Journal of Investment and Management

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1 Journal of Investment and Management 2018; 7(4): do: /j.jm ISSN: (Prnt); ISSN: (Onlne) Determnants of Agrcultural Technology Adopton: The Case of Improved Hghland Maze Varetes n Toke Kutaye Dstrct, Oroma Regonal State, Ethopa Dawt Mlkas 1, Abduselam Abdulah 2, * 1 Department of Agrcultural Economcs Research, Ethopan Insttute of Agrcultural Research, Ambo, Ethopa 2 Department of Agrcultural Economcs, Kebrdehar Unversty, Kebrdehar, Ethopa Emal address: * Correspondng author To cte ths artcle: Dawt Mlkas, Abduselam Abdulah. Determnants of Agrcultural Technology Adopton: The Case of Improved Hghland Maze Varetes n Toke Kutaye Dstrct, Oroma Regonal State, Ethopa. Journal of Investment and Management. Vol. 7, No. 4, 2018, pp do: /j.jm Receved: June 24, 2018; Accepted: September 6, 2018; Publshed: October 9, 2018 Abstract: Improved hghland Maze s a new and promsng crop gradually becomng mportant n Ethopan hghlands. Its producton s rapdly ncreasng where t has been a mnor crop n the past. The emprcal evdences on the determnants of agrcultural technology adopton and ther ntensty of adopton are very lmted. In ths paper, determnants of adopton and ntensty of adopton of mproved hghland maze varetes were nvestgated by usng descrptve statstcs and econometrc model (Tobt). Two stage samplng procedure was followed n order to draw 150 sample respondents. The model result revealed that varables such as farm sze, household ncome, access to credt, contact wth extenson agents, partcpaton n tranng, and feld day were postvely and sgnfcantly nfluenced whereas, age of household and market dstance negatvely nfluenced adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze varetes n the study area. Therefore, government polces and nterventon on adopton and ntensty use of agrcultural technology should pay attenton and move along wth those varables sgnfcantly nfluencng adopton and ntensty of use of new agrcultural technology. Keywords: Adopton, Intensty, Hghland Maze, Agrcultural Technology, Tobt Model, Ethopa 1. Introducton 1.1. Background of the Study Maze s the most wdely grown and consumed staple crop n Afrca wth more than 300 mllon Afrcans dependng on t as ther man food source. It s the staple food for 24 mllon households n east and southern Afrca and s annually planted over an area of 15.5 mllon hectares. Research n to maze mprovement practces to optmze gran yelds s a prorty for governments n the regon because of the crtcal role the crop plays n ensurng food securty [2]. In Ethopa's economy Agrculture contnues to be the domnant sector, accountng for 51% of the GDP n 2009 [20]. Wthn agrculture, cereals play a central role accountng for roughly 60% of rural employment, 80% of total cultvated land. Among cereals, maze s the most mportant crop n terms of producton and contrbutes sgnfcantly to the economc and socal development of Ethopa [5]. In the country out of the major cereal crops, maze ranks second to teff n area and frst n producton and per capta consumpton of maze s 60 kg/year, Ethopa. Therefore, hghland mproved maze producton s crucal for Ethopan people n the short and medum term food securty, and as well as for GTP growth [13]. Although a substantal quantty of maze s produced n the lowland areas, predomnantly maze s grown n the most productve agrcultural lands n the md and hghland areas of the country [6]. The hgh alttude, sub-humd maze agroecology ( m.a.s.l) n Ethopa s estmated to cover 20% of the land devoted to annual maze cultvaton. More than 30% of small-scale farmers n ths agro-ecology depend on maze producton for ther lvelhoods [18]. To meet the

2 Journal of Investment and Management 2018; 7(4): needs of ncreasng maze producton n the hghlands of the country, the Hghland Maze Breedng Program was establshed at the Ambo Plant Protecton Research Center (APPRC) of the Ethopan Insttute of Agrcultural Research (EIAR) wth the support of the Internatonal Maze and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), n It s amed at developng and popularzng mproved Hghland maze cultvars, and enhancng ther crop management technologcal packages. From 1999 to 2011, the breedng program released fve superor Hghland maze hybrds ncludng: AMB02SYN1- Hora, AMH800- Arganne, AMH850- Wench, AMH851- Jbat, and MH760Q- Web, for large-scale producton [6]. AMH760Q was dentfed as qualty proten maze (QPM) hybrd, whch was developed from the most popular, top-yeldng non-qpm hybrd BH660. Over 5.8 mllon hectares of potental sutable land was dentfed for the hghland maze hybrds n the country [7, 8]). Toke kutaye dstrct have a major potental n hghland maze varetes producton. The land use pattern of the dstrct shows that 37,509 ha s cultvated land but mproved hghland