How to reduce FHB and the presence of toxins in cereals?

Transcription

1 How to reduce FHB nd the presence of toxins in cerels? Anne Vnsse, Ph. D. Sylvie Rioux, Ph. D. nd Denis Pgeu, M. Sc.

2 Pln of presenttion Know your ennemy: Fusrium Hed Blind (FHB) Responsible fctors of the disese Control methods: - Rottion nd tillge - Choice of cerels vrieties nd hybrids - Intercropping - Fungicides - Hrvesting nd drying

3 Get to know FHB Hosts: Whet, brley, ot, rye, triticle, corn Symptoms: - Whet, ot: Yellow or bleched spikelets, pinky or ornge color - Brley: Brown or pinky color - Fusrium Dmged Grins: Wrinkled, chlky spect

4 Get to know FHB Responsible fungi: 17 spp., the most imp.: - Fusrium grminerum - Fusrium sporotrichiodies * Mycotoxins: Symptoms nd mycotoxins* - Fusrium venceum Symptoms (moniliformine) - desoxynivlénol (DON), zerlenone (ZEN) - HT-2 et T-2 (more toxic)

5 Mximum limits (ppb) of mycotoxins Mycotoxins Stndrd F. grminerum DON ZEN F. sporotrichioides HT-2 T-2 Humn Food Swine Poultry Cttle Diry cows ACIA

6 Fusrium species nd res 23,9% 14,9% 16,2% 5,1% 11,7% 59,3% F. grminerum F. sporotrichioides 39,8% 29,2% F. venceum Autres Fusrium spp. St-Mthieu-de-Beloeil Montrel Are St-Augustin-de-Desmures Quebec Are Fusrium diversity during the 11 dys of the criticl period in 2007 Reference: M.-E Bérubé, A. Vnsse nd S. Rioux, 2007

7 Predominnce of Fusrium species F. grminerum : Wrm nd wet conditions Southern res of Quebec F. venceum : Cool nd wet conditions More in Estern res of Quebec Strong vrition of F. grminerum (Quebec) (Bourdges et l. 2006, Xu et l. 2008)

8 Responsible fctors of the disese Inoculum Fusrium spores on residues Climte Rin, wet cond., High T o Sensitive Cv Heding nd flowering Risk of FHB

9 Responsible fctors of the disese DON vribility (4 yer study, Ontrio) 21% 4% Yer Cultivr 27% Prev. Crop 48% Others Schfsm et l., 2001

10 Control methods Rottion nd tillge: Inoculum

11 Effect of previous crop Previous Crop DON (ppb) brley Brley Pes Soyben Clover b 4.0b 3.1c c 15.2b 13.4b b 0.1b 0.2b Ref.: Pgeu et l., 2010

12 Effect of tillge DON (ppb) Brley Plowing 2.2b b 0.20 Chisel 2.7b b 0.23 No-till Source: Pgeu et l., 2010

13 Rottion nd tillge DON content of grins (ppb) Whet Tillge Yer Rottion 2001 / 2002 / 2003 Minimum Plowing Averge 2003 Corn / soyben / whet 3.3 b 2.5 c 2.9 Soyben / corn / whet b 3.7 Averge Adpted from Rioux et l. (2005)

14 Rottion nd tillge Other studies: Effect of tillge surpssed by other fctors, such s previous crop, climte or vriety (Miller et coll., 1998; Schfsm et coll., 2001) No-till: Rottion is essentil with non-host crop: soyben, cnol, pes, clover Avoid sowing on corn, cerels or grss residues left on field If rottion impossible, plow residues

15 Control methods - Plnting dte - Choice of cerels vrieties nd corn hybrids

16 Plnting dte 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 Glyphoste Non-glyphoste Spore production t St-Augustin, 2007 Nombre de colonies Spores of F. grminerum Plnting dte: My 8 DON vg = 0.23 ppb Criticl period Spore rrivl 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0, Jours juliens Adpted from Bérubé et l. (2009)

17 Plnting dte Spore production Glyphoste t Non-glyphoste Beloeil, 2007 Spores Nombre of de F. colonies grminerum 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 Plnting dte: My 24 DON vg = 7.3 ppb Criticl period b 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0, b Jours juliens Adpted from Bérubé et l. (2009)

