Non Fumigant Nematicides. Johan Desaeger, University of Florida, GCREC, Wimauma, FL

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1 Non Fumigant Nematicides Johan Desaeger, University of Florida, GCREC, Wimauma, FL

2 What is a nematode?

3 Diversity of nematodes Thomas Blumenthal & Richard E Davis VOLUME 36 NUMBER 12 DECEMBER 2004 NATURE GENETICS

Feeding haits of plant parasitic nematodes Inside or outside roots: Endoparasitic entire ody inside the root Ectoparasitic entire ody outside the

4 Feeding haits of plant parasitic nematodes Inside or outside roots: Endoparasitic entire ody inside the root Ectoparasitic entire ody outside the root Semi-endoparasitic- part of ody inside root Moile or immoile: Sedentary mostly immoile during their life Migratory moile for all their life.

5 How nematodes injure plants? Mechanical injury Physiological changes Reducing root mass Interact with soil fungi and acteria Suppress rhizoia/vam Transmission of several viruses Increase susceptiility to environmental stress

6 Nematode Management 8/12/2018 Sanitation Crop rotation Biocontrol Solarization Plant Resistance / Tolerance Steaming Biofumigation Cover crops Good agronomy Tillage Nematicides

7 Methyl Bromide RIP

Brief History of Nematicides 1 st nematicides:

(1920), methyl romide, DBCP, 1,3-D, Metam

- insecticides Fenamiphos, aldicar (1960s),

selective / safer nematicides Late 2010 s-2020

8 Brief History of Nematicides 1 st nematicides: fumigants - iocides CS 2 (1869), chloropicrin (1920), methyl romide, DBCP, 1,3-D, Metam (1940s) 2 nd wave: organophosphates / caramates - insecticides Fenamiphos, aldicar (1960s), oxamyl, ethoprophos (1970s) 3 rd wave: selective / safer nematicides Late 2010 s-2020 s: New more specific nematicides, new iological nematicides 8 5/05/2014

New fluorine (3-F) nematicides Chemical name Trade name

Danger Oxamyl Vydate Good- 240,000 ppm Short 7 d ACheI

Caution Fluopyram Velum Poor 10 ppm Long > 200 d SDHI

9 New fluorine (3-F) nematicides Chemical name Trade name Structure Soil movement / soluility (water) Soil ½ life MOA Tox. Cat. Fumigants (1,3-D) Many Good- Gas Short < 14 d? Danger Oxamyl Vydate Good- 240,000 ppm Short 7 d ACheI Danger Fluensulfone Nimitz Medium- 545 ppm Short 7-17 d? Caution Fluopyram Velum Poor 10 ppm Long > 200 d SDHI Warning Fluazaindolizine Saliro (2020) Medium ppm Medium 30 d? TBD New products are less toxic and more selective true nematicides New modes of action or unknown; Different soil ehavior efficacy and application

10 10 Biological Nematicides Majestene Bacterial toxins, Burkholderia spp. Dazitol Capsacin (Capsicum) and allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil) Melocon Nematode parasitc fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus NemaKill Cinnamon, clove and thyme oil

11 8/12/2018 Gulf Coast REC Research Farm Beach sand root-knot nematode = Meloidogyne javanica

12 Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. ) #1 nematode in Florida + the world, many crops Many species in FL Endoparasitic - Root galls

Gall index (0-10) 8/14/2018 Tomato trial, fall 2016 - root gall ratings 6 5 4 weeks 8 weeks 14 weeks a 4 All nematicides reduced gall ratings end of the season 3 2 1

13 Gall index (0-10) 8/14/2018 Tomato trial, fall root gall ratings weeks 8 weeks 14 weeks a 4 All nematicides reduced gall ratings end of the season cde cde c Low-medium RKN pressure cd e c de 0 7 pt 3.5 pt 3.5 pt + Vydate 1 l 1 l + Vydate 2 Qt Qt + Velum 6.5 oz + Vydate 60 gal Nimitz Saliro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC

J2's/200 cc soil 8/12/2018 Root-knot nematode soil counts - end of season Pre-plant and post-treatment soil counts were very low (0-1 J2 / 200 cc soil) 2500 UTC highest root-knot counts; no

14 J2's/200 cc soil 8/12/2018 Root-knot nematode soil counts - end of season Pre-plant and post-treatment soil counts were very low (0-1 J2 / 200 cc soil) 2500 UTC highest root-knot counts; no difference among other PPN: stuy, lance, sting, lesion, spiral, ring, sheath nematodes 2000 a a a a 500 a a pt 7 pt 3.5 pt + Vydate 1 l 1 l + Vydate 2 Qt Qt + Velum 6.5 oz + Vydate 60 gal Nimitz Saliro Vydate Velum K-pam UTC

15 NDVI (0-1) 15 Plant vigor(ndvi) during the season 3-F nematicides similar crop vigor, in etween check and K-pam Greenseeker K-pam Check K-pam Check Nimitz + Vydate Velum + Vydate Saliro + Vydate Vydate + Vydate K-pam Check 4 weeks 6 weeks 8 weeks 11 weeks

LBS PER PLOT 8/12/2018 90 80 70 60 Tomato Fruit Yield 3 picks No difference 1

Sclerotium rolfsii 50 a 40 a 30 20 10 0 3.5 pt 7 pt 3.

16 LBS PER PLOT 8/12/ Tomato Fruit Yield 3 picks No difference 1 st and 2 nd pick; K-pam greatest 3 rd pick 1st pick 2nd pick 3th pick Sclerotium rolfsii 50 a 40 a pt 7 pt 3.5 pt + Vydate 1 l 1 l + Vydate 2 Qt Qt + Velum 6.5 oz + Vydate 60 gal Nimitz Saliro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC

17 8/14/2018 Impact on non-plant-parasitic nematodes in soil? Nematodes can e classified into different feeding groups ased on the structure of their mouthparts. (a) acterial feeder, () fungal feeder, (c) plant feeder, (d) predator, (e) omnivore.

18 8/12/2018 (7-21 Nematode feeding groups in tomato - Early season, days post-treatment Bacterivores Fungivores (P<0.01) Omnivores (P<0.01) Herivores K-pam Fungivores, omnivores and herivores knocked out no effect of new nematicides Check Vydate Saliro Velum Nimitz Full Nimitz Half Numer per 150 cc soil

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tomato Trial, spring 2017, GCREC

19 Tomato Trial, spring 2017, GCREC 8/12/2018 PicClor60 No fumigant Pic100 Chemical / iological

20 Gall index (0-10) Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10) Medium-high RKN pressure PicClor AB BC C BC AB A ABC

21 Gall index (0-10) Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10) Medium-high RKN pressure Pic AB BC AB A 5 CD 4 3 D 2 E

22 Gall index (0-10) Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10) 8 7 A 6 5 A B C 4 B A B C C none PicClor60 Pic100

LBS PER PLOT 8/12/2018 80 70 60 Tomato Fruit Yield 3 picks 50 40

23 LBS PER PLOT 8/12/ Tomato Fruit Yield 3 picks A B B 0 Pic100 PicClor60 None 1st pick 2st pick 3st pick

24 24 Two on farm nematicide rescue trials March-April 2017: (1) cantaloupe doule crop after strawerry, Dover FL Northern root-knot nematode! 7 pts 7 days pre-plant 6.5 oz 2 days pre-plant Vydate and Majestene 1 day preplant and 40 days post plant, resp. 2 qt + 1 qt and 2 gal + 1 gal Root galls after 6 and 8 weeks

25 Gall Index (0-10) 25 Nematode infection on doule-crop cantaloupe, Dover, FL, 2017, M. hapla, northern root-knot 6 M. hapla root gall ratings on Cantaloupe 5 a 40 days 60 days 4 a 3 a a a 2 a 1 0 Check Majestene Vydate Velum Nimitz

26 8/12/2018 (2) cucumer(pickle) doule crop after cucumer, Plant City High level of Javanese root-knot nematode (M. javanica) Applied Nimitz, Velum, Vydate, Majestene, Dazitol and Nemakill thru drip

27 Gall Index (GI) (0-10) 27 Nematode infection on doule-crop cucumer, Plant City, FL, 2017 M. javanica Javanese root-knot M. javanica Gall Ratings Cucumer, BG Farm, Plant City, 2017 a a a 6 a a a 5 4 c Majestene Nemakill Nimitz UTC Velum Dazitol Vydate

28 28 Farming w/o Fumigants in Florida? Anaeroic/iological soil disinfestation Soil steaming Solarization Resistant cv s Natural enemies / Biocontrol Non-fumigant nematicides Cover crops Biofumigation

29 GCREC Nematology Nematicide Testing New nematode prolems Nematode resistance Nematode-diseases Cover crops Suppressive soils Other crops Hops E-mail: Wesite:

29 29 GCREC Nematology Nematicide Testing New nematode prolems Nematode resistance Nematode-diseases Cover crops Suppressive soils Other crops Hops Wesite: Faceook: Thanks Adama, Corteva, Bayer CropScience, Marrone BioInnovations for support