Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO Michigan Greenhouse Growers EXPO. December 5-7, DeVos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI

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1 Sweet Corn Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO Michigan Greenhouse Growers EXPO December 5-7, 2017 DeVos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI Where: Grand Gallery (main level) Room A & B MI Recertification credits: 2 (1B, COMM CORE, PRIV CORE) OH Recertification credits: 1.5 (presentations as marked) CCA Credits: PM(1.5) Moderator: Marissa Schuh, Vegetable Educator, MSU Extension, Adrian, MI 2:00 pm Weed Control in a New Generation of Sweet Corn (OH: 2C, 0.5 hr) Bernard Zandstra, Horticulture Dept., MSU 2:30 pm Is More Better? Let's Find Out Ron Goldy, Senior Vegetable Educator, MSU Extension, Benton Harbor, MI 3:00 pm Managing Sweet Corn with Cover Crops and Tillage (OH: 2B, 0.5 hr) Daniel Brainard, Horticulture Dept., MSU 3:30 pm The Best Approach to Spraying for Earworm Control (OH: 2B, 0.5 hr) Rick Foster, Entomology Dept., Purdue Univ. 4:00 pm Session Ends

2 11/13/2017 Weed Control in a New Generation of Sweet Corn Bernard Zandstra Michigan State University 2017 EXPO Grand Rapids, MI December 5, 2017 Herbicides for Sweet Corn 1. Single active ingredient herbicides 2. Premixes 3. Postemergence herbicides 4. Traited sweet corn 5. Choices Selecting a Preemergence Herbicide 1. Select PRE herbicides to control major weeds 2. Cost is a factor 3. Check rotational restrictions 4. Look for cautions on label for sensitivity of some types or specific hybrids Preemergence Herbicides for Sweet Corn Single a.i. (1) Rotation 1. Atrazine (RUP) Aatrex 1 yr 2. S metolachlor Dual Magnum 60 days 3. Pendimethalin Prowl H2O 1 yr 4. Acetochlor Breakfree, Harness, 1 yr Surpass Preemergence Herbicides for Sweet Corn Single a.i. (2) Rotation 5. Dimethenamid P Outlook 1 yr 6. Pyroxasulfone Zidua 18 months 7. Mesotrione Callisto 18 months ( = RUP ) Sweet Corn Premixes Preemergence Tradename Contents Rotation Bicep II Magnum Dual Mag. + ATZ 18 months Cinch ATZ Dual Mag. + ATZ 12 months Parallel Plus Dual Mag. + ATZ 18 months Breakfree ATZ Acetochlor + ATZ 15 months Fultime Acetochlor + ATZ 15 months 1

3 11/13/2017 ( = RUP ) Sweet Corn Premixes Preemergence Tradename Contents Rotation Lexar Dual Mag. + ATZ + Callisto 18 months Lumax Dual Mag. + ATZ + Callisto 18 months Acuron Dual Mag. + ATZ + Callisto + BIR 18 months Acuron Flexi Dual Mag. + Callisto + BIR 18 months Zemax Dual Mag. + Callisto 18 months ( = RUP ) Sweet Corn Premixes Preemergence Tradename Contents Rotation Anthem Zidua + Cadet 18 months Anthem ATZ Zidua + Cadet + ATZ 18 months Anthem Maxx Zidua + Cadet 18 months Armezon Pro Impact + Outlook 18 months Guardsman Max Outlook + ATZ 18 months Sweet Corn Postemergence Herbicides (1) Trade name Rotation 1. Atrazine Aatrex BL, grasses 1 yr 2. Bentazon Basagran BL 0 3. Halosulfuron Permit, Sandea 9 18 mon. 4 Carfentrazone Aim 0 Sweet Corn Postemergence Herbicides (2) Trade name 5. 2,4 D Weed Weedar64 0 Rotation 6. Clopyralid Stinger months 7. Fluroxypyr Starane Ultra 0 8. Fluthiacet Cadet 0 Sweet Corn Postemergence Herbicides (3) Trade name Rotation 9. Nicosulfuron Accent months 10. Foramsulfuron Option 2 months 11. Mesotrione Callisto 18 months 12. Tembotrione Laudis 18 months 13 Topramezone Impact, Armezon 18 months ( = RUP ) Sweet Corn Premixes Postemergence Tradename Contents Rotation Anthem Zidua + Cadet 18 months Anthem Flex Zidua + Aim months Anthem ATZ ATZ + Zidua + Cadet 18 months Revulin Q Accent + Callisto + Isoxadifen 18 months Acuron Flexi BIR + Callisto + Dual Mag. 18 months Solstice Callisto + Cadet 18 months Armezon Pro Impact + Outlook 18 months 2

