Dynamics of Livestock Sector in Madhya Pradesh An Economic Analysis

Transcription

1 Dynamics of Livestock Sector in Madhya Pradesh An Economic Analysis THESIS Submitted to the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur In partial fulfillment of the requirement for The Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In AGRICULTURE (AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & FARM MANAGEMENT) Hamidullah Haidari Department of Agricultural Economics & Farm Management College of Agriculture, Jabalpur Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Jabalpur, MP 2016

2 CERTIFICATE - I This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Dynamics of Livestock Sector in Madhya Pradesh An Economic Analysis." submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (Agricultural Economics and Farm Management) of the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur is a record of the bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Hamidullah Haidari under my guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has been approved by the Student s Advisory Committee and the Director of Instruction. All the assistance and help received during the course of the investigation has been acknowledged by him. Place: Jabalpur M.P Date: / /2016 (A.K. Sarawgi) Chairman of the Advisory Committee THESIS APPROVED BY THE STUDENT S ADVISORY COMMITTEE Committee Name Signature Chairman Dr. A.K. Sarawgi Member Shri N.P. Sharma Member Dr. S.K. Agrawal.

3 CERTIFICATE - II This is to certify that the thesis entitled Dynamics of Livestock Sector in Madhya Pradesh An Economic Analysis. submitted by Mr. Hamidullah Haidari to the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management has been, after evaluation, approved by the External Examiner and by the Student s Advisory Committee after an oral examination of the same. Place : Jabalpur (A.K. Sarawgi) Chairman Advisory Committee Date : MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE Committee Name Signature Chairman Dr. A.K. Sarawgi Member Shri N.P. Sharma Member Dr. S.K. Agrawal. Head of Department Dr. N.K. Raghuwanshi Director of Instruction Dr. D. Khare

4 Copyright Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Copyright Transfer Certificate Title of the Thesis : Dynamics of Livestock Sector in Madhya Pradesh An Economic Analysis Name of the candidate Subject Department College : Hamidullah Haidari : Agriculture Economics : Agricultural Economics & Farm Management : College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur Year of thesis submission : 2016 Copyright Transfer The undersigned Hamidullah Haidari assigns to the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, all right under Copyright Act that may exists in and for the thesis entitled Dynamics of Livestock Sector in Madhya Pradesh An Economic Analysis submitted for the award of M.Sc. (Ag.) degree. Place: Jabalpur Date: / /2016 Dr. A.K. Sarawgi Major Advisor Hamidullah Haidari

5 Declaration and Undertaking by the Candidate I, Hamidullah Haidari S/o Shri Mir Ab.Qayoum Haidari Certify the work embodied in thesis entitled Dynamics of Livestock Sector in Madhya Pradesh An Economic Analysis is my own first hand bonafide work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr.A.K. Sarawgi, Professor at Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur and place during The matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma. Due credit has been made to all the assistance and help. I, undertake the complete responsibility that any act of misinterpretation, mistakes and errors of fact are entirely of my own. I, also abide myself with the decision taken by my advisor for the publication of material extracted from the thesis work and subsequent improvement, on mutually beneficial basis, provided the due credit is given, thereof. Place: Jabalpur Hamidullah Haidari Date: / /2016

6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Though only my name appears on the cover of this dissertation, a great many people have contributed to its production. I owe my gratitude to all those people who have made this dissertation possible and because of whom my graduate experience has been one that I will cherish forever. Firstly I would like to thank and praise the Almighty ALLAH, the most merciful and compassionate who has blessed and guided me to achieve this goal. My deepest gratitude is to my advisor, Dr. A.K. Sarawgi, Professor (Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, College of Agriculture J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur). I have been amazingly fortunate to have an advisor who gave me the freedom to explore on my own, and at the same time the guidance to recover when my steps faltered. He taught me how to question thoughts and express ideas. His patience and support helped me overcome many crisis situations and finish this dissertation. I hope that one day I would become as good an advisor to my students as he has been to me. I am also indebted to all the members of my advisory committee Shri N.P. Sharma, Assistant Professor Department of Agricultural Economics & Farm Management, Dr. S.K. Agrawal Professor, Department of Extension Education for constant source of encouragement and enthusiasm not only during this thesis but also during the two years of my Master Program. I am indebted to him for his continuous encouragement and guidance, Special indebtedness goes to Dr. N.K. Raghuwanshi, Professor and Head of Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management. I am also thankful to faculty members Dr. R.M. Sahu, Dr. P.K. Awasthi, Dr. A. Shrivastava, Dr. A.M. Mishra, Dr. D. Rathi, Dr. H.O. Sharma, Dr. D.N. Tiwari and other teachers, Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management. I am grateful to them for their salutary advice, kind co-operation and congenial discussion on an array of topics. I would also like to thank Dr. V.S Tomar Hon ble Vice Chancellor, Dr. P.K. Mishra, Dean, Faculty of Agriculture and Dr. S.K. Rao, Director of Research Services, Dr. D. Kahre, Director of Instruction and Dr. (Smt.) Om

7 Gupta, Dean, College of Agriculture, Jabalpur for providing necessary facilities during the course of investigation. Many friends have helped me stay sane through these difficult years, Ekram, Rajaram, Dinesh, Rajpal, Rajendra, Anika, Shobha, Anupama, Ramacharya, Chandrika and seniors Vijay Baldodiya Ph.D scholar, Dr. Victor, Savita Chouhan Ph.D scholar, Prahlad Ahirwar, Virendra Meghwal and my juniors Jogendra and Alam. Their support and care helped me overcome setbacks and stay focused on my post graduate study. I greatly value their friendship and I deeply appreciate their belief in me. I am also grateful to the Indian families that helped me adjust to a new country. Most importantly, none of this would have been possible without the love and patience of my father Mr. Mir Abdul Qayuom Haidari and my mother Mrs. Kobra Haidari and my siblings, to whom this dissertation is dedicated to, has been a constant source of love, concern, support and strength all these years. I would like to express my heart-felt gratitude to my family. My extended family has aided and encouraged me throughout this endeavour. I warmly appreciate the generosity and understanding of my extended family. Place: Jabalpur Date: / /2016 (Hamidullah Haidari)

8 Contents S.No. Title Page No. 1. Introduction Review of literature Profile of the study area Research methodology Result and discussion Summary, conclusions and suggestions Bibliography Appendix I - II Curriculum vitae

9 List of Tables Number Title Page No. 1 General information of Madhya Pradesh Land use pattern of Madhya Pradesh Changes on population of cattle crossbred male in Madhya Pradesh Changes on population of cattle crossbred female in Madhya Pradesh Changes on population of cattle indigenous male in Madhya Pradesh Changes on population of cattle indigenous female in Madhya Pradesh Overall on population of cattle crossbred (male and female) in Madhya Pradesh Overall on the population of cattle indigenous (male and female) in Madhya Pradesh Changes on population of buffalo male in Madhya Pradesh Changes on the population of buffalo female in Madhya Pradesh Overall on population of Buffalo (male and female) in Madhya Pradesh Changes on population of sheep crossbred in Madhya Pradesh Changes on population of sheep indigenous in Madhya Pradesh Overall on population of Sheep (crossbred and indigenous) in Madhya Pradesh Changes on population of pig crossbred in Madhya Pradesh Changes on population of pig indigenous in Madhya Pradesh Overall on population of Pig (crossbred and indigenous) in Madhya Pradesh Changes on population of goat in Madhya Pradesh Changes on population of camel in Madhya Pradesh 41

10 Number Title 5.7 Changes on population of horse and ponies in Madhya Pradesh 5.8 Changes on population of mules and donkeys in Madhya Pradesh Milk production of crossbred and indigenous cow in Madhya Pradesh Page No Milk production of buffalo and goat in Madhya Pradesh Milk production of cow, buffalo and goat in Madhya Pradesh Average yield of crossbred cow milk No. of average indigenous cow milk producing animals and average yield of milk Number of milk producing buffalo animal and average yield of milk Number of milk producing goat Meat production of buffalo Information about meat production of sheep Information about meat production of goat Information about meat production of pig

11 List of Figures Number Title Page No. 1 Map of Madhya Pradesh state 15

12 INTRODUCTION Livestock is an integral part of India s agricultural economy and plays a multifaceted role in providing livelihood support to the rural population. Livestock sector apart from contribution to national economy in general and to agricultural economy in particular, also provides employment generation opportunities, asset creation, and coping mechanism against crop failure, social and financial security. Livestock contributes manure and draught power to agriculture while crop residues are the major source of feed to the livestock and this system of interdependence of agriculture has sustained for centuries. Livestock helps to meet the equity objective in rural development through their contribution to the cash income of small and marginal farmers and landless labour. India has made remarkable stride in the area of livestock population in the world. Animal husbandry has been an inseparable part of human civilization and culture from the very ancient period. It is also emphasized in Vedas and Puranas that possessing livestock is a symbol of prosperity. India has largest livestock population in the world. The total livestock population of India makes up a huge number of million and India stands first in buffalo population (105.4 million), second in cattle (199 million), and goats (140 million), third in sheep (71.56 million), and fifth in poultry (648 million) according to livestock census The major thrust of livestock development strategy in India has been on achieving self-sufficiency in livestock products through import substitution. Several initiatives were taken to develop the Indian livestock sector in the past and India emerged as the largest milk producer in the world and it is also one of the largest producers of other livestock commodities. However the economic policy reforms and economic liberalization triggered in 1991 have widened market opportunities for the livestock sector also. The global demand for livestock product is also on rise. Such developments offer an opportunity to India to increase its livestock exports especially for products like bovine meat whose domestic demand is low. 1

13 Livestock husbandry is an important agriculture sub-sector of Indian economy. It significantly contributes to the Agricultural GDP in India. Livestock generated outputs worth Rs 2075 Billion (at prices) in which comprised 4 per cent of the total GDP and 26 per cent of the agricultural GDP. The total output worth was higher than the value of food grains (12th five year plan, ). Livestock-derived food items (meat, milk and eggs) are the great contributor in the Indian economy. This sector is an integral component of Indian agriculture supporting livelihood of more than two-thirds of the rural population. There are various types of services of animals such as to provide nutrient-rich food products, draught power, dung as organic manure and domestic fuel, hides & skin, and are a regular source of cash income for rural households in India. They are a natural capital, which can be easily reproduced to act as a living bank with offspring as interest, and an insurance against income shocks of crop failure and natural calamities. The present growth rate in crop production is around 2 per cent, higher growth rates of 6-8 per cent in animal husbandry sector would help in achieving the targeted growth rate of 4 per cent for the agriculture as a whole. As we know that more than 70 per cent of India s population lives in rural areas. Consequently there is likely to be more pressure on land as almost all the village population depends on agriculture, resulting in an unfavourable land man ratio. Owing to the population explosion with the increasing pressure on land, agriculture alone cannot provide gainful employment to all the rural areas. Therefore, allied activities like animal husbandry will have to be viewed as effective instrument for supplementing the income and providing employment to the weaker sections in rural areas. Livestock are popularly known as live banks, are the major contributors to our national wealth and thus help in improving the living standards of rural people. Livestock is the main source of animal protein for the population. It plays a pivotal role in the human nutrition and food security. Though the consumption of animal products is criticized on the ground that the animals being poor converters of plant protein to animal protein, yet their consumption is desired to produce balanced diet at national level and animals play a 2

14 complimentary role in crop production for achieving nutrition and food security. Livestock products not only represent a source of high quality food, but equally important they are as main source of income for many small farmers in developing countries for purchasing food as well as agricultural inputs. At farm level, cash can be generated regularly from direct sale of milk, eggs, meat, manure, etc. The role of small stock can hardly be regulated as small stocks like sheep and goats are more likely to be owned by the poor since they cost less, are more convenient size for home consumption or sale during time of distress and reproduce and grow faster. With this backdrop the present study is undertaken with the following specific objectives. 1. To know the and variation in livestock population in Madhya Pradesh. 2. To measure the in composition of livestock population in Madhya Pradesh. 3. To assess the in milk and meat production of livestock in Madhya Pradesh. 4. To suggest policy implication for development of livestock sector in Madhya Pradesh. 3

15 REVIEW OF LITERATURE In this chapter an attempt has been made to critically review the past literature that is relevant to the present study. The reviewed literature would help to keep the research on proper lines and to bring refinement in the study The research work carried out by various researchers related to the problem under study has been reviewed. Devendra C (1992) discussed the role and contribution of goats to rural prosperity in the context of their wide distribution and close association with the rural poor. The goat population in developing countries accounts for 94 percent of the total world goat population and about 23 per cent of all grazing ruminants in developing countries. They are found across all agro-ecological environments and their importance is indicated by various functional contributions (meat, milk, fibre and skins), socioeconomic relevance (security, income generation and human nutrition) and stability to farming systems. The economic contributions from goats, based on results from several studies, suggest that the magnitude of the component contributions is relatively large: sale of animals per cent, milk per cent and manure per cent of total farm income. Goat meat and milk make a significant contribution of precious animal proteins because of their ready availability and importance to human nutrition. The potential for action is associated with wider official support, intensive use of improved breeds, use of appropriate production systems, post-production aspects (organized collection, transportation and marketing) to include products and by products, extension and practical technologies and efficient delivery systems to real farm situations. Mishra et al. (1992) analysed the data on meat production in India taken from FAO Yearbooks for by linear and quadratic regressions to estimate expected production in 1991, 1995 and Quadratic regression gave the better fit to the data on poultry, sheep and cattle meat, but not for pig, goat or buffalo meat. The projected production (thousands of tonnes) in the year 2000 for the 6 species was 478.7, 292.6, 201.1, 128.1, and 4

16 165.6 resp., an increase compared with 1974 of 4.8 times for poultry, 2.5 for beef, 2.33 for pork and for the other species. Rath (1992) analyzed the annual compound growth rate of livestock between two points of time (inter census period) in Maharashtra. During the period , cattle population grew at an annual rate of 0.6 per cent while buffaloes grew at 1.7 per cent and goats and sheep at the rate of 2.05 per cent. Among the small ruminants, sheep and goats showed very different rates of growth. Sheep recorded an average annual growth rate of 1.0 per cent only while goats at a rate of 2.5 per cent. The study also revealed that growth rates were not uniform from one livestock census to another during the 36 years ( ). After significant and increasing growth rates during the fifties, the total number of cattle in the state showed no increase but a small decline during the 17 years (1961 to 1978). All other livestock, though with fluctuating growth rates showed a positive trend. Tiwari et al. (1993) grouped the country into five regions viz., North and West plane (NWP); and North and North Eastern Hill (NEH) Eastern plane, Central and Southern region. It was observed that the ratio of cattle, buffalo. sheep, goat and pig in total livestock population of the country in 1961 was52.18, 15.22, 11.96, and 1.54 per cent, respectively which changed to 45.87, 16.63,11.62, and 2.40 percent in the respective species during This showed buffalo, goat and pig have improved their share in total livestock. North and North Eastern Hill region had the highest growth rate (2.26 per cent) followed by Eastern plane (1.36per cent) North and West plane (NWP) (1.09 per cent), Central (0.72 per cent) and Southern (0.29 per cent) regions per annum. Pandya and Shaiyani (1994) studied trends in milk production of crossbred cows, desi cows, buffaloes and goats in Gujarat state for the period ( for crossbred cows and total production) to There was an overall significant increase of 4.27 per cent in milk production, with significant increases of 29.70, 3.85 and 4.13 per cent in production of crossbred, desi and buffalo milk respectively and a decrease of 0.52 per cent in goat milk. There were significant increases in milk production of crossbred cows in 13, desi cows in 7, buffaloes in 3 and goats in 3 of the 17 districts and 5

17 desi milk production decreased significantly in 1 district. 7 districts showed a significant increase in total milk production. Instability indices of milk production in the 17 districts ranged from per cent (overall per cent) for crossbred, per cent (overall 9.80 per cent) for desi, per cent (overall 8.37 per cent) for buffalo, per cent (overall per cent) for goat and per cent (overall 7.85 per cent) for total milk production. Tripathi et al. (1994) observed the growth of livestock (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, poultry) populations and production in India in recent years, is discussed. India was ranked third in the world for total milk production in with production of 46 Mt. In 1991, it was ranked second with total milk production of 56.7 Mt, of which 49 per cent was from buffaloes, 47 per cent from cows and 3 per cent from goats. Between 1980 and 1990, the cattle and buffalo population increased by 5.8 per cent and 13.5 per cent respectively. Figure for milk, egg, wool and meat production show that, during the same period, milk production increased by 5.68 per cent per annum the higher percentage increase in milk production than livestock population is attributed to an increase in the number of crossbred animals. Pandey (1995) used secondary data published in the livestock censuses of India to calculate the per annum compound growth rate of livestock population during different inter census periods across regions of India. He deduced that on all India level among draught animals, camels and bullocks showed a declining trend whereas the buffaloes showed a mixed trend. Among bovines, sheep showed a positive growth across regions and at the all India level during inter-census periods. The greatest growth was observed in goats population both at all India and regional level. The region-wise analysis revealed that for sheep and goats, the eastern region recorded the highest positive growth (4.99 and 8.21 per cent). Among sheep and goat, goat marked higher growth than sheep at national level during to the period Pandey UK (1995) analyzed regional level inter-census growth and constraints in numbers, compositional and spatial density of bovines and small ruminants together with their contributions to the national economy 6

18 of India. Regional disparities exist in sheep and goat farming mainly due to varying resource endowments. The main constraints inhibiting the growth of livestock enterprises are chronic shortage of feed and fodder, lack of health care and veterinary infrastructure, and inadequate market infrastructure for livestock products. Singh and Kalra (1995) determined the milk production potential of the area of the Rohtak district of Haryana. Estimated milk production showed that the district could produce lakh litres of milk per day with existing technology, increasing to lakh litres by the year Through the use of new technology and the provision of an organized milk marketing facility, the district has the potential to increase its milk production to lakh litres per day by The trend in total livestock population and that of different species of livestock in Himachal Pradesh were analyzed for the period and by Chand (1995). The study indicated that the annual compound growth rates of total livestock population in the state were only 0.18 per cent during the period and 0.59 per cent during Poultry population showed a remarkable 3.72 per cent growth during but this was far less than the 9.44 per cent of Next to poultry, milch buffaloes showed higher growth rate. The growth rates of latest decade ( ) were less in almost all the species except milch bovine than that in previous decade. The population of less production and unproductive bovine was declining whereas that of the improved and more productive animals was increased. Growth rates of bovine and ovine population had decelerated sharply in the state. Tisdell C and Gali J (2000) Examined that since India s independence some 50 years ago, it has experienced considerable economic growth and structural change; a trend accelerated by its structural reforms which began in These are also reflected in trends in its livestock sector which has shown considerable growth in recent decades (especially since the late 1970s). There have also been major in the composition of the Indian livestock sector. The population of non ruminants (particularly chickens) has expanded very rapidly and so their relative importance has risen substantially. 7

19 Non-ruminant production (poultry and pigs) has increasingly become commercialised and industrial in nature. Trends and developments in India s livestock industries since 1961 are outlined. Consequences and prospects for consumption of livestock products in India and international trade are discussed along with the environmental impacts of developments in India s livestock industries. As observed, livestock developments in India have been significantly influenced by religious and cultural factors. Consequently, the nature of India s livestock sector is to some extent unique. Dubeuf et al. (2004) observed that Goats are considered to be very important for their contribution to the development of rural zones and people. The Mediterranean area was the main goat milk and goat cheese producer (18 per cent) outside of India (22 per cent), which has the greatest goat milk volume of all countries, but keeps mainly only dual purpose goats (meat and milk). Australia is the most important (60 per cent) world goat meat exporting country, South Africa the major (50 per cent) Mohair producer, and China the principal (65 per cent) cashmere exporter. As the goat industry becomes step by step a truly significant economical sector, its real advantages cannot be over-estimated. The local initiatives to promote quality labels and innovative products for cheeses, meat and fibres could help goats in keeping a role for sustainable development in an eco-friendly environment all over the world. However, the future of the goat industry as a significant economic activity will also be very dependent on the standards of living in the countries where there is a market for the goat products. Kumar and Kushwaha (2004) studied that Goat and sheep have great potentials for income and employment generation to the rural people but they have not been given the attention in development programmes. The operation flood programme overshadowed all other developmental programmes in the livestock sector. In spite of this, the demand driven goat sector is marching ahead which is reflected in their impressive population growth. However, growth rate of sheep has lagged behind as compared with that of goats. Goats are referred to as the poor man's cattle because they are an asset to the poor which could be sold during the times of need. Goat and sheep in India are essentially raised as zero input system utilizing only family labour for 8

