VINEYARD MANAGEMENT FOR RAISIN PRODUCTION IN TURKEY Technological Aspects and Best Practices

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1 VINEYARD MANAGEMENT FOR RAISIN PRODUCTION IN TURKEY Technological Aspects and Best Practices Prof. Dr. Ahmet ALTINDISLI Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Bornova-İzmir/TURKEY

2 Vineyard area by regions (ha) Total area: ha Aegean Region South East Anatolia Region Marmara Region Black Sea Region Central Anatolia Region Mediterranean Region East Anatolia Region

3 Turkey one of the gene centers of grape & has more than 300 native grape varieties. Turkey is the motherland of Sultana (syn( syn. Sultanina,, Thompson Seedless) variety. After the clonal selection of Sultana variety, 27 different clones were identified as promising. Sultana is s the most important among the other traditional varieties such as Muskule, Besni, Razaki and Tarsus beyazi.

4 Aegean Region ha Sultana growing area # of farms people involved

5 PRACTICES: PRUNING Critical points: Regulating the production Vegetative/generative balance Total leaf area Indirect effects on diseases and pests

6 Vine trees are planted with 3x2 m or 3x 2,5 m intervals generally. Pruning: As for ensuring the crop load, -14 buds per m 2 are retained on shoots. -One-year old canes between the number of 4 and 8 are left during pruning. -Each cane has buds. In addition, spare canes of buds are left on the vines. Summer pruning is also inevitable due to its importance in decreasing the incidence of powdery mildew. -Leaf removal begins in early July for this purpose. If the vegetative growth of vines is rapid, shoot tipping is made after veraison.

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10 Suckering: Removal of water sprouts from trunks. Best time: At the beginning of inflorescense and shoots cm in length. After this period, it causes negative effects.

11 Crown suckering: Removal of water sprouts from The branches and arms. Best time: At the beginning of inflorescense and shoots cm in length. After this period, it causes negative effects.

12 Pinching Removal of the growing tip. Tip parts cm in length are cut. Pinching before flowering increases fruit set. At fruit set, it decreases the reduction of fruit setting.

13 Topping Removal of cm apical of a shoot It should be applied when vegetative growth almost begins to stop or bottom nodiums of green shoots turn wood Before that, berry and bunch size are negatively effected. However, maturation delays and lateral shoots are stimulated.

14 Removal of lateral shoots:

15 Leaf removal Old basal leaves are removed. Generally, they are removed in June. It increases the effectiveness of covering quality during spraying and gives better colorization.

16 PRACTICES: TRAINING Critical points: Total leaf area Ventilation and light penetration in the canopy Effect on grape and cane quality Indirect effects on diseases and pests

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18 Y shape

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20 PRACTICES: PLANT NUTRITION Critical points: Management of soil fertility Insufficient farm manure. Making compost. (For Mediterranean ecological condition). Green manure Avoidance of excessive nitrojen.

21 Synthetic chemical fertilizers (According to the result of plant tissue and soil analyses) Leaf Sampling for Tissue Analyse First sampling at fruit set, Second sampling at veraison, leaves.

22 80 kg Vech + 20 kg Barley

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27 PRACTICES: SOIL CULTIVATION Critical points: Timing and Number of plowing Plow-pan Traffic induced compaction

28 Minimum cultivation. 1 or 2 times plowing. Using of chiselc or cultivator is important.

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31 PRACTICES: IRRIGATION Critical points: Timing of irrigation Effects on raisin quality Effects on harvest and draying time Inadequate irrigation water. Poor quality irrigation water. Mostly surface and furrow irrigation.

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33 After irrigation, stopping evaporation from cracks is important.

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35 GENERAL INFORMATION ON ON PESTS & DISEASES

36 MAIN DISEASE: POWDERY MILDEW Uncinula necator Heavy mildew infection on Sultana seedless Source: Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute

37 FORECASTING SYSTEM FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DOWNY MILDEW Plasmopara viticola Verderevsky model is used to make warnings related to the infection, thus unnecessary fungicide applications are avoided. Source: Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute

38 KEY PEST: EUROPEAN GRAPEVINE MOTH Lobesia botrana Adult

39 Damage of Lobesia botrana larvae on flowers and berries Source: Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute

40 Application time is predicted and announced by Forecasting System since Pheromone trap used in Forecasting System Source: Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute

41 Checking the threshold level of European grapevine moth on the bunches before spraying Source: Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute

42 Strategy to bring solution Modern approach in plant protection is to reduce the chemical impacts on the environment. Therefore, Integrated Pest Management is a dynamic approximation which meets the modern plant protection targets. IPM studies are conducted in vineyards in the Aegean Region to provide agricultural sustainability and protect the environment and human health, since 1995.

43 Growers are trained on: -Pest Management, -Pesticide application methods, -Factors resulting in residues, -Reduction of cost, -Conformingng to pre-harvest intervals of pesticides. Source: Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute

44 MATING DISRUPTION TECHNIQUE (MD) The technique has been used against Lobesia botrana in the Aegean Region through the use of Isonet-L dispensers since Isonet-L dispensers dispensers/ha Source: Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute

45 IMPROVEMENTS THROUGH IPM Decreasing total number of applications in IPM vineyards Preserving agricultural sustainability, environment and human health by selecting low- toxic chemicals Maintaining the population densities of secondary pests under the economical threshold levels Increasing the population density of some beneficial insects (Phytoseiids)

46 Technicians and grape-growers are being trained for theory and practice by Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute and Provincial Directorates of MARA.

47 IPM vineyards are checked periodically. Source: Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute

48 Discussion of application methods in an IPM course Source: Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute

49 PRACTICES: HARVEST AND DRAYING Critical points: Damaging of berries during the harvest Removing mouldy clusters Formulation of dipping solution Drying period Rain damage Provide good hygienic conditions during sun drying and storage

50 Harvest is made by hand

51 Almost all Sultana grapes are dipped. Natural dipping solution (water + olive oil + potassium carbonate)

52 After dipping, grapes are laid on polyethylene sheets on concrete or soil surface. Drying lasts 5 to 7 days.

53 Golden bleach and American type drying are very limited. In recent years, rack type drying systems became more popular, because of risk in rainy periods.

54 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION