AARHUS UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY

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1 AARHUS UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY WHAT ARE THE AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ARGUMENTS FOR INTRODUCING GREEN BIOREFINING? AARHUS UNIVERSITY UFFE JØRGENSEN 4 JUNE 2018 SENIOR RESEARCHER, HEAD OF CENTRE

2 CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY INTEGRATES SUSTAINABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY

3 WE ARE WELL AHEAD ON RECYCLING OF BIO-RESOURCES IN DENMARK BUT THERE IS STILL A LOT TO DO AARHUS UNIVERSITET INSTITUT FOR AGROØKOLOGI UFFE JØRGENSEN 15 MARCH 2018 SENIORFORSKER

4 AARHUS UFFE JØRGENSEN UNIVERSITET 15 MARCH 2018 SENIORFORSKER INSTITUT FOR AGROØKOLOGI

5 AARHUS UNIVERSITY THEMATICAL CENTRES New strategical interdisciplinary thematical centres within global challenge areas: Circular Bioeconomy Integrated Materials Research Water Technology Digitization, big data, and data analytics ifood iclimate Integrated Life Science AU AARHUS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NIELS CHR. NIELSEN DEAN MAY-JUNE 2017

6 AU AARHUS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NIELS CHR. NIELSEN DEAN MAY-JUNE 2017

7 KEY CBIO MISSION IS TO COUPLE UNIQUE RESEARCH PLATFORMS WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY 120 Rel. PPO Activities [%] Red clover Rye grass Spinach White clover Heat treated spinach AARHUS UNIVERSITET INSTITUT FOR AGROØKOLOGI UFFE JØRGENSEN 15 MARCH 2018 SENIORFORSKER

8 BRAND NEW CIRCULAR PRODUCT CHAINS NEED TO BE UNDERSTOOD, OPTIMIZED AND SYSTEM EVALUATED Nutrient recycling Nutrient uptake Nutrient losses AARHUS UNIVERSITET INSTITUT FOR AGROØKOLOGI UFFE JØRGENSEN 15 MARCH 2018 SENIORFORSKER

9 A NEW LAND-BASED PRODUCT CHAIN MAY HELP REDUCE N- LOSSES SIGNIFICANTLY Nutrient recycling Nutrient uptake Nutrient losses AARHUS UNIVERSITET INSTITUT FOR AGROØKOLOGI UFFE JØRGENSEN 15 MARCH 2018 SENIORFORSKER

10 NEW CBIO POSITIONS TO ADDRESS KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND TO INCREASE INTERDISCIPLINARY COOPERATION Professor in Sustainable Dairy Production (co-finansed by Arla) at ANIS Tenure-track in soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions (co-financed by AGRO) Senior Scientist Lorie Hamelin (INRA, France) to write paper on DK biogas potential AGRO PhD on nutrient resource management with mussels to meet environmental and economic objectives (co-finansed by Mumipro) at ENVS PhD on Food Waste Based Biorefineries (co-finansed by DECISIVE) at ENVS PhD on bioeconomy as a driver for peatland rewetting and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions (co-financed by Era-Net PeatWise) at AGRO PhD on extraction and evaluation of protein from macro-algae at FOOD PhD on blue mussels, seaweed and insects for sustainable animal production at ANIS AARHUS UNIVERSITET INSTITUT FOR AGROØKOLOGI UFFE JØRGENSEN 15 MARCH 2018 SENIORFORSKER

11 CBIO CO-ARRANGES THE DANISH BIOECONOMY CONFERENCE NEXT 27/9 2018

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13 CBIO IS ORGANISED AROUND 7 RESEARCH PILLARS AARHUS UNIVERSITET INSTITUT FOR AGROØKOLOGI UFFE JØRGENSEN 15 MARCH 2018 SENIORFORSKER