4 11/13/2017 Sweet Corn Herbicides MOA and HRAC Group Group 2 (B) ALS Inhibitors Halosulfuron - Sandea, Permit Nicosulfuron - Accent Foramsulfuron - Option Sweet Corn Herbicides MOA and HRAC Group Group 3 (K1) Microtubule Assembly Inhibitors Pendimethalin - Prowl, Pendulum Group 15 (K3) V.L. Chain Fatty Acid Synth. Inhib. S-metalachlor - Dual Magnum, Cinch Acetachlor - Harness, Surpass, Breakfree Dimethenamid-P - Outlook Pyroxasulfone - Zidua Alachlor - Micro-Tech Sweet Corn Herbicides MOA and HRAC Group Group 5 (C1) Photosystem II Inhibitors Site A Atrazine - Aatrex Group 6 (C3) Photosystem II Inhibitors Site B Bromoxynil - Buctril, Moxy Bentazon - Basagran Sweet Corn Herbicides MOA and HRAC Group Group 14 (E) PPO Inhibitors Fluthiacet-methyl - Option Carfentrazone - Aim Sweet Corn Herbicides MOA and HRAC Group Group 4 (O) Synthetic Auxins 2,4-D - Weedar 64, Formula 40 Clopyralid - Stinger, Spur Fluroxypyr - Starane Sweet Corn Herbicides MOA and HRAC Group Group 27 (F2) HPPD Inhibitors Mesotrione - Callisto Tembotrione - Laudis Topramezone - Impact, Armezon Bicyclopyrone - BIR Tolpyralate - XX 3

5 11/13/2017 Sweet Corn Herbicides MOA and HRAC Group Group 9 (G) Glyphosate - Roundup Group 10 (H) Glufosinate - Liberty, Rely Traited Sweet Corn (GMO) Seminis Performance Series Roundup Ready - postemergence weeds BT ECB, CEW; other worms Corn rootworm Crop destruct after harvest Seed is expensive Traited Sweet Corn (GMO) Syngenta Attribute I Liberty Link postemergence weeds BT ECB, CEW Syngenta Attribute II Liberty Link postemergence weeds Roundup Ready postemergence weeds BT ECB, CEW, other worms Growing RR or LL Sweet Corn 1. License or agreement with Monsanto or Syngenta is required to purchase and grow traited corn 2. Corn stalks should be destroyed after harvest 3. Have a herbicide label available when spraying 4. Some major buyers will not accept GMO corn 5. Eating quality and appearance are excellent Sweet Corn Weed Control Recommendations Non GMO Corn Preemergence : Dual Magnum + atrazine Breakthrough, Surpass Outlook Postemergence : Atrazine (0.5 lb) Basagran Stinger Permit 2,4 D Cadet Sweet Corn Weed Control Recommendations Traited (GMO) Preemergence : Dual Magnum Breakthrough, Harness, Surpass Outlook Postemergence : Liberty or Roundup + Cadet (resistance management) 4