20 grazing and management. They can play a great role in poverty alleviation in rural India. With increasing urbanization and changing dietary habits together with increasing household income, the demand for meat will increase in the future and hence, the small ruminants will play an important role in fulfilling this demand. Uttar Pradesh has four distinct regions with varying levels of economic development. How the goat and sheep have fared during last four decades in the regions constituted the subject of inquiry in this paper. Uttranchal until a few years ago represented the hilly region of the state has also been included in this study. Singh et al. (2005) calculated the compound growth rate for cattle and buffalo population from 1987 to 1992 in Indo-Gangetic plains of India. They observed that the higher growth rate for crossbred cattle i.e per cent in the Indo-Gangetic plain and a lower growth rate for indigenous cattle population (-0.6 per cent per year). They also observed that a negative trend in case of buffalo population (-2.95 per cent per annum). Gupta et al. (2006) studied the status and growth rate of livestock in Rajasthan and observed that the number of large ruminants increased from lakh in 1983 to akh in 2003 giving an annual growth rate (AGR) of Small ruminants reduced from lakh (1983) to lakh (2003) and registered a negative growth rate of per cent per annum. The large ruminants to small ruminant s ratio varied at about during the period. Within the small ruminant group, goat registered an increase from lakh (1983) to lakh ( 2003) indicating an AGR of 0.41 per cent per annum, whereas, the sheep reduced from lakh registered AGR of per cent during the same period. Bagalkot et al. (2007) examined the dynamics of livestock population in north-eastern Karnataka as well as in India. The study has observed that the number of total livestock increased from million in 1982 to million in 2007 in India giving an annual growth rate (AGR) of 1.09 per cent, and from 24.3 million in 1982 to 30.5 million in 2007 in Karnataka with AGR of 1.03 per cent. In north-eastern Karnataka, covering six districts, the total livestock population increased from 4.9 million in 1982 to 7.3 million in 2007 with AGR 9

21 of 1.98 per cent. The growth rates in sheep population and goat population have been found as 5.75 per cent and 2.78 per cent, respectively. Gupta et al.(2007) studied the livestock growth and major production systems in different agro-climatic zones of Rajasthan and observed that population size of buffalo and goat registered positive growth rate whereas that of cattle and sheep recorded negative growth rate during the period of 1983 to The small ruminant densities positively depend on the percentage of area under permanent pastures and other grazing land. The composition of livestock reared by farmers depend on the agro-climatic conditions especially aridity with bovines representation high in less arid zones and small ruminant representation high in more arid zones. Kumar et al. (2007) mentioned that although agriculture is the prime source of livelihood for a majority of rural population in the North-Eastern region (NER) of India, dependence on livestock as an alternative source of income is significant. Responding to the burgeoning demand for livestock products in a sustainable manner is a big challenge. The widening gap between the demand and supply of livestock products can be met through bringing out in the production structure or opening up the international trade. In this context, an analysis of performance and factors influencing development of the livestock sector in NER has been carried out. The growth of livestock sector has been found slower in the NER than at the national level. However, a significant proportion of landless labourers, small and marginal farmers have access to livestock resources and acceleration in the growth of livestock in NER offers significant opportunities for household income augmentation and employment generation. Several factors identified to influence households decision to rear livestock include availability of labour, occupation, caste, farm-size, availability of irrigation, and access to information sources. The study has shown that the NE states should take technical, institutional and policy initiatives for the improvement of breeds, feed availability, disease control and food safety of livestock. Thornton PK (2010) observed the livestock sector globally is highly dynamic. In developing countries, it is evolving in response to rapidly increasing demand for livestock products. In developed countries, demand for 10

22 livestock products is stagnating, while many production systems are increasing their efficiency and environmental sustainability. Historical in the demand for livestock products have been largely driven by human population growth, income growth and urbanization and the production response in different livestock systems has been associated with science and technology as well as increases in animal numbers. In the future, production will increasingly be affected by competition for natural resources, particularly land and water, competition between food and feed and by the need to operate in a carbon-constrained economy. Developments in breeding, nutrition and animal health will continue to contribute to increasing potential production and further efficiency and genetic gains. Livestock production is likely to be increasingly affected by carbon constraints and environmental and animal welfare legislation. Demand for livestock products in the future could be heavily moderated by socio-economic factors such as human health concerns and changing socio-cultural values. There is considerable uncertainty as to how these factors will play out in different regions of the world in the coming decades. Popescu A (2010) identified the trends in the world and European goat milk production in the period The results have shown that in 2009, at world level there were million goats by per cent more than in 1999, and the world goat milk production accounted for 15,128 thousand Metric tonnes, being by per cent higher than at the beginning of the analyzed period. India, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan keep 46.7 per cent of the goat livestock and per cent of the world milk production is produced by India, world Bangladesh, Sudan and Pakistan. In 2010, the EU had 13,026 million goats by 9.65 per cent less than in Greece, Spain and France keep 70 per cent of the EU goat livestock and 0.88 per cent at world level, contributing by per cent to the world goat milk production. The EU contribution to the world goat milk production is 17 per cent, being the area where the highest records are achieved per goat. Romania has a high production potential, coming on the 5th position for the goat livestock and on the 4 th one for goat milk production in the EU. 11

23 Singh et al. (2011) examined livestock production contributes around 20 percent of the agricultural output in nation and contributes about 5.26 per cent of the total GDP. In Madhya Pradesh the livestock contributes 8-10 per cent to GDP of state, with 75.7 lakhs buffaloes, 1.8 crore cattle, 5.4 lakh sheep, 81.4 lakh goat, 3.5 lakh pigs and 2.17 crore poultry. The production of milk was thousand tonnes, lakh eggs, 401 tonnes of wool and 20.6 thousand tonnes of meat in The contribution of two highest meat producing cities Bhopal and Indore was 3.4 and 1.9 thousand tons respectively. Kumar et al. (2012) examined livestock plays a significant role in the rural economy of Jammu and Kashmir. Every rural household is associated with livestock. The number of livestock per 1000 of human population in Jammu and Kashmir as per livestock census 2007 was 882 animals while as at all India level the number was only 457, as per livestock census But the state still lags behind in production of milk and milk products. The present study conducted in District Jammu and Kathua of Jammu and Kashmir State was an endeavor 'to know about the livestock profile of the respondents, the constraints faced by the respondents and their knowledge of animal rearing practices. The result of study revealed that the major constraints faced by the farmers were High cost of feed, lack of guaranteed price of milk, low yield, lack of milk processing technologies and lack of cooperative network.. Regarding the respondents awareness of different animal rearing practices, the study revealed that only 30 per cent of the respondents had knowledge of balanced feed, per cent knew about how to make silage, per cent had knowledge of disposal of animal waste and just 20 per cent had knowledge about vaccination of livestock. The study also came up with some interventions for minimizing the constraints faced by the respondents with the ultimate objective of increasing the production and productivity. Deka N and Buragohain R (2015) studied livestock is the integral part of the mixed-farming system that characterizes agriculture in Assam. Among all other livestock the cattle population constituted the largest group in Assam. The poultry population of the State, as revealed from the Livestock Census 2007, has registered an increase of 34.2 per cent over the previous census 12

24 2003. However, Per capita milk, egg and meat have been reported to very less in Assam as compared to national level and requirement as per ICMR. In Assam though livestock products are increasing year by year the demand and supply gap is still large. Besides, absence of organized marketing channels in Assam is also one of the major constraints faced by livestock sector of the state. Considering these problems and potentiality of the sector to develop in the state, GOI and GOA has been implementing lots of schemes and programs to promote the livestock sector in Assam. 13

25 PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA This chapter deals with the brief description of the study area. Information regarding the geographical location, topography, climate, population, land utilization pattern, demographic profile, cropping pattern, etc was included. Location Madhya Pradesh state situated in central India. Its capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore. Nicknamed the "heart of India" due to its geographical location in India, Madhya Pradesh is the second-largest state in the country by area. With over 75 million inhabitants, it is the sixth-largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the south-east, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest. Its total area is 308,245 square km. 14

26 Fig. 1. Map of Madhya Pradesh state. 15

27 Topography Madhya Pradesh, with an area of 3,08,000 sq.km.is the second largest state in India after Rajasthan. It is a part of peninsular plateau of India lying in north central part, whose boundary can be classified in the north by the plains of Ganga-Yamuna, in the west by the Aravali, east by the Chhattisgarh plain and in the south by the Tapti valley and the plateau of Maharashtra. The topography of Madhya Pradesh is defined by the Narmada Sone Valley. It is a narrow and long valley extending through almost the whole of the state from east to west. Sone valley forms the upper part; Shahdol and Sidhi districts lie in this valley. The lower part forms the Narmada valley. It has an average elevation of 300 m above MSL and is covered with alluvial soil. Jabalpur, Mandla, Narsinghpur, Hoshangabad, Raisen, Khandwa, Khargone and Barwani districts lie in this region. The Sone valley is narrower than Narmada valley and alluvial deposit is also comparatively poor and thin, therefore Narmada valley is more important than Sone valley for agricultural activities. To the north of this valley lie the Central Highlands, to the south the Satpura-Maikal ranges and to the south-east, the eastern plateau. These three form the natural physiographic regions-into which the state is divided. The Central Highlands are spread between the Narmada-Sone valley and the Aravali ranges to the west in a triangular form. The highlands slope towards the north and drain into the Yamuna. The central highlands region in the state includes the following four uplands: The Rewa-Panna plateau is one, also known as the Vindhyan plateau, lies in the north- eastern part of the central highlands. The main rivers flowing in the area are Ken, Sonar, Barna and Tons. Rewa, Panna, Satna, Damoh and Sagar districts lie in this region. The other is Bundelkhand plateau located to the north-west of the Rewa-Panna plateau. Datia, Chhatarpur, Panna, Tikamgarh and parts of Guna and Shivpuri districts forming the northern part of the state lie in this region. The plateau is bounded in north-east by Vindhyan escarp lands or Rewa-Panna plateau. The average height of the region is m above MSL and general slope is towards north. The main rivers flowing in the area are Betwa, Dhasan and Jamner which finally join Yamuna. 16

28 Central India plateau is the third that lies to west of Bundelkhand plateau. Shivpuri, Morena and Gwalior districts exist in this region. This plateau has an average elevation of 450 m on highlands and m above MSL in valleys. Chambal, Kali Sindh and Parvati are the main rivers flowing in this area. The fourth is Malwa plateau covers almost the entire western Madhya Pradesh. The plateau is bounded in the north by Chambal and in south by the Narmada. The average elevation ranges between m above MSL. Shajapur, Dewas, Indore, Ujjain, Dhar, Ratlam and parts of Sehore and Jhabua districts lie in this region. Bhopal is situated at the eastern edge of the Malwa plateau. Shipra, Parvati, Kali Sindh, Gambhir and Chambal rivers flow through the Malwa plateau. It also forms the water divide between the Ganga and the Narmada basin. The soil in the area is black cotton as a result of weathering of basalts. Satpura-Maikal ranges lie to the south and the eastern plateau regions to the north- east of the Narmada - Sone valley. Chhindwara, Betul, Seoni, Balaghat, Mandla and parts of Khandwa and Khargone districts lie in the Satpura-Maikal ranges. Average height of these ranges is 300 m; but there are several high peaks; the highest peak of the state, Dhoopgarh that rises to 1360 m above msl lies in these ranges. The slope is sharp in south face and gentle on northern side. The eastern part, the Satpuras, is wider than the western part which stretches in the form of a semi-circle and is known as the Maikal ranges. The Maikal ranges include the Amarkantak plateau, which is origin of both Narmada and Sone rivers. The other rivers in the area are Johila, Macherwa, Denwa and ChotiTawa which join the Narmada. The eastern plateau region comprises Baghelkhand Plateau lying between Maikal ranges and Chhattisgarh plain area with an elevation of 1033 m above MSL. Climate Like other parts of India, Madhya Pradesh also has three major seasons Summer, Monsoon and Winter. During summer (March-June), the temperature in the entire state ranges above 29.4 C. In general, the eastern 17

29 parts of Madhya Pradesh are hotter than the western parts. The regions like Gwalior, Morena and Datia record temperature of over 42 C in the month of May. The humidity is relatively very low and the region usually experiences frequent mild dust storms. The south-west Monsoon usually breaks out in mid June and the entire state receive a major share of its rainfall between June and September. The south and south-east regions tend to experience a higher rainfall whereas the parts of north-west receive less. Mandla, Balaghat, Sidhi, Jabalpur and other extreme eastern parts receive more than 150 cm rainfall. The districts of western Madhya Pradesh receive less than 80 cm rainfall. The winter season starts from the month of November. The temperature remains low in the northern parts of the state in comparison to the southern parts. The daily maximum temperature in most of the northern part in the month of January remains between 15 and 18 C. The climate is generally dry and pleasant with a clear sky. Population As per Census report 2011, Madhya Pradesh has population of 7.27 Crores, an increase from figure of 6.03 Crore in 2001 census. Total population of Madhya Pradesh as per 2011 census is 72,626,809 out of which male and female were 37,612,306 and 35,014,503 respectively. In 2001, total population was 60,348,023 in which males were 31,443,652 while females were 28,904,371. The total population growth in this decade was per cent while in previous decade it was per cent. The population of Madhya Pradesh forms 6.00 per cent of India in In 2001, the figure was 5.87 per cent. Demographic profile The Population of Madhya Pradesh according to the 2011 census stands at about 72 million which is not as huge as compared to some of the other big states in the country. This also reflects in the fact that the density of the state is about 230 which is much less than the national average. The state has a growth rate of about 20 percent which is above the national average of about 17 and thus the population of the state is rising considerably given the 18

30 progress in the state. The literacy rate in the state is about 70% which is very close to the national average but something the state will have to work on to improve in the future. Total population of Madhya Pradesh as per 2011 census is 72,626,809 of which male and female are 37,612,306 and 35,014,503 respectively. In 2001, total population was 60,348,023 in which males were 31,443,652 while females were 28,904,371. Sex Ratio in Madhya Pradesh is 931 i.e. for each 1000 male, which is below national average of 940 as per census In 2001, the sex ratio of female was 920 per 1000 males in Madhya Pradesh. The total population growth in this decade was percent while in previous decade it was percent. The population of Madhya Pradesh forms 6.00 percent of India in In 2001, the figure was 5.87 percent. Madhya Pradesh Literacy Rate 2011: Literacy rate in Madhya Pradesh has seen upward trend and it was maintained percent as per 2011 population census. Of that, male literacy stands at percent while female literacy is at percent. In 2001, literacy rate in Madhya Pradesh stood at percent of which male and female were percent and percent literate respectively. In actual numbers, total literates in Madhya Pradesh stands at 42,851,169 of which males were 25,174,328 and females were 17,676,841. Madhya Pradesh Population Density 2011: Total area of Madhya Pradesh is 308,252 sq. km. Density of Madhya Pradesh is 236 per sq km which is lower than national average 382 per sq km. In 2001, density of Madhya Pradesh was 196 per sq km, while nation average in 2001 was 324 per Sq.km. Urban Population: The largest city in the state of Madhya Pradesh is Indore while Bhopal is the capital city of the Madhya Pradesh. The languages spoken in the Madhya Pradesh state includes Hindi. In total Madhya Pradesh (MP) state comprises 50 districts. The ISO-CODE assigned by International Organization for Standardization to Madhya Pradesh state. Out of total population of Madhya Pradesh, per cent people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 20,069,405 of which 10,462,918 are males and while remaining 9,606,487 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by percent. Sex Ratio in 19

31 urban regions of Madhya Pradesh was 918 females per 1000 males. For child (0-6) sex ratio the figure for urban region stood at 901 girls per 1000 boys. Total children (0-6 age) living in urban areas of Madhya Pradesh were 2,483,664. Of total population in urban region, per cent were children (0-6). Average Literacy rate in Madhya Pradesh for Urban regions was percent in which males were per cent literate while female literacy stood at per cent. Total literates in urban region of Madhya Pradesh were 14,569,183. Madhya Pradesh Rural Population 2011: Of the total population of Madhya Pradesh state, around percent live in the villages of rural areas. In actual numbers, males and females were 27,149,388 and 25,408,016 respectively. Total population of rural areas of Madhya Pradesh state was 52,557,404. The population growth rate recorded for this decade ( ) was per cent. In rural regions of Madhya Pradesh state, female sex ratio per 1000 males was 936 while same for the child (0-6 age) was 923 girls per 1000 boys. In Madhya Pradesh, 8,325,731 children (0-6) live in rural areas. Child population forms percent of total rural population. In rural areas of Madhya Pradesh, literacy rate for males and female stood at per cent and per cent. Average literacy rate in Madhya Pradesh for rural areas was per cent. Child population forms percent of total rural population. In rural areas of Madhya Pradesh, literacy rate for males and female stood at per cent and per cent. Average literacy rate in Madhya Pradesh for rural areas was per cent. (Details are given in Table) 20

32 Table 1: General information of Madhya Pradesh Description Total Population 72,626,809 60,348,023 Male 37,612,306 31,443,652 Female 35,014,503 28,904,371 Population Growth (per cent) Percentage of total Population Sex Ratio Child Sex Ratio Density/km Density/mi Area(Km 2 ) 308, ,245 Area mi2 119, ,014 Total Child Population (0-6 Age) 10,809,395 10,782,214 Male Population (0-6 Age) 5,636,172 5,579,847 Female Population (0-6 Age) 5,173,223 5,202,367 Literacy 69.32% 63.74% Male Literacy 78.73% 76.06% Female Literacy 59.24% 50.29% Total Literate 42,851,169 31,592,563 Male Literate 25,174,328 19,672,274 Female Literate 17,676,841 11,920,289 Source: Madhya Pradesh Population Census data

33 Cropping Pattern In the state the main crops grown in kharif season are Soybean, Paddy, Maize, Bajara and Tur etc. and in rabi season Wheat, Gram, Mustered, Cotton, Jowar and vegetables. Sugarcane, Custard apple and Banana are also grown in some districts. Madhya Pradesh is the highest producer of pulses, Gram and Soybean which contributing per cent, per cent and per cent, respectively and is second in oil seed production; Jowar, Masoor contributing 22.10, 14.11, and per cent, respectively to the total production of India. Madhya Pradesh is predominantly Kharif Crops growing State. Kharif Crops occupies about per cent whereas Rabi Crops occupies about per cent area out of the total cropped area in the State. About 41 per cent of cropped area generally occupied by cereal crops, while pulses occupied 21 per cent area and oilseed occupied about 27 per cent area. Vegetables, fruits, fodder and other horticultural crops occupy rest 11 per cent area. (Details are provided in Table) Land utilization pattern Table 2: Land use pattern of Madhya Pradesh. Land use Area in 000 ha Percentage Total geographical area Reporting area for land utilization Forest area Not available of land for cultivation Permanent pastures and other grazing lands Land under misc. tree crops and groves Cultureable wasteland Fallow land other than current fallows Current fallows Net area sown Source: Land Use Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI,

34 Economy Madhya Pradesh, India's second largest state, which occupies 9.38 per cent of the country's area, is also the second richest state in terms of its mineral resources. Primarily, it has an agricultural and pastoral economy. Industrial development is primarily concentrated in the more advance districts like Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior and Jabalpur. Over 30 per cent of the State's total area is enveloped by the forest. The eastern districts of Balaghat, Mandla, Shahdol, Sidhi have dense forest cover. The abundantly found trees include Teak, Sal, Bamboo and Tendu. Agriculture is the main occupation of villagers, Wheat, Soybean and Jowar (Sorghum) are the main Crops. Paddy and Coarse Millets are also sown in large parts. Pulses, Cereals and Groundnut are also grown. Important among the cash crops are Cotton, Sugarcane and Oil Seeds. Mandsaur is the largest opium producing district in the country. The irrigation of land is mostly dependent on major rivers like Narmada, Chambal, Tapti, Betwa, Sone, Shipra, Kali Sindh and Tava. The Chambal valley and the Narmada valley offer good potential for hydroelectric power generation. Besides Thermal and Hydro power generation, numerous other conventional and non-conventional power projects are in place or in the stages of progress. Road density is increasing continuously with present road length being over 80 thousand kms. Communications are well developed. 23

35 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The present chapter deals with the methodological aspects of the investigation. The research methodology covers the study area nature and collection of data, method of data collection and analytical tools applied for analysis of data to fulfil the stated objectives. 3.1 Selection of study area: Madhya Pradesh state is considered for the study purpose. 3.2 Nature and Collection of Data: This study is based on secondary nature of data. Secondary data on livestock population which includes cattle (crossbred/indigenous-male/females population species wise livestock population milch and drought animals (cow and buffalos) sheep, goat, horse, camel, pig, mule and donkey were collected from livestock census, Basic animal husbandry, Statistics, Annual reports published from Department of Animal Husbandry, Directorate of Economics and Statistics etc. 3.3 Period of study: The study covers the period of 10 years. The data for period from 2003 to 2012 have been considered in this study. The information data on livestock population was available 4 or 5 year census accordingly information or data were collected from various sources. 3.4 Method of analysis: Following statistical tools were used to analyze the data. (1) Absolute Change: Absolute in different aspect of livestock population are worked out by the given formula. Absolute change = Current year Base year (2) Relative change: Absolute change fails to depict a comparative change among the variable and therefore in addition to absolute change, relative change has also been estimate in this study. By the given formula. Relative change = Current year Base year Base year x