14 BIORESOURCE What are the agricultural and environmental arguments for introducing green biorefining?

15 European agriculture faces numerous challenges Productivity Biomass for food, feed, material and energy Stagnating yields Large import of protein feed Environment High nutrient leaching (Nitrate and Water Framework Directives) High pesticide use Agriculture must contribute to EU climate goals (EU climate policy) The answer may be sustainable intensification more with less (losses)

16 We can produce more by using the whole growing season? Case: spring barley in Denmark

17 We can pollute less by tightening the N cycle

18 Production systems designed to cover the whole year investigated Headline Optimized Crop Rotation Energy maize + Winter rye (direct sowing end October) Energy beets Hemp + Triticale Triticale early harvest (10-15 July) + undersown grass clover (two cuts: autumn and spring) Conventional crop rotation Cereal crop rotation (2013: spring barley, 2014: winter barley, 2015: winter rape, 2016: winter wheat) Permanent crops Continuous triticale with straw removal (reference) Continuous fodder maize (reference) Miscanthus (M. x giganteus) Miscanthus (M. sacchariflorus Sibirian) Tall fescue x perennial ryegrass (Festulolium) Bare soil plots Mechanical weed control + herbicides Herbicides only Reed canary grass (phalaris arundinacea) Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) Grass clover SLU (Bamse + Hykor + Donata + Lucerne (Alfalfa), Medicago sativa CRENO + Alsike clover, T. hybridum, FRIDA + White clover, T. repens, HEBE + Eastern galega, Galega orientalis, GALE) Grass clover DLF - (DLF TRIFOLIUM mixture36 (10% white clover+10% festulolium+40% tall fescue+ 15% ryegrass+10% timoté+10% meadow fescue+5% red fescue)

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21 High variation in total biomass yield Manevski et al., 2017

22 Cumulated leaching is up to six times higher in annual crops than in grasses Nitrate leaching (kg N ha -1 ) Nitrate leaching 1.2 m (accumulated, 1 Apr Apr 2014) 0 * * Not calculated yet

23 It is possible to increase yield AND decrease nitrate leaching Barley 130 kg N/ha Wheat 175 kg N/ha Beets 130 kg N/ha Grass clover unfertilized Festulolium 425 kg N/ha Jørgensen & Lærke, 2016

24 Fulfilment of the Water Framework Directive by changing approx. 9% of agricultural land into perennial crops was shown by scenario analysis

25 Other measurements Solar radiation interception in green leaves Soil carbon after the first 5 years Nitrous oxide emissions to improve GHG balance calculation Weed development Pest & Diseases Pesticide use Economy..

26 So, what to do with all that grass?

27 Total crude protein yield in Foulum biomass Solati et al., 2018

28 Implementation of a radical new crop production paradigm is conditional to development of green biorefineries Colours Flavors Medicin Other chemicals High-value components Oil Harvest Pretreatm. Storage Transport Bio-refinery C 6 C 5 Syngas Fibres Fuels Chemicals Materials Lignin Soil conditioner Fertiliser Rest Food Feed Residual Reactor Biogas Syngas

29 Crops are separated, protein precipitated and animals fed to determine feeding value in current projects BioValue (

30 Some conclusions Grasses are more efficient than annual crops in intercepting solar radiation & produce high yield Nitrate losses can be kept low even at high fertiliser input in grasses High protein content in grass & legumes may be extracted for monogastric animals Produce an easily digestible fibre fraction for polygastric animals Side-streams can deliver energy in biogas Grass and clover production increase soil carbon Pesticide use is very low in grass production

31 Farmers are eager to produce grass if there is a market

32 WE CAN RECYCLE ALL RESOURCES ON MARS - WHY NOT DO IT ON EARTH INSTEAD MUCH CHEAPER! JONATHAN D. TRENT, NASA & THE OMEGA GLOBAL INITIATIVE SEE MORE ON: AARHUS UNIVERSITET INSTITUT FOR AGROØKOLOGI UFFE JØRGENSEN 15 MARCH 2018 SENIORFORSKER