maze has not been adopted by farmers. Therefore, ths study was ntended to dentfy factors nfluencng adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze varetes Statement of the Problem Maze plays a major role n the lvelhood and food securty of most smallholder farmers n Sub-Saharan Afrcan countres ncludng Ethopa. Maze s grown n most parts of the country wth dfferent agro-ecologcal sutablty and productvty potentals. Data from [5] shows that, durng the 2009/10 producton year, Ethopa produced 3.89 mllon tons of maze on 1.77 mllon ha of land. Hgh land maze s one of the major food crops where research brought tangble mprovement n producton and productvty. However, n sub-humd agro-ecology, smallholder farmers knowledge and use of agrcultural technologes n general and mproved hghland maze varetes n partcular, are lmted [18, 6]. In the study area, the hghlands hybrds maze has not been volently accepted, and not adopted by farmers ths s why the current study amed n dentfyng factors that nfluence adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze varetes and explorng farmers percepton towards ths technology n the study area Objectves of the Study General Objectve The overall objectve of ths study s to assess factors nfluencng ntensty of adopton of mproved Hghland maze varetes n the selected kebeles of Toke kutaye dstrct Specfc Objectves (1) To analyze ntensty use determnants of mproved hghland maze varetes n the study area (2) To provde polcy recommendaton towards mproved hghland maze varetes 2. Emprcal Studes on the Adopton of Agrcultural Technologes Adopton of new agrcultural technology has attracted the attenton of development economsts and polcy makers nowadays snce t s beleved that ntroducton of new technology ncreases producton and productvty and technology transfer helps to acheve economc growth for economc developng countres [9]. Analyss of ntensty adopton for new technology requre careful evaluaton of a large number of techncal, poltcal and soco-economc factors to dentfy determnants of whether and when farmers adopton decson takes place. The hstory and economcs of dffuson and adopton of agrcultural technologes began n the md-age of 1957 where the process and models of adopton have been studed by dfferent scholars, wth the most popular and wdely used beng that of Everett Rogers, ttled dffuson of nnovatons [17], whch spans the dscplnes of economcs, technology, educaton, poltcal scence, publc health, hstory and communcatons. In the lterature, technology and nnovaton are sometmes used nterchangeably. Whle the process by whch a new technology or nnovaton s transmtted through certan meda over tme to members of socety s referred to as dffuson, the rate at whch a new or emergng technology s adopted depends on some mportant attrbutes of the technology ncludng the perceved advantages relatve to exstng ones and ts compatblty wth exstng needs and values of the socety or potental adopter, smplcty (ease of understandng and use), tral ablty for potental adjustment, and observablty [16]. Adopton of mproved agrcultural technologes has been traced to the success of the Green Revoluton ntated by an Amercan scentst, Norman Borlaug, n Mexco n the 1940s [7]. The Green Revoluton enhanced the adopton of hghyeldng crop cultvars and nputs such as fertlzer and rrgaton, whch resulted n ncreased food producton [13]. Improved hgh-yeldng crop varetes developed durng the revoluton produced hgh yelds wth the help of fertlzers and rrgaton systems, whch provde water for farmng n areas wth lttle or no ranfall, thereby puttng more land to use for food producton [4] Results of some emprcal studes [12] underscore the potental of mproved agrcultural technologes n enhancng productvty, ncome, and overall economc growth. The potental benefts of a new technology can only be realzed when t s adopted and used; the adopton decson nvolves a crtcal comparson of perceved benefts and costs assocated wth the technology [19]. A better understandng of the dffuson, adopton, and mpact of mproved technologes wll gude producer groups, research nsttutons, and polcy makers n makng prudent and

