Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology

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1 NJAST Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology Nig. J. Anim. Sci. Tech. Vol. 1 (1): Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri Nutritive Value, Rumen Degradation and Microbial Characteristics of Some Tuber Peels and Leaves in a Semi-Arid area of Nigeria L. G. Asheikh, F.I Abbator, I.D. Mohammed, J. U. Igwebuike, G. Mohammed and U. M. Kolo Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria Original Research article Abstract The study was carried out to determine the proximate composition, rumen degradation characteristics, isolation and identification of microorganisms in the rumen liquor of cattle fed Sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, yams peels and cassava leaves. Results showed that sweet potato peels had the highest dry matter content (95.2) while yam peels had the highest crude protein (10.85) and crude fibre (29.0) content. The degradation characteristics showed that at 24hrs, potato peels have the highest (67.76%) rate of degradation. (Bacteria) had the highest number of appearance in the rumen liquor compared to the other microbes. Potato peels and yam peels have the highest nutritive value, therefore, mixing the two feed ingredients would give a diet with recommended feeding value especially for ruminant animals. Key words: Degradation, Microbes, Tuber Peels, Leaves Introduction Ruminants suffer scarcity of feed supply and pasture quality in the northern part of Nigeria, especially during the dry season when the natural vegetation is of poor nutritive value. Specifically, for ruminant production in Nigeria, Adeyosoya, (2006) identified feed shortage as a major constraint. Native rangelands produce the cheapest source of nutrients for ruminants, and for a greater part of the year, grasslands do not supply sufficient nutrients to stock for greater productivity (Adeyosoya, 2006). During the dry season, the native rangelands and crop residues available for ruminants after crop harvest are usually fibrous and devoid of most essential nutrients including proteins, energy, minerals and vitamins which are required for increased rumen microbial fermentation and improved performance of the host animal Preston, et al., (2001) resulting in weight losses, low birth weights, lowered resistance to disease, and reduced animal performance (Preston, et al., 2001). The ruminants also subsist on household wastes and crop residues such as Sweet potatoes peels, Irish potatoes peels yams peels and cassava leaves (Adeyosoya, 2006). The main aim of using non-conventional feed ingredients is to reduce the cost of production, thus making it possible for people to be able to afford animal protein in their menu (Ojebiyi et al., 2006). Thus, in most developing countries the search for non-conventional feed ingredients to replace the usually expensive conventional ones appears to occupy the attention of animal nutritionists. The objective of the study was to assess the proximate composition, rumen degradability and microbes involved in fermentation of Sweet potatoes peels, Irish potatoes peels, yams peels and cassava leaves in rumen. Materials and Methods The study location The study was conducted at the Department of Animal Science Livestock Teaching and Research Farm, University of Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria. Maiduguri is located between latitude and 12 0 North and longitude and 14 0 East and at altitude of 354 m (1161Ft) above sea level (DNMA, 2013). The area falls within the semi-arid zone of West Africa characterized by short duration of rainfall (3-4 months) which varies from minimum of 478 mm to 500 mm and a

