Influence of soil conservation practices on legume crops growth

Transcription

1 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 64, 8, No. : Influence of soil conservtion prctices on legume crops growth Jn KOUKOLÍČEK, Mrcel HEROUT*, Josef PULKRÁBEK, Kteřin PAZDERŮ Deprtment of Crop Production, Fculty of Agroiology, Food nd Nturl Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prgue, Prgue, Czech Repulic *Corresponding uthor: heroutzdkh@seznm.cz ABSTRACT Koukolíček J., Herout M., Pulkráek J., Pzderů K. (8): Influence of soil conservtion prctices on legume crops growth. Plnt Soil Environ., 64: In three-yer experiment, three types of soil conservtion techniques were tested in the legumes cultivtion systems. Our tretment types were no-till, stndrd tillge to the depth of 8 cm nd deep tillge to cm. The study evluted (cv. Enduro), spring pe (cv. Eso), white lupine (cv. Amig), nrrow-leved lupine (cv. Boregine) nd soyen (cv. Merlin) in two utumn terms ( only) nd in spring term (ll legume species). In no-till technology, the verge yield of ll legumes ws.4 t/h. For stndrd tillge (.58 t/h) nd deep tillge (.6 t/h), yields were significntly higher thn in no-till technology. From the monitored prmeters, deep tillge ppered s the est soil tretment. Although the yield ws similr to stndrd tillge, the soil ws less stiffened, resulting in higher content of nitrogen in the seed nd etter use of the pre-crop vlue of the legumes. In the experiment, spring term (.9 t/h) ws etter thn oth utumn s (.68 t/h nd.65 t/h). Keywords: soil compction; Pisum stivum L.; Lupinus lus L.; Glycine mx (L.) Merr.; groecologicl frming Legumes re n importnt nd irreplcele group of crops from the point of view of griculturl nd gro-ecologicl concepts. Although the importnce of legumes for griculture nd lndscping is undenile, the growing re of legumes is declining in Europe. This is due to reltive yield uncertinty, need for incresed gro-technicl cre, including plnt protection, nd lrge competition of non-europen production of chep soy for feeding nd food processing (Hou 9). Legumes re mostly used s n excellent forecrop for cerels (Preissel et l. 5). Thnks to rhizoi, nitrogen fixtion of legumes is unique process tht solves two mjor prolems of modern griculture: reduction of the fossil fuels use nd greenhouse gs emissions y reducing nitrogen fertilizers. All this leds to reduction of inputs nd promotes sustinle griculture (Rispil et l. ). Most legumes, unfortuntely, hve little utoregultion ility to produce productive rnches. Consequently, the legumes do not thicken during vegettion compred to cerels. Legumes lso do not respond significntly to dditionl grotechnicl mesures such s fertiliztion (Lhol 99). One wy to increse yields my e to use winter forms tht cn compete etter with weeds. Also, they cn use winter moisture nd etter tolerte the spring droughts from which the spring types suffer gretly (Urtzk et l. 5). It is lso possile to use iologiclly ctive sustnces which re used for seed tretment efore (Procházk et l. 5). A mjor prolem with legumes is the flowers shedding during stressful periods. In prticulr, high tempertures comined with low rinfll led to significnt reduction in yields (Atkins nd Smith 4). In Austrli nd Americ, this prolem ws responded y using minimiztion nd soil protection technologies (Gldstones nd Atkins 998). The use of lnd-sed technologies is constntly expnding throughout the world. Frmers hve mny 587

2 Vol. 64, 8, No. : Plnt Soil Environ. resons to do so. These technologies reduce wind nd wter erosion, conserve soil moisture, hve positive influence on the soil structure, nd lst ut not lest sve lour nd improve the economy of cultivtion (Dng et l. 5). Another ig prolem is soil stiffness. Crops growing on congeled soil hve demonstrly lower root system, with decline in iomss growth of up to 6% (Krestein et l. 4). Newly, deep loosening egins, where soil is etter le to rect nd retin more precipittion (Su et l. 5). Tody, erosion is the iggest prolem in Europe, ut frmers lso struggle with long drought periods or intensive rinfll over short period of time. All these prolems need to e ddressed y new technologicl processes tht prevent soil degrdtion nd cn retin wter (Pngos et l. 6). In recent yers, deep cultivtors (so-clled s) hve een widely promoted. As prt of primry soil tretment, these mchines re often considered s n lterntive to clssicl ploughs; in prticulr in cse of frmers who cultivte lrger res (Kroulík et l. 6). Deep loosening contriutes not only to etter wter infiltrtion, ut lso to etter ertion of the soil. Plnts re then le to use etter the nutrients needed for their growth (Pulkráek et l. 5). Tle. Cultivtion technology of experiments in individul yers Yer/term /opertion Yer/term 4/opertion Yer/term 5/opertion ( cm) tretment Glyfos ( L/h) New L/h L/h + Glyfos.5 L/h fungicide Amistr Xtr L/h ( cm) tretment Glyfos ( L/h) New L/h L/h + Glyfos.5 L/h fungicide Amistr Xtr L/h ( cm) tretment Glyfos ( L/h) New L/h L/h + Glyfos.5 L/h fungicide Amistr Xtr L/h