6 11/13/2017 Sweet Corn Preemergence Rotation not an issue S-metolachlor + ATZ (e.g. Bicep II Mag., Sweet Corn Preemergence if rotation not an issue ATZ - BL + grasses Cinch ATZ) Permit, Sandea - nutsedge Acetochlor + ATZ (e.g. Breakfree ATZ) S-met. + ATZ + meso. + BIR (Acuron) Pyroxasulfone + fluthiacet (Anthem Maxx) Stinger - horseweed, CATH Laudis - BL Impact - BL, grasses Acknowledgements Arysta Dow FMC Monsanto/Seminis Syngenta MSUE/MABR Thank you Bernard Zandstra Zandstra@msu.edu

7 Plant Spacing Influence on Sweet Corn Yield and Quality Dr. Ron Goldy and Kyle Ferrantella, Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center, 1791 Hillandale Road, Benton Harbor, Michigan Objective: To evaluate the effect of plant densities between 30,000 and 60,000 plants to the acre on the yield and ear quality of Cabo sweet corn. Summary: Yield in tons and dozen per acre were not significantly affected at the plant densities evaluated. The biggest effect was on ear length and above ground plant weight with lower plant populations having longer ears and heavier above ground plant weights. There was also a trend for higher plant populations to produce taller plants. Methods: Fertilizer treatments Prior to planting, 100 pounds , 175 pounds of , 25 pounds of sulfur, and two pounds of actual boron were broadcast and worked into the soil. Nitrogen was applied again when plants were approximately 18-inches tall by broadcasting 150 pounds/acre followed with 0.5-inches of irrigation. A third application of was applied just prior to silking through the overhead irrigation at a rate of 50 pounds of nitrogen/acre. ph of the site was 5.9, requiring the addition of 2 tons of lime/acre prior to planting Planting Soil type was Oakville fine sand, 0 to 3% slope with a CEC of 3.6. Cabo (Syngenta Seed Company) sweet corn was planted 30 June 2017 in the following manner: 1. 30,000 plants/acre: Single row 35-inches between rows and 6-inches in the row ,000 plants/acre: Double rows, 7-inches between double rows with 35- inches center to center of double rows and 6-inches in each double row ,000 plants/acre: Double rows, 7-inches between double rows with 35- inches center to center of double rows and 8-inches in each double row ,000 plants/acre: Double rows, 7-inches between double rows with 35- inches center to center of double rows and 10-inches in each double row ,000 plants/acre: Double rows, 7-inches between double rows with 35inches center to center of double rows and 12-inches in each double row.

8 Planting was done using a Jang precision seeder set at the desired in-row spacing. Previous experience with the planter indicated an insufficient plant stand for the appropriate setting, so the trial was double seeded and plants thinned as needed. Each plot consisted of eight rows, 50-feet long with the two center rows as data rows. When the plants were approximately 12-inches tall, the best 40-feet of the best inner row was flagged for eventual harvest. The other inner row was used to obtain plant height and weight. Each treatment was replicated four times and the trial planted and analyzed as a completely randomized design Weed control After planting, pre-emergent weeds were controlled with an immediate application of Dual Magnum 7.6E and Aatrex 4L at a rate of 1.5 pints and 1 quart per acre, respectively. Plant care The planting was irrigated as needed with overhead sprinklers. One application of Brigade 2EC (6 ounces/acre) plus Equus 720 SST (1.5 pints/acre) was made just prior to silking to control corn earworm and corn rust, respectively. Harvest and data collection Plots were harvested when ears were considered mature. Harvest dates were 20 September (Treatments 1 and 5), 25 September (Treatments 3 and 4), and 27 September (Treatment 2). To obtain weight, marketable ears were removed and weighed with husks. Husks were removed for length and diameter measurements. For plant height and weight, 10 plants were cut at the soil line, measured and weighed with ears intact. Results: The main yield indicators of tons/acre and dozen ears/acre were not significantly different for any of the five treatments evaluated (Table 1). The main differences found were in ear length (Figure 1) and stalk weight, with the lower plant populations of treatment 1 and 5 (~30,000 plants/acre) having statistically similar values for each trait. There was a trend for higher plant populations to have greater stalk height. Ear diameter was largely unaffected by the plant populations evaluated. Harvest date was affected by plant density, with higher population increasing days to maturity. Several aspects could have influenced plant performance leading to lack of statistical separation. Planting time may not have been the best. The late planting date meant plants were not growing during the highest sun angle of the season. Growth and ear development occurred primarily during July, August and early September when the sun s angle was on the decline. We also experienced a cooler than normal August. Nutrient values also were not varied proportionality with plant population. Even though there were no apparent visual deficiencies, that does not mean there were not nutrient

9 limitations. Finally, Cabo may not be the best cultivar for a population trial. It is susceptible to corn rust (Figure 2) which became a significant problem which was enhanced by the increased humidity of a high density planting. It also produces a significant number of ear bouquets (Figure 2). These bouquets waste energy and could significantly affect size of the main ear. Pictures of the planting arrangement for the five treatments appear in Figure 3 and 4. Pictures were taken 26 July, nearly four weeks after planting. The trial will be repeated in 2018 using a different cultivar that is less susceptible to corn rust and having a decreased propensity for bouquet ears. It will also be planted by late May with nutrient levels adjusted for plant density. Table 1. Yield of Cabo sweet corn at five plant densities at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center in Bold numbers in the columns are not statistically different from the leader in that column. Approximate plant population Tons/Acre Dozen/Acre Ear Length (inches) Ear Diameter (inches) Stalk Wt. (pounds) Stalk Ht. (inches) 30, (double row) 30, (single row) 36, , , lsd 0.05 ns ns

10 Figure 1. Ear traits of five plant population treatments in 2017 at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center, Benton Harbor. Left to right: 30,000 plants/acre, single row; 60,000 plants/acre, double row; 45,000 plants/acre, double row; 36,000 plants/acre, double row, and 30,000 plants/acre double row.

11 Figure 2. Rust (Puccinia sorghi) on Cabo sweet corn (left). Bouquet ears on Cabo sweet corn (right.

12 Figure 3. Plant density of Cabo sweet corn planted at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center in Left: Single row, 30,000 plants/acre; Middle: Double row, 60,000 plants/acre; Right: Double row, 45,000 plants/acre.

13 Figure 4. Plant density of Cabo sweet corn planted at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center in Left: Double row, 36,000 plants/acre; Right: Double row, 30,000 plants/acre.

14 Plant Spacing Influence on Sweet Corn Yield and Quality Dr. Ron Goldy and Kyle Ferrantella, Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center, 1791 Hillandale Road, Benton Harbor, Michigan Objective: To evaluate the effect of plant densities between 30,000 and 60,000 plants to the acre on the yield and ear quality of Cabo sweet corn. Summary: Yield in tons and dozen per acre were not significantly affected at the plant densities evaluated. The biggest effect was on ear length and above ground plant weight with lower plant populations having longer ears and heavier above ground plant weights. There was also a trend for higher plant populations to produce taller plants. Methods: Fertilizer treatments Prior to planting, 100 pounds , 175 pounds of , 25 pounds of sulfur, and two pounds of actual boron were broadcast and worked into the soil. Nitrogen was applied again when plants were approximately 18-inches tall by broadcasting 150 pounds/acre followed with 0.5-inches of irrigation. A third application of was applied just prior to silking through the overhead irrigation at a rate of 50 pounds of nitrogen/acre. ph of the site was 5.9, requiring the addition of 2 tons of lime/acre prior to planting Planting Soil type was Oakville fine sand, 0 to 3% slope with a CEC of 3.6. Cabo (Syngenta Seed Company) sweet corn was planted 30 June 2017 in the following manner: 1. 30,000 plants/acre: Single row 35-inches between rows and 6-inches in the row ,000 plants/acre: Double rows, 7-inches between double rows with 35- inches center to center of double rows and 6-inches in each double row ,000 plants/acre: Double rows, 7-inches between double rows with 35- inches center to center of double rows and 8-inches in each double row ,000 plants/acre: Double rows, 7-inches between double rows with 35- inches center to center of double rows and 10-inches in each double row ,000 plants/acre: Double rows, 7-inches between double rows with 35inches center to center of double rows and 12-inches in each double row.

15 Planting was done using a Jang precision seeder set at the desired in-row spacing. Previous experience with the planter indicated an insufficient plant stand for the appropriate setting, so the trial was double seeded and plants thinned as needed. Each plot consisted of eight rows, 50-feet long with the two center rows as data rows. When the plants were approximately 12-inches tall, the best 40-feet of the best inner row was flagged for eventual harvest. The other inner row was used to obtain plant height and weight. Each treatment was replicated four times and the trial planted and analyzed as a completely randomized design Weed control After planting, pre-emergent weeds were controlled with an immediate application of Dual Magnum 7.6E and Aatrex 4L at a rate of 1.5 pints and 1 quart per acre, respectively. Plant care The planting was irrigated as needed with overhead sprinklers. One application of Brigade 2EC (6 ounces/acre) plus Equus 720 SST (1.5 pints/acre) was made just prior to silking to control corn earworm and corn rust, respectively. Harvest and data collection Plots were harvested when ears were considered mature. Harvest dates were 20 September (Treatments 1 and 5), 25 September (Treatments 3 and 4), and 27 September (Treatment 2). To obtain weight, marketable ears were removed and weighed with husks. Husks were removed for length and diameter measurements. For plant height and weight, 10 plants were cut at the soil line, measured and weighed with ears intact. Results: The main yield indicators of tons/acre and dozen ears/acre were not significantly different for any of the five treatments evaluated (Table 1). The main differences found were in ear length (Figure 1) and stalk weight, with the lower plant populations of treatment 1 and 5 (~30,000 plants/acre) having statistically similar values for each trait. There was a trend for higher plant populations to have greater stalk height. Ear diameter was largely unaffected by the plant populations evaluated. Harvest date was affected by plant density, with higher population increasing days to maturity. Several aspects could have influenced plant performance leading to lack of statistical separation. Planting time may not have been the best. The late planting date meant plants were not growing during the highest sun angle of the season. Growth and ear development occurred primarily during July, August and early September when the sun s angle was on the decline. We also experienced a cooler than normal August. Nutrient values also were not varied proportionality with plant population. Even though there were no apparent visual deficiencies, that does not mean there were not nutrient

16 limitations. Finally, Cabo may not be the best cultivar for a population trial. It is susceptible to corn rust (Figure 2) which became a significant problem which was enhanced by the increased humidity of a high density planting. It also produces a significant number of ear bouquets (Figure 2). These bouquets waste energy and could significantly affect size of the main ear. Pictures of the planting arrangement for the five treatments appear in Figure 3 and 4. Pictures were taken 26 July, nearly four weeks after planting. The trial will be repeated in 2018 using a different cultivar that is less susceptible to corn rust and having a decreased propensity for bouquet ears. It will also be planted by late May with nutrient levels adjusted for plant density. Table 1. Yield of Cabo sweet corn at five plant densities at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center in Bold numbers in the columns are not statistically different from the leader in that column. Approximate plant population Tons/Acre Dozen/Acre Ear Length (inches) Ear Diameter (inches) Stalk Wt. (pounds) Stalk Ht. (inches) 30, (double row) 30, (single row) 36, , , lsd 0.05 ns ns

17 Figure 1. Ear traits of five plant population treatments in 2017 at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center, Benton Harbor. Left to right: 30,000 plants/acre, single row; 60,000 plants/acre, double row; 45,000 plants/acre, double row; 36,000 plants/acre, double row, and 30,000 plants/acre double row.

18 Figure 2. Rust (Puccinia sorghi) on Cabo sweet corn (left). Bouquet ears on Cabo sweet corn (right.

19 Figure 3. Plant density of Cabo sweet corn planted at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center in Left: Single row, 30,000 plants/acre; Middle: Double row, 60,000 plants/acre; Right: Double row, 45,000 plants/acre.

20 Figure 4. Plant density of Cabo sweet corn planted at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center in Left: Double row, 36,000 plants/acre; Right: Double row, 30,000 plants/acre.