2 maximum of 600 mm to 621mm (Afolayan et al., 2013). The area has long dry season of 8 to 9 months, (Alaku, 1983; Afolayan et al., 2013). The mean relative humidity (RH) is 32% in the evening and 59% in the morning. Lablab purpureus and Mucuna puriens were cultivated for a period of two years. In each year the pastures were harvested at pre-flowering (4-6 weeks), maturation (10-12 weeks ) and seed bearing (12-14 weeks) and rumen degradation characteristics was also carried out at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. The proximate compositions were analysed according to AOAC (2000). The rumen degradation study was carried out in a cannulated bull weighing 430kg. Collection of samples Cassava leaves were purchased from Maiduguri vegetable market while the peels were obtained from household s kitchen waste and restaurants within university of Maiduguri campus. These samples were sun dried and ground using pestle and mortar so as to obtain desired particle size. The samples were weighed and labelled for easy identification and kept in Baggo bags. Rumen Degradation The feed samples were fitted into the rumen through the rumen cannula. Each sample was replicated twice. The samples were removed at assigned hours of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours from the rumen of the bull. The samples were analysed for rate of degradation as described by McDonald et al., (2002) Dry Matter Degradability in the rumen for each period of incubation is calculated as DMD = M in feed DM in residue x 100 DM in feed 1 Rumen degradation values obtained as a function of time are fitted to the equation as described by (Mc Donald, 2002) P = a + b ( I e ct ) Where: P = degradation at time (t) a = Solution fraction (washing loss) 44 b = slowly degradable fraction c = rate of degradation a + b = potential extent of degradation e =Logarithm Microbial Analysis For microbial analysis, a sample of the fermented feed from the rumen and rumen liquor were collected in sterile sample bottles and taken to the University of Maiduguri veterinary Medicine and Research Laboratory for microbial analysis. The samples were cultured on blood, sabour and dextrose and McConkey agar by streaking method and incubated at 37 o C for 24 hours. The cultured plates were later examined for growth and identification of micro-organisms. Statistical Analysis Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for a Completely Randomized Block Design. (Statistix version 9.0) software was used in the data analysis. Means were separated using the Duncan s Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955). Results and Discussion The results of the proximate composition of the feeds used for the experiment are shown in Table 1. The dry matter (DM) content of the test ingredients were similar with values of 95.2, 94.3, 94.7 and 94.6% in sweet potatoes peels (SPP), Irish potatoes peels(ipp), yam peels (YP) and cassava leaves (CL) respectively. These values are similar to the observations of Norton, (1994) who reported that cassava leaves have 93.77% DM. The highest crude protein content was recorded in yam peels while SPP had the lowest. Yam peels also had the highest crude fibre content and sweet potato peels had the lowest. This differs with the work of Adeyosoya et al. (2010) who recorded 12.78% crude fibre for yam peels. The EE content was similar for sweet potato peels and cassava leaves while yam peels had lower content. Cassava leaves had (15.0%) ash content while sweet potato peels and potato peels are (2.0 and 2.0%) respectively. The Cassava leaves had the highest NFE content of 64.62% while sweet potato peels recorded 79.6%. This is not in line with the work of Norton,

3 (1994) who recorded 82.44% NFE in sweet potato peels. Generally, the variation in nutrient composition of these feeds may be due to genetic or varietal difference, differences in sampling and analytical procedures, among other factors. Table 1: Proximate Composition (%) of the Feeds Feeds DM MC CP CF EE ASH NFE Sweet Potato Peels Irish Potato Peels Yam Peels Cassava Leaves DM= Dry Matter, MC= Moisture Content, CP= Crude Protein, CF= Crude Fibre, EE= Ether Extract, NFE= Nitrogen Free Extract Dry Matter Degradability The DM degradability of the feeds incubated in the rumen is shown in Table 2. After 3hrs of incubation yam peels had the highest degradability while cassava leaves had the lowest. This differs with the work of Adeyosoya et al. (2010) who recorded sweet potato peels with the degradability of (13.00%) at the 3hrs. At 6hrs yam peels also had degradability of and % and the cassava leaves had and % respectively. The trend shows that as the hours of incubation increases, the degradability also increases. At 48hrs sweet potato peels had the highest degradability and cassava leaves had the lowest. This is in line with the work of Mongami et al. (2006) who recorded degradability of % for sweet potato peels and 55.10% for cassava leaves. At 72hrs, yam peels also had the highest degradability while cassava leaves had the lowest. The results in Table 2 revealed that dry matter digestibility was similar for the different feeds. This is an indication that the feeds used in this experiment have good degradation characteristics since degradability increases with increased time. Table 2: DM Degradability (%) of the Feeds Incubated in the Rumen FEEDS Sweet potato peels a b b b a a Cassava leaves a c c c b Potato peels a a a a a Yam peels a a a b a a SEM SEM- Standard Error of Mean; DM Dry Matter a, b and c means with different superscript along the same column are significantly (P 0.05) different. Table 3 shows the concentration of different species of bacteria in the rumen during incubation. The bacteria found were streptococcus foecalis,, Corynebacteria species and. Proteus minabilis, klebsiella species, staphylococcus, olis staphylococcus, streptococcus aureus and micrococcus. After 3hrs of incubation, T 3 had the highest bacterial concentration while T 1 had the lowest. This is different with the count obtained from Adeyosoya et al. (2010) who record bacterial concentration of and 7900 using similar feeds. At 6hrs, T 3 also had the highest bacterial concentration of while T 2 had the lowest (7600). At 24 hours, T 4 had the highest bacterial concentration while T3 had the least. The trend shows that there is a change in the bacterial concentration between 45

