SOIL NUTRIENT BALANCES: 2010 UPDATE

Transcription

1 SOIL NUTRIENT BALANCES: 21 UPDATE Defra Agricultural Change and Environment Observatory Research Report No. 23 Main author: Lindsey Clothier Summary Soil Nutrient balances have been calculated by Defra for England and the United Kingdom for the years 199, 1995 and 2 to 29. The balances for nitrogen and phosphorus have been calculated in accordance with Eurostat and OECD reporting requirements largely using a methodology proposed by ADAS. This report provides an overview of the methods utilised to compile the England and UK series within this release, particularly where they differ to the proposals within the ADAS project, and provides a commentary on the resultant balances and components. The key findings are: For the United Kingdom, it is estimated that the nitrogen soil surface balance has fallen by 22% between 2 and 29 to 1. million tonnes of N. Over the same period for England, the reduction has been 2% to.7 million tonnes of N. There has been a steady decrease over the period, driven by reduced inorganic fertiliser applications and livestock manures (from reduced livestock numbers) but offset somewhat by a corresponding reduction in N removed in forage. For the United Kingdom, it is estimated that the phosphorus soil surface balance has fallen by 54% between 2 and 29 to 54 thousand tonnes of P. Over the same period for England, the reduction has been 64% to 26 thousand tonnes of P. Most of this reduction has taken place since 27. In 28 the reduction in the balance was due to the combined result of a reduction in inorganic fertiliser applications and increased crop production following the removal of set-aside and increased yields following the wet harvest of 27. In 29, there was a sharp reduction in inorganic fertiliser applications. Further work is required to maintain the balances and to ensure that the technical coefficients remain up to date. The derivation of regional balances should also be further pursued.

2 Contents 1. Introduction Background Methodology update Results Nitrogen Soil surface balance Components of the balance Phosphorus Soil surface balance Components of the balance Discussion and Next steps Appendix 1 UK Nitrogen soil surface balance Appendix 2 UK Phosphorus soil surface balance Appendix 3 England Nitrogen soil surface balance... 2 Appendix 4 England Phosphorus soil surface balance... 21

3 1. Introduction Nutrient balances provide a measure of the overall environmental pressure from nitrogen and phosphorus loadings to agricultural soils. They provide an indicator of the overall risk of pollution to managed agricultural land by measuring the difference between nutrient inputs (e.g. fertilisers, manures, fixation, atmospheric deposition) and offtake (e.g. agricultural products, exported manures). The balances do not take account of cumulative effects nor do they consider specific loss pathways (e.g. to water or air). When expressed on a per hectare basis, the balances can be used as a headline indicator of potential environmental pressure, allowing trends over time to be monitored and comparisons to be made between countries. The nitrogen balance for England has been adopted as a Structural Reform Plan indicator to monitor farming s environmental performance. The OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) collates national agricultural soil surface balances for nitrogen and phosphorus, calculated according to a standard calculation methodology 1. Nutrient balances (at a national and regional level) have also been adopted by Eurostat as part of the IRENA indicator set. The European Environment Agency has also proposed a nutrient balance indicator for agricultural land as a core indicator of environmental health, alongside indicators such as fertiliser consumption. The development of nutrient balances within the UK was initially funded by the Eurostat TAPAS programme and described within a previous paper 2. In 29 ADAS and FERA were commissioned to further update and review the UK methodology for nutrient balances whilst satisfying OECD reporting requirements. The project was funded by Defra s Strategic Evidence Fund with the following specific objectives: update and review the UK methodology for the N balance calculation, complete the development of an analogous P balance, extend the method to calculate balances at national as well as UK scale, develop a method to regionalise the balance further, as requested by Eurostat, and review how nutrient balances relate to other policy indicators. The results of this project have been further built on by Defra to derive national time series for 199, 1995 and 2 to 29 and published in a Statistics Release on xx March 211. This report provides an overview of the methods utilised to compile the England and UK series within this release, particularly where they differ to the proposals within the ADAS project. It draws on the reports compiled for the 29 TAPAS and 21 ADAS projects. 2. Background Nutrient balances are of direct relevance to a number of European directives including the Air Quality Directive 3, Water Framework Directive 4 and Habitats Directive 5. They are therefore an important part of the evidence base for a number of European and international organisations including Eurostat, DG AGRI, DG Environment and the European Environment 1 OECD & EUROSTAT (27) Gross Nitrogen Balances Handbook & Gross Phosphorus Balances Handbook. 2 UK TAPAS action soil nutrient balances final report, David Fernall (Defra) & Alistair Murray (CSL), May Directive 28/5/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. 4 Directive 2/6/EC established a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. 5 Directive 92/43/EEC 2 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and Flora.

4 Agency. The nitrogen balance for England (expressed on a per hectare basis) has been adopted as a Structural Reform Plan indicator to monitor the environmental performance of farming. The nutrient balances are also becoming used as a component in assessing progress towards environmental goals such as the England Rural Development Programme and implementation of the Nitrates Directive 6. The balances are also increasingly used at farm scale in the UK, to encourage and facilitate nutrient planning 7. The Defra-funded farm fertiliser software PLANET (PLANET 26) now embodies a farm gate nutrient balance, with benchmarks to enable farmers to compare their performance with typical values for similar systems 8. Northern Ireland has adopted high level targets for N and P balances 9 in order to assess the impact of environmental measures aimed at reducing eutrophication, an important environmental issue in Northern Ireland where agriculture is the largest single source of nutrients in freshwaters 1 (Smith et al., 25). 3. Methodology update The OECD has developed a standard method for the calculation of nutrient balances 11 which has been adopted by Eurostat. This method calculates nutrient loadings for nitrogen and phosphorus to agricultural soils. It is a fairly complex system based on a wide range of data sources. Nutrient inputs and off-takes are estimated by applying coefficients to physical data. The physical data includes livestock numbers, crop areas, crop yields and fertiliser use. The relevant coefficients have been developed from empirical research by experts (e.g. ADAS) within a large programme of research projects. In 28/9, a Eurostat funded TAPAS 12 project explored the potential for Defra to calculate nutrient balances for the UK. This project 13 included a detailed evaluation of the OECD methodology and assessment of data availability. A spreadsheet system was developed (in line with the OECD methodology) to calculate balances for N and P at both a UK and a more detailed regional level for 2 to 27. The project concluded that, whilst the Gross Nutrient Balance (GNB) approach was generally a sound method of estimating overall environmental pressures from nutrient loadings to agricultural soils, the current method did not consider loss pathways (e.g. to water or air) nor did it attempt to quantify the cumulative effects. In 6 In reporting progress with implementation of the Nitrates Directive, it was cited that the OECD nitrogen balance from agriculture in the UK had declined substantially between 1985 and 22 (the latest year with a calculated balance), Noel SJM, Dawes S, Brewis F, Fitzsimons V & Ruddle O & Lord E 29: Report to Conference: Developments in monitoring the effectiveness of the EU Nitrates Directive Action Programmes on the Environment: Amsterdam, June Goodlass G, Halberg N, Verschuur G. 23. Input-Output Accounting Systems in the European Community-an Appraisal of their Usefulness in Raising Awareness of Environmental Problems. European Journal of Agronomy, 2:17-24; Halberg, N., Verschuur, G. & Goodlass, G. (25) Farm level environmental indicators; are they useful? An overview of green accounting systems for European farms. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 15, Draft Report for Defra Project No. WQ16 - Catchment Sensitive Farming Impacts of targeting N and P inputs (Obj 3) PLANET 9 The methodology used by AFBI is very similar to the ADAS methodology. 1 Smith RV, Jordan C, & Annett JA 25. A phosphorus budget for Northern Ireland: inputs to inland and coastal waters. Journal of Hydrology 34, OECD & EUROSTAT (27) Gross Nitrogen Balances Handbook & Gross Phosphorus Balances Handbook Technical Action Plan for Agricultural Statistics (TAPAS) is a programme of themed funding designed to improve Community agricultural statistics. 13 UK TAPAS Action Soil Nutrient Balances final report, David Fernall Defra, Alistair Murray FERA, May 29.

5 addition, some factors were not taken into account that can profoundly affect nutrient levels such as animal housing systems, feed regimes and methods of applying manures and unless further developed, the nutrient balances should not be used to measure the success of any policy changes in such areas. A number of specific data quality issues were raised within the 29 report: Estimates for offtake from pasture were based on average pasture yields and an assumed rate of grazing. As pasture represents a dominant component of the overall offtake, improvements in these estimates would greatly improve the overall accuracy of the balance sheets. National overall average estimates of fertiliser use are currently used in the calculations at all spatial scales. Due to regional variation in agronomic practice, balance estimates would be improved if reliable regional application rates for each crop type could be estimated from the British Survey of Fertiliser Practice. The land to be used in the scope of the balance sheets must be correctly defined. If unfertilised land is included, the balance sheets will underestimate the total nutrient loadings. Reflecting this, the UK excluded land identified as rough grazing from the balance sheets. Manure is assumed to be applied to the same parcel of land on which the livestock are grazed/reared. This assumption is robust at aggregated levels but may not be valid at finer spatial scales, particularly at a holding level. In 29 further work was commissioned by Defra to enhance the calculation of nutrient balances within the UK. The project 14 was managed by FERA and conducted by ADAS with the following aims: To develop a robust, relatively simple methodology for calculation of the N and P balance of agriculture in the UK and the Devolved Administrations; base the balance as far as possible on the same input data as used for other indictors or models of nutrient pollution; base the balance as far as possible on regularly updated standard statistics such that it could respond to changes in agricultural inputs and outputs; to develop a method for converting between the calculated balance and other forms of balance as required for example by the EU (EUROSTAT), OECD or other organisations; to develop a method for apportioning the balance, by agricultural activity/ sector, and by region; map the resulting balance and selected source data; document the methodology with particular emphasis on the source of coefficients not provided by annual statistics, and identify the major uncertainties in the balance, and the scope for improvement. This project has delivered a revised and updated calculation of the balances. In particular, whilst enabling a soil surface balance to be derived (as required by OECD and Eurostat), it has done this by way of a farm gate approach (see box). The farm gate approach uses data that is both more readily available and more familiar to farmers. A key outcome of the project has been the development of a fodder balance approach to generate improved estimates of the nutrient content of the grass eaten by livestock, an issue highlighted by the 29 report. 14 Soil Nutrient Balances final report, Eunice Lord, Bruce Cottrill, Paul Newall-Price, Ken Smith, ADAS October 21.

6 Farm gate versus soil surface balances The farm gate balance is calculated as the difference between inputs onto the national farm (fertiliser, livestock feeds imported, non-agricultural wastes eg sewage sludge) and outputs (crop and animal products and waste) removed from the system. Internal transfers such as crops fed to animals and animal manures applied to agricultural land are not included. Farm gate Balance = Fertiliser + N fixation + other Land Inputs + Atmospheric Deposition Crop and livestock products In contrast, the soil surface balance is calculated as the difference between all inputs and all outputs to soils. Estimates of livestock manures excreted/applied to land are therefore treated as inputs, whilst animal feeds including grazed pasture are included as outputs. Soil Surface Balance = Fertiliser + N fixation + Manure spread + Excreta at grazing + other Land Inputs + Atmospheric Deposition Grass and fodder eaten = Farm gate balance + Manure spread + Excreta at grazing grass and fodder eaten + crop and livestock products = Farm gate balance - N volatised prior to spreading* As: Excretion + Product = Feed and fodder eaten (including grass) [fodder balance] And: Manure excreted = Manure spread + N volatised prior to spreading * Note, however, that current OECD and Eurostat methodology requires that the soil surface balances are calculated before the removal of N volatised prior to spreading and hence the farm gate balance should equal the soil surface balance. The 21 ADAS report included initial calculations (and maps) for 24. Defra has since built on this work, producing UK and country level balances for 199, 1995 and 2 to 29. The methodology used by Defra differs slightly to that described in the ADAS report in order to meet OECD and Eurostat requirements. The key differences are: estimates of the nutrient contributions of free living organisms, and seeds have been included within inputs; estimates of the nutrients removed by straw leaving the agricultural sector have been included within outputs; application rates for inorganic fertilisers applied to grassland have been adjusted 15 to take better account of applications to permanent grassland; estimates of the nitrogen content of livestock manures do not exclude N volatised from manures prior to spreading and the data relating to oilseed rape have been widened to include estimates of the area and production from set-aside land. In addition some minor changes have been made to the data utilised Fertiliser applications are based on BSFP findings and trade and sales data. They are compiled by the Agricultural Industries Confederation in conjunction with Defra and are considered to be the official figures for fertiliser usage. In line with these estimates, the overall application rates to grassland are lower than those proposed in the ADAS project.

7 4. Results The main focus of this work has been to derive annual soil surface (SS) balances for nitrogen and phosphorus in order to meet Eurostat and OECD reporting requirements. However, the methodology put forward by ADAS has allowed this to be calculated via a farm gate approach. This section presents firstly for nitrogen and then for phosphorus the resulting soil surface balances and reviews the main components and their influence on the overall balance. Nitrogen and phosphorus soil surface balances for the United Kingdom and England were published by Defra in Statistics Notices on the 8th April Nitrogen Soil surface balance The nitrogen SS balances for England and the United Kingdom are very similar over the period under consideration when expressed on a per hectare basis - falling from around 14 kg per hectare in 199 to just over 8 kg per hectare in 29 (Figure 1). The main driver has been a reduction in the nitrogen balance itself rather than changes in the agricultural area under consideration 18. Figure 1: Nitrogen soil surface balance for United Kingdom and England per hectare kg N / ha United Kingdom England For the United Kingdom, it is estimated that the nitrogen SS balance has fallen by 22% between 2 and 29 to 1. million tonnes of N. Over the same period for England the reduction has been 2% to.7 million tonnes of N (Figure 2). 16 These include sourcing estimates of grain fed on farm from the Defra supply balance sheets and using fixed moisture contents for cereals in line with the production estimates The recorded agricultural area excluding rough grazing has increased by 1.8% between 199 and 29 for the United Kingdom and has fallen by.2% over the same period for England.

8 Figure 2: Nitrogen soil surface balance for United Kingdom and England (th. tonnes of N) th. tonnes of N United Kingdom England Components of the balance The nitrogen SS balance is calculated as the difference between inputs (from fertilisers, livestock manures and other sources such as atmospheric deposition, biological fixation and seeds) and off-take from harvested crops, forage and crop residues. Figure 3 provides an indication of the relative sizes of the UK balance components. From this it can be seen that the reduction in the balance has been driven by reduced inputs, although the reduction in these inputs has, to some extent, been offset by a small reduction in off-take. Figure 3: Components of UK nitrogen soil surface balance 2-29 Th. tonnes N 3 25 Inputs Other Nitrogen Inputs Livestock Manure Production Total Organic Fertilisers (excluding livestock manure) Inorganic Nitrogenous Fertilisers Crop residues Total Harvested Crops Total Forage Balance -15 Offtake -2

9 Figure 4: Changes in UK nitrogen inputs Th. tonnes N Inorganic Nitrogenous Fertilisers Total Organic Fertilisers (excluding livestock manure) Net Input of Manure Other Nitrogen Inputs Livestock manures and inorganic fertiliser applications account for at least 85% of nitrogen inputs over the period 199 to Reductions in these two key components are driving the reduction in the overall balance. The totals for inorganic fertiliser applications are compiled by the Agricultural Industries Confederation in conjunction with Defra and are based on British Survey of Fertiliser Practice (BSFP) findings together with trade and sales data. Crop level nitrogen application estimates have been compiled for the compilation of sectoral balances, and to help explain changes in the overall totals (Figure 5). These have been derived from the product of BSFP overall application rates and June Survey area estimates. Applications to grassland have been constrained to ensure that the national total Nitrogen applications match the AIC/Defra official estimates. Figure 5: UK Nitrogen applications to harvested crops and grass/fodder crops Th. Tonnes N Harvested crops Grass & fodder crops Sources: June Surveys, BSFP, AIC/Defra official fertiliser application estimates 19 Reducing from 9% in 199 to 86% in 29.

10 The application figures follow a similar trend to the overall application rates to crops and grass 2. The quantity of nitrogen in manure is derived by multiplying June Survey 21 livestock populations by standard coefficients 22 and deducting the quantity of poultry manures that are estimated to have been incinerated. The resultant figures used within the soil surface balances presented here are before any deduction of nitrogen volatisation prior to spreading, in line with current OECD methodology. The ADAS project suggests that the estimate of nitrogen from manures would be reduced by around 9% if the N volatised prior to spreading is excluded. Figure 7: Sources of nitrogen from manure production (UK) Th. tonnes N Cattle Pigs Sheep and goats Poultry Other Livestock Withdrawals Note: Estimates of N volatised prior to spreading have not been deducted Over the period since 199 there have been reductions in livestock numbers, particularly for cattle which account for around two thirds of the nitrogen in excreted manures. The key driver has been the reduction in dairy cow numbers (Figure 8) over the period largely due to the limit of milk quota. Compared to the other contributions to total inputs, there has been little change in the nitrogen from atmospheric deposition, biological fixation and seeds/planting materials over the period (Figure 9). Nitrogen from atmospheric deposition has been calculated by aggregating to a national level, average deposition rates 23 applied to managed agricultural areas (generated at a NUTS3 level). Recent fluctuations to biological nitrogen fixation are attributable to a sharp reduction in the area of pulses (field beans) in 27 and See Observatory indicator C For England, Wales and Northern Ireland cattle populations have been sourced from administrative sources since 25. For England and Wales the source is the Cattle Tracing Scheme. For Northern Ireland cattle data are sourced from APHIS. 22 From Cottrill & Smith, 21. See Appendix 1 for a list of the coefficients used. For further details see Soil Nutrient Balances, Defra report, ADAS Deposition figures are from with additional data for 2-23, 27 and 28 directly from CEH.

11 Figure 8: Changes in nitrogen in excreted manures by type of cattle (UK) Th. Tonnes N Dairy cows Beef cows Other cattle and calves Figure 9: Other nitrogen inputs (UK) Th. tonnes N Atmospheric Deposition Biological Nitrogen Fixation Seeds and Planting Material Note: Actual deposition figures were not available for 199, 1995 and 29 at the time of calculation. For 199 and 1995, figures for 2 have been used. For 29, 28 deposition figures have been applied to 29 land use data. Compared to 2, there has been a 14% reduction in nitrogen off-take between 2 and 29, largely a result of a reduction in the nitrogen removed as forage (Figure 1) as a result of reduced livestock populations. The calculation of an improved estimate of the nutrient content of grass consumed by livestock was a key part of the methodological review undertaken by ADAS in 21. This was a known weakness of the OECD (and Eurostat) spreadsheet systems which are based on crude estimates of grassland yield and nutrient contents. The improved method 24 proposed by ADAS uses a fodder balance approach for nitrogen and phosphorus content: Excretion + Product = Feed and fodder eaten (including grass) 24 The calculations are detailed with the 21 ADAS report.

12 Figure 1: Changes in UK nitrogen off-take Th. tonnes N Total Harvested Crops Total Forage Crop residues Knowledge of the quantities and nutrient content of feed, fodder, excreta and livestock products are generally better than that of grass, hence improved estimates for grass can be calculated by deduction. Figure 11 illustrates the components of the UK level nitrogen fodder balance. Figure 11: Components of UK nitrogen fodder balance Th. tonnes N Livestock Prod N Excreted N Fodder N Feed N Balance

13 4.1.3 Nitrogen use efficiency The ratio of nitrogen outputs to inputs provides a measure of Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Figure 12: Nitrogen Use efficiency for the United Kingdom (left) and England (right) NUE NUE.6.6 England United Kingdom Trend (2 to 29) Trend (2 to 29) Note: NUE is the ratio of outputs to inputs. A value of 1 would indicate that that quantity of nutrients applied matched the crop (including fodder and forage) requirements. For both the United Kingdom and England the overall trend has been a gradual increase between 2 and 29 (Figure 12). The two sharp decreases (in 21 and 27) are both weather related. The very wet weather in the winter of 2/1reduced crop areas and yields, whilst in 27, wet weather at harvest led to reduced yields. 4.2 Phosphorus Soil surface balance As with Nitrogen, the trends in the soils surface balances for the United Kingdom and England have been similar when expressed in either tonnes of Phosphorus or on a per hectare basis (Figure 13). There has been a significant reduction in the phosphorus balance in 28 and 29, due to increased off-take (in harvested crops) in 28 combined with reduced inorganic fertiliser applications in 29 (Figure 14). For the United Kingdom, it is estimated that the phosphorus SS balance has fallen by 54% between 2 and 29 to 54 thousand tonnes of P. Over the same period for England, the reduction has been 64% to 26 thousand tonnes of P.

