WATER UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT

Transcription

1 WATER UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT FOR AGRICULTURE IN INDONESIA SAEFOEL BACHRI, HARMANTO, & BUDI KARTIWA INDONESIA CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ICALRRD) 2018 International Conference on Forward-looking Water Management in Taiwan Water & Environtment, Water & Safety, and Water & Development TAIPE, 8-9 OCTOBER 2018

2 OUTLINE Introduction Water harverting technology Irrigation Water Management Conclussion

3 I. INTRODUCTION The total area of Indonesia which covers land and sea is 7,081,369 KM square. The land area is 1,904,569 KM2 (incl rivers). Water area is 5, 8 KM2. Population : 260 million (2017) Projected population: 295 million (2030) LAND AREA in Indonesia: 188,20 Million Ha 148 Million Ha Dryland (78%): 76,22 Million Ha (52%) -> Suitable For Agriculture 23,26 Million Ha Lowland Area -> Suitable For Food Crops 40,20 Million Ha Wetland (22%) -> Including Swampland.

4 LAND AREA BASED ON ECOSYSTEMS Ecosystem Low Land High Land Dry Climate Wet Climate Acid Soil Non Acid Soil Swamp land Wet land (Non Swamp) Dry land Misc (Settlement/city, water bodies, escarpment, ex mining etc)

5 LAND TYPE PROPORTION Land Area: M Ha Wet land, 40.2, 21% Dry land, 148, 79% 148 M Ha of Dry land M Ha (77%) Suit for Agriculture M Ha Food Crop on Low land

6 DRY LAND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT in Indonesia Area of dry land suitable for Agriculture Island Annual Crops Low land (ha) Perenual Crops Annual Crops High land (ha) Perenual Crops Total

7 DRY LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS Water Availability Soil Fertility Dry land utilization problems Topography Soil Acidity 1. Water limitation on dry land -> Plantation Index (IP) < 1, Water scarcity is the main limiting of dry land management. 3. Innovation technology for water management: a. Identification technique for water resources b. Water harvesting c. Eficiency technique on Irrigation d. Soil and water conservation

8 WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS ON DRY LAND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS Water availability: Inbalance water availability (spasial and time) Water demands: Water utilize In-efficency on agriculture production system Water management technique on dry land Identification for Water resources potency Water harvesting techniques Efficiency techniques in Irigation system Soil and Water conservation

9 WATER HARVESTING Water Harvesting (WH) Technology Techniques for collecting, storing and saving rainwater or river flow, during the rainy season into a reservoir -> then using the water for irrigation during the dry season WH Infrastructure Optimizing the utilization of surface water sources for irrigation Provide alternative irrigation sources when the main irrigation source is unable to meet the water needs of the plant Type of Infrastucture (1) Water surface (Irrigation Pump); (2) Channal storae (Dam Parit); (3) eater reservoir (Embung); (4) Long Storage; (5) Shallow Well (6) Sumur Bor

10 Dam Parit: Agricultural infrastructure to stem the flow of trenches or small rivers and distribute them to irrigate the surrounding land Channel reservoir (dam parit) in Kalisidi, Ungaran Channel reservoir di Desa Bunder, Gunung Kidul Water reservoir (Embung) Embung Tlogo Pucang Temanggung Long Storage Long storage in HSU (Polder Alabio)

11 (1) SURFACE WATER UTILIZATION: CHARACTERISTICS DESIGN AND INFRASTRUCTURE OF WATER HARVESTING Desa Negara Bumi Udik, Kec. Anak Tuha, Kab. Lampung Tengah, Lampung 1000 m < 4 m < 6 m Suction 4 inch Sumber Air Permukaan Melimpah, Tapi IP 100 Centifuge Pump Divider pool/storage Cannal Sungai Pompa + Mesin Penggerak Saluran Terbuka Bak Bagi + Pintu Satuan Luas Lahan Irigasi

12 POTENTCY Of WATER HARVESTING INFRASTRUCTURE ON DRY OR RAINFED LAND (DISTRIBUTION OF 4,0 MILL. HA) Invest Rp 22.6 B Prod 10 Jt ton GKG Benefit: Rp 40 Bill KALIMANTAN Potensi ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal SULAWESI Potensi ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal Total Area : ha MALUKU Potensi Ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal ha ha ha ha ha ha ha SUMATERA Potensi ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal Total: of Village, of Sub District, 401 of 415 District, in 34 Provinces. JAWA Potensi ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal BALI+NUSTRA Potensi ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai & Sumur Dangkal 12 PAPUA Potensi ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal

13 SOIL WATER UTILIZATION IN INDONESIA DISTRIBUTION INDONESIA 3.906,50 SUMATERA 840,70 WATER AVAILABLE (10 6 m 3 /year) POTENCY CAN BE UTILIZED 3.906,50 691,30 JAVA 164,00 KALIMANTAN 1.314,00 SULAWESI 299,20 BALI + NUSA TENGGARA 49,60 MALUKU 176,70 PAPUA 1.062,10 DMI (10 6 m 3 /year) 34,10 (19.5%) ALREADY UTILIZED (10 6 m3/year) 175,10 (25.3%) AGRICULTURE (10 6 m 3 /yr) 141,00 (80.5 %) YET UTILIZIED (10 6 m3/year) 516,20 (74.7%) DM (10 6 m 3 /year) 6.40 (3,7%) INDUSTRIAL (10 6 m 3 /year) (15,8%) Notes: D : Domestic M : Municipal I : Industrial Source: Puslitbang SDA (2012) Roadmap CC Water Sector (2011) 13

14 INFRASTUCTURE TYPES OF WATER HARVESTING BASED UPON WATER RESOURCES No Parameter Characteristics Type of WH Infrastrucuture 1 Rivers Debit minimum > 25 l/s, widht < 15 m depth < 2 m, water elevasi higher than land surface, and <1 km distance. Channal reservoir (Dam Parit) 2 River flow, irrigation channal, lake Debit Minimum > 25 l/s, elevation of water resource lower than the land, and <100 m distance. Pump 3 Rainfall, drainage channel, intermittent river flow Weavy to Hilly tophography as a water catchment area (DTA) Water reservoir (Embung) 4 Rainfall, drainage channel, intermittent rivers, tidal rivers Flat topography, close to drainage channel, intermittent river, rivers, tidal. Long Storage 5 Groundwater Groundwater surface < 20 m Shallow well

15 Water Utilization Efficiency Technology Shallow well / connected well Closed Irrgation System Wet and Dry Irrigation Intermittent Irrigation Drip Irrigation Impact Sprinkler Furrow Irrigation Solar Pump Irrigation Shallow well / connected well 15 15

16 CLOSED IRRIGATION SYSTEM (PIPE) very high efficien, using gravity due to mountinous area, suitable for horticulture with limited soil water source CLOSED IRRIGATION (Drip Irigation): Super efficient water-use irrigation, clean water, suitable for hilly area, horticulture (but still explensive material) 16

17 WUE for Paddy wetland a. Wet Dry Irrigation system b. Intermittent irrigation New technique intermittent irrigation within a season Initial planting with flooding, then water given according to requirement within 3-7 day It can saved water by 25%. Flooding high of 5-10 cm, depend on growth phase of paddy crop 10 days before harvesting time, no water to the land Water requirement can be saved up to 10-15% compared to teh fooding all the time

18 DRIP IRRIGATION Water availability is limited Land flat up to hilly area Soil texture: clay up to sandy loam Commodities: horticulture crop with high value

19 IMPACT SPRINKLER Irrigation of spray type with medium pressure and nozzle 360 degree direction of spray Can distribute a certain water irrigation with radius or distance of 15 meter along the tool (maximum) Suitable for horticulture (vegetable crop) 19

20 FURROW IRRIGATION Water availability is excessive (no limit) Topography is relatively flat Soil texture: clay Commodities suitable: paddy, vegetable & FRUIT

21 SOLAR PUMP APPLICATION FOR HORTICULTURE Sukabumi, Jabar The system have already implemented to several dry land Banjarbaru, Kalsel Imogiri, Bantul Muneng, Probolinggo

22 II. IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICE Irrigation: The activity to supplement water for maintaining normal growth of crops 1.1 Irrigation Water Management (IWM): 2.1 Irrigation Water Management (IWM): The overall operation of irrigation, in a systematic way and accordance with approved plans, is concerned with proper regulation and allocation of water quantities required for various growth stages of crops. In practice, an irrigation plan is prepared in accordance with cropping patterns and irrigation scheme; and its implementation has to also take into account water sources and local farm situations. It is essential to adequately regulate and allocate irrigation water such that the water can be fairly, reasonably and at right time distributed to each farm plot.

23 THE IRRIGATION WATER NEEDS The irrigation water needs/calculation of wetland rice including: - evapotranspiration, - water loss due to percolation and seepage, - water is needed for saturation of the soil. Whereas plants other than lowland rice lose water because percolation and seepage do not include irrigation water needs. The function of rice plant water is to regulate plant temperature and humidity conditions and affect the growth and yield of rice plants (winarso, 1985).

24 Irrigation Water Management Practice 2.2 Irrigation Water Distribution Technique: Factors to be considered: 1) Canal water conveyance capacities, 2) water losses and sequences of water regulation and allocation; 3) so as to maintain the smooth water conveyance and on farm irrigation. Other factors: areal rainfall distributions, water source stability and crop cultivation timing have to be considered too; in order to grasp the trends of water sources for adequate regulation and allocation of irrigation water to properly supply the water demands of crop cultures. 2.3 Irrigation Operation Principles: Irrigation Operation Principles: On farm water distributions: implemented in line with the distribution plans prepared with principle of rotational irrigation. Such plans delineate the distribution flow quantities, arranged timing, and sequences of water distributions to farm plots. Field water distribution work is conducted by water masters of irrigation groups, or by IA members on duty by turns, so that all the plots can avail fair and reasonable water uses.

25 Suggestion to Future Maintenance 2.4. Main plans to be formulated Irrigation Plan Water conveyance & distribution plans Rotational water distribution plan Emergency irrigation plan in response to severe draught Irrigation Implementation Allocation of water from water sources Regulation of water in conveyance systems On-farm water distribution Emergency irrigation measures in response to severe drought period Recording of water uses

26 Irrigation Plan Crop cultivation area Soil texture Crop water requirement Water conveyance losses Irrigation water requirement Water distribution time per district Water distribution time per district Irrigation intervals Water distribution sequence per district

27 Irrigation Implementaion Rotation blocks Discharge regulation and recording Check gate operation Water distribution in Rotation Blocks On-farm water distribution (Rotaional irrigation operation) Single blocks Water distribution in single blocks Water division box management Farm plots Guiding Igs by WS/IA on field water distribution work

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30 4.Conclusion Water Long Storage 1. The height of the embankment on both sides of the water long storage cannot be increased more than 0.5 meters, which is equivalent to 0.65 meters above the paddy field. 2. Heightening embankment with dredged mud is difficult to reach stability, which is confirmed by bilateral team. 3. The embankment of long storage can not be piled up by the mud excavated by dredging, because of its poor plasticity and stability. If the bank design is too high, its construction is not easy and may cause bank collapse in the future.

31 4.Conclusion III. Irrigation Operation 1. Establish the general rules of Governing Organization of Irrigation Associations. 2. Establish a rigorous Water Use Associations (WUAs) under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture. 3. According to the authority of law, WUAs can charge fees, management and repair facilities. 4. The fees shall be charged in the form of farmland area. The fees of decisions is negotiated by the members.

32 Association Roles Water User Farmer Association (WUFA/KP3A): Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 50 LAWS OF THE RI No. 7 OF ABOUT WATER RESOURCES. An association of water-using farmer associations is a set of water-using farmers who are socio-economic, cultural, and environmentally sound. To facilitate the farmers associated with irrigation water management at the farming level to increase food production and the interests of rural agricultural development. Need Strengthening or Empowering Water User Farmers Wadah perkumpulan petani pemakai air merupakan himpunan bagi petani pemakai air yang bersifat sosial-ekonomi, budaya, dan berwawasan lingkungan. P3A dibentuk dari, oleh, dan untuk petani pemakai air secara demokratis, yang pengurus dan anggotanya terdiri dari unsur petani pemakai air. P3A dalam satu daerah pelayanan sekunder tertentu dapat bergabung sampai terbentuk GP3A. GP3A dalam satu daerah irigasi tertentu dapat bergabung sampai terbentuk IP3A.

33 THANK YOU 谢谢

34 SOME FACTOR AFFECTING WATER NEEDS CROP TYPE CLIMATE TYPE OF SOIL CONDITION CROP PATTERN WATER SUPPLY METHOD IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONDITION ACREAGE OF AGRICILTURE AREA