4 the hours of incubation. At the 3hrs and 6hrs, the concentration in increasing as the hours increase in 13hrs, but at 24 hours the reverse is obtained where T 3 had the lowest bacterial concentration. Therefore, T4 can be sufficiently utilized by the animal since 24hrs is the recommended hour for an animal to digest its feeds. Isolation of Microorganisms The result of microorganism isolated from the rumen is show in Table 4. After 3hrs of incubation, E. coli had the highest occurrence where it occur in all treatments except T4.While and have the lowest number of occurrence where they occur only in T 1. At 6hrs, and E. coli had the highest of occurrence where occurred in all treatments except T 3. At 24hrs, and E. coli were isolated in all the samples while Klebsiella species was seen in T1 only. The bacteria isolated in all the ingredients and at all times was E. coli which underscores it s importance in rumen degradation. Table 3: Rumen Bacteria Count Treatment Sweet potato peels Cassava leaves Potato peels Yam peels Table 4: Isolation of Microorganisms Treatment Sweet peels potato Cassava leaves Potato peels Yam peels Streptococcustaecalis Proteus minabilis Klebsiella specie Proteus minabilis Klebsiella specie Bacillus subtillis Klebsiella species aureus aureus, micrococcus Micrococcus Conclusion and Recommendations Based on this study, the dry matter content of the feeds used were within the value recommended for an average diet (95%), hence can enable the animals to fulfil their daily dry matter requirement for optimal productivity. The crude protein levels in the feed ingredients were within the range (5 10%) that can encourage feed intake. All feeds were sufficiently degraded at 24 hours of incubation and it is an indication that the performance of microorganisms in the rumen is good (65 70%). Hence, yam, sweet potato and potato peels could be recommended as good dry season supplementary feed for ruminant animals. References Adeyosoye, O. I. Adesokan, I. A. Afolabi, K. D. and Ekeocha, A. H. (2010). Estimation of 46

5 Proximate Composition and Biogas Production from In vitro gas Fermentation of Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas) and wild Cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) peels. African Journal of Environment Science and Technology 4(6): Afolayan, S.O.,Makinde, A.A.,Shuaib, M.,Idris, B.A.,Yaduma, J.J. and Yau,' M.G,(2013) Rainfall harvesting, a sustainable water management alternative for food Security in Nigeria. Science Journal of Agricultural Research and Management Alaku, S. O. (1983). Body and carcass losses in goats during the advance period of West African Sahelian dry season. World Review of Animal Production. 19: A.O.A.C. (2000): Official Method of Analytical Chemist, 17 th Edition. Association of official Analytical Chemist, Washington. D. C. USA. Pp DNMA (2013). Data reported by the weather station, Department of Nigerian Metrological Authority (DNMA). Accessed on 8/11/2013 at Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F. tests. Biometrics 11: McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D. and Morgan, C.A. (2002). Animal Nutrition, 6 th edition, Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex. Preston, T. R.; Leng R. A, Ter Meulen, U.( 2001). Effect of a Single Drench of Cooking Oil on the Rumen Ecosystem and Performance of Young Local Yellow Cattle Fed Rice Straw and Cassava Foliage. Livestock Res. Rural Dev., 13(4). Mongami C. A, Sonza C. F, Palm V. T, Tinoco I. F, Baeta Gates R. S. (2006). Evolution of the Methane Concentration in Biogas Produced from Dejuction of Milk Goat subjected to different Diets. Am. Soc. Agric Biol. Engr. Paper No ASABE Annual Meeting. Norton, B. W. (1994): Differences between species in Forage Quality. In: Nutritional Limits to animals Production from Pastures, J. P. Hacker (ED). Common Wealth Agricultural Bueraux, farmhand Royal UK, pp Ojebiyi, O.O., Farinu, G., Babatunde, G.M. and Moronfolu, O.O. (2006). Effect of varying levels of sun dried cassava peel blood meal mixture (3:2) on growth performance and organ characteristics of weaner rabbits. J. Anim. Vet. Advances 5(11): Onwuka C. F. I. Adetiloyo P. O, Afolami C. A. (1989). Use of Household Waste and Crop Residues in small ruminant feeding in Nigeria. Small Ruminant Res. 24: