8. S. S. Johl & T. R. Kapur (1989), "Fundamentals of farm business management" Chapter- 1, page 38 to 39.

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1 NOTES 1. A. S. Kahlon & Karam Singh (1981 ), "Economics of Farm Management in India : Theory and Practice" Allied Publishers Private Limited, Chapter - 1; page J. K. Pasto, "The Role of Farm Management in Underdeveloped Countries", Journal of Farm Economics 43 (3), August 1961, pp Shao-or Ong, "Better Farm Planning for Better Management and Family Living", Newsletter of the International Rice Commission, IV (4) December 1957, p. 2. 4~ S. S. Johl & T. R. Kapur (1989), "Fundamentals of farm business management", Chapter 1, page A. S. Kahlon & Karam Singh (1981), "Economics of Farm Management in India : Theory and Practice", Chapter- 7; page D. K. Desai, "Use of Available Data for Farm Planning", appeared on t~e Seminar-Cum-Workshop on Problems off arm Production Planning and Programming-The Indian Society of Agricultural Economics at New Delhi, S. S. Johl & T. R. Kapur (1989), "Fundamentals of farm business management." 8. S. S. Johl & T. R. Kapur (1989), "Fundamentals of farm business management" Chapter- 1, page 38 to A. S. Kahlon, "Analysis of Farm Planning Structure in Ludhiana I. A. D. P. District", appeared on the Seminar-cum-Workshop on Problems of Farm Production planning and Programming-The Indian Society of Agricultural Economics at New Delhi, K. V. Sri Ram, "Farm Management Problems in Implementing Farm Planning", appeared on the Seminar-cum Workshop on Problems of Farm Production Planning and Programming- The Indian Society of Agricultural Economics at New Delhi, S. S. Johl & T. R. Kapur (1989) "Fundamentals of farm business management". Chapter- 1, page W. David Hopper; "Allocation Efficiency in a Traditional Agriculture", Journal offarm Economics, 47 (3) 1963, pp Venkareddy Chennareddy, "Production Efficiency in South Indian Agriculture". Journal of Farm Economics, 49(4), 1967, pp Raj Krishna, "Some Production Functions for the Punjab", Indian Journal of Ag 102

2 ricultural Economics, 19 (3 & 4), 1964, pp G. R. Saini, "Resource Use Efficiency in Agriculture", Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 24 (2), 1969, pp G. S. Sahota, "Efficiency of Resource Allocation in Indian Agriculture", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 50 (3), 1968, pp J.P. Singh, "Resource Use, Farm Size and Returns to Scale in a Backward Agriculture", Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 30(2), 1975, pp Kapur T. R. and A. S. Kahlon, "Optimum cropping Patterns for Upper-dhia region of IADP Distt. Ludhiana ", Ind. Jr. Agri. Econ. XXII (2) April-June Sidhu, Tehal Singh- M. Sc. Thesis 1966 P. A. U. Ludhiana (Unpublished). 20. Aulakh, Santokh Singh, M.Sc. Thesis 1966 P.A.U. Ludhiana (Unpublished). 21. S. S. Johl & T. R. Kapur (1989), "Fundamentals of Farm Business Management", Chapter- 9, page Badal Mukherjee & V. Pandit (1993), "Mathematical Methods for Econ~mic Analysis", Allied Publishers Limited. Again, if there exist a constraint outside the area OAQRB but in the quadrant X 2 0X, 1 then that constraint is not an effective constraint for maximisation of income but we will have to take into account that constraint while maximising the objective function subject to our given constraints. (Since in a case involving more than two crops we will not be able to determine beforehand which constraint is an effective constraint and which constraint is not an effective constraint).~,tlearly from the figure the maximum is attained at a point Q, but we are not able to trace that point by the criteria of tangency b'etween the objective function and the given constraint. 23. A. S. Kahlon & Karam Singh, (1981) "Economics of Farm Management in India : Theory and Practice", Chapter 4, page Jai Krishna & S. K. Pathak, "Economic Models as Aids in Farm Planning under Perfect knowledge"- Appeared on Seminar on Farm Production Planning and Programming in New Delhi in July-August, Indian Society of Agricultural Economics. 25. C. S. Barnard & J. S. Nix, (1973) "Farm Planning& Control". Cambridge University Press. 26. A. S. Khalon & Karam Singh, (1981) "Economics of Farm Management in India : Theory and Practice", Chapter 4, page