18 Choice of cerels vrieties (QC) RGCQ trils: New score for sensibility in 2008 (1 to 9) Vrieties: Scores close to 1 (when possible) Whet: 1 to 2 Brley: 3 to 4 Vrieties less sensible to lodging

19 Winter whet (Ontrio) vs Fusrium Winter whet DON content (Ont., ) Yer Number of smples DON (ppb) verge DON (ppb) (higher vlue) Helth Cnd guidelines 2 ppb in soft whet, under review Source: Ljiljn Tmburic-Illinic, U. Guelph

20 Corn hybrids vs toxins Study on hybrids toxin content - RGCQ trils: 3 res 1- Less thn 2499 CHU (3 sites) CHU (2 sites) CHU (3 sites) - Grins smple from trils between 2009 nd Toxins evlution: Desoxynivlenol (DON), zerlenone (ZEN), fumonisin, T-2 Source: Prvrndeh-Frimni, Vnsse,Trembly nd Rioux, 2011

21 % of smples under the limits Are (CHU) DON ( < 1 ppb) ZEN (< 0.25 ppb) T-2 (< 1 ppb) 2009 < % 96% 100% % 99% 100% 2010 < % 94% 100% % 96% 100% % 98% 100% 2011 < % 93% 100% % 99% 100% % 95% 100%

22 Corn hybrids vs toxins According to sites nd yers: - Significnt effect of hybrid for some toxins % of hybrids nb under the limit of 1 ppb DON (2009) Are < 2499 CHU: - Erly tril: 77% - Lte tril: 83% Are of CHU: - Erly tril: 91% - Lte tril: 100%

23 Corn hybrid vs toxins Hybrids under the limit of 1 ppb DON in 2010: - Are < 2499 CHU: 59% - Are of CHU: 76% - Are of CHU: 83% Hybrids under the limit of 1 ppb DON in 2011: - Are < 2499 CHU: 30% - Are of CHU: 84% - Are of CHU: 65%

24 Corn hybrid vs toxins - As for cerels, the yer/climte fctor is importnt for the presence of toxins in corn. - DON: Ares of less thn 2499 CHU seems more t risk (Exceeding % higher thn for other res). - ZEN: A few smples exceed the limits. - T-2: No limit exceeding

25 Intercropping Élisbeth Vchon

26 Intercropping tril: Whet-clover Tril: Lrge fields nd experimentl plots With or without clover (red clover/white clover) With or without bio-fungicide (Clonostchys rose) Yield, DON of whet grins Élisbeth Vchon Munger, 2008

27 Intercropping tril: Whet-clover - Clover hs not decresed DON content. - Estblishment of clover in spring is relted to soil moisture. - If spring is dry, there is less clover coverge in between whet rows nd it cn t contribute to DON reduction. Élisbeth Vchon Munger, 2008

28 Mngement system vs Fusrium Whet tril t L Poctière ( ) 3 tillge methods: Plowing, minimum tillge, no-till 2 mngement systems: With inputs (fertilizers, herbicides) Without inputs (Actisol, mecnicl weeding) Monitoring on weeds, spores, DON, yield Munger, 2008

29 DON content of grins in 2009 DON (ppb) b With inputs Avec intrnts Without Sns intrnt inputs Adpted from Munger, Vnsse, Rioux nd Légère (2011)

30 Weeds density in Weeds / m c b b b CO TR SD 0 Avec With intrnts inputs Without Sns intrnt inputs Adpted from Munger, Vnsse, Rioux nd Légère (2011)

31 Fusrium nd fungicides Tebuconzol (Whet) Prothioconzol (Whet nd brley) Metconzol (Whet, brley, ot, rye) Tebuconzol nd prothioconzol (Whet nd brley)

32 Fungicides study 3 sites: Beloeil, St-Augustin, Normndin 3 yers: 2009, 2010 nd 2011 Fctoril experiment: - 3 species: Whet, brley, ot - 8 fungicide tretments (2009) - 9 tretments (2010, 2011) Previous crop: Corn, whet or brley