36 (3) Coefficient of variation: This is a measure of relative dispersion for the purpose of comparing two or more statistical series. For comparing the variability present in them, coefficient of variation is used which is expressed in percentage term. It is defined by the following formula. Coefficient of Variation= (C.V= σ 100) X Data on livestock population are published census wise (ever four or five years under different aspects) so it was not possible to estimate the trend and growth rate of different variables comes under livestock population. 3.5 Terminology used: Livestock: The terms "livestock" and "poultry" are used in a very broad sense, covering all domestic animals irrespective of their age and location or the purpose of their breeding. Cattle, buffaloes, camels, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, mules, asses and chickens are raised and enumerated in many countries. Some countries raise and enumerate ducks, geese, turkeys and beehives, whereas rabbits, guinea fowl, pigeons, silkworm cocoons, fur animals, reindeer and various kinds of camelids are limited to far fewer countries Animal husbandry: The branch of biology that deals with the feeding, shelter, caring, breeding and utilisation of domesticated animals is called animal husbandry. Animals provide us several important products and one of the major products obtained from them is milk, a rich source of protein in our food Milch animals: Animals domesticated for their milk and are rich in the production of milk are termed to be milch animals. In India, the primary milch animals are cows and buffaloes. Milk is also obtained in small quantities from goats, sheep and camels Cows in India: There are around thirty indigenous breeds of cows in India. Male and female breeds of cows are classified into three broad categories based on their utility. These are draught, dual-purpose and dairy animals. 25

37 Draught breeds such as Kangayam, Amritmahal and Hallikar are mainly used for various agricultural activities such as ploughing, pulling carts and transporting material. The females of this breed yield less milk. In dual-purpose breeds, cows are used to get milk while bullocks are used for draught purposes. Some of these breeds are Dangi and Tharparkar from Haryana. Dairy breeds are high milk-yielding cows, whose bulls are not very good as draught animals Cross breeding: Cross-breeding is beneficial in increasing milk production. Milk production in cross-bred cows is two to three times more than that of indigenous cows. Indigenous, high milk-yielding breeds in India include Red Sindhi, Sahiwal and Gir. Exotic or foreign breeds of cows include Jersey, Holstein Friesian and Brown Swiss. Indian breeds of cows with high milk yielding capacity and lengthier lactation period are crossed with bullocks of exotic breeds to upgrade the quality of Indian breeds. High milk-yielding cows developed through cross-breeding are Karan-Swiss and Frieswal Buffaloes in India : Buffaloes are the milch animals which provide us with large amount of milk. Buffalo milk is the largest source of milk in India. Murrah, a high-yielding breed of buffalo from Punjab and Haryana, yields litres of milk per day. Mehsana from Gujarat yields up to litres of milk every day. Other high milk-yielding varieties include Jaffarabadi, Nili, Nagpuri and Surti Indigenous Animals: Animals which belongs to descript/non-descript breeds of indigenous origin Exotic Animals: Animals which are developed in other countries are described as exotic animals. The most important exotic dairy cattle breeds in India are Jersey and Holstein Friesian (HF) Dry Animals: Animals which are calved but at present not in production are described as dry animals. Animals that cannot be calved in future are not covered under this category. 26

38 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Keeping in view the specific objectives of the study, required data were collected and the result obtained are presented and discussed in this chapter. The results and discussion are presented under the following heads: Changes on population: i. Cattle Crossbred Male and Female ii. Cattle Indigenous Male and Female iii. Buffalo Male and Female iv. Sheep Crossbred and Indigenous v. Pig Crossbred and Indigenous vi. Goat vii. Camel viii. Horse and ponies ix. Mules and donkeys Changes in milk and meat production: Milk production: i. Crossbred and indigenous cow milk production ii. Buffalo and goat milk production iii. Milk production under crossbred cow iv. Milk production under indigenous cow v. Milk production of buffalo vi. Milk production of goat Meat production: i. Buffalo meat production ii. Sheep meat production iii. Goat meat production iv. Pig meat production. 27

39 Over 2.5 years Population of Cattle Crossbred and Indigenous in Madhya Pradesh The on the population of cattle crossbred and indigenous in Madhya Pradesh from year 2003 to 2012 have been analyzed by used of absolute change, relative change and coefficient of variation and provided in the following section. Population of Cattle Crossbred male in Madhya Pradesh. The cattle crossbred male was divided into four groups on the basis of age i.e first group under one year, second group up to 2.5 years, third groups over 2.5 years and fourth group other. Third group was further divided into three categories i.e (i) breeding purpose, (ii) work purpose and (iii) both breeding and work purpose. Under different groups, the absolute and relative as well as coefficient of variation were calculated and details are given in Table Table Changes on population of cattle crossbred male in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation I Under one year II Up to 2.5 years (i) used for breeding purpose only IIII (ii) used for work purpose only (iii) used for both breeding & work Sub total IV Others Overall total It was observed that the positive were found in all the groups except 4 th group. In IV group negative absolute change (-648) and relative change (-21.6) was found. Over all it could be concluded that positive change on population of cattle crossbred male in Madhya Pradesh was found. 28

40 Over 2.5 years The value of coefficient of variation was observed in ranged from to which show that the variation on on population of crossbred male was observed from to percent under different groups. It could be concluded that from one year to over 2.5 year age of cattle crossbred male was found in positive direction in study area. Population of Cattle crossbred female in Madhya Pradesh. The population of cattle crossbred female was also divided under four groups i.e 1 st under one year, 2 nd one to 2.5 years, 3 rd over 2.5 years and 4 th others and 3 rd over 2.5 years group was further divided into 3 parts i.e (i) milk, (ii) dry and (iii) others and details are given in Table Under different groups, the results of absolute and relative as well as coefficient of variation were shows positive in 2012 over The value of coefficient of variation was observed in ranged from to per cent. Over all it could be concluded that there was positive change in population of all the groups of cattle crossbred female in Madhya Pradesh. Table Changes on population of cattle crossbred female in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation I Under one year II One to 2.5 years (i) in milk III (ii) dry (iii) others Sub total IV Others Overall total

41 over 2.5 years Population of cattle indigenous male in Madhya Pradesh. The population of cattle indigenous male was divided into four groups i.e under one year, one to 2.5 years, over 2.5 years and others, The third group i.e over 2.5 years was further divided into three categories i.e breeding purpose, work purpose, and both breeding and work purpose. The absolute and relative were found positive in all the groups except 1 st group i.e under one year. Under 1 st group negative absolute change ( ) and relative change (-74.67) was found. The range of coefficient of variation under all categories except under 1 st group was estimated from 2.87 to percent and under 1 st group per cent change was observed. Over all it could be concluded that there was positive change in population of cattle indigenous male in Madhya Pradesh except under one year age group. Table Changes on population of cattle indigenous male in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of Variation I Under one year II 1 to 2.5 years (i) used for breeding only III (ii) used for work only (iii) used for breeding & work Sub total IV Others Overall total

42 Over 3 years Population of cattle indigenous female in Madhya Pradesh. The population of cattle indigenous female was divided into four groups on the basis of age i.e under one year, one to three years, over three years and others. Third groups i.e over three years was further divided into three categories i.e milk, dry and not yet calved. Under different groups of cattle indigenous female, the absolute and relative as well as the coefficient of variation were calculated. Changes on the population of cattle indigenous female were observed positive in 1 st and 3 rd categories while negative was found in population of cattle indigenous female under one to three years and others category. The value of coefficient of variation was observed ranging from 0.79 to per cent which indicates that there was lot of variation during 2003 to Table Changes on population of cattle indigenous female in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of Variation I Under one year II One to 3 years (i) in milk III (ii) dry (iii) not yet calved Sub total IV Others Overall total Thus it could be concluded that negative on population of cattle indigenous female under one to three years age group was observed during period of study while in other groups in positive direction. 31

43 Overall on the population of cattle crossbred (male and female) in Madhya Pradesh. The on population of cattle crossbred male and female in Madhya Pradesh are provided in Table Table Overall on population of cattle crossbred (male and female) in Madhya Pradesh. Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation Male Female Total Data shows that overall positive (absolute and relative) on population of crossbred (male and female) were found and more was observed in crossbred female than male in the study area. Overall on population of cattle indigenous (male and female) in Madhya Pradesh. The overall position on of population of cattle indigenous in Madhya Pradesh are provided in Table Table Overall on the population of cattle indigenous (male and female) in Madhya Pradesh. Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation Male Female Total The negative on population of cattle indigenous male was observed while in case of female it was positive and overall also found positive but it was only 0.89 per cent change during period of study. 32

44 over 3 years Changes on the population of buffalo (Male, Female) The absolute change, relative change and coefficients of variation for on the population of buffalo male and female from 2003 to 2012 have been analyzed and provided in the following section. Population of buffalo male in Madhya Pradesh. The population of buffalo male in Madhya Pradesh was put under four categories i.e. 1 st under one year, 2 nd One to 3 years, 3 rd over 3 years and 4 th others and over 3 years category was further divided into (1) breeding only, (2) work only and (3) breeding and work both and detail information are given in Table Table Changes on population of buffalo male in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of Variation I Under one year II One to 3 year (i) used for breeding only III (ii) used for work only (iii) used for breeding & work Sub total IV Others Overall total It reveals from the table that there was positive change under all categories except under 1 st category and subgroup of use for work only under over 3 years category. In both the categories negative change was observed. Maximum positive change was recorded under one to 3 years category and minimum positive change was recorded under breeding and work purpose over 3 years category. Overall it could be concluded that there was positive change in buffalo male but it was only 7 per cent in Madhya Pradesh. 33

45 Over 3 years Population of buffalo female in Madhya Pradesh. The population of buffalo female was divided into four groups on the basis of age as 1 st group under one year, 2 nd one to three years, 3 rd over three years and 4 th others and 3 rd group was further divided into (i) milk purpose, (ii) dry purpose and (iii) not yet calved and details have been provided in Table Table Changes on the population of buffalo female in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation I Under one year II One to 3 years (i) in milk III (ii) dry (iii) not yet calved Sub total IV Others Overall total It revealed from the table that under 3 rd group, there was negative relative change in milk and dry purpose subgroup while positive change was found in not yet calved subgroup. In the 2 nd group, positive change was found in female population but it was only 1.61 per cent. Under 1 st and 4 th group the positive change i.e 36 per cent in female population was found. Overall it could be concluded that only 8 percent positive in population of female buffalo was observed which shows that very less was during 9 years from 2003 to

