Site. Adami Tulu Woreda. Robit-Taba Kebele

Transcription

1 Site Adami Tulu Woreda Robit-Taba Kebele

2 Lemo and Angacha Woreda Dangela Woreda Irrigation technology Pumping Technology

3 Irrigated Forage Kitchen Garden/Drip Irrigation Ground Water Recharge

4 Risk Erosion Chemical Fecal Contamination Malaria Other Water n Borne Diseases Water Quantity Balance Other issues? 1) Waste management, particularly for the disposal of irrigation equipment as it wears out/breaks. What is the plan for longterm management of hoses, spigots, well equipment, treadles, pumps, etc? 2) Management of size of small ruminant herds as related to fecal contamination and exclusion from water sources, including wells, streams, wetlands, etc. Is there a max size of ruminant herd expected? 3) Soil quality - related to salt deposition, organic matter, nutrient losses, etc. 4) Water quality - potential impacts related to erios/runoff - regular monitoring & corrective action needed. 5) Impacts to wetlands and mitigation measures. Risk Erosion Chemical Fecal Contamination Malaria Other Water n Borne Diseases Water Quantity Balance Could be someother issues that would be different than those identifed at the experimental design phase

5 Description Env 1. Where will the Adami-Tulu Woreda is located in the rift valley of Oromia region about 150 kilometers south of Addis-Ababa and is one of the Feed the Future woredas. The temperature ranges between 15 o C to 20 o C. The average annual rainfall is 800 mm. The annual water deficit in Adami Tulu (the difference between annual potential evapotranspiration and rainfall) is between 750 mm to 1000 mm. Therefore, the PET is between 1550 mm to 1800 mm. Robit-Taba Kebele is one of the rural kebele in Bahir-Dar Zuria woreda of Amhara Region. It has a sub-tropical ( Woina Dega ) climate. It is one of AGP and Feed the Future woreda in the region. As Robit-Bata is close to Bahir Dar, this preliminary analysis uses the average annual rainfall and PET values for Bahir Dar. The average annual rainfall value for Bahir Dar is approximately 1400 mm. The mean annual potential evaporation is about 1666 mm.

6 Lemo and Angacha Woreda are located in the Hadiya zone of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region of Ethiopia, about 185 kms from Addis Ababa. They are characterized by a a bimodal rainfall pattern and a crop-livestock system with a strong perennial crops component. Lemo and Angacha Woreda are principal sites of the USAID Feed the Future, Africa Rising project. Dangila Woreda is one of AGP and Feed the Future woreda in the Amhara Region. It is located at degrees longitude, degrees latitude and 2140 masl altitude about 80 kilometers south west of Bahir Dar. In the woreda, there are 27 rural kebele among which 16 of them have access to perennial rivers. It has a sub-tropical ( Woina Dega ) climate with 8.4 degree Celsius of average daily temperature. Purpose and application 2. What typ Pump technologies will be tested in all four sites to evaluate the efficiency, reliability, and farmer acceptance of different pumps used to raise shallow groundwater for irrigation of kitchen gardens and small-scale commercial plantings of high-value crops (such as vegetables and forages used for shortterm fattening of small ruminants) during the dry season. These technologies may include: rope and washer, treadle, solar-thermal and motor pumps.

7 Irrigated forages will be grown in all four sites on small areas within kitchen gardens to evaluate the possibility of fattening small ruminants during the dry season for sale when prices peak just before religious holidays. Irrigation application methods will be tested in kitchen gardens at all four sites. Methods will include traditional (mostly furrow) irrigation currently applied by farmers and drip/trickle irrigation. Economical drip/trickle methods will be applied with and without conservation agriculture practices consisting of residue management and minimum tillage. Recharge enhancement methods will be evaluated on up to three fields at one site (Robit-Taba Kebele) to determine the feasibility of increasing recharge of shallow aquifers and limiting surface runoff and soil erosion during the wet season. Benefits of successful recharge enhancement would include increased groundwater availability for dry season irrigation, reduce runoff and soil erosion from fields and stream banks. Comparisons will be made of tractor- and bullock-power for deep ripping. The effects of deep ripping on infiltration and recharge will be compared with the effects of planting deep-rooted woody plants whose root systems are known to penetrate plow pans. Groundwater recharge will be evaluated at three slope positions (plots): upper, middle and lower. Sub-plots will be zero tillage, deep tillage, normal tillage, and planting of trees. Three sites x four sub interventions equals twelve sub interventions total.

