Pesticide fate in turfgrass. What We ll Talk About 1/19/2017. Travis Gannon, PhD. Dislodgeable foliar residues. What is pesticide environmental fate?

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1 Pesticide fte in turfgrss Trvis Gnnon, PhD North Crolin Stte University Deprtment of Crop nd Soil Sciences Wht We ll Tlk About Wht is pesticide environmentl fte? Why is it importnt? Dislodgeble folir residues Why is it importnt??? Current reserch Reserch implictions Best mngement prctices Questions??? 1

2 Pesticide Fte Reserch in Turfgrss Wht is it??? Wht hppens to pesticide fter ppliction? Wht/who does it ffect? Where cn you find it? How long does it persist? Pesticide Fte Reserch in Turfgrss Why is it Importnt??? Preserve tools tody, while providing informtion required for the implementtion of best ppliction prctices in the future Pesticide Fte Reserch in Turfgrss Wht is it??? Pesticide Fte Reserch in Turfgrss Why is it Importnt??? Keeping the right products on shelves Reduces potentil for dverse effects on off-trget res nd species Environmentl, ecologicl Groundwter, surfce wter bodies Humn helth effects Worker nd non-worker exposure Pesticide Fte Reserch in Turfgrss Wht is it??? Pesticide Fte Reserch in Turfgrss Why is it Importnt??? Keeping the right products on shelves Reduces potentil for dverse effects on off-trget res nd species Environmentl, ecologicl Groundwter, surfce wter bodies Humn helth effects Worker nd non-worker exposure 2

3 Pesticide Fte Reserch in Turfgrss Why is it Importnt??? Keeping the right products on shelves MSMA August 1, 26: EPA proposed bn on ll orgnic rsenicls Jnury 16, 29: MAA reserch tsk force reches greement with EPA September, 212: EPA nnounced continued use of stocks Athletic fields not on current lbels 2,-D Public concerns intensifying regrding its use Re-registred in 213 Imidcloprid Linked to bee colony collpse 213 Europen Union bns its use Glyphoste IARC (WHO) clssified s probble crcinogen (Group 2A) Sulfonylure herbicides Recent risk ssessment Objective #2: Determine the effect of simulted herbicide drift into non-trget res. Aminocyclopyrchlor (AMCP) Recently registered synthetic uxin herbicide Thought to possess more fvorble environmentl profile Highly ctive compound Widely used in cool-seson turf Limited e-fte nd off-trget reserch vilble Arsenic from MSMA - Porewter Figure 2. Arsenic concentrtions in porewter from MSMA treted nd non treted lysimeters. Through 2 DAT, porewter rsenic does not exceed 2 μg/l No difference in porewter rsenic concentrtions for nontreted nd MSMA-treted lysimeters Pesticide Fte Reserch in Turfgrss Why is it Importnt??? Keeping the wrong products off shelves too Pesticide Fte Reserch in Turfgrss Why is it Importnt??? Keeping the right products on shelves Reduces potentil for dverse effects on off-trget res nd species Environmentl, ecologicl Groundwter, surfce wter bodies Humn helth effects Worker nd non-worker exposure 3

4 Pesticide Fte Reserch in Turfgrss Why is it Importnt??? Keeping the right products on shelves Reduces potentil for dverse effects on off-trget res nd species Environmentl or ecologicl Worker nd non-worker exposure Improves comprehensive IPM plns Public Concern Public concern bout pesticide use For the price of green lwn, we re poisoning our children. (Fmily Circle Mgzine, 1991) Legisltive bns introduced Montgomery County, Mrylnd hs become first mjor municiplity to bn use of pesticides on privte lwns (Wshington Post, Oct. 216)

5 Athletic Field Use Athletic fields commonly used throughout society > 7, mnged fields in the U.S. (NTEP 23) > % of the U.S. popultion ges 7 to prticipte in bsebll, footbll, golf, soccer nd/or softbll (U.S. Census 29) Photo courtesy of: Sorochn nd Brosnn Photo courtesy of: Sorochn nd Brosnn 5

6 Athletic Field Mngement Weeds (nd other pests) cn reduce plying surfce strength nd uniformity SAFETY CONCERNS!!! Flzsulfuron Reloction ISK indicted creeping bentgrss injury following foottrffic through treted re (unpublished dt). Environmentl Protection Agency (EPA) proposed 1 ft buffer for flzsulfuron pplictions ner creeping bentgrss putting greens No reserch hs quntified creeping bentgrss injury from SU herbicide reloction vi foot-trfficking 6

7 Dislodgeble Folir Residues Residues tht my be trnsferred to the skin s result of contct nd re vilble for derml bsorption or ingestion. (EPA 1997) 2,-Dimethylmine Slt (2,-D) POST brodlef weeds Registrtion dtes 19: United Sttes (US) 195 s: Interntionlly Turfgrss use sites Golf courses, sod frms, home lwns, thletic fields, etc. 26 to 27 3% of US use (7.3 million kg) ws pplied to non-croplnd res including turfgrss 2,-D Cn Dislodge from Turfgrss HIGH wter solubility K s = 796, mg L -1 (ph 5) 2,-dimethylmine slt LOW soil sorption K oc = 2 ml g -1 Dislodged Pesticide = Humn Exposure??? It depends (on lot of things) Pesticide risk = toxicity + exposure The dose mkes the poison - Prcelsus Toxicity LD 5 lethl dose required to kill 5% of popultion Decresing vlue = incresing toxicity Exposure Acute Single exposure or multiple exposures in < 2 hr period Chronic Repeted exposure over n extended period of time (K s = 796, mg L -1 t ph 5) (K oc = 2 ml g -1 ) 6:: 8:: 1:: 12:: Dislodged Pesticide = Humn Exposure??? It depends (on lot of things) Pesticide risk = toxicity + exposure The dose mkes the poison - Prcelsus Toxicity LD 5 lethl dose required to kill 5% of popultion Decresing vlue = incresing toxicity Exposure Acute Single exposure or multiple exposures in < 2 hr period Chronic Repeted exposure over n extended period of time (K s = 796, mg L -1 t ph 5) (K oc = 2 ml g -1 ) 6:: 8:: 1:: 12:: 7

8 Experimentl Approch - All Soccer Projects - 2,-D Dislodge Mesurement 2,-D dislodge vi soccer bll roll Size soccer bll for ges 8 to 12 yr (FIFA) Double-wrpped with 5 by 12 cm bsorbent mteril Rolled over 12 ft distnce Modified EPA method MRID High performnce liquid chromtogrphy Diode rry detector LOD = 1 mg kg -1 Experiment Initition 2 hr prior to initition re ws: Mown (clippings collected) Irrigted to field cpcity 2,-D ws pplied: to 2.5 x 13.3 ft plots (3 ft lleys) vi single nozzle (8 E), CO 2 -pressurized spryer clibrted to deliver 2 gl A -1 (lowest lbeled crrier volume) t 1.9 lb i A -1 (highest lbeled ppliction rte) t 1: to ensure folige ws dry nd llow > 5 hr sunlight Experimentl Design & Sttisticl Anlyses Rndomized complete block design Three replictes Nontreted checks included to ensure tril re ws not contminted nd for lb residue recovery nlysis Dt subjected to ANOVA (P <.5) Mens seprtion ccording to Fisher s Protected LSD (P =.5) Person correltion coefficients (P <.5) to compre dislodgebility with environmentl conditions For 6 dys plots were: not mown covered during rinfll Following Initition Objectives Compre dislodgeble folir residues: over dys fter tretment (DAT) nd time within dy (TWD) in overseeded vs non-overseeded bermudgrss when irrigted vs. non-irrigted fter tretment Dislodge mesured, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 & 2 d fter tretment 8

9 Objectives Compre dislodgeble folir residues: over dys fter tretment (DAT) nd time within dy (TWD) in overseeded vs non-overseeded bermudgrss when irrigted vs. non-irrigted fter tretment Effect of Time Within Dy (TWD) on Dislodgeble 2,-D Over Time. -c DAT d TWD e f % of pplied 5: ND 7: ND ND 9: ND ND 11:.5.. ND ND 13:... ND ND LSD NS --- Cheesecloth strip (1 in 2 ) ws wrpped twice round soccer bll nd rolled over unique 2,-D treted re (72 in 2 ) t ech collection timing. b ( DAT hr 11.3 % of pplied) ( DAT 1 hr.5% of pplied) c Dt verged over two experimentl runs. d Abbrevitions: DAT, dys fter tretment; ND, non-detectble. e TWD presented re estern stndrd time. f Dt from 12 DAT not included in sttisticl nlysis. Dily Fluctutions 6: 8: 1: 12: Effect of Time Within Dy (TWD) on Dislodgeble 2,-D Over Time. -c DAT d TWD e f % of pplied 5: ND 7: ND ND 9: ND ND 11:.5.. ND ND 13:... ND ND Dislodge mesured dily t 5:, 7:, 9:, 11: or 13: EST LSD NS --- Cheesecloth strip (1 in 2 ) ws wrpped twice round soccer bll nd rolled over unique 2,-D treted re (72 in 2 ) t ech collection timing. b ( DAT hr 11.3 % of pplied) ( DAT 1 hr.5% of pplied) c Dt verged over two experimentl runs. d Abbrevitions: DAT, dys fter tretment; ND, non-detectble. e TWD presented re estern stndrd time. f Dt from 12 DAT not included in sttisticl nlysis. Effect of Time Within Dy (TWD) on Dislodgeble 2,-D Over Time. -c DAT d TWD e f % of pplied 5: ND 7: ND ND 9: ND ND 11:.5.. ND ND 13:... ND ND LSD NS --- Cheesecloth strip (1 in 2 ) ws wrpped twice round soccer bll nd rolled over unique 2,-D treted re (72 in 2 ) t ech collection timing. b ( DAT hr 11.3 % of pplied) ( DAT 1 hr.5% of pplied) c Dt verged over two experimentl runs. d Abbrevitions: DAT, dys fter tretment; ND, non-detectble. e TWD presented re estern stndrd time. f Dt from 12 DAT not included in sttisticl nlysis. Effect of Time Within Dy (TWD) on Dislodgeble 2,-D Over Time. -c DAT d TWD e f % of pplied 5: ND 7: ND ND 9: ND ND 11:.5.. ND ND 13:... ND ND LSD NS --- Cheesecloth strip (1 in 2 ) ws wrpped twice round soccer bll nd rolled over unique 2,-D treted re (72 in 2 ) t ech collection timing. b ( DAT hr 11.3 % of pplied) ( DAT 1 hr.5% of pplied) c Dt verged over two experimentl runs. d Abbrevitions: DAT, dys fter tretment; ND, non-detectble. e TWD presented re estern stndrd time. f Dt from 12 DAT not included in sttisticl nlysis. 9

10 Effect of TWD on Dislodgeble 2,-D Over Time % of pplied 2,-D Conclusions Dys After Tretment nd Time Within Dy Why is 2,-D more dislodgeble in AM compred to PM??? 2,-D s high wter solubility coupled with climtic conditions fvoring wet turfgrss Conclusions Dys After Tretment nd Time Within Dy Following ppliction, 2,-D dislodgebility decreses s: TWD increses Trend only observed through 3 DAT DAT increses 5 times more 2,-D ws dislodged t 5:, 1 DAT thn 5:, 3 DAT More 2,-D dislodged in subsequent morning thn previous fternoon Dislodgebility chnges s tmospheric conditions chnge 2,-D dislodgebility increses s: Reltive humidity increses (Air temperture dew point) decreses Lef wetness increses Time from sunrise decreses Person correltion coefficients for the reltionships between climtic prmeters with dislodgeble 2,-D following n ppliction on simulted soccer field. Climtic prmeters % dislodged of the pplied 1 DAT b 2 DAT 3 DAT r p-vl r p-vl r p-vl RH < AT - DP LW < TFS -.86 < Climtic conditions recorded on site t the Lke Wheeler Turf Field Lb (Rleigh, NC, USA), b Abbrevitions: DAT, dys fter tretment; RH, reltive humidity; AT, ir temperture; DP, dew point; LW, lef wetness; TFS, time from sunrise. Conclusions Dys After Tretment nd Time Within Dy Why is 2,-D more dislodgeble in AM compred to PM??? Objectives Compre dislodgeble folir residues: over dys fter tretment (DAT) nd time within dy (TWD) in overseeded vs non-overseeded bermudgrss when irrigted vs. non-irrigted fter tretment 1

11 % of pplied 2,-D Effect of Overseed nd TWD on Dislodgeble 2,-D hr: Overseeded hr: Non-over. 1 hr: Overseeded 1 hr: Non-over LSD = 1.7 LSD =.3 LSD =.3 LSD =.2 LSD = NS Dys fter tretment AM nd PM times were 7: nd 1: EST, respectively, for smples collected 1 to 2 DAT. 2,-D residues dislodged onto soccer bll were converted to percent of the 2.1 kg i h -1 ppliction. Recovery checks from DAT determined ppliction ws mde t 16% of the intended rte. 2,-D residues were non-detectble for ll smples t 12 nd 2 DAT. Conclusions Overseeded vs Non-Overseeded 2,-D in overseeded nd non-overseeded bermudgrss: > 19 times less dislodged fter 1 hr drying period <.5% of the pplied dislodged t 1 hr <.1% of the pplied dislodged t PM smplings from 1 to 6 DAT Overseed = Non-overseed Dislodgeble residues not detected beyond 6 DAT Overseeded vs. non-overseeded bermudgrss Greter 2,-D ws dislodged in overseeded bermudgrss t ll AM smple timings from 1 to 6 DAT Overseeded bermudgrss 2,-D re-suspends on turfgrss 1.7% of the pplied 2,-D dislodged t 6 DAT!!! Effect of Overseed nd TWD on Dislodgeble 2,-D hr: Overseeded hr: Non-over. 1 hr: Overseeded 1 hr: Non-over Conclusions Overseeded vs Non-Overseeded Why is 2,-D more dislodgeble in overseeded compred to non-overseeded bermudgrss??? % of pplied 2,-D LSD = 1.7 LSD =.3 LSD =.3 LSD =.2 LSD = NS Dys fter tretment AM nd PM times were 7: nd 1: EST, respectively, for smples collected 1 to 2 DAT. 2,-D residues dislodged onto soccer bll were converted to percent of the 2.1 kg i h -1 ppliction. Recovery checks from DAT determined ppliction ws mde t 16% of the intended rte. 2,-D residues were non-detectble for ll smples t 12 nd 2 DAT. % of pplied 2,-D Effect of Overseed nd TWD on Dislodgeble 2,-D LSD = 1.7 LSD =.3 LSD =.3 LSD =.2 LSD = NS Dys fter tretment AM nd PM times were 7: nd 1: EST, respectively, for smples collected 1 to 2 DAT. 2,-D residues dislodged onto soccer bll were converted to percent of the 2.1 kg i h -1 ppliction. Recovery checks from DAT determined ppliction ws mde t 16% of the intended rte. 2,-D residues were non-detectble for ll smples t 12 nd 2 DAT. Conclusions Overseeded vs Non-Overseeded Why is 2,-D more dislodgeble in overseeded compred to non-overseeded bermudgrss??? Compred to dormnt bermudgrss, overseeded res hve: More bove-ground biomss, lef re = more pesticide spry interception Perennil ryegrss vegettion = wxy surfce tht does not fvor 2,-D sorption 11

12 Objectives Compre dislodgeble folir residues: over dys fter tretment (DAT) nd time within dy (TWD) in overseeded vs non-overseeded bermudgrss when irrigted vs. non-irrigted fter tretment Irrigted 2 hours fter tretment Project Objectives Quntify 2,-D dislodge, s ffected by: 1. smpling method 1. turfgrss species Non-irrigted For 6 dys fter tretment 5 LSD =.3 LSD = Dys fter tretment Applied June 1, 213 nd My 28, 21 Irrigtion tretments were pplied following 1 DAT smpling to deliver.125 in H 2O plot -1. 2,-D residues dislodged onto soccer bll were converted to percent of the 1.9 lb i A -1 ppliction. 2,-D residues were non-detectble for ll smples t 1, 21 nd 28 DAT. % of the pplied Effect of Irrigtion on Dislodgeble 2,-D Irrigted Non-irrigted Yer 1 Yer 2 Modified Cliforni Roller on Tll Fescue Conclusions Irrigtion Across both yers: No differences before irrigtion ws pplied After 2 DAT: Less 2,-D ws dislodged in irrigted thn non-irrigted turfgrss < 1% of the pplied ws dislodged from irrigted turfgrss 1.6 to 2.3% of the pplied ws dislodged from non-irrigted turfgrss 1.9% of the pplied ws dislodged t 7 DAT in yer 2!!! After 1 DAT, non-detectble 2,-D residues Reserch implictions Light irrigtion/rinfll following 2,-D ppliction reduces dislodgeble residues Blnce weed control nd reducing dislodgebility Tretments Evluted Fctoril of smpling methods nd turfgrsses: Hnd wipe, bll roll or Mod. Cliforni roller Creeping bentgrss, hybrid bermudgrss, or tll fescue Hnd wipe Glove 1 1.) Plm North South 2.) Bckhnd Est West Glove 2 1.) Plm Est West 2.) Bckhnd North South 3.) Plm Perimeter Clockwise 3.) Plm Perimeter Counterclockwise 12

13 Tretments Evluted Fctoril of smpling methods nd turfgrsses: Hnd wipe, bll roll or Mod. Cliforni roller Creeping bentgrss, hybrid bermudgrss, or tll fescue Bll roll 2,-D Dislodge from Turfgrss Dy of ppliction Min effect of smple method % of pplied b b Bll roll Hnd wipe Mod. Cl. Roller 1 Hours fter tretment b Tretments Evluted Fctoril of smpling methods nd turfgrsses: Hnd wipe, bll roll or Mod. Cliforni roller Creeping bentgrss, hybrid bermudgrss, or tll fescue Modified Cliforni roller % of pplied 2,-D Dislodge from Turfgrss Dy of ppliction Min effect of turfgrss b b Bermudgrss Creeping bentgrss Tll fescue 1 Hours fter tretment Tretments Evluted Fctoril of smpling methods nd turfgrsses: Hnd wipe, bll roll or Mod. Cliforni roller Creeping bentgrss, hybrid bermudgrss, or tll fescue CB:.15 in HB: 2 in TF: 3.5 in % of pplied 2,-D Dislodge from Turfgrss 3 dys fter ppliction Turfgrss x Method b c b b Bll roll Hnd wipe Mod. Cl. Roller Bermudgrss Creeping bent. Tll fescue Smples collected t 7: EST 13

14 2,-D Dislodge Conclusions System chrcteristics ffect 2,-D dislodge Cn vry between turfgrss species Cnopy moisture presence increses dislodge Cn vry by smpling method To reduce 2,-D dislodge Irrigte res 2 hours fter tretment Increse spry crrier volume 8 GPA > GPA = 2 GPA Use nozzles delivering corse spry droplets AIXR > DG = XR Potentil Humn Exposure TTR t =???? CF1 =.1 mg ug -1 (conversion fctor) TC = 9, cm 2 hr -1 (vg. for toddlers; EPA 212) ET = 1.5 hr (vg. for toddlers; EPA 212) Implictions Potentil Humn Exposure So wht does this ll men for humn exposure?!?!? TTR t =???? CF1 =.1 mg ug -1 (conversion fctor) TC = 9, cm 2 hr -1 (vg. for toddlers; EPA 212) ET = 1.5 hr (vg. for toddlers; EPA 212) Potentil Humn Exposure Effect of Overseed nd TWD on Dislodgeble 2,-D hr: Overseeded hr: Non-over. 1 hr: Overseeded 1 hr: Non-over % of pplied 2,-D LSD = 1.7 LSD =.3 LSD =.3 LSD =.2 LSD = NS Dys fter tretment AM nd PM times were 7: nd 1: EST, respectively, for smples collected 1 to 2 DAT. 2,-D residues dislodged onto soccer bll were converted to percent of the 2.1 kg i h -1 ppliction. Recovery checks from DAT determined ppliction ws mde t 16% of the intended rte. 2,-D residues were non-detectble for ll smples t 12 nd 2 DAT. 1

15 Potentil Humn Exposure Potentil Humn Exposure EPA 2,-D doses for humn risk ssessment: Short term derml (< 3 d) = 25 mg kg -1 d -1 Intermedite term derml (1 6 mo) = 15 mg kg -1 d -1 Long term derml (> 6 mo) = 5 mg kg -1 d -1 Averge body mss of U.S. children, ges 2-3 = 1 kg Short term: 25 mg kg -1 d -1 x 1 kg = 35 mg 2,-D d -1 Intermedite term: 15 mg kg -1 d -1 x 1 kg = 21 mg 2,-D d -1 Long term: 5 mg kg -1 d -1 x 1 kg = 7 mg 2,-D d -1 TTR t =.77 ug cm -2 (1 DAT, 7: EST; Overseeded) CF1 =.1 mg ug -1 (conversion fctor) TC = 9, cm 2 hr -1 (vg. for toddlers; EPA 212) ET = 1.5 hr (vg. for toddlers; EPA 212) E = 57 mg d -1 (one bll roll) Derml bsorption fctor (EPA) = 1% = 5.7 mg 2,-D d -1 Short term = 1.6% of llownce Intermedite term = 2.7% of llownce Long term = 8.1% of llownce Potentil Humn Exposure Best Mngement Prctices to Minimize 2,-D Dislodgement 15 yd 1 bll roll = 2 in by 12 ft =.7% of field re* 2 yd * Minimum recommended dimensions for < 6 yr children (US Youth Soccer Orgniztion)* Turfgrss mngers nd thletic field schedulers should coordinte 2,-D (nd other pesticides) pplictions with events to provide n pproprite buffer period to minimize humn exposure. Workers nd non-workers should enter thletic fields treted with 2,-D with cution for 2-3 d following ppliction. Dt suggest fternoon hours re sfe for re-entry Irrigte 2,-D treted res 2 hr following ppliction Potentil Humn Exposure EPA 2,-D doses for humn risk ssessment: Short term derml (< 3 d) = 25 mg kg -1 d -1 Intermedite term derml (1 6 mo) = 15 mg kg -1 d -1 Long term derml (> 6 mo) = 5 mg kg -1 d -1 Averge body mss of U.S. children, ges 2-3 = 1 kg Short term: 25 mg kg -1 d -1 x 1 kg = 35 mg 2,-D d -1 Intermedite term: 15 mg kg -1 d -1 x 1 kg = 21 mg 2,-D d -1 Long term: 5 mg kg -1 d -1 x 1 kg = 7 mg 2,-D d -1 E = 57 mg d -1 (one bll roll) Derml bsorption fctor (EPA) = 1% = 5.7 mg 2,-D d -1 Short term = 1.6% of llownce Intermedite term = 2.7% of llownce Long term = 8.1% of llownce Questions??? 15