46 Overall on population of buffalo (male and female) in Madhya Pradesh. The value of absolute change, relative change and coefficient of variation for knowing the on the population of male and female buffalo in M.P are given in Table Table Overall on population of Buffalo (male and female) in Madhya Pradesh. Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation Male Female Total It revealed from the table that there was positive change in population of buffalo male and female in the year 2012 over The absolute in population of buffalo male and female were and respectively in the year 2012 over 2003 in M.P. while 7.42 and 8.20 as relative change was observed. Overall it could be concluded that the variation in on population of male and female buffalo in M.P. was about 5 per cent which shows that less was found in buffalo male and female in Madhya Pradesh. Population of Sheep (crossbred, Indigenous) in Madhya Pradesh. To measuring the on population of sheep crossbred and indigenous from 2003 to 2012 have been analyzed by absolute change, relative change and coefficient of variation and provided in the following section. Population of Sheep crossbred in Madhya Pradesh. The population of sheep crossbred was divided into two major groups namely male and female, these groups were further divided into two subgroups i.e (i) under one year & (ii) one and more. For each groups relative 35

47 Female Male Female Male change, absolute change and coefficient of variation were calculated. The negative were observed under all categories except male of one and more year. It could be concluded that the population of sheep crossbred in Madhya Pradesh shown a negative change. Coefficient of variation ranged from to which indicates that there was decreasing in number of sheep crossbred population in Madhya Pradesh. This is not good sign in the study area. Table Changes on population of sheep crossbred in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003 Current Absolute year (2012) Relative Coefficient of variation (i) under 1 year (ii) 1 and more Total (i) under 1 year (ii) 1 and more Total Overall total Population of sheep indigenous in Madhya Pradesh. The population of sheep indigenous was divided into two major groups male and female. These groups are further divided into two subgroups i.e under one year & one and more year and results are shown in Table Table Changes on population of sheep indigenous in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation (i) under 1 year (ii) 1 and more Total (i) under 1 year (ii) 1 and more Total Overall total

48 Under these groups coefficient of variation as well as absolute and relative was estimated. Under all the categories a negative change was observed. The coefficient of variation ranged from to It could be concluded that the population of indigenous sheep in Madhya Pradesh has shown a negative change which indicates that there was decreasing in number of indigenous sheep in Madhya Pradesh. Overall on population of sheep (crossbred and indigenous) in Madhya Pradesh. The in the population of sheep (crossbred and indigenous) in Madhya Pradesh have been analysed and overall position of sheep are provided in the Table Table Overall on population of Sheep (crossbred and indigenous) in Madhya Pradesh. Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation Crossbred Indigenous Total It revealed from the table that negative were observed in population of sheep of both crossbred and indigenous and more negative on population of crossbred sheep than indigenous sheep in Madhya Pradesh which shows that the number of crossbred and indigenous sheep recorded in decreasing year to year in Madhya Pradesh. Population of pig (crossbred, Indigenous) in Madhya Pradesh. Changes on the population of pig crossbred and indigenous from 2003 to 2012 have been analyzed in the form of absolute change, relative change and coefficient of variation and provided in the following section. 37

49 Female Male Population of pig crossbred in Madhya Pradesh. The population of pig crossbred was divided into two major groups i.e male and female. These major groups were further divided into two subgroups (i) below six months and (ii) six months and over. Under various groups three values namely absolute change, relative change and coefficient of variation was studied. Result of absolute change and relative change on measuring in population of pig crossbred shows the negative in all the categories so it is clear cut indicates that the number of pig crossbred was decreased in 2012 over The value of coefficient of variation was found in ranged from to per cent. Overall it could be concluded that there was a negative change in the population of pig crossbred in Madhya Pradesh. Table Changes on population of pig crossbred in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Coefficient Relative of variation (i) below 6 months (ii) 6 months & over Total (i) below 6 months (ii) 6 months & over Total Overall total Population of pig indigenous in Madhya Pradesh. The population of pig indigenous was divided into two major groups namely male and female. These major groups further divided into two sub groups namely (i) below six months and (ii) six months & over and results of on population of pig indigenous are given in Table

50 Female Male Table Changes on population of pig indigenous in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003) Current Absolute year (2012) Relative Coefficient of variation (i) below 6 months (ii) 6 months & over Total (i) below 6 months (ii) 6 months & over Total Overall total Under different groups absolute and relative as well as coefficient of variation were studied. Regarding in population of indigenous pig in Madhya Pradesh was decreased in year 2012 over 2003 in both form absolute change and relative change. The coefficient of variation varied from to Overall it could be concluded that there was a negative in population of pig indigenous in Madhya Pradesh. Overall on population of pig (crossbred and indigenous) in Madhya Pradesh. Overall in population of pig in Madhya Pradesh in the form of absolute change, relative change and coefficient of variation are given in the Table Table Overall on population of Pig (crossbred and Particulars indigenous) in Madhya Pradesh. Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation Crossbred Indigenous Total As per absolute change, it was observed , and negative in crossbred, indigenous and overall total pig in the year 2012 over 2003 in Madhya Pradesh. 39

51 Female Male Regarding relative change -61.3, and per cent negative were observed under crossbred, indigenous and overall pig population in Madhya Pradesh. The variation on was estimated 62.53, and per cent for crossbred, indigenous and total pig respectively. Overall it could be concluded that there was a negative change in the population of pig crossbred and indigenous in Madhya Pradesh. Population of goat in Madhya Pradesh. The population of goat was divided into two major groups i.e male and female. These major groups further divided into two sub groups i.e (1) under one year & (2) one year and more. One year and more sub group of female was further divided into (i) milk purpose and (ii) dry purpose. For knowing the in population of goat, absolute change, relative as well as coefficient of variation were estimated. Result shows that there was negative change in population of 1 st group of male while in 2 nd group it was found positive which shows that the number of change in male goat under 1 st year and over was in increasing order and per cent change occur in the year 2012 over Under female goat group, the positive was found in population of dry purpose female while in case of in milk female goat group in Madhya Pradesh the negative absolute and relative change was observed. Overall it could be concluded that there was positive change in all the groups of male and female goat in Madhya Pradesh except one year and more male group and dry purpose female sub group. Table 5.5 Changes on population of goat in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation (i) under 1 year (ii) 1 year and more Total (i) under 1 year (ii) 1 year and more in milk dry Total

52 Female Male Population of camel in Madhya Pradesh. The population of camel was divided into two major groups i.e male and female which was further divided into two subgroups i.e (i) under four years and (ii) over four years and information is given in Table 5.6. Table 5.6 Changes on population of camel in Madhya Pradesh. Group Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation (i) under 4 years (ii) over 4 years Total (i) under 4 years (ii) over 4 years Total Overall total Overall it could be concluded that the population of camel under all the sub group of male and female had shown a negative change in Madhya Pradesh. The coefficient of variation varied from to As per the absolute and relative change, the result shows that there was negative change in both male and female group camel in Madhya Pradesh which indicates that the number of male and female of camel were decreases in the year 2012 over the 2003 (1277, 4301). It was observed 62 per cent of camel in Madhya Pradesh was decreased in the year 2012 over In the year 2012 total 3422 number of camel was remained in Madhya Pradesh. 41

53 Population of horse and ponies in Madhya Pradesh. The population of horse and ponies was divided into two major groups i.e male and female and details are given in Table 5.7. Table 5.7 Changes on population of horse and ponies in Madhya Pradesh. Particulars Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of Variation Male Female Total In Madhya Pradesh total horses and ponies was present in the year 2003 and it was decreases to horses and ponies in the year 2012 and about 39 per cent negative change was estimated in the year 2012 over the Overall it could be concluded that there was a negative change in the population of horse and ponies during period of study in Madhya Pradesh. Population of mules and donkeys in Madhya Pradesh. The population of mules was divided into two groups 1 st under three years and 2 nd over three years where as donkey was divided into two major groups namely (i) male and (ii) female again it was further divided into two categories i.e under three years and over three years and in population were analyzed and provided in Table 5.8. It revealed from the table that there was a positive change in population of mules where as in donkeys a negative change was observed under both categories i.e male and female. Overall it could be concluded the population of mules in Madhya Pradesh has shown a positive change where as the population of donkeys shown a negative change. The coefficient of variation varied from to in case of mules where as for female donkey it was to and for male donkey value of coefficient of variation was to

54 Table 5.8 Changes on population of mules and donkeys in Madhya Pradesh. Particulars Mules Base year (2003) Current year (2012) Absolute Relative Coefficient of Variation (i) under 3 year (ii) over 3 years Total Donkeys (male) (a) under 3 year (b) over 3 years Total Donkeys (female) (a( under 3 year (b) over 3 years Total It could be concluded that population of mules was change in positive direction in 9 years ( ) but only 1989 mules number was increased while in case of donkeys male and female about 61 per cent was decreased in Madhya Pradesh. Milk and Meat Production: The in milk and meat production in Madhya Pradesh, it covers milk production of crossbred and indigenous cow, goat, buffalo, and meat production of buffalo, sheep, goat and pig from to have been analyzed and provided in following section. Milk production of crossbred and indigenous cow in Madhya Pradesh. The total milk production of cow was divided under two groups i.e crossbred and indigenous and details are given in Table

55 Cow Milk Table Milk production of crossbred and indigenous cow in Madhya Pradesh. Unit:(000 tonnes) Particulars Base year ( ) Current year ( ) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation Crossbred Indigenous Total The absolute change, relative change and coefficient of variation was calculated. It revealed from table that a positive absolute (261.41) and relative (70.014) were observed in milk production of crossbred cow during to in Madhya Pradesh while in case of milk production of indigenous cow, there was also positive change in form of absolute (931.87) and relative (42.632) but it was less under milk production of indigenous cow then the milk production of crossbred cow. An overall per cent change was observed in milk production of crossbred and indigenous cow in Madhya Pradesh. It shows the good sign in milk production section of Madhya Pradesh. Milk production of buffalo and goat in Madhya Pradesh. The milk production of buffalo and goat (000 tonnes) was divided under two groups i.e buffalo and goat. Under these groups relative change, absolute change as well as coefficient of variation was estimated and details are provided in Table Table Milk production of buffalo and goat in Madhya Pradesh. Particulars Base year ( ) Current year ( ) Absolute Relative Coefficient of Variation Buffalo Milk Goat Milk Total

