ASSESSMENT OF SOIL ECOSYSTEM IN DEGRADED AREAS OF VINEYARDS AFTER ORGANIC TREATMENTS (preliminary results)

Transcription

1 ASSESSMENT OF SOIL ECOSYSTEM IN DEGRADED AREAS OF VINEYARDS AFTER ORGANIC TREATMENTS (preliminry results) Lndi S. (1), D Errico G. (2), Ggnrli E. (1), Simoni S. (1), Goggioli D. (1), Guidi S. (1), D Avino L. (1), Lgomrsino A. (2), Vlo G. (1), Agnelli A.E. (1), Fntppiè M. (1), Lorenzetti R. (1), Priori S. (1), Costntini E.A.C (1) (1) : CREA, Council for Agriculturl Reserch nd Economics, Firenze, Itly. (2) : Università degli Studi di Npoli Federico II, Nples, Itly.

2 In vineyrds, it is quite common to hve res chrcterized y prolems in vine helth, grpe production nd qulity. Cused y improper lnd preprtion efore vine plnttion nd/or mngement (erosion)

3 Effects on grpevines Lower yield Too elevted sugr ( %vol lcohol!) Unlnced composition Degrded

4 Higher grpevine mortlity nd iotic stress

5 Different orgnic mngement in degrded res Cover crop for green mnure (Field ens nd rley) Compost dding (25-3 tons/h dry mss, 5-6 tons/h moist) Cover crop for mulching (Clover) Wht re the effects of the different tretments on soil ecosystem?

6 Proxies: SOC, Ntot nd C/N Te g index (OM recycling) Enzymes Micrortrhopods Nemtodes See PICO 5.11

7 STUDY AREAS Fontodi frm (Firenze) 2 orgnic frms, Tuscny Orgnic since 2 Experimentl locks (round 25 m 2 ) Orgnic since 214 Ech lock: 3 tretments + 1 control + 1 not degrded externl control site Sn Disdgio frm (Grosseto)

8 Effects of soil degrdtion on soil ecosystem Orgnic mtter nd its turnover Soil enzymes Microrthropods Nemtodes

9 Orgnic cron, totl nitrogen SOC -3 cm (g/kg) Significnt higher SOC nd Ntot only in Sn Disdgio frm. 8 6 Degrded Non degrded 4 2 Fontodi Sn Disdgio Ntot -3 cm (g/kg) Fontodi degrded res: lower rooting depth, lower wter vilility, higher clcium cronte 2 1 Degrded Non degrded Fontodi Sn Disdgio

10 Orgnic mtter turnover C/N -3 cm (g/kg) Fontodi Sn Disdgio Degrded Non degrded No significnt differences of C/N rtio, lthough it is generlly higher in the non degrded res.

11 Soil enzymes No significnt differences etween degrded nd non degrded (high stndrd devition). Generl higher mount in non degrded Cellulse Totl enzymes (nmol MUF/g h) Totl enzymes (-1 cm) cellulse (nmol MUF g-1 h-1) Degrded Non degrded cellulse (nmol MUF g-1 h-1): KW-H(1;3) = 1.961; DEGR p =.1615; F(1;28) = 1.589; p =.3123 Bet-glucosidse outliers Degrded Non degrded somm enzimi: KW-H(1;3) = ; p =.2134; DEGR F(1;28) = 2.647; p = glucosidse Degrded Non degrded -glucosidse: KW-H(1;3) = ; p =.971; F(1;28) DEGR = ; p =.2167

12 In Sn Disdgio frm: Cellulse, cid phosphtse, Bet-glucosidse, rylsulftnse, nd totl enzymes re significntly higher in non degrded res. 21 Totl enzymes (nmol MUF/ g h) Degrded Non degrded somm enzimi: KW-H(1;15) = 4.833; p =.433; F(1;13) DEGR = 7.51; p =.169 cid phosphtse (nmol MUF/g h) cellulse (nmol MUF/g h) Degrded Non degrded cid phosphtse: KW-H(1;15) = 3; p =.833; F(1;13) DEGR = ; p = Degrded Non degrded cellulse (nmol MUF g-1 h-1): KW-H(1;15) = ; DEGR p =.32; F(1;13) = ; p =.114

13 Soil microrthropods Soil microrthropods undnce is not relted to soil degrdtion ut to the ge (nd the qulity) of soil orgnic mngement! Sn Disdgio: New orgnic frm (1 yer, erlier soil tillge) density (menof individuls/dm 3 ) Soil microrthropods t T degrded non degrded Sn Disdgio Fontodi Fontodi: Old orgnic frm (15 yers of orgnic mngement with use of compost nd permnent grss cover) Sn Disdgio, community structure degrded non degrded 7% 1% 14% 18% Fontodi, community structure degrded non degrded 5% 8% 5% 22% 83% 68% 73% 87% Acri Collemol others Acri Collemol others

14 Nemtodes Nemtode undnce / 1 ml soil Nemtode undnce/ 1 ml of soil Fontodi Degrded No-degrded Sn Disdgio Tx richness /1 ml soil Tx richness / 1 ml soil Degrded No-degrded Reltive undnce of trophic groups 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% Degrded No-degrded Plnt prsitic nemtodes Predtors Omnivores Fungl feeders Bcteril feeding Plnt prsitic nemtodes Predtors Omnivores Fungl feeders Bcteril feeding Bcteril feeders were dominnt in degrded res. The most representtive group in nondegrded res ws plnt prsitic nemtodes. Fungl feeders nd predtors were low in oth res. Degrded No-degrded Degrded No-degrded % Degrded No-degrded Nemtode undnce, tx richness nd mturity (MI) nd plnt prsitic (PPI) indices were higher in non-degrded re, ut differences were not significnt. In generl, MI (1.5-2)nd PPI (2.5-3) vlues indicted the high presence of generlist opportunistic.

15 TREATMENTS of soil functionlity recovering Cover crop for green mnure (Field ens nd rley) Compost dding (25-3 tons/h dry mss, 5-6 tons/h moist) Cover crop for mulching (Clover)

16 Effects of the tretments on soil ecosystem Orgnic mtter nd its turnover Soil enzymes Microrthropods Nemtodes

17 Vrition in SOC fter 1 yer tretments Covrite mens: Current effect: F(3, 21)=1.656, p=.2687 TOC -1 (215): Verticl rs denote.95 confidence intervls 1-1 cm 8 6 Delt C (-1) No significnt sttisticl differences etween tretments -4-6 COMPOST GREEN MANURE DRY MULCH CONTROL Covrite mens: Tretment Current effect: F(3, 18)=1.9318, p=.1664 TOC -1 (215): Verticl rs denote.95 confidence intervls TOC 1-3 (215): Delt C (-3) cm Generl incresing in compost nd green mnure (on verge +3 g/kg) COMPOST GREEN MANURE DRY MULCH CONTROL Tretment

18 Estimted C stock Cron dynmic ssessment sed on Hènin-Dupuis model (D Avino et l, GSOC 217) tking into ccount 3 cm topsoil specific chrcteristics nd orgnic mtter inputs: Soil Orgnic cron, ulk density, corse frgments, cly, totl crontes Wether Men nnul ir temperture Cropping system tillge (frequency nd depth), mnure (frequency, mount nd type) nd residues incorportion (epigel nd hypogel iomss) Cs (t h -1 ) spring 216 summer Compost Dry mulching Green mnure Control Not degrded Compost Dry mulching Green mnure Control Not degrded Fontodi Sn Disdgio Cron stock vritions estimted efore nd fter mowing end/or incorportion of residues in My 216

19 Vrition in totl nitrogen fter 1 yer tretments Covrite mens: Ntot -1 (215): Current effect: F(3, 19)=1.183, p=.4654 Verticl rs denote.95 confidence intervls Delt N (-1) COMPOST GREEN MANURE DRY MULCH CONTROL Covrite mens: Tretment Current effect: F(3, 18)=1.5376, p=.2398 Ntot -1 (215): Verticl rs denote.95 confidence intervls Ntot 1-3 (215): No significnt sttisticl differences etween tretments Delt N (-3) In -3 cm depth, generl incresing in green mnure (on verge.5 g/kg) -.2 COMPOST GREEN MANURE DRY MULCH CONTROL Tretment

20 Te g index (Keuskmp et l. 213) Winter Current effect: F(4, 69)=2.123, p=.8753 Verticl rs denote.95 confidence intervls S (stiliztion fctor) control compost rley+field ens clover not degrded tre tment Current effect: F(4, 67)=3.9934, p=.577 Verticl rs denote.95 confidence intervls SOM stiliztion: In winter, SOM more stle in clover cover crop In summer, SOM more stle in control (nturlly grss cover fter utumn tillge) S (stiliztion fctor) Summer.24 control compost rley+field ens clover non degrded tre tment

21 Current effect: F(4, 67)=1.1541, p= Verticl rs denote.95 confidence intervls.3 k: decomposition rte k (decomposition rte constnt) No differences in winter.5. Winter control com post rley+fie ld en s clover not degrded tretment Current effect: F(4, 52)=1.5859, p= Verticl rs denote.95 confidence intervls.6.5 k (decomposition rte constnt) Higher in clover tretments (mowed nd leved in the ground during summer dry mulching). -.1 Summer control com post rley+field ens clover non degrded tretment

22 65 Enzymes 8 After 1 yer, ny tretments didn t rech the non degrded re. Totl enzymes (nmol MUF/g h) Compost Clover Brley + Field Bens Control Totl enzymes: KW-H(6;3) = ; p = ---; F(4;25) = trttmento ; p =.33 ND Non degrded Controllo 7 cellulse (nmol MUF/g h) Com post Clover Brley + Field Bens Control ND Non degrded Con trollo cellulse (nmol MUF g-1 h-1): KW-H(6;3) = ; p trttm = ---; F(4;25) ento = ; p =.2555

23 8 In Sn Disdgio frm, enzymes ctivity incresed in ll the tretments, lthough did not rech the non degrded re. Totl enzymes Compost Clover Brley + Field Bens Control ND Non degrded Controllo Diversity 2 cid phosphtse Shnnon index of diversity Compost Clover Brley + Field Bens Control ND Non degrded Controllo 2.7 Compost Clover Brley + Field Bens Control ND Non degrded Controllo

24 Microrthropods Fontodi Chi squre =293.7; P<.1 Soil microrthropods t T1 degrded non degrded 9% non degrded rley + field ens 5% density (menof individuls/dm 3 ) % 69% clover 1% 22% 68% 19% 76% compost control 1% 15% 25% 18% 65% 67% Sn Disdgio Fontodi t-test df Sig. (2-tiled) t=-4,193; P=,1 Sn Disdgio Chi Squre =19.4; P<.1 non degrded compost clover rley + field Bens control 9% 19% 9% 15% 7% 38% 53% 19% 62% 38% 53% 22% 63% 31% 62% Acri Collemol others After the tretments, high difference ws in the distriution of the three min microrthropod groups (Acri, Collemol, other rhropods).

25 Microrthropods iodiversity: iologicl soil qulity (QBS index) nd Tx richness trend Fontodi Sn Disdgio 25 T T1 25 T T1 2 2 QBS r vlues QBS r vlues compost clover rley + field ens control non degrded compost clover rley + field ens control non degrded Fontodi Sn Disdgio tx richness T T1 tx richness T T1 1 compost clover rley + field Bens control not deg 1 compost clover rley + field Bens control not deg Clover tretment fcilitted tx richness incresing in oth the frms

26 Nemtodes -fter tretments - Fontodi Sn Disdgio 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % 215 (efore tretments) Reltive undnceof trophic groups 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % Plnt prsitic nemtodes Predtors Omnivores Fungl feeders 215 (efore tretments) Bcteril feeding Plnt prsitic nemtodes Predtors Omnivores Fungl feeders 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Dry mulching 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Dry mulching Green mnure Green mnure Compost Control Non Degr Compost Control Non Degr Plnt prsitic nemtodes Predtors Omnivores Fungl feeding Bcteril feeding Plnt prsitic nemtodes Predtors Omnivores Fungl feeding Bcteril feeding All the tretments increse the numer of predtors. Moreover, cover crops increse the fungl feeder nemtodes.

27 Nemtode undnce/1 ml soil Nemtode undnce/1 ml soil Fontodi Dry Green Compost Control mulching mnure Sn Disdgio Dry Green Compost Control mulching mnure 8 6 ND ND Tx richness /1 ml soil Tx richness/1 ml soil Dry Green Compost Control mulching mnure Dry mulching Green mnure Compost Control ND ND Fontodi Sn Disdgio 8% Compost 7% 92 % 93% 39% Green mnure 31% 61% 69% 6% Dry mulching 24% 94 % 6% Control 31% The mjor pest of grpes, the virus-vector Xiphinem index(longidoride), disppered in the orgnic treted plots. 76% 45% 1% 57% 49% 33% 66% 3% Non degrded Tylenchide 68% 32% Hoplolimide Longidoride Anguinide The increse of orgnc mtter in restored soil reduces the numer of plnt prsitic nemtode tx.

28 Conclusions Soil degrdtion in vineyrds -Degrded res within vineyrds showed lower orgnic cron, cron stock nd totl nitrogen only in one frm (Sn Disdgio). - Degrdtion in Fontodi ws due to limited rooting depth nd higher clcium cronte - Soil degrdtion in vineyrds, due to erosion nd/or levelling influences soil ecosystem only in prt. - Prolonged orgnic mngement strongly increse the numer nd the iodiversity of microrthropods

29 Conclusions Effects of 1 yer orgnic tretments (compost nd cover crops) - After only 1 yer of strong compost dding nd cover crops (rley+field ens for green mnure, nd Trifolium squrrosum for mulching) no significnt increse of SOC, Ntot, enzymes, microrthropods nd nemtodes undncy were individuted. - The most interesting result were shown y nemtodes. All the tretments incresed the numer of predtors nd omnivores, nd the most dngerous nemtode fmily (Longidoride, Xiphinem index) disppered.