Food safety issues and scientific advances related to animal-source foods in developing countries

Transcription

1 Food safety issues and scientific advances related to animal-source foods in developing countries Kohei Makita 1,2., Kristina Roesel 1., Hung Nguyen-Viet 1., Bassirou Bonfoh 3., Erastus Kangethe 4., Lucy Lapar 1 and Grace, D 1. 1 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya 2 Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan (OIE Joint Collaborating Centre for Food Safety) 3 Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Cote d Ivoire 4 University of Nairobi, Kenya 1

2 Food safety issues in developing countries Every year, at least 2 billion cases of diarrhea occur and 700,000 children under 5 years old die worldwide Animal-source foods provide nutrition, but are one of the main cause of food borne zoonoses (FBZs) FBZs include non-diarrheal disease such as tuberculosis and brucellosis

3 Food-borne zoonotic pathogens (Common ones) Diarrheal pathogens Bacteria Escherichia coli (Intestine) Campylobacter (Intestine) Salmonella (Intestine) Staphylococcus aureus (Animal, human) Brucella (Milk and meat) Mycobacterium bovis (Milk, meat, contact) Bacillus anthracis (Dead animal, skin) Non-diarrheal pathogens Virus Rota virus (Water) Hepatitis virus E (Meat) Richettsia Coxiella burnetii (Cows, Q fever) Parasites Taenia spp. (Meat) Giardia lamblia (Mainly from water) Cysticercosis (Pork-human feces)

4 Informal Illegal 4

5 Informal market Absence of structured sanitary inspection 5

6 Informally-marketed foods dominate in developing countries Formally marketed foods Informally marketed foods (90-95% in Africa) Targets of international cooperation so far Training of public officers, infrastructure of public services How much effective??

7 Value chain A producer A consumer

8 Value chain Producers Middle men Consumers

9 Value chain Sanitation Sanitation Producers Middle men Consumers

10 Safe food, fair food (BMZ, ILRI) Building capacity to improve the safety of animal-source foods and ensure continued market access for poor farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa

11 Partners Centre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d Ivoire Côte d Ivoire, Mali Addis Ababa University Ethiopia Nairobi University Kenya University of Ghana Ghana Sokoine University of Agriculture Tanzania Direcção de Ciências Animais Mozambique University of Pretoria South Africa

12 Codex Alimentarius Commossion Food safety risk analysis A tool for decision-making under uncertainty Risk Assessment Risk Management Risk Communication *Risk is a probability of occurrence of a scenario and its size of impact (Vose, 2008) 12

13 Food safety risk analysis in informal marketing system Participatory methods Risk Assessment Risk Management Risk Communication

14 What are participatory methods? Participants discuss problems Several formats: Rapid rural appraisal Participatory rural appraisal Key-informants interview

15 Codex Alimentarius Commission Risk assessment framework (CAC/GL-30 (1999)) Hazard identification Hazard characterization Exposure assessment Risk characterization

16 Fault tree analysis in food safety How the illness can occur Onset of illness Direction of identification and diagraming Infection Ingestion Purchase Or Production Preceded by Preceded by Preceded by

17 Fault tree: understanding the logic of illness Illness due to Staphylococcal poisoning due to milk consumption AND OR A consumer is susceptible to SAET SA multiply to reach enough cfu producing ET Milk contains SA Initiating event Milk contains SA at production Milk contaminated with SA By traders/handlers Milk shed by SA Mastitis cow Milk contaminated by a farmer Human source Infected cow Human source

18 Exposure assessment Dairy value chain- RRA and interviews 18

19 Exposure assessment Example: Contamination rate - a survey Milk collection centre (n=25) Dairy farm (n=170) Isolation of S aureus 18 (70.4%) 74 (43.6%) Boiling before sales 0 0 Risk mitigation by consumers -participatory and interviews Dairy farming households (n=170) Boil milk before consumption Percentage Consumers (n=25)

20 Hazard characterization Growth model: Fujikawa and Morozumi (2006) modified logistic model Cfu/ml Stationary phase Lag phase Exponential growth phase Hour

21 Hazard characterization Risk mitigation by traditional milk fermentation- Modeling using reported data (Gonfa et al., 1999) Bacteria growth stops at ph 4.9 1/pH=0.002 t (h) (df=3, r2=0.90, p=0.009) Source: Makita et al., 2012 Int. J. Food Microbiol.

22 Hazard characterization Stop of growth of S. aureus in milk by low ph Stop of bacterial growth due to milk fermentation (h)

23 Risk characterization Each of them are uncertainty distributions The variety of uncertainty distributions shows variability Variability in this case is the growth speed of S. aureus

24 Risk characterization - Training for hygienic milking - Separation of cows with mastitis - Temperature control Sensitivity analysis Sensitivity Tornado Initial bacteria population N0 D4 Temperature Temperature D10 Prob. SA has SE genes 109/291 (Arcuri 2010 Prob farmers / Boiling C11 boil Prob consumers / Boiling C16 boil Store p / 3 to milk 4 days 3,4 days H13 Contamination, farm 1960 / Cont rate B16 Contamination, farm 1960 / Cont rate B11 *It provides efficient control options Consume on day 0 p / Day 0 F13 Prob. centres boil Boiling C24 Contamination, rate centre B24 Store p / 1 to milk 2days 1,2 days G13 Mean of Incidence rate 24

25 Advantage of participatory risk assessment identified -Speed -Affordability -Flexibility in application -Understanding of culture -Best control option -Potential to change behavior

26 Phase II funded (2012 -)

27 More emphasis on risk management Egypt (fish), Uganda (pork), Tanzania (milk), Senegal, Ethiopia (small ruminants) Expanding in coordination with other projects

28 Risk-based approach started in Asia - ACIAR (Australia)/ILRI project in Vietnam (2013-)

29 PigRisk project in Vietnam Pork most consumed animal source-food in Vietnam Salmonellosis, Streprococcus suis, and chemical hazards Integration of food safety risk assessment and value chain economic assessment (incentive research) Veterinary, public health, and economist teams- One Health

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31 Food safety risk assessment training in Vietnam Broad casted by Voice of Vietnam on 2013 September 7

32 Take home messages Food safety is a big issue in developing countries Targeting informal markets can make huge impacts on food safety and poverty alleviation Participatory risk analysis is useful and effective Integration of incentive-based economic study can show sustainable control options for food safety