56 Result shows that (000 tonnes) of buffalo milk production was changed from to in Madhya Pradesh while about 18 per cent relative change was observed in buffalo milk production during to Regarding goat milk, there were about 141 absolute from to and about 36 per cent relative change was observed. Overall the value of coefficient of variation was per cent. Overall it could be concluded that per cent relative change was estimated under buffalo and goat milk production during to in Madhya Pradesh. Milk production of cow, buffalo and goat in Madhya Pradesh. The in milk production of cow, buffalo and goat (000 tonnes) during to in M.P. was estimated through relative change, absolute change as well as coefficient of variation and details are provided in Table Table Milk production of cow, buffalo and goat in Madhya Pradesh. Particulars Base year ( ) Current year ( ) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation Cow Milk Buffalo Milk Goat Milk Total Overall it could be concluded that there was a positive change in milk production of cow, goat and buffalo during to in Madhya Pradesh. The value of coefficient of variation was observed ranged from to percent. Average milk yield and milk producing cow animals. Crossbred cow milk production. The crossbred cow milk production in Madhya Pradesh included two parts i.e number of milk producing animals (000 nos) and average yield of 45

57 milk per animal (kg per day). For these parts absolute change, relative change and coefficient of variation were calculated and information are provided in Table Table Average yield of crossbred cow milk. Particulars No. of milk producing animal (000 nos.) Average yield of milk per animal (kg/day) Base year ( ) Current year ( ) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation The number of crossbred milk producing animal was observed (000 nos) in the year and it was increased 82.2 (000 nos) in the year of it was 49 per cent change was estimated during to period in Madhya Pradesh. It revealed from the analysis that there was positive in number of milk producing crossbred cow i.e 82.2 (000 nos) during to in Madhya Pradesh about 49 per cent change in number of crossbred cow in the year over which indicates that there is improvement in milk producing sector. Regarding average yield of crossbred cow milk per animal was observed 0.85 kg per day and about 14 per cent change from to was found. So proportion of change in milk production was less than number of milk producing crossbred cow in the study area and more efforts are needed to improve the milk production. Indigenous cow milk producing animals. The number of indigenous cow milk producing animals and average yield of milk per animal (kg per day) are given in Table Table No. of average indigenous cow milk producing animals and average yield of milk. Particulars No. of milk producing animal (000 nos.) Average yield of milk per animal (kg/day) Base year ( ) Current year ( ) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation

58 Regarding number of indigenous cow milk producing animals 6.53 per cent change was observed from to and the absolute change in number of animals was (000 nos) the average yield of milk per animal was also found positive change (30 per cent) during the study period in Madhya Pradesh. Number of buffalo milk producing animals and milk yeild. The numbers of buffalo milk producing animal and milk yield in Madhya Pradesh are provided in Table Table Number of milk producing buffalo animal and average yield of milk. Particulars Base year ( ) Current year ( ) Absolute Relative Coefficient of Variation No. of milk producing buffalo (000 nos.) Average yield of milk per animal (kg/day) It revealed from the table that the number of milk producing buffalo animal was found positive change i.e (000 nos) from the year to in M.P and the percentage change was Regarding average yield of milk per animal was estimated 3.49 kg per day in the year and it was change to 3.8 kg per day in the year and the percentage change was As per result the change in number of milk producing buffalo and average milk yield per animal were positive but percentage change was about 8-9 per cent during the study period so efforts are required to increase the number of buffalo milk producing animals as buffalo milk is used for different product of milk. 47

59 Number of milk producing goat in Madhya Pradesh. The number of milk producing goat and average milk yield are provided in Table Table Number of milk producing goat. Particulars Base year ( ) Current year ( ) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation No. of milk producing goat (000 nos.) Average yield of milk per Animal (kg/day) It revealed from the table that number of milk producing goat was increases from to (000 nos) in the year over and it was only 4.54 percent change was estimated during study period. Regarding average yield of milk goat it was also found positive change and in more proportion than number of milk producing goat in Madhya Pradesh. Meat production of buffalo Buffalo meat production in Madhya Pradesh was divided into three parts i.e number of animal slaughtered (in 000), average animal yield (in kg) and total meat production (in 000 tonnes). To measure the in all parts, absolute, relative as well as coefficient variation were calculated. Under meat production of buffalo, 96 (000) animals was slaughtered estimated in the year and it was increased 20.2 (000) numbers of slaughtered animals in the year Regarding average animal yield per animal, the absolute and relative change was observed 2.84 and 2.23 respectively. The positive change in meat production of buffalo was found per cent during to in Madhya Pradesh. Thus it can be concluded that the meat production of buffalo and other related aspect (i.e number of animal slaughtered, average animal yield etc) found in positive side. 48

60 Table Meat production of buffalo. Particulars Number of animals Slaughtered (in 000) Average Annual yield / Animal (in kg) Meat Production (000 Tonnes) Base year ( ) Current year ( ) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation Meat production of sheep. Sheep meat production covers number of animal slaughtered (in 000), average animal yield (in kg) and meat production (in 000 tonnes) and information are given in Table Table Information about meat production of sheep. Particulars Number of animals slaughtered (in 000) Average annual yield/ animal (in kg) Base year ( ) Current year ( ) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation Meat production (000 Tonnes) Under meat production of sheep the positive change was observed in case of number of slaughtered animals but percentage was only Regarding average annual yield per animal was also change 6.83 per cent. While in meat production only 7.14 percent change was estimated during to Thus it could be concluded that there was positive change in quantity of sheep meat production but percentage was very less in the study area. 49

61 Information about meat production of goat. Goat meat production in Madhya Pradesh was included number of animal slaughtered (in 000), average animal yield (in kg) and meat production (in 000 tonnes) and details are given in Table Table Information about meat production of goat. Particulars Number of animals Slaughtered (in 000) Average Annual yield / Animal (in kg) Meat Production (000 Tonnes) Base year ( ) Current year ( ) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation The positive change was observed in the number of animal slaughtered i.e Regarding average annual yield per animal was also change 2.76 per cent from to While in case of meat production 24.35, per cent change was estimated during study period. Thus it could be concluded that there was a positive change in goat meat production in Madhya Pradesh. Information about meat production of pig. The number of animal slaughtered (in 000), average animal yield (in kg) and meat production (in 000 tonnes). Under pig meat production in Madhya Pradesh was covered and details are given in the Table Table Information about meat production of pig. Particulars Base year ( ) Current year ( ) Absolute Relative Coefficient of variation Number of animals slaughtered (in 000) Average annual yield / animal (in kg) Meat production (000 Tonnes) It revealed from table that 24 (000) animals slaughtered was established in the year and it was decreased 23.9 (000) number of slaughtered in the year Regarding average annual yield per animal, 50

62 the absolute and relative were observed 0.73 and 1.98 change respectively. In case of meat production, there was 1.12 per cent in quantity of meat production of pig during to was found in Madhya Pradesh. Thus it could be concluded that meat production of pig and average annual yield per animal were found in positive side and slaughtered in negative side in the study area. 51

63 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK Livestock is an integral part of India s agricultural economy and plays a multifaceted role in providing livelihood support to the rural population. Livestock sector apart from contribution to national economy in general and to agricultural economy in particular, also provides employment generation opportunities, asset creation, coping mechanism against crop failure, social and financial security. Livestock helps to meet the equity objective in rural development through their contribution to the cash income of small and marginal farmers and landless labourers. India has largest livestock population in the world. The total livestock population of India makes up a huge number of million and India stands first in buffalo population (105.4 million), second in cattle (199 million), and goats (140 million), third in sheep (71.56 million), and fifth in poultry (648 million) As we know that more than 70 per cent of India s population lives in rural areas and their main occupation is agriculture. Agriculture alone cannot provide gainful employment to all the rural people. Animal husbandry is an effective instrument for supplementing the income and providing employment to the weaker section in rural areas. Livestock products not only represent a source of high quality food, but equally important they are as main source of income for many small farmers in India for purchasing food as well as agricultural inputs. With this backdrop the present study is undertaken with the following specific objectives. 1. To know the and variation in livestock population in Madhya Pradesh. 2. To measure the in composition of livestock population in Madhya Pradesh. 52

64 3. To assess the in milk and meat production of livestock in Madhya Pradesh. 4. To suggest policy implication for development of livestock sector in Madhya Pradesh. To achieve the above stated objectives, secondary data were collected from different sources. Time series secondary data on population, milk & meat production of livestock were obtained from the Directorate of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Government of India. The population data of livestock were obtained from last three livestock census (2003, 2007and 2012). The collected data were processed, tabulated and analyzed keeping in view the objectives of the study. To examine the variation and growth of livestock population, 2003 census data used as a base year and 2012 census data used as current year. In ordered to analyze change and variation in livestock milk & meat production, used as base year and used as current year. The major findings of the study are summarized as below- Changes on population: Changes on population of cattle crossbred male and female: A positive change on population of cattle crossbred male and female in Madhya Pradesh was found and more were observed in crossbred female than male. The on population of crossbred male was found from to percent under different group and the value of coefficient of variation on in population of crossbred female was found from to per cent under different group. Changes on population of cattle indigenous male and female: The absolute and relative were found positive in all groups except under one year group of cattle indigenous male. The under all categories of cattle indigenous male except under 1 st group were found form 2.87 to per cent and under 1 st group per cent. The negative were found on population of cattle indigenous female under one to three years age group while in other groups in positive direction. 53

65 Changes on population of buffalo male and female. There was a positive change in buffalo male but it was only 7 per cent and maximum (53.13 per cent) change was found under one to three years category and minimum (8.49 per cent) under breeding in work purpose over three years category. The positive in population of female buffalo were found but it is only 8 per cent. A negative relative change in milk and dry purpose subgroup was found. Changes on population of sheep crossbred and indigenous: The negative change was found in population of sheep of both crossbred and indigenous except male of under one and more year ( per cent). The coefficient of variation ranged from to in case of sheep crossbred and to in case of indigenous sheep which indicates that there was a decreasing in number of sheep crossbred and indigenous population. Changes on population of pig crossbred and indigenous: As per absolute change, it was observed , and negative in crossbred, indigenous and overall total pig in the year 2012 over 2003 in Madhya Pradesh. Regarding relative change -61.3, and per cent negative were observed under crossbred, indigenous and overall pig population in Madhya Pradesh the variation on was estimated 62.53, and per cent for crossbred, indigenous and total pig respectively. Overall it could be concluded that there was a negative change in the population of pig crossbred and indigenous in Madhya Pradesh. Changes on population of goat: The change in male goat under first year and more was in increasing order (14.60 per cent), while under female goat group the positive change was found in population of dry purpose female and in case of in milk female goat group the negative absolute and relative change was found. There was positive change in all the groups of male and female goat in Madhya Pradesh except one year and more male group and dry purpose female subgroup. 54

66 Changes on population of camel: The numbers of male and female of camel were decreases in the year 2012 over 2003 (62 per cent). The population of camel under all the subgroup of male and female were found negative change and coefficient of variation varied from to Changes on population of horse and ponies: Negative change was found in the year 2012 over the 2003 in male (49.72 per cent) and female (20.48 per cent) in the population of horse and ponies in Madhya Pradesh. Changes on population of mules and donkeys: The population of mules in Madhya Pradesh was found a positive change, where as the population of donkeys was negative change, the coefficient of variation varied from to in case of mules where as for female donkeys, it was to and for male donkeys it was to Changes in milk production of crossbred and indigenous cow: Positive absolute and relative were found in milk production of crossbred and indigenous cow but it was less in milk production of indigenous cow than the crossbred cow. Overall per cent were found in milk production of crossbred and indigenous cow in Madhya Pradesh. Changes in milk production of buffalo and goat: About 18 per cent relative change was found in buffalo milk production where as about 36 per cent relative change was found in goat. Overall per cent relative change was found in buffalo and goat milk production during year to in Madhya Pradesh and coefficient of variation was per cent. Changes in milk production of cow, buffalo and goat: There was a positive change in milk production of cow, buffalo and goat during to in Madhya Pradesh. The coefficient of variation ranged from to per cent. 55

67 Average yield of crossbred cow: There was a positive change in number of milk producing crossbred cow i.e 82.2 (000 nos) during to in Madhya Pradesh. Average yield of crossbred cow milk per animal was found 0.85 kg per day and above 14 per cent change from to , so proportion of change in milk production was less than number of milk producing crossbred cow. Average yield of indigenous cow: In indigenous cow milk producing animals, 6.53 per cent change was found from to The average yield of milk per animal was found positive change (30 per cent) in Madhya Pradesh. Average yield of buffalo milk: The number of milk producing buffalo animal was found a positive change i.e (000 nos) and percentage change was 8.24 from the year to Average yield of milk per animal was 3.49 kg per day ( ) and it was change to 3.8 kg in the year and percentage change was The number of buffalo and average milk yield per animal were positive but percentage change was about 8-9 per cent. Average yield of goat milk: A positive change in number of milk producing goat (4.54 per cent) and average yield of milk goat (27.66 per cent) was found but average yield of milk goat was more proportion than number of milk producing goat in Madhya Pradesh. Changes in meat production: A positive increase in number of animal slaughtered i.e per cent during study period. Average annual yield per animal was change 2.23 per cent and in meat production per cent were found during the study period. Under meat production of sheep, positive change was found in case of number of slaughtered but percentage change was only 0.24 and average 56

68 annual yield per animal was also change 6.83 per cent while meat production of sheep only 7.14 per cent was found during period of study. The positive change was found in number of goat animal slaughtered (135.7) and average annual yield per animal was also change 2.76 per cent while in case of meat production per cent change was found during period of study. In case of pig meat production, negative change was found in number of animal slaughtered (0.4 per cent) while meat production of pig and average annual yield per animal were found in positive side i.e 1.12 and 1.98 per cent respectively during the period of study. Suggestions On the basis of the findings the following suggestions or recommendations are made:- The integrated approach should be adopted for feeding, healthcare and breeding for livestock development as livestock is an integral part of India s agricultural economy The yield levels of milk for cows and buffalos would be improved through genetic up gradation through cross breeding, selective breeding and converting unproductive animals to productive. Improvement in quality and quantity of meat is also needed. Region wise breed should be identify for high yielding milk production (cow and buffalo and others) and should be presented as breed purity and maintained for its development. By promoting and disseminating the technologies developed by the research system efforts, to improve the productivity of milk and meat production. Efforts would be made by the concerned agencies to adoption of technologies for development of livestock sector. It is necessary to create basic infrastructure policy and procedures to organize animal trade for better return and faster growth of livestock sector. Efforts should be made to creation of necessary infrastructure for meat production facilities in urban and rural areas with the consideration of 57

69 the slaughter houses, meat production and processing units should be located keeping in view environmental, social and logistic requirements, it will be promoted as forward linkage for animal producers. 58

70 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anonymous Annual Report of Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries. Ministry of Agriculture. Government of India. Anonymous Annual Report of Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries. Ministry of Agriculture. Government of India. Anonymous Annual Report of Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries. Ministry of Agriculture. Government of India. Bagalkot M, Siddayya, Patil S, Lokesha H and Ram JJ A Study on Dynamics of Livestock Population in North-eastern Karnataka. Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 26 (Conference Number) Chand R Livestock in Himachal Pradesh: Factors affecting growth, composition and Intensity. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 50(3): Deka N and Buragohain R Livestock Sector in Assam: An Appraisal and Performance. Economic Affairs pp.243 Devendra C Goats and rural prosperity. V International Conference on Goats: March Pre-conference proceedings: plenary papers and invited lectures : Dubeuf JP, Morand-Fehr P and Rubino R Situation, and future of goat industry around the world. Small Ruminant Research 51(2): Gupta DC, Suresh A and Singh VK Livestock growth and major production system in different agro-climatic regions of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 97 (6): Kumar A and Kushwaha BP Small ruminant production in Utter Pradesh and Uttranchal: regional perspectives. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants 10(1): Kumar A, Staal SE, Lumalai K and Singh Dhiraj K Livestock Sector in North- Eastern Region of India: An Appraisal of Performance. Agricultural Economics Research Review 20: Kumar P, Kher SK and Dwivedi S An analytical study of livestock in Jammu and Kashmir. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences. 2(3): Mishra RR, Lal K, Pradad S and Sharma GC Production of meat in India - present trend and future projection. Livestock Adviser 17(10): Pandey UK The livestock economy of India: A profile. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 50(3): Pandya H and Shaiyani RL Growth and instability of milk production in Gujarat State. Indian Dairyman 46(9): Popescu A Study regarding the trends in the worlds and European goat milk production. Lucrări Ştiinţifice-Seria Zootehnie, Vol. 59. Rath N Economics of sheep and goat in Maharashtra. Indian J. Agric. Econ 47(1):

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72 Part I of Abstract 1. Title of the thesis : Dynamics of Livestock Sector in Madhya Pradesh An Economic Analysis 2. Student Name : Mr. Hamidullah Haidari Postal address : Mazar-e- sharif, Balkh, Afghanistan 3. Advisor Name : Dr. A.K. Sarawgi Address (office) : Professor (Department of Agricultural Economics & Farm Management) Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.) 4. Degree awarded : M.Sc (Ag.) Agricultural Economics 5. Year of awarded of degree : Major subject : Agricultural Economics and F. M. 7. Total number of pages in the : 60 thesis 8. Number of words in the abstract : 557 Dr.A.K.Sarawgi Dr. N.K. Raghuwanshi Hamidullah Haidari (Advisor) (Head of Department) (Student)

73 Part II of Abstract Livestock is an integral part of India s agricultural economy and plays a multifaceted role in providing livelihood support to the rural population. Livestock sector apart from contribution to national economy in general and to agricultural economy in particular, also provides employment generation opportunities, asset creation, coping mechanism against crop failure, social and financial security. With this backdrop the present study is undertaken with the following specific objectives. To know the and variation in livestock population in Madhya Pradesh. To measure the in composition of livestock population in Madhya Pradesh. To assess the in milk and meat production of livestock in Madhya Pradesh. To suggest policy implication for development of livestock sector in Madhya Pradesh. A positive change on population of cattle crossbred male and female in Madhya Pradesh was found and more were observed in crossbred female then male. The negative were found on population of cattle indigenous female under one to three years age group while in other groups in positive direction. The positive in population of female buffalo were found but it is only 8 per cent. A negative relative change in milk and dry purpose subgroup was found. The negative change was found in population of sheep of both crossbred and indigenous except male of under one and more year ( per cent). Overall it could be concluded that there was a negative change in the population of pig crossbred and indigenous in Madhya Pradesh.

74 There was positive change in all the groups of male and female goat in Madhya Pradesh except one year and more male group and dry purpose female subgroup. The population of camel under all the subgroup of male and female were found negative change and coefficient of variation varied from to Negative change was found in the year 2012 over the 2003 in male (49.72 per cent) and female (20.48 per cent) in the population of horse and ponies in Madhya Pradesh. The population of mules in Madhya Pradesh was found a positive change, where as the population of donkeys was negative change. Overall per cent were found in milk production of crossbred and indigenous cow in Madhya Pradesh. There was a positive change in milk production of cow, buffalo and goat during to in Madhya Pradesh. Average yield of crossbred cow milk per animal was found 0.85 kg per day and above 14 per cent change from to The average yield of milk per animal was found positive change (30 per cent) in Madhya Pradesh. Average yield of milk per animal was 3.49 kg per day ( ) and it was change to 3.8 kg in the year and percentage change was A positive change was found in number of animal slaughtered in buffalo, sheep and goat except pig i.e 0.4 per cent. The yield levels of milk for cows and buffalos would be improved through genetic up gradation through cross breeding, selective breeding and converting unproductive animals to productive. Improvement in quality and quantity of meat is also needed. By promoting and disseminating the technologies developed by the research system efforts, to improve the productivity of milk and meat production. Efforts would be made by the concerned agencies to adoption of technologies for development of livestock sector.

75 CURRICULUM VITAE Name of the author- Mr. Hamidullah Haidari Place- Mazar-e-Sharif, Balkh, Afghanistan. Date of Birth- 19 th September 1990 The author of this thesis Mr. Hamidullah Haidari, S/o Mir Abdul Qayoum Haidari was born on 19 th September 1990 at Taluqan, Takhar province, Afghanistan. The author thereafter, carried his post graduation studies from the Department of Agricultural Economics & Farm Management, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.) under Afghan - Aid Fund Scholarship Scheme. For the partial fulfilment of the Master s degree programme he was allotted a research problem on Dynamics of Livestock Sector in Madhya Pradesh An Economic Analysis which was successfully conducted by him and being submitted in the form of the thesis. The author has successfully passed B.Sc. (Agriculture) in the year 2013 from Takhar University, Afghanistan. The author has passed his high school in the year 2009 from Shikh Shahab High School, Mazar-e-Sharif, Afghanistan.