3 127 Dawt Mlkas and Abduselam Abdulah: Determnants of Agrcultural Technology Adopton: The Case of Improved Hghland Maze Varetes n Toke Kutaye Dstrct, Oroma Regonal State, Ethopa nformed decsons about allocatng resources for technology development. Some studes that examne agrcultural new technology adopton and level of adopton ntensty have been carred out, partcularly n developng countres lke that of [14]. Dfferent Scholars used dfferent econometrc models to examne adopton and ntensty use of agrcultural technology, example [1] used probt and random effect models to examne the nfluence of farmer learnng and rsk on the lkelhood and ntensty of adoptng mproved teff and wheat technologes n northern and western Showa zones of Ethopa. The study underscores the mportance of learnng and experence as drvers of contnued technology adopton. Results ndcate that awareness, tmely avalablty, and proftablty of new teff and wheat varetes enhanced farmers learnng and experence. Ths postvely nfluenced adopton of the new technologes. [7] employed an average treatment estmaton (ATE) framework to examne the adopton rate and determnants of adopton of new rce varety for Afrca (NERICA) n Gamba. Results of the study show that the adopton rate stood at 40% aganst antcpated rate of 83% due to lack of nformaton about and access to NERICA, thereby suggestng the need for the supply and dstrbuton of more NERICA to farmers for easy access, experence, and adopton. In another study carred out n Afrca, [19] looked at the factors nfluencng agrcultural technology adopton by rural households n Mozambque. Attended a hgher level of educaton, and are members of agrcultural assocatons have a hgher probablty of adoptng new agrcultural technologes. Learnng through networks has been dentfed as a factor that nfluences technology adopton. For example, [3] examned the role of socal networks and how the adopton choces of network members nfluence a farmer s adopton decson n Northern Mozambque. They found that farmers who dscuss and/or learn about new technologes wthn ther socal network have a greater tendency to adopt. However, ths result cannot be generalzed. As stated earler, the techncal opnon of socal network leaders on a partcular technology affects adopton by members of the socal network. If the leader s opnon s not n favour of the new technology, members may not adopt. [21]used an extenson servce s an mportant component of adopton that motvates potental adopters to be proftable. [15] estmated the tme and costs nvolved n the process of developng a new plant botechnology from dscovery to authorzaton by regulatory authortes, fuellng the debate as to whether the tme and costs assocated wth the development of a new technology. Technologcal advancement and adopton are relevant for mprovements n every sector. In recent years, there has been an ncrease n fundng for agrcultural research and development n technologcal nnovatons, partcularly by the prvate sector. Ths has yelded postve returns on nvestment. However, sgnfcant adopton and commercalzaton of emergng technologes has not been acheved, partcularly n lessdeveloped countres, due to a combnaton of cultural belefs, ethcal concerns, regulatory delays, and lack of nformaton and understandng of the scence and technology beng used. Ths has put consumers and producers n a dlemma. Although sgnfcant mprovements have been made n technologcal advancement, more s needed to better understand the root causes of low adopton rates, especally n developng countres [15]. 3. Methodology 3.1. Descrpton of the Study Area The study was conducted n Toke Kutaye dstrct whch s located about 128 km west of Captal cty of Ethopa- Adds Ababa and 12 km west drecton of Ambo Town. Geographcally, the dstrct les between to lattudes and to E longtude. The dstrct has meant annual ranfall of 1100mm wth annual mean temperature of C, the man rany season of the dstrct s from May to September and elevaton rangng from 1500 to 2000 m above mean sea level. Admnstratvely, the dstrct made up of 24 kebeles (20 rural and 4 urban kebeles). The total populaton number of the study area s 134,767 (66,492 males and 68,275 female). There are 22,895 household head farmers on average land sze of km 2. The land use pattern of the dstrct shows that 37,509 ha s cultvated land; 3651 ha s covered wth forest, 11,603ha s grazng land and 26,124 ha wth bush and shrubs. The major crops produced n the dstrct are Teff, Maze, wheat, Sorghum and barley Samplng Procedure and Sample Sze Determnaton Two stage samplng technques were employed to select the sample respondents. Frst stage was purposve selecton of hghland maze growng Kebeles of the dstrcts, followed by selecton of sample households. The Kebele dentfcaton was made through revewng secondary data on producton potental of maze and dssemnaton of the mproved hghland maze technologes and area coverage of the crop. In the second stage 150 sample respondents were chosen usng systematc random samplng technque from each kebeles based on probablty proportonal to sze through usng the followng formula of sample determnaton: n = N/1+N (E) 2 (1) n = 3954/1+3954(0.08) = 150 Where n s the sample sze for the study, N s the total households of the study area whch s 3954, e s the maxmum varablty or margn of error or whch s 0.08 n ths study, 1 s the probablty of the event occurrng. The sample sze from each kebeles was determned based on ther proporton to total share of households resdng n each kebeles.