8 Part A: Experimental Design Mitiga Mitigation Measures Terracing and/or infiltration enhancement and/or residue management. Appropriate chemical application rates and methods Minimizing livestock manure and human fecal material deposition on the soil, especially near streams and near shallow wells. Minimizing standing water where mosquitoes can breed. Preventing fecal contamination of drinking water is the most important mitigation measure for other water borne diseases. Measurement of depth of shallow water table in irrigation wells. Part B: Post-Experimental Des Advice on Mitigation Measures In the context of Impact Pathwa If erosion is observed post-experiment, IWMI and its local subcontractors will cond If agricultural chemical contamination of irrigation water is observed, IWMI and its If fecal contaminiation is observed, IWMI and its local subcontractors will be respon If increases in malaria or standing water are observed, IWMI and its local subcontra If other water borne diseases are observed, IWMI and its local subcontractors will c If a water quantity imbalance is observed, IWMI and its local subcontractors will co If other environmental issues are observed, appropriate actions will be taken by IW

9 FtF Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation vironmental Monitoring & Mitigation Plan (EMM project apply small scale irrigation? Notes The International Development Enterprise (ide) has worked in this woreda in promoting different types of water lifting technologies and small-scale irrigation. According to ide, communities/kebele close to the lake Ziway are more experienced in small-scale irrigation using shallow groundwater and lake pumping. Shallow groundwater is available within the reach of 18 meters depth and lifting technologies, such as rope and washer, treadle pumps and motor pumps are commonly used by farm households. Almost all farm households close to the lake have adopted different types of lifting technologies and small-scale irrigation. However, the frequent breakdown of technologies coupled with lack of spare parts and maintenance services is the main deterrent factor. Rising fuel prices and limited access to credit and financing mechanism aggravates the problem. In addition to high value irrigated crops, dairy and animal fattening is likely to be promising business implying high potential for irrigated fodder. At this site ILSSI will work with Send a Cow and ide to better understand the opportunities and constraints associated with existing and potentially new institutional arrangements and promotion of solar pumps as an option to address problems associated with maintenance of motor pump and high fuel prices may add value.

10 The livelihood of the communities is based mainly on crop and livestock production and off-farm activities and consists mostly of small land holding farmers. The status of most of the sources of livelihood enterprises has been changing due to various climatic, edaphic, socio-economic and anthropogenic factors. The youth and the disadvantage women groups are landless in most cases. Wheat, teff, potato and faba bean are the most important cash crops whereas enset, vegetables, teff, wheat and potato are main food crops. However, enset production has been declining due to disease infestation. The ground water table in Lemo Woreda ranges from 1.90 m to 5.40 m and is about 3.6 m deep in an average dry season. The farmers use water from their hand dug shallow wells mostly from November after the end of the major rainy season to the end of the dry season in March and April. They use little water, primarily for household use and to water their cattle. A few farmers irrigate tiny plots of land. Recent visits by the Africa RISING project noted concerns about declining rainfall, long dry spells and periodic flooding from farmers. The Africa RISING project has recently introduced treadle pumps and is monitoring their use. It also plans to introduce rain water harvesting structures, build capacity for use of rope and washer and other water lifting technologies, including solar pumps. A study on ground water yield is ongoing and could target such interventions. IWMI have recently been working in the woreda on shallow groundwater (AMGRAF project). From which we have compiled the following existing information. Average annual rainfall is about 1600 mm, but varies between mm. Peak monthly rainfall occurs in August, while the lowest is in December. About 75 percent of the annual rainfall occurs during the main rainy season (June- September). The mean annual potential evapotranspiration (PET) is 1245 mm which is less than the mean annual rainfall; however, monthly PET during November to April exceeds monthly rainfall implying the importance of dry season irrigation. pe of small scale Irrigation will the project apply? Experimental Design (2013 to 2018): Anticipated Quantity, Quality, and Frequency of water application/year Pump technologies (manual and motorized pumps) will be used to provide water to traditional (furrow) or advanced (drip) application methods. The Application methods, not the lifting technologies will determine water amounts applied. See estimates below.

11 Irrigated forages will be grown for approximately 150 days at a potential evapotranspiration rate of 4 mm/d at Lemo and Angacha and Dangila and 5 mm/d at Adami-Tula and Robit-Taba. Assuming irrigation efficiency of 50% for furrow application every 10 to 15 days, we estimate a total water use per dry season of 1,200 to 1500 mm. Assuming 25 sq meters per garden, as is the standard in Africa Rising sites, the irrigated forage in each garden will consume cubic meters of irrigation water from shallow wells of good quality. High value vegetables will be grown for approximately 100 days at a potential evapotranspiration rate of 4 mm/d at Lemo and Angacha and Dangila and 5 mm/d at Adami-Tula and Robit-Taba. Assuming irrigation efficiency of 50% for furrow application every 10 to 15 days, we estimate a total water use per dry season of 800 to 1000 mm. Assuming 250 sq meters per garden, each garden will consume cubic meters of irrigation water from shallow wells of good quality for drip irrigation (80% efficiency) and 400 to 500 cubic meters for furrow irrigation (50% efficiency). Zero. This technology enhances shallow aquifer water content rather than uses irrigation water.

12 ation & Monitoring (EMMP) measures to be implem Monitoring Measures Visual observation by farmers and researchers Water testing for pesticides and plant nutrients (N and P) Water testing for fecal coliform or E. coli in water samples Observation by farmers and local IWMI subcontractors of standing water, mosquito populations, and malaria frequency. Water testing for fecal coliform or E. coli in water samples Depth of shallow water table in wells sign Mitigation & Monitoring (EMMP) measures to b ys when the technological bundles are put forward for scaling uct educational programs on soil conservation technologies. s local subcontractors will conduct educational programs on chemical management. nsible for farmer training programs on livestock manure and/or human fecal waste management. actors will conduct educational programs to minimize standing water and protect human populations from malaria conduct educational programs appropriate to the diseases observed. onduct educational programs on reducing irrigation wat er use and/or increasing irrigaitonwater availability. WMI and its local subcontractors.

13 MP) Responsible Party IWMI (Simon Langan), ILRI (Michael Blumel), NCAT (Manuel Reyes) IWMI (Simon Langan), ILRI (Michael Blumel), NCAT (Manuel Reyes)

14 IWMI (Simon Langan), ILRI (Michael Blumel), NCAT (Manuel Reyes) IWMI (Simon Langan), ILRI (Michael Blumel), NCAT (Manuel Reyes) Post-Experimental Design (After 2018): Anticipated Quantity, Quality, and Frequency of water application/year Pump technologies will be used to provide water to traditional (furrow) or advanced (drip) application methods. The Application methods, not the lifting technologies will determine water amounts applied. See estimates below.

15 Total post experimental design water use will be approximately 1,200 to 1,500 mm per dry season. Total consumption per kebele will depend on the size of irrigated forage area, which will depend on the economic benefits to farmers of employing this technology. We anticipate that shallow ground water quality is good, and the frequency of application will be every 10 to 15 days. Total post experimental design water use will be approximately 1,000 to 1,248 mm per dry season for drip irrigation and 1,600 to 2,000 mm for furrow irrigation. Total consumption per kebele will depend on the size of irrigated area, which will depend on the economic benefits to farmers of employing this technology. We anticipate that shallow ground water quality is good, and the frequency of application will be every 10 to 15 days for furrow and every 2 to 4 days for drip irrigation. Zero. This technology enhances shallow aquifer water content rather than uses irrigation water.

16 ented by the project: Monitoring Frequency Daily. Recall that this experiment will be conducted during the dry season on small plots, and it is unlikely that significant runoff or erosion will occur. No pesticide application is planned; therefore, no monitoring will be required. Twice per dry season. Daily or weekly Twice per dry season. Weekly or monthly be implemented by the project: a.

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18 Where? Adami Tulu Woreda, Robit-Taba Kebele, Lemo and Angacha Woreda, Dangela Woreda

19 Adami Tulu Woreda, Robit-Taba Kebele, Lemo and Angacha Woreda, Dangela Woreda Adami Tulu Woreda, Robit-Taba Kebele, Lemo and Angacha Woreda, Dangela Woreda Robit-Taba Kebele

20 Responsible Parties Reporting Local IWMI subcontractor POC. Local IWMI subcontractor POC Local IWMI subcontractor POC Local IWMI subcontractor POC Local IWMI subcontractor POC Local IWMI subcontractor POC Report due to Dr. Neville Clarke to incorporate in the semi annual reports Reporting Report due to Dr. Neville Clarke to incorporate in the semi annual reports