamolasses mixture during the ensiling process. Leaves from the cane plant can be included in the silage, but this will lower the digestibility. 40

50 As % of dry matter (DM) Cane, tops, fresh, mature. Trinidad Cane, tops, fresh, post ripe. India Cane tops, stalks only. Trinidad Cane tops, leaves only. Trinidad Dry leaves ( strip cane ). Hawaii Bagasse: An average of 60% of the bagasse product can be used as a fuel in sugar mills. There are two kinds of bagasse fiber: (i) fine, string and flexible fiber that is suitable for manufacture into high grade pulp and paper, and (ii) short fiber or pithy material that yields little or no ohemical pulp in paper making and will give undesirable property to made from bagasses if not removed. Both types contain about 20% lignin. The easiest method to separate the two fractions is to dry the bagasse and then pass it through a hammer mill which loosens the pith clinging to the bagasse fibers. The material is then passed over a classifying screen or passed under suction fans which will remove the pith. The finer portion is referred to as pith, bagacillo, pulp, or bagasse fines. Most studies on bagasse as a feedstuff have shown that in young ruminants it takes more energy to digest then is obtain from the bagasse by animals. The dry matter digestibility is usually only about 25% but there is a marked variability between individuals in the digestion of bagasse. Bagasse pith is usually attributed 20 to 25% TDN. Where there is a shortage of forage, Bagasse, however may be of value. in many such areas ration emplying high proportions of concentrate feed are used for beef cattle, while such ration cannot be used, for dairy cows as the ration for a cows should contain not less than 14% fiber on a dry matter basis. For this purpose coarsely ground bagasse has been used at levels between 10 to 20% of the ration to maintain the digestive system in good working order. Bagasse pith has been used in proportion of up to 27.5% in the ration for beef cattle before production decrease markedly. Mixing the baggasse with blackstrap molasses will improve the poor palatability of the former. Palatability can be increased up to 55% by adding molasses at which levels the maximum palatability is reached. Palatability can also be improved by addition of citrus meal. Older animals (over 2 years) can utilize bagasse better than younger animals and it is thus a more suitable feed for older animals. Dry matter digestibility for old animals is often about 50%. Bagasse is comparable in quality to hay for older animals and has been used in fattening ration for old bullocks with good results. Sugarcane residue is combined by tops, stalk and bagasse. 41

51 6.4 Cassava The total estimated production of cassava in Cambodia was 4,248,942 tons in 2010/11; 3,980,963 tons (93.7%) in the wet season and 267,978 tons (6.3%) in the dry season. At provincial level, the highest production density 7 of cassava 2010/11 was tons/km 2 in Pailin, followed by: 139 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham; tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng, 67.4 tons/km 2 in Battambang; 66.3 tons/km 2 in Banteay Meanchey; 19.2 tons/km 2 in Kratie, 13.4 tons/km 2 in Kampong Thom; 9.2 tons/km 2 in Steung Treng; 8.54 tons/km 2 in Ratanakiri; and 8.1 tons/km 2 in Kep, with the lowest production density of 0.03 tons/km 2 in Phnom Penh. Province Code Table 18 : Cassava Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11 Provincial Name Cassava Area (ha) 42 Cassava Product (Tons) Cassava Production Density (Tons/km 2 ) 01 Banteay Meanchey 21, , Battambang 33, , Kampong Cham 60, ,318, Kampong Chhnang , Kampong Speu 2, , Kampong Thom 13, , Kampot , Kandal Koh Kong , Kratie 19, , Mondul Kiri 5, , Phnom Penh Preah Vihear 5, , Prey Veng 1, , Pursat , Ratanakiri 4, , Siem Reap 2, , Phreah Sihanouk , Steung Treng 6, , Svay Rieng 20, , Takeo , Udor Meanchey , Kep , Pailin 10, , Grand Total 212, ,248, At district level, the highest production density of cassava in 2010/11 was 4,676.8 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham, followed by: tons/km 2 in Sampov Loun; tons/km 2 in Kracheh; tons/km 2 in Sala Krau; tons/km 2 in Dambae; tons/km 2 in Phnum Proek; 7 The term "production density" is used in this study to refer to total estimated production of a crop within a province or district (area cultivated x average yield) divided by the total area of that province or district in square kilometres.