3 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 64, 8, No. : Tle. Scheme of experiment Deep tillge Tillge No-till Autumn term of Spring term of Eso Eso Eso Eso Eso Eso Eso Eso Eso Boregine Boregine Boregine Boregine Boregine Boregine Boregine Boregine Boregine Amig Amig Amig Amig Amig Amig Amig Amig Amig Merlin Merlin Merlin Merlin Merlin Merlin Merlin Merlin Merlin MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment ws sed on the lnd of ZD Nečín ner Doříš in the yers 5. The soil ws processed y three soil protection technologies. The first ws deep tillge ( cm) y Terrlnd (). As the second technique of soil cultivtion, the stndrd tillge ws used to depth of 8 cm nd the third prt of experiment ws without soil tretment (no-till) (Tle ). In the experiment, two pe cultivrs spring form cv. Eso nd winter type cv. Enduro were tested. They were sown in two utumn terms nd in one spring term, respectively, when other legumes. Other species were white lupine (cv. Amig), nrrowleved lupine (cv. Boregine) nd soyen (cv. Merlin) (Tle ). The re of one tested prcel ws m, ech tretment hd repets. All legumes hd the sme numer of seeds (9 thousnd seeds/h). The seed tretment ws done y Mxim XL (5 g/l fludioxonil nd g/l metlxyl-m) nd ws inoculted with Nitrzon+. No fertiliztion ws used in the experiment. The row spcing ws.5 cm with the depth of of 6 cm. The soil ws processed 4 dys efore the first utumn term of. The second took plce in dys. Sowing ws done using the Gret Plins mchine, which cn e used for direct without soil tretment. Two weeks fter, totl hericide (glyphoste 6 g/l) t dose of L per hectre ws pplied to plots. The spring took plce ccording to the wether during the month of April. In utumn terms, post-emergence hericide tretment with Escort New t L per hectre (6.7 g/l imzmox nd 5 g/l pendimethlin) took plce. The pre-emergence Escort New tretment t the sme dy ws L per hectre + totl hericide t.5 L per hectre). The yield nd nitrogen content in seeds were evluted. The individul species nd cultivrs of ll legumes were tested mong themselves. The soil compction ws monitored for the soil cultivtion tretments. Monthly rinfll is shown in Figure. Sttisticl nlysis. The otined results were sttisticlly evluted y the nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) method. The differences etween men vlues were evluted y the Tukey s HSD (honestly significnt difference) test in the SAS computer progrm (SAS Institute, Crry, USA), version 9.4., t the level of significnce P =.5. Precipittion (mm) Figure. Monthly precipittions in vegettion (Centrl Institute for Supervising nd Testing in Agriculture, Vysoká u Přírmě). April; My; Juni; 4 July; 5 August; 6 Septemer; 7 Octoer 589

4 Vol. 64, 8, No. : Plnt Soil Environ. Resistnce of penetrtion (MP) 5 4 no-till tillge deep tillge Figure. Averge vlues of penetrtion resistnce (MP) of soil in yers 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure shows tht there ws demonstrly less soil compction in deep tillge thn in other soil tretments. In deep tillge tretment, soil compction of MP ws found in the depth of 5 cm, in other tretments, it ws in the depth of 4 cm. The difference ws still seen in the depth of 4 cm. Btey (9) sttes tht legumes re very sensitive to soil compction. For the proper development of nitrifiction cteri tuers nd nitrogen fixtion they need erted soil. Tht is why deep tillge cn e considered s the most suitle soil tretment compred to other tested tretments; due to lower soil compction it increses the pre-crop vlue. A positive effect of deeper soil cultivtion ws lso oserved in the susequently grown crops. Figure shows the verge yields over the three monitored yers of ll tested soil tretments. The Yield Enduro I. Enduro II. Figure. Averge yield of different legumes in yers 5; HSD =.7; α =.5 Enduro III. Amig white lupin c Boregine nrrow-lefed lupin d Merlin soy most yielded legume ws the spring pe cv. Eso (.95 t/h) nd cv. Enduro (.9 t/h) sown in the spring. Autumn s of cv. Enduro reched.68 t/h nd.65 t/h nd were sttisticlly significntly worse thn spring s; however, Chen et l. (6) noted tht higher yields for s were reched only on hlf of the tested sites. On the second hlf of the hitts, spring forms of pe were more profitle. White lupine yielded more (.5 t/h) compred to the nrrow-leved lupine (.4 t/h). This ws confirmed y Borowsk et l. (5) nd Koukolíček nd Štrnc () in their experiments. The lowest yield ws chieved y soyen (.64 t/h). It should e noted tht the ltitude of the site out 4 m.s.l. is limiting for soyen growing in the Czech Repulic conditions. Figure 4 shows the verge content of nitrogen in seeds of different types of legumes during yers 5. The highest content of nitrogen in seeds ws found in soyen (8.9%). The highest content of nitrogen in seeds of pes ws oserved in cv. Enduro I. sown in the first utumn term (.%). Figure 5 shows verge yields of legumes depending on the type of soil conservtion techniques. The significntly worst tretment ws no-till; it ws negtively influenced y necrosis of the roots, especilly in pes sown in utumn. The reson for tht ws hevy rinfll in My nd June, s shown in Figure. This period is very importnt for flowering nd pods production. In the yers 4 nd 5, rinfll in these months ws lower (Figure ) nd it positively influenced the yields of legumes. Especilly for pe, there were yields etween 4 t/h. The difference ws oserved lso mong the tested soil conservtion technologies. Nitrogen content g d e f Eso spring pe Enduro I. Enduro II. Enduro III. Figure 4. Averge nitrogen content in seeds of different legumes in yers 5; HSD =.7; α =.5 Amig white lupin c Boregine nrrow-lefed lupin Merlin soy 59

5 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 64, 8, No. : Yield Figure 5. Averge yield of different legumes under soil conservtion techniques in yer, 4 nd 5 REFERENCES deep tillge tillge no-till Atkins C.A., Smith P.M. (4): Regultion of pod set nd seed development in lupin. In: vn Snten E., Hill G.D. (eds.): Proceedings of the th Interntionl Lupin Conference, 9 4. June, New Zelnd, Btey T. (9): Soil compction nd soil mngement A review. Soil Use nd Mngement, 5: Borowsk M., Prusiński J., Kszkowik E. (5): Production results of intensifiction of cultivtion technologies in three lupin (Lupinus L.) species. Plnt, Soil nd Environment, 6: Dng Y.P., Seymour N.P., Wlker S.R., Bell M.J., Freeirn D.M. (5): Strtegic tillge in no-till frming systems in Austrli s northern grins-growing regions: I. Drivers nd implementtion. Soil nd Tillge Reserch, 5: 4 4. Gldstones J., Atkins C. (eds.) (998): Lupins s Crop Plnts. Biology, Production, nd Utiliztion. Oxfordshire, Centre for Agriculture nd Biosciences Interntionl, 465. Hou M. (ed.) (9): Legumes Cultivtion nd Use. České Budějovice, Kurent, 4. (In Czech) Chen C.C., Miller P., Muehluer F., Neill K., Wichmn D., McPhee K. (6): Winter pe nd lentil response to seeding dte nd micro- nd mcro- environments. Agronomy Journl, 98: Koukolíček J., Štrnc P. (): Experiment with the cultivtion of different vrieties of lupin in the re of Doříš. MendelNet, : Krestein K., von Jnowsky K., Kuht J., Reintm E. (4): The effect of trctor wheeling on the soil properties nd root growth of smooth rome. Plnt, Soil nd Environment, 6: Kroulík M., Brnt V., Chy J., Zrnsky P. (6): Effect of plowing nd deed loosening on cone index d wter flow. In: Proceeding of the 5 th Interntionl Conference Engineering for Rurl Development. 5 7 My. 6. Jelgv, Ltvi University of Agriculture, Lhol J. (ed). (99): Legumes Cultivtion nd Utiliztion. Prgue, Státní zemědělské nkldtelství, 4. (In Czech) Pngos P., Imeson A., Meusurger K., Borrelli P., Poesen J., Alewell Ch. (6): Soil conservtion in Europe: Wish or relity? Lnd Degrdtion nd Development, 7: Preissel S., Reckling M., Schläfke N., Znder P. (5): Mgnitude nd frm-economic vlue of grin legume pre-crop enefits in Europe: A review. Field Crops Reserch, 75: Procházk P., Štrnc P., Pzderů K., Štrnc J., Jedličková M. (5): The possiilities of incresing the production ilities of soy vegettion y seed tretment with iologiclly ctive compounds. Plnt, Soil nd Environment, 6: Pulkráek J., Urn J., Jedličková M. (5): Effect of utumn tillge on soil compction in the eginning of sugr eet vegettion. Listy Cukrovrnické Řepřské, : (In Czech) Rispil N., Kló P., Kiss G.B., Noel E.T.H., Gllrdo K., Thompson R.D., Prts E., Lrrinzr E., Ldrer R., González E.M., Arrese-Igor C., Ferguson B.J., Gresshoff P.M., Ruiles D. (): Model legumes contriute to f en reeding. Field Crops Reserch, 5: Su Y.J., Wng Y.J., Zhng Y.L., Ding Y., Luo Y., Song L., Lio W.Y. (5): Effects of different tillge methods on te grden soil physicl chrcteristics nd te yield. The Journl of Applied Ecology, 6: (In Chinese) Urtzk P., Grß R., Schüler C. (5): Nutzung pflnzengenetischer Ressourcen für den Ökologischen Lndu m Beispiel von Winterersen. Use of plnt genetic resources in orgnic griculture The exmple of. In: Heß J., Rhmnn G. (eds.): Ende der Nische, Beiträge zur 8. Wissenschftstgung Ökologischer Lndu. Kssel, Kssel University Press GmH, Received on August 5, 8 Accepted on Octoer, 8 Pulished online on Novemer, 8 59