Adam G. Drucker and Bárbara Willaarts Bioversity International

Transcription

1 Assessing the impact of conservation incentive mechanisms in smallholder farmer collective action contexts: ABD-relevant ecosystem services indicators framework Adam G. Drucker and Bárbara Willaarts Bioversity International

2 Why Agricultural Biodiversity Matters Helps manage pests and diseases Contributes to nutrition and health Adapts to climate change Contributes to ecosystems and forests

3 Global concern for maintaining diversity International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Alarmed by the continuing erosion of these resources [i.e. PGRFA] Global Plan of Action on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Genetic erosion is reported to continue in many regions of the world and the genetic vulnerability of crops has further increased. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity Aichi Target 13: By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity.

4 Total Economic Value DUV IUV OV BV XV Direct Use Values Indirect Use Values Option Values Bequest Values Existence Values Food Animal feed Fibres Fuel Construction materials Agroecosystem resilience; Maintenance of evolutionary processes & future option values Maintenance of indigenous knowledge and culture (for an uncertain future) Satisfaction arising from passing specific genetic resources/ diversity on to future generations Satisfaction arising from knowing that a specific genetic resource / diversity exists Traction and transport Private Goods Public Goods Copyright 2012 Bioversity International 4

5 Economics of Agrobiodiversity Replacement (Financial/Private Perspective) G r o s s M a r g i n Local Species, Variety or Breed Improved Species, Variety or Breed Opportunity Cost (OC) $ I* Degree of Production System Intensification 5

6 Incentive Mechanisms: PACS and Institutions of Collective Action Application of payment for environmental services (PES) concepts to genetic resources conservation and use issues per se Impact on institutions of collective action 'Good policies are those that support socially valued ends not only by harnessing selfish preferences to public ends but also by evoking, cultivating, and empowering public-spirited motives. (Bowles, 2008) Copyright 2012 Bioversity International 6

7 Collective Action and Incentive Mechanisms: Experimental game payoffs under alternative land allocations 7

8 PACS General Findings PACS schemes appear to have potential as an environmentally effective and cost-efficient mechanism through which to provide conservation incentives. Equity/Pro-poor considerations may also be accounted for. Payments/rewards permit farmers to diversify their income sources by: providing conservation services per se for wider society; and potential participation in monitoring and verification activities. Payments/rewards may be made in-kind and at a community level (not only in cash to individuals). Prioritisation protocols, competitive tenders and least-cost approaches can be used to minimise overall conservation costs, thereby allowing more to be conserved in situ Development of baseline status measures, monitoring systems and conservation goal definition is required for key PAGR. Copyright 2012 Bioversity International 8

9 ABD Conservation Goals and Indicators Many studies undertaken to develop indicators for biodiversity, but only partly for agricultural biodiversity (Buiteveld et al., 2009). Indicators for specific public good ecosystem services associated with ABD not yet well developed. These relate to such services as: Maintenance of future option values and evolutionary services Related to species/variety cultivated area Landscape level agroecosystem resilience (environmental, economic and social dimensions) Related to spatial distribution and seed system Maintenance of traditional knowledge/cultural practices Related to farmer numbers

10 Ongoing initiative in Cotacachi, Ecuador

11 ABD in Cotacachi region ABD hotspot located in the Northern part of the Sierra ( msl) 75-80% population are indigenous and key economic activities: agriculture >construction>handicrafts 80% of farmers cultivate their own land (<0.5 ha) Over 61 different types of edible crops identified although high specialization in maize and bean production (> 16 varieties of maize and 6 different varieties of beans) Previous studies have identified at least 6 varieties of maize and 2 of beans at risk (low cultivation) Drivers include: dietary shifts, urban migration, and commercial varieties & environmental constrains (poor soil fertility and low access to irrigation)

12 Steps to implement PACS I. Defining the target of PACS i.e. what do we want to conserve, rules of participation and eligibility criteria of farmers Identify those crops and varieties that are going to be targeted Select farmers to participate in the program Define the type of payment/compensation (e.g. monetary, in-kind) II. Design an appropriate monitoring tool to assess status and trends of ABD-related ES on-farm Development of an indicator framework to identify relevant ADB-ES Assess actual status to define a baseline condition III. Map the institutional context to identify threats and opportunities underlying ABD management on-farm IV. Assess PACS effectiveness

13 Targeting and Prioritization: What to Board on Noah s Ark? en.wikipedia.org

14 Mapping and Prioritizing Diversity (Cacao Weitzman Case Study) (Samuel et al., 2013)

15 4 Cell Method (Community-level PGR Risk Assessment) Source: Sthapit et al., 2012)

16 Development of a holistic indicator set Literature review undertaken (citing 70 papers) seeking to identify the main groups of indicators that can cover the public good benefits generated by ABD (Nguyen and Drucker, 2013) Set of 12 priority indicators identified, related to aforementioned ABD-relevant ecosystem services: Diversity and spatial distribution Area Farmer numbers Seed system Knowledge Ex situ measures Illustration source: CIP- UPWARDS,

17 Step 1 Design of PACS Prioritise: Identify threatened crop species and varieties Intervention involves the cultivation of 4 threatened native varieties of maize: o canguil, morocho, chulpi and black maize 94 farmers were selected. Criteria they had to fullfil to join PACS were: Willingness to participate Availability of land to plant any/all of these four varieties Farmers were asked to state what type of support/compensation/reward would be necessary to make their participation possible.

18 Financing PACS

19 Steps 2 and 3 Identifying relevant ABD-related ES and mapping of institutional context A set of 26 indicators were selected to monitor the status of ABDrelated ES and track progress on the effectiveness of PACS. ABD-related Ecosystem Services Regulating /Supporting Services Crop conservation Gene flow and evolution Soil, Water and Pest management Provisoning Food/nutritional security Food and non-food uses Institutional analysis focus on mapping: Formal institutions: land tenure and existing regulations Informal institutions: role of women and customary norms Cultural Gastronomic diversity Cultural practices

20 Step 2 and 3 Identifying relevant ABD-related ES and mapping of institutional context Data collection involves: Personal interviews with farmers (approx 90 participating PACS farmers + 30 control) Focus groups with participating communities (4)

21 Principles Selected indicators should be: Replicable Representative Meaningful and quantitative Cost-effective Sustainable (over time) Cover different spatial levels (eg local & regional) Practical to apply Evaluated over time and relative to a baseline

22 Project status/timeline Step 1: October July 2014 Prioritisation/Threat Assessment Step 2: July-November 2014 (Indicator and Survey Development) Step 3: October - December 2014 Data Collection Step 4: 2015 onwards Baseline Data Analysis and Monitoring; Assessment of PACS intervention

23 Some preliminary findings Women are playing a key role in maintaining on-farm ABD. Men often migrating to cities in search of alternative income Farm size is decreasing as a result of land fragmentation. This threatens farmer livelihoods and represents a major threat to the conservation of ABD Poor soil fertility and lack of access to irrigation are important constraints to improving farm productivity and thus farmers livelihoods

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26 Thank you For more information about PACS project, factsheets, publications and video, see Photo: Drucker 2009