52 217.4 tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng; tons/km 2 in Pailin; tons/km 2 in Malai; 197.1; and tons/km 2 in Steung Treng; with the lowest density of 0.02 tons/km 2 in Mondol Seima. Table 19 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Cassava Production Density, 2010/11 KHET CODE District Code District Name Cassava Area (ha) Cassava Product (Tons) Cassava Production Density (Tons/km 2 ) Kampong Cham 5, , , Sampov Loun 19, , Kracheh 5, , Sala Krau 7, , Dambae 14, , Phnum Proek 6, , Svay Rieng 1, , Pailin 2, , Malai 5, , Steung Trang 10, , An estimated total of 7,088,879 tons of cassava residue, which includes cassava leaves + cassava peal + stem, were produced in 2010/11, with a dry matter equivalence of 1,848,361 tons (26.1%). Fresh cassava residue is 1.67 times heavier (167%) than cassava tubers produced. At provincial level, the highest production density of dry cassava residue in 2010/11 was tons/km 2 in Pailin, followed by: 60.5 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham; 60.5 tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng, 29.3 tons/km 2 in Battambang; 28.9 tons/km 2 in Banteay Meanchey; 8.4 tons/km 2 in Kratie; 5.8 tons/km 2 in Kampong Thom; 4.0 tons/km 2 in Steng Treng; 3.7 tons/km 2 in Ratanakiri; and 3.5 tons/km 2 in Kep; with lowest production density of 0.01 tons/km 2 in Phnom Penh. At district level, the highest production density of dry cassava residue in 2010/11 was 2,034.5 tons/km 2 in Kampong Cham, followed by: tons/km 2 in Sampov Loun; tons/km 2 in Kracheh; tons/km 2 in Sala Krau; tons/km 2 in Dambae; tons/km 2 in Phnum Proek; 94.6 tons/km 2 in Svay Rieng; 91.4 tons/km 2 in Pailin, 89.6 tons/km 2 in Malai; and 85.7 tons/km 2 in Steung Treng; with the lowest production density 0.01 tons/km 2 in Mondol Seima Further Information about Cassava Production and Products A herbaceous shrub or small tree up to 4m high with finger like leaves. Cultivated widely in the tropics and sub tropic for its edible roots. It is one of the heaviest yielders of starch found in the tropics. 43

53 As % of dry matter (DM) Fresh, leaves. Trinidad Fresh, tuber. Trinidad Fresh, Tiber peeled. Trinidad Fresh, peelings. Trinidad Toxicity: Cassava roots must be processed very carefully as they contain a glucosides, linimarin, which is acted upon by an enzyme to liberate prussic acid. The peeled roots contain much less prussic acid than unpeeled, as most of the prussic acid is contained in the skin. Varieties can be divided into two groups: I. Bitter varieties with roots containing 0.02 to 0.03% prussic acid. These have to be processed before used as feed. II. Sweet varieties with roots containing less than 0.01% prussic acid. These can be used raw for feeding. Most commercial varieties belong to this group. The content of prussic acid depends not only on the variety, but may be even more so on soil conditions. Usually the bitter varieties have longer and thicker roots than the sweet varieties, but there is no simple and safe method to judge the level of prussic acid in the roots. The Indians of South America use nets into which they place the ground cassava root and wash and squeeze the material until the toxic substance is removed. The toxic elements can also be removed by cooking or drying slices of the root for about 2 weeks. Cassava root meal is not attacked by insects; neither is feed concentrate attacked by insects when 15% cassava root meal is added to it. Uses: Cassava root, cooked, or raw, is widely used for pigs, cattle, sheep and goats in many countries. Cassava root meal can be included up to 10% in rations for growing chicks and up to 20% in ration for layers with good results. For unknown reasons, cassava meal seems to cause health problems when include in turkey rations. If the ration is supplemented with 0.15% methionine, cassava root meal can constitute up to 50% of the poultry ration in substitution of maize. Cassava is usually limited to 20 or 30% of the pig ration. As is shown in the following table (satisfactory result can be obtained with higher inclusion of cassava. In this case the energy part of the feed was combined with good quality protein. Level of cassava (%) Level of molasses (%) Av. daily gain (g) Av. daily feed intake (kg) Kg feed/kg gain Source: Tropical Feed, by Bo Gohl, FAO Feeds Information Centre Animal Production and Health Division, 1975, ref. 310) Cassava base ration in mash form are disliked by swine, if not mixed with molasses or water. In contrast, pellet rations have been found to more acceptable than conventional 44

54 rations base on maize. The same applies to poultry. The reason for this seems to be possible irritation to lungs and eyes. Cassava pomace, often called cassava meal, is the residue from the extraction of starch from cassava roots. Cassava roots yield approximately the same amount of starch and pomace. The starch and pomace are of less value than cassava root meal but can be included in ration for cattle. starch and pomace are extensively used for pigs in South East Asia where they are regarded as a valuable feed. Up to 10% has been used in poultry rations. Cassava leaves are richer than any other part of plant in protein and minerals. The leaves arte relished by all classes of livestock. Young leaves and shoots, even from sweet varieties, may be very high in prussic acid content. Boiling for 15 minutes or drying for 3 weeks will remove the toxicity. Dried cassava leaves can be included in chicken ration up to 10%. For higher inclusions extra methionine or sodium thiosulphate should be added to avoid growth depression. 45

55 Figure 20 : Density of Cassava Produce s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km2 Density of Cassava Produce's Residuee in Cambodia, 2010/ Fresh Cassava Dry Cassava 46

56 Figure 21 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Cassava Produce s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km2 Top 24 Districts of high density of Cassava Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11 8, , , , , , , , Fresh Cassava Dry Cassava 47

57 No. Province Table 20 : Cassava Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 Total Cassava Product Fresh cassava leave Cassava Peel Fresh & Soft Stem Cassava Residue Dry Residue Cassava Residue (ton/ha) Dry Residue (ton/ha) Product Density (Ton/Km2) 1 Pailin 400, , , , , , Kampong Cham 1,318, ,230, , , ,095, , Svay Rieng 398, , , , , , Battambang 799, , , , ,212, , Banteay Meanchey 407, , , , , , Kratie 229, , , , , , Kampong Thom 166, , , , , , Steung Treng 110, , , , , , Ratanakiri 100, , , , , , Kep 1, , , Mondulkiri 106, , , , , , Kampong Speu 42, , , , , , Preah Vihear 82, , , , , , Siem Reap 36, , , , , , Prey Veng 12, , , , , Takeo 8, , , , , Udor Meanchey 9, , , , , Kampong Chhnang 4, , , , , Pursat 7, , , , , Phreah Sihanouk 1, , , Kampot 2, , , , , koh Kong 1, , , Kandal Phnom Penh Grand Total 4,248, ,300, , ,654, ,088, ,848,

58 No. Distr. Code Table 21 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Cassava Production Density and Animal Feed Resources, 2010/11 District Name Total Cassava Product Fresh cassava leave Cassava Peel Fresh & Soft Stem Cassava Residue Dry Residue Cassava Residue (ton/ha) Dry Residue (ton/ha) Product Density (Ton/Km2) Kampong Cham 108, , , , , , , Sampov Luon 476, , , , , , Kracheh 60, , , , , , Sala Krau 285, , , , , , Dambae 306, , , , , , Phnum Proek 191, , , , , , Svay Rieng 22, , , , , Pailin 115, , , , , , Malai 114, , , , , , Steung Treng 217, , , , , , Kamrieng 96, , , , , , Bavet 36, , , , , , Memot 269, , , , , , Chantrea 45, , , , , , Svay Chrum 84, , , , , , Ponhea Kraek 108, , , , , , Romeas Haek 476, , , , , , Svay Chek 60, , , , , , Kampong Siem 285, , , , , , Tboung Kmum 306, , , , , , Svay Teab 191, , , , , , Rumduol 22, , , , , Phnum Srok 115, , , , , , Cheung Prey 114, , , , , ,

59 6.5 Grass Grass was collected from natural grassland areas in the selected districts of the four selected provinces: Kratie, Pursat, Prey Veng and Kampot. The weighted average of fresh natural grass was 5.8 tons/ha and its production density was 77.2 tons/km 2. The weighted average of dry natural grass was 2.3 tons/ha and its production density was 31.4 tons/km 2. The dry matter percentage was 40.7%. The estimated total fresh grass production for the whole country in 2010/11 was 13,979,845. tons. At provincial level, the highest density of fresh natural grass was ton/km 2 in Kampong, followed by: tons/km 2 in Kampong Thom; tons/km 2 in Banteay Mean Cheay; ton/km 2 in Kampong Speu; tons/km 2 in Phreah Sihanouk; tons/km 2 in Battambang; tons/km 2 in Kandal; with the lowest production density of 9.5 tons/km 2 in Pailin Province. Table 22 : Natural Grass Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11 Code Provincial Name Fresh Grassland Fresh Grass Product. Fresh Grass (Tons) Area (ha) Density (Tons/km 2 ) 01 Banteay Meanchey 148, , Battambang 251, ,448, Kampong Cham 114, , Kampong Chhnang 184, ,064, Kampong Speu 160, , Kampong Thom 302, ,740, Kampot 66, , Kandal 74, , Koh Kong 110, , Kratie 81, , Mondul Kiri 91, , Phnom Penh 4, , Preah Vihear 73, , Prey Veng 37, , Pursat 138, , Ratanakiri 144, , Siem Reap 144, , Phreah Sihanouk 56, , Steung Treng 97, , Svay Rieng 39, , Takeo 51, , Udor Meanchey 49, , Kep 3, , Pailin 1, , Grand Total 2,428, ,979, At district level, the highest production density of fresh natural grass was ton/km 2 in Rukh Kiri, followed by: tons/km 2 Borei Cholsar; tons/km 2 Leuk Daek; tons/km 2 Thpong; tons/km 2 Krakor; tons/km 2 Samaki Mean Chey;

60 tons/km 2 Tuek Phos; tons/km 2 Rolea B'ier; tons/km 2 Baray; tons/km 2 Koas Krala; tons/km 2 Chantrea; tons/km 2 Banon; tons/km 2 Samrong Tong; tons/km 2 Sen Monorom; and tons/km 2 Stueng Saen; with the lowest production density 1.9 tons/km 2 in Samraong District of Takeo Province. The largest grassland area by province was 302,385 ha in Kampong Thom, followed by: 251,717 ha in Battambang; 184,957 ha in Kampong Chhnang; 160,484 ha in Kampong Speu; 148,133 ha in Banteay Meanchey; 144,691 ha in Siemreap; 144,077 ha in Ratanakiri; 138,669 ha in Pursat; with the smallest grassland area of 1,783 ha in Pailin Province. The largest grassland area by district was 69,509ha in Tuek Phos, followed by: 60,735. ha in Krakor; 57,775 ha in Stoung; 55,029 ha in Santuk; 53,132 ha in Baray; 48,756 ha in Prasat Ballang; 47,299 ha in Siem Pang; 45,913 ha in Kampong Svay; and 40,906 ha in Phnom Sruoch; with the smallest grassland area of 98 ha in Samrong District of Takeo province. Based on grassland production density, ruminant livestock production should be promoted in Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Thom, Banteay Meancheay, Kampong Speu. Phreah Sihanouk, Battambang and Kandal Provinces. Table 23 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Natural Grass Production Density, 2010/11 District Fresh Grass Area Fresh Grass Grass Production District Name Code (ha) (Tons) Density (Tons/km2) Rukh Kiri 31, , Borei Cholsar 13, , Leuk Daek 20, , Thpong 34, , Krakor 60, , Samaki Mean Chey 28, , Tuek Phos 69, , Rolea B'ier 29, , Baray 53, , Koas Krala 40, ,

61 Figure 22 : Grass and Shrub Land in Cambodia, 2010/11 52

62 Figure 23 : Production Density of Natural Grassland by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km Density of Natural Grass by Province in Cambodia, 2010/ Fresh Grass Dry Grass 53

63 Figure 24 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Production Density of Natural Grasses in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km Top 24 districts of high density on natural grass in Cambodia, 2010/ Fresh Grass Dry Grass 54

64 Code District Name Table 24 : Natural Grass Production and Production Density by Province, 2010/11 Grass Area (ha) Average Yield (ton/ha) Fresh Grass (ton) Average Yield (ton/ha) Dry Grass (ton) Dry Grass Prod. Den. (ton/km2) 01 Banteay Meanchey 148, , , Battambang 251, ,448, , Kampong Cham 114, , , Kampong Chhnang 184, ,064, , Kampong Speu 160, , , Kampong Thom 302, ,740, , Kampot 66, , , Kandal 74, , , Koh Kong 110, , , Kratie 81, , , Mondul Kiri 91, , , Phnom Penh 4, , , Preah Vihear 73, , , Prey Veng 37, , , Pursat 138, , , Ratanakiri 144, , , Siem Reap 144, , , Preah Sihanouk 56, , , Setung Treng 97, , , Svay Rieng 39, , , Takeo 51, , , Udor Meanchey 49, , , Kep 3, , , Pailin 1, , , Tonlesap 1, , , Grand Total 2,430, ,991, ,690,

65 No. Dist. Code District Name Table 25 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Natural Grass Production Density, 2010/11 Grass Area (ha) Average Yield (ton/ha) Fresh Grass (ton) Average Yield (ton/ha) Dry Grass (ton) Dry Grass Prod. Den. (ton/km2) Rukh Kiri 31, , , Borei Cholsar 13, , , Leuk Daek 20, , , Thpong 34, , , Krakor 60, , , Samaki Mean Chey 28, , , Tuek Phos 69, , , Rolea B'ier 29, , , Baray 53, , , Koas Krala 40, , , Chantrea 10, , , Banan 30, , , Samrong Tong 27, , , Sen Monorom 17, , , Steung Sen 13, , , Bar Keo 18, , , Prasat Ballangk 48, , , Udong 17, , , Svay Chek 28, , , Kaoh Thum 16, , , Preah Netpreah 32, , , Kampong Leaeng 32, , , Stoung 57, , , Steung Hav 8, , ,

66 7 Maps of Fodder and Crop Production 7.1 Rice Figure 25 : Wet Season Rice Production Density 2010 Figure 26 : Dry Season Rice Production Density

67 7.2 Corn Figure 27 : Corn Production Density Sugarcane Figure 28 : Sugarcane Production Density

68 7.4 Cassava Figure 29 : Cassava Production Density Grass Figure 30 : Natural Grass Production Density