14 Figure 13 Phosphorus soil surface balance for United Kingdom and England per hectare (top) and tonnes of P (bottom) Kg P/ ha United Kingdom England Th. tonnes of P United Kingdom England Components of the balance The phosphorus SS balance is calculated as the difference between inputs (from fertilisers, livestock manures and other sources such as atmospheric deposition and seeds) and offtake from harvested crops, forage and crop residues. Figure 14 provides an indication of the relative sizes of the UK balance components. Total phosphorus inputs declined gradually between 2 and 28, but fell sharply in 29. Off-take has fluctuated over the period. The trends of the individual components are further investigated below.

15 Figure 14: Components of UK phosphorus soil surface balance 2-29 Th. tonnes P 4 Inputs 3 Other Phosphorus Inputs Net Input of Manure Total Organic Fertilisers (excluding livestock manure) Inorganic Fertilisers Crop residues Total Harvested Crops Total Forage Balance Offtake -3 Figure 15: Changes in UK phosphorus inputs Th. tonnes P Inorganic Fertilisers Total Organic Fertilisers (excl. livestock manure) Net Input of Manure Other Phosphorus Inputs The decline in phosphorus inputs has been due to a reduction in inorganic fertiliser applications 25 (particularly in 29), combined with reduced inputs from manures as a result of declining livestock populations (Figure 15). Over the period, there has been an increase in the quantity of phosphorus from other organic sources such as sewage sludge. 25 For inorganic phosphorus application rates see

16 Figure 16: Changes in UK phosphorus off-take Th. tonnes P Total Harvested Crops Total Forage Crop residues As for nitrogen, the quantity of phosphorus removed as forage has declined over the period as a result of declining livestock populations reducing the quantity excreted (Figures 16 and 17). Increased off-take within harvested crops in 28 was a result of increased production following the removal of set-aside 26 and increased yields following the previous wet summer in 27. Figure 17: Components of UK phosphorus fodder balance Th. tonnes P Livestock Prod P Excreted P Fodder P Feed P Balance Note that oilseed rape grown on set-aside land has been included within the balances.

17 5. Discussion and Next steps This paper has described the soil surface nutrient balances calculated for the United Kingdom and England for 199, 1995 and 2 to 29. These have been calculated to meet OECD and Eurostat requirements, based largely on the methodology proposed by ADAS in 21, describing differences in approach where relevant. The 21 ADAS project was further supplemented by estimates of the level of uncertainty around the components of soil surface balance (although an overall level of uncertainty for the overall balances was not derived), sectoral farm gate balances and a proposed methodology for spatial disaggregation. This paper has concentrated on the soil surface balances required by Eurostat and the OECD. However, farm gate balances are of interest in other areas. Further work is currently being taken forward by ADAS for the Environment Agency in order to produce sectoral breakdowns of the farm gate balance at individual crop and livestock levels. This project also aims to identify whether any changes in farm inputs and the farm gate budget can be attributed to policy and regulatory interventions. This paper has calculated national level balances. However, there is likely to be considerable variation at regional and more local spatial levels, and the nature of this variation will be of relevance to individual policy areas. The national balances have been compiled using physical data that is reasonably robust at this level together with national coefficients. To increase the level of spatial disaggregation within the balances requires reliable data to be available at a more local level. Estimates of livestock numbers and crop areas are available at a more spatially disaggregated level, but generally become less robust as the level of spatial disaggregation increases (with the exception of cattle populations which are derived from administrative sources in England, Wales and N. Ireland). Some components, such as the fodder balance, are only available at a national level, meaning some assumptions are required e.g. in terms of regional yields and manure applications. A methodology has been proposed by FERA but it has not yet been possible to implement this to the latest nutrient balances. The balances presented within this paper have been derived by applying constant coefficients to changing physical data for each year. Further work will be required to ensure that these coefficients remain relevant and are updated when later research becomes available. It is our intention to update the soil surface nutrient balances annually. Balances for 21 should be available in the summer of 211.

18 Appendix 1 UK Nitrogen soil surface balance Th. tonnes N (unless specified) NITROGEN INPUTS 3,21 2,948 2,85 2,682 2,674 2,597 2,67 2,535 2,468 2,47 2,384 2,32 Fertilisers 1,612 1,378 1,31 1,23 1,238 1,175 1,172 1,115 1,59 1,66 1, Inorganic Nitrogenous Fertilisers 1,582 1,348 1,268 1,162 1,197 1,131 1,125 1,61 1,3 1,8 1,6 913 Total Organic Fertilisers (excl. L'stock manure) Net Input of Manure 1,264 1,245 1,18 1,115 1,84 1,86 1,92 1,76 1,71 1,35 1, Livestock Manure Production 1,264 1,249 1,196 1,135 1,14 1,16 1,112 1,96 1,91 1,56 1,33 1,14 Cattle Pigs Sheep and goats Poultry Other Livestock Withdrawals Other Nitrogen Inputs Atmospheric Deposition Biological Nitrogen Fixation Seeds and Planting Material NITROGEN OUTPUTS 1,514 1,473 1,487 1,315 1,42 1,39 1,46 1,391 1,363 1,286 1,332 1,28 Total Harvested Crops Cereals Oil crops Pulses and Beans Industrial Crops Other Crops Total Forage Harvested Fodder Crops Pasture Crop residues BALANCE ( Inputs minus Outputs) 1,696 1,476 1,318 1,367 1,271 1,28 1,2 1,144 1,15 1,121 1,53 1,23 Balance (Kg N per Ha of managed agric. land)

19 Appendix 2 UK Phosphorus soil surface balance Th. tonnes P (unless specified) PHOSPHURUS INPUTS Fertilisers Inorganic Fertilisers Total Organic Fertilisers (excl. L'stock man Net Input of Manure Livestock Manure Production Cattle Pigs Sheep and goats Poultry Other Livestock Manure Imports Other Phosphorus Inputs Atmospheric Deposition Seeds and Planting Material PHOSPHORUS OUTPUTS Total Harvested Crops Cereals Oil crops Pulses and Beans Industrial Crops Other Crops Total Forage Harvested Fodder Crops Pasture Crop residues BALANCE ( Inputs minus Outputs) Balance (Kg P per Ha of managed agric. land)

20 Appendix 3 England Nitrogen soil surface balance Th. tonnes N (unless specified) NITROGEN INPUTS 2,178 1,967 1,862 1,746 1,754 1,693 1,729 1,688 1,631 1,61 1,65 1,565 Fertilisers 1, Inorganic Nitrogenous Fertilisers 1, Total Organic Fertilisers (excl. L'stock manure) Net Input of Manure Livestock Manure Production Cattle Pigs Sheep and goats Poultry Other Livestock Withdrawals Other Nitrogen Inputs Atmospheric Deposition Biological Nitrogen Fixation Seeds and Planting Material NITROGEN OUTPUTS 1, Total Harvested Crops Cereals Oil crops Pulses and Beans Industrial Crops Other Crops Total Forage Harvested Fodder Crops Pasture Crop residues BALANCE ( Inputs minus Outputs) 1, Balance (Kg N per Ha of managed agric. land)

21 Appendix 4 England Phosphorus soil surface balance Th. tonnes P (unless specified) PHOSPHURUS INPUTS Fertilisers Inorganic Fertilisers Total Organic Fertilisers (excl. L'stock man Net Input of Manure Livestock Manure Production Cattle Pigs Sheep and goats Poultry Other Livestock Withdrawals Other Nitrogen Inputs Atmospheric Deposition Seeds and Planting Material PHOSPHORUS OUTPUTS Total Harvested Crops Cereals Oil crops Pulses and Beans Industrial Crops Other Crops Total Forage Harvested Fodder Crops Pasture Crop residues BALANCE ( Inputs minus Outputs) Balance (Kg P per Ha of managed agric. land)