Heifer rearing cost: Critical control points

Transcription

1 Heifer rearing cost: Critical control points Patrick Hoffman Vita Plus Corp., Madison-WI Heifers: Key Assumption Feed Cost Updates Feed Costs per ton DM: Legume Silage $200 $150 Corn Silage $140 $100 Corn $250 $170 Weigh-backs $150 $100 Soybean Meal $375 $ Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin Extension 1

2 Cost of Raising a Heifer in Wisconsin* Total Cost $ $ $ $ Daily Cost $1.61 $2.04 $3.07 $2.75 Days on Feed *Does not include calf value 2016 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin Extension Total Dairy Heifer Cost = Cost/Heifer Breeding Protocol Housing & Inventory Pregnancy Rate Labor Efficiency Crop Enterprise High Forage Diets Days on Feed 2

3 Number of Cows and Heifers Housing & Inventory 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 Heifer Population in the US over 35 Years (Data from NASS) # of cows # of heifers % heifers 46.0% 44.0% 42.0% 40.0% 38.0% 36.0% Heifers as percentage of cow population % Housing & Inventory Impact of Sexed Semen Estimated amount of sexed semen units in US dairy markets from January 2006 to December 2009 (DeVries 2010) 722,000 extra heifers from

4 6/25/2016 Housing & Inventory Management Options Maintaining the Course Expanding Cull More Cows Sell for Dairy Reducing Inventory Finishing Heifers Housing & Inventory When to Cull? Who to Cull? Genetics Inventory Clearance Economics Futures? Genomic Lab Results * Samples Due 1st of Month * Lab Turnaround = days 4

5 Housing & Inventory Herd Response to Genetic Selection 305ME Production= *GPTA Milk Correlation=0.45 Observed 3.8lbs/GPTA Milk Expected 2lbs/GPTA Milk Housing & Inventory Genomics = the top and the bottom. A dairy can t cull all their heifers! 5

6 Cost centers Labor Efficiency 12% 18% 52% 18% Feed Cost Other Variable Costs Labor & Management Fixed Costs Labor Cost & Efficiencies Associated with Raising a Heifer Labor Efficiency Item Unit Avg Labor & Management Labor & Management Labor Efficiency $ per heifer $244 Hours per heifer 9 Heifers per hour Heifers per day*

7 Labor Efficiency 2 Farms (2016) Heifers, n Labor Efficiency Labor Dairy 1 Dairy 2 Daily Chores Weekly Chores Monthly Chores Management Weekly Mgmt Monthly Mgmt Yearly Mgmt Time to Haul Manure hrs/year 2, ,383.5 heifers/hr heifers/man/ day $$/heifer $$/farm 59, , Labor Efficiency 7

8 Labor Efficiency Calving Age = Days on Feed Days on Feed Effect of Age at First Calving on First Lactation Milk Yield Curran et al.,

9 Calving Age = Days on Feed Calving Age vs Lifetime Days in Milk Days on Feed Curran et al., 2013 Days on Feed = Breeding Protocol/Preg Rate Pregnancy Rate Herd A Preg Rate = 29.0 % Herd B Preg Rate = 45.0 % 9

10 Modern Breeding Criteria: Controls days on feed Breeding Protocol Example No variance calving age 23.4 mo Min breeding age 13 mo Max breeding age 16 mo ( AI = 3 straw max) HH carrier HH free bulls Pre breeding BW > 825 lbs (12 mo) Light 12 mo Cull & Fix Heavy 12 mo DNB & Monitor Energy Low genomics/disease DNB & Cull Sexed semen Yes Feed Cost Control Bunk Management * Daily Bunk Scores * Controlled DMI Adjustments * Feed Shrink Protection System * No Feed Loss (Goal) 10

11 Bunk Scoring System 0 = Slick Concrete 1= Few Feed Particles Remaining 2= Many Feed Particles Concrete Visible 3= Feed Covers Bottom of Bunk Bunk Scoring (Action) 0 = Increase Feed Offered (2 %) 1= No change 2= Decrease Feed Offered (2 %) 3= Decrease Feed Offered (5 %) 11

12 Feed Shrink Protection 12

13 Effect of a Limit-Feeding Regimen on Growth and Fecal Excretion of Gravid Holstein Heifers P.C. Hoffman, C.R. Simson, M. Wattiaux Department of Dairy Science University of Wisconsin - Madison Table 2. Nutrient and energy intake of heifers fed treatment diets. Item C-100 R-90 R-80 Nutrient intake, lbs/d DM CP NDF Non-fiber carbohydrate P Ca Energy intake 3 TDN, lbs/heifer/d NE g, Mcals/d NE m, Mcals/d Hoffman et al Treatment 1 13

14 Table 3. Effect of dietary regimen on body size and growth of replacement heifers. Treatment 1 Item C-100 R-90 R-80 Intial Weight, lbs Hip height, in Body condition score Final Weight, lbs Hip height, in Body condition score Growth Average daily gain, lbs/d Feed efficiency, lbs DM/lb gain Excretion DM, lbs/d Hoffman et al Precision Feeding of Protein 14

15 Figure 2. Relationship between ADG and protein deposition in Holstein heifers Protein g/d Body Weight Protein g/d ADG=1.75 lbs/d Protein g/d ADG=2.2 lbs/d Table 1. Dietary energy and protein guidelines 1 for large breed dairy heifers gaining 1.8 lbs/day in a thermal neutral environment. Heifer Body Weight, lbs Item Unit Abbreviation Dry Matter Intake lbs/d DMI Crude Protein % of DM CP Rumen-Undegraded Protein % of CP RUP Rumen-Degraded Protein % of CP RDP Total Digestible Nutrients % of DM TDN Metabolizable Energy ME Mcals/lb Determined from the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle,

16 Excretion g/d Fecal and Urinary N Excretion Dietary CP N Balance Study Effect P<.05 Treatment.01 Linear.01 Quadratic NS Heifer Protein Nutrition * Feeding Excess Protein Does not Result in Enhanced Lean Growth * Feeding Excess Protein is an Expensive way to Reduce Dietary Energy * Feeding High Levels of Bypass Protein has not been Demonstrated to Improve Heifer Growth * Feeding Excessive Protein Results in Increased N Excretion * NRC Protein Requirements appear Reasonable 16

17 Precision Feeding of Minerals Mineral Feeding Adequacy of 660 lb Holstein Heifers in Wisconsin Dairy Operations (Zygarlicke and Hoffman, 2001) NRC (Adequacy) 1 Mineral Nutrition Status 2 Mineral Lower Upper Deficient Adequate Excess % of herds Macro-mineral, %of DM Ca P Mg Cl K Na S Micro-mineral, mg/kg Cu Fe Mn Zn

18 Take Home Messages Heifer Cost Assess and if feasible reduce heifer inventory Use genomic/genetic data to cull heifers Labor = 100/heifers/hr Pregnancy rates > 45 % Utilize a modern breeding criteria Insist that heifers consume all feed Reduce feed shrink Avoid excess protein/mineral supplementation 18