3 27. Explanation has been given in the next section, (3.3 the objective Function) of this study;- "A cultivator may calculate his expected income from cultivation... different farms in the district". 28. It is important to note that this definition of farm business income (FBI) has been taken from the report of Directorate of Agriculture, Socio-economic Evaluation Branch and this is same as returns above variable costs of production of the concerned farm since, FBI = profit income + family labour income + rental income + interest on fixed capital or, FBI = Actual receipt - Variable cost of production - Fixed cost of production + or, family labour income + rental income + interest on fixed capital. ~BI = Actual receipt - Variable cost of production. Since, family labour income, rental income & interest on fixed capital are treated as fixed expenditure in farm accounting. 29. A cultivators expectation regarding income per acre arising from cultivation of crop i has not been calculated on the basis of time series data on income per acre from production of crop i of farm/farms involving different years, since cost of production pet acre and product prices of crop i gradually changes and are not comparable in the long-run. In West Bengal agricultural technology has also been changing quite quickly. 30. The imperfect knowledge- a case where future outcomes are not known with certainty, may assume various forms and degrees. It may vary from a completely imperfect or uncertain situation.in which no degree of confidence or probability value can be assigned to a situation where the estimates can be predicted with higher and higher probability value. A situation where the decision-maker knows, either in advance or through experience, all the possible outcomes of the action and can place a probability value on each of the outcomes is known as a risk situation. Again, within the broad category of risk, there are two sub-categories, viz., a priori and statistical. The a priori probability prevails when sufficient information is known in advance about the general possibilities that the probability of occurrence of a particular event can be specified. The simplest example in the literature about the a priori risk is that of the "toss of a coin". The statistical risk, on the other hand, occurs when the probability of a future event can be stated on the basis of results of many previous observations. 104

4 31. A.S. Kahlon & Karam Singh, (1981) "Economics of Farm Management in India: Theory and Practice". Chapter 6, page The approximate period of produc~ion of different crops in West Benga.l has been obtained from the report ofthe Directorate of Agriculture, West Bengal, Socio- &- ' Economic arid Evaluation Branch~Handbook of Agriculture" (1992), Indian council of Agricultural Research,New Delhi. 33. These definitions of farm earming, farm income and farm business income has been obtained from the report of the Directorate of Agriculture, West Bengal, Socio-Economic and Evaluation Branch. 34. For a detailed discussion see, Section 3.3, 35. Explanations for high value of population standard deviation and a probable solution to the problem have been discussed earlier in section 4.1 (chapter- 4) of this study, - "It is important to note that in cases of certain agricultural product... decline". It is interesting to note that the standard deviation of income per acre for aman paddy (HYV) and boro paddy (HYV) of the year 1992-'93 for the district Hooghly has been found to be Rs & Rs respectively which are less than the standard deviation for aman paddy (local), Rs of the same year for the same district. This is due to the fact that cultivators generally cultivate high yielding varities of crops in fields with proper irrigation & drainage facilities. It is also interesting to note that the average income per acre for aman paddy (HYV) of the year 1992-'93 for the district Hooghly has found to be Rs & Rs respectively which are higher than average income per acre for aman paddy (local) (Rs ) of the same year for the samd district. 36. It is important to note that the value of expected farm business income following improved plan has been interpreted in a general sense and it is not the cultivators' expected farm business income, rather it is our expectation regarding farm business income. Since expected value of farm business income (FBI) by cultivating an acre of any particular crop is its previous year sample mean of FBI per acre. Therefore, expected value of FBI following improved plan ~ fann = L.(Previous year average business income per acre from production of crop i in 1=1 A the district Hooghly) x (Recommended area under crop i of the concerned farm in 105

5 acres). 37. This conclusion is similar to the conclusion reached by T.R. Kapur and A.S. Kahlon. For a detailed discussion see, Kapur T. R. & Kahlon A. S., "Optimum Cropping Patterns for Upper-dhia region ofiadp Distt. Ludhiana", Ind. Jr. Agri. EconXXII (2) April - June 1967: 3.8. R. K. Tandon & S. P. Dhondyal, "Principles and Methods of Farm Management" Chapter- II 39. "Seminar-Cum-Workshop on Farm Production Planning and programming" New Delhi, 1962, page "Seminar-Cum-Workshop on Farm Production Planning and Programming". New Delhi, 1962, page ''Seminar-Cum-Workshop on Farm Production Planning and Programming". New Delhi, 1962, page 35, Farm Planning in IADP Areas in India. 106