33 Control without fungicide Fungicides study Fungicides for folir diseses: Quilt (750 ml/h) Strtego 250 EC (500 ml/h) Pivot 418 EC (300 ml/h) Hedline EC (400 ml/h) Fungicides for Fusrium: Folicur 250 EW (500 ml/h) Proline 480 SC (420 ml/h) Prosro 250 EC (800 ml/h) Biofongicide CLO1 (620 g/h) 1 folir ppliction: Emergence of flg lef 1 ppliction: 50% whet flowering 100% heding: brley, ot

34 Effects of fungicides on whet ( ) Tretment Yield (kg/h) DON (ppb) Spec. weight (kg/hl) Control 2885 e 3.7 b 74.9 e Quilt 3196 cd cd Strtego 3113 d 3.5 b 75.7 cd Pivot 3098 d 3.8 b 76.1 bc Hedline 3267 bc 3.8 b 76.1 bc Folicur 3367 b 2.6 c 76.2 b Proline 3403 b 2.1 d 76.4 Prosro d 76.5 Source: Rioux, Pgeu, Vnsse nd Dion, 2012

35 Effects of fungicides on brley ( ) Tretment Yield (kg/h) DON (ppb) Spec. weight (kg/hl) Control 3632 d 6.2 c 60.9 c Quilt 3779 bcd b Strtego 3874 bc 6.8 bc 61.5 b Pivot 3841 bc 7.0 bc 61.5 b Hedline 3839 bc 7.4 b 61.7 b Folicur 3932 b 6.1 bc 61.9 b Proline 3954 b 3.7 d 62.6 Prosro d 62.6 Source: Rioux, Pgeu, Vnsse nd Dion 2012

36 Price (grins) $/ton Profitbility of fungicides Exmple for Prosro: ~$60/h 1 Required gin (kg/h) Profit ($/h) on rel gin 1 Whet Brley Rel gin (kg/h) Cost ppliction of Proline: ~110$/h or Folicur: ~70$/h

37 Conclusion on fungicides - Proline nd Prosro decresed DON content: Of 46% (whet), of 34% (brley), of 25% (ot) - Folicur decresed DON content of 30% (whet) - Folir fungicides decrese intensity of lef spots but not DON: DON higher: Hedline (brley,ot),quilt (brley) - Fungicides (FHB): To be considered for yers of Fusrium, but not lwys stisfctory: DON

38 Control methods Severl control methods Study on whet in 2005 u ND Symptoms Heds Fusrium index % % reduction symptoms 1. Fusrium index = (nb FHB heds x nb spikelets on FHB heds) x 100 DON ppb None = previous crop whet, sensible vriety (Reeder), without fungicide Rottion = previous crop soyben, vriety sensible (Reeder), without fungicide Cultivr MR = Alsen (similr level to these of AC Brrie) Fungicide = Folicur % reduction of DON None Rottion Rottion + Cultivr MR Rottion + MR + Fung Adpted from McMullen (2007; 5 e Colloque Cndien sur l Fusriose)

39 Hrvesting nd drying of cerels - Hrvest immeditely t mturity or before for whet (14 to 19% moist.) nd decrese wter content to less thn 14% - Dry nd ventilte the hrvest properly in order to mintin n dequte moisture content (13.5%) For the entire storge period

40 Conclusion - Rottion cerels with crop such s: Soyben, cnol, pes, clover, lflf - If rottion impossible, plow cerel or grss residues - Plnt erly - Choice of cerel vrieties less sensible nd corn hybrids corresponding to CHU re - Avoid lodging (resistnt vriety nd mngement)

41 Conclusion Other control methods: - Seeding of intercropping (clover) - Appliction of fungicide for FHB (respect stge, nozzles, etc.) Hrvest rpidly, dry or ventilte dequtely for mintining dequte moisture (13.5%)

42 Thnk you to collbortors nd prtners - Denis Pgeu, Agriculture nd Agri-Food Cnd (AAFC) - Sylvie Rioux nd Gilles Trembly, CEROM - Ljiljn Tmburic-Illinic, U. of Guelph - Annie Brégrd, Nfiseh Prvrndeh-Frimni, Mrie-Ève Bérubé, Hélène Munger, U. Lvl - Élizbeth Vchon, Moulins de Soulnges - AAFC, Cndin Swine Reserch nd Development Cluster, NSERC, FRQ_NT, MAPAQ