4 Journal of Investment and Management 2018; 7(4): Table 1. Sample sze termnaton. No. Sample kebeles Households Sample sze 1 Kolba anchab Maruf Dadagalan Imala Dawo Ajo Total Source: Author s complaton, EconometrcModel Specfcaton Tobt model s an extenson of the probt model and t s really one approach to dealng wth the problem of censored data. Ths model was chosen because; t has an advantage over other analytcal models n that, t reveals both the probablty of adopton and ntensty of use of the technology [10].So, Tobt model s more approprate to gve relable output of both dscrete and contnuous varable combnaton. The Tobt model [11, 10], whch tests factors affectng adopton and ntensty of adopton mproved hghland maze varetes producton, can be specfed as follows: Y*=β 0 +βx+u Y=Y * f β 0 +βx+u > 0 (2) Y =0f β 0 +βx+u < 0 Where, Y= the observed dependent varable Y*= latent varable (whch s not observable) X = Vector of explanatory varable β = vector of parameters to be estmated U = an ndependent normally dstrbuted error term wth zero mean and constant varance The model parameters are estmated by maxmzng the Tobt lkelhood functon of the followng form [11]. 1 Y βx βx L = f F σ σ σ Y 0 Y 0 Where f and F are respectvely, the densty functon and cumulatve dstrbuton functon of Y *, y* >0 means the product over those for whch y * >0, and y * 0 means the product over those for whch y * 0. The nterpretaton of Tobt model coeffcents s the same wth that of uncensored lnear model coeffcents. The sgnfcant varables do not all have the same mpact on the adopton of mproved hgh land maze varetes. Hence, one has to compute the dervatves of the estmated Tobt model to predct the effects of changes n the explanatory varables. That s probablty and ntensty of the adopton of mproved maze seed. As cted n [10, 11] proposed the followng technques to decompose the effects of explanatory varables nto adopton and ntensty effects. Thus; change n X (explanatory varables) has two effects. It affects the condtonal mean of Y n the postve part of the dstrbuton, and t affects the probablty that the observaton wll fall n that part of the dstrbuton. Smlarly, n ths study, the margnal effect of explanatory varables wll be estmated as follows. Ths procedure was used n ths study, (1) The margnal effect of an explanatory varable on the expected value of the dependent varable s: ( ) ( X ) E Y ( ) = F z β βx Where, s donated by Z, the Change n the σ probablty of adoptng a technology as ndependent varable X change s: ( ) F z X β = f ( z) σ (2) The change n the ntensty of adopton wth respect to a change n an explanatory varable among adopters s estmated by: Y Table 2. Hypothess and Descrptons of the Varables. E 2 Y 0 f ( z) f ( z ) = β 1 Z X F ( z) F ( z) Where, F(z) s the cumulatve normal dstrbuton of Z, ƒ (z) s the value of the dervatve of the normal curve at a gven pont (.e., unt normal densty), Z s the z-score for the area under normal curve, s a vector of Tobt maxmum lkelhood estmates and σ s the standard error of the error term. Usng descrptve statstcs t s also possble to clearly compare and contrast dfferent characterstcs of the sample households along wth the econometrc model Hypothess and Defnton of Varables Dependent varables The dependent varable used n the Tobt model was adopton of mproved hghland maze varetes and ntensty of adopton whch s treated as a contnuous varable. It s the amount of mproved hghland maze varetes that the farmer used whchs measured n Klogram. Varables Symbols Unt Sgn Descrptons of the Varables Age of HHHs AGEHH Years - Number of years Educaton level EDULEVEL Years + Schoolng years Farm Income INCHH Brr + ETB Credt accessblty CREDIT Dummy + Dummy: 1=f access credt; 0= otherwse Extenson Contact CONTEXA Dummy + Dummy: 1=f frequency of extenson contact; 0= otherwse (3) (4) (5)

5 129 Dawt Mlkas and Abduselam Abdulah: Determnants of Agrcultural Technology Adopton: The Case of Improved Hghland Maze Varetes n Toke Kutaye Dstrct, Oroma Regonal State, Ethopa Varables Symbols Unt Sgn Descrptons of the Varables Feld Day PARTIFIDA Number + Dummy: 1=f yes; 0= otherwse Tranng PARTRAI Number + Dummy: 1=f yes; 0= otherwse Labor avalablty FAMILAB Man equ. + Man equvalent Market dstance MARKDIST Klometer - Klometer Lvestock LIVESHLG TLU + TLU Cosmopoltan COSMOP Dummy + Dummy: 1=f yes; 0= otherwse Farm sze FARMSIZ Hectare + Hectare Socal organzaton PARTORG Dummy + Dummy: 1=f yes; 0= otherwse Source: Author s complaton, Results and Dscussons 4.1. Results of Descrptve Statstcs In ths study, a total of 13 explanatory varables were dentfed and out of these varables 9 of them revealed sgnfcant assocaton wth the adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze varetes. Varables such frequency of contact wth extenson agents, access to credt servce, socal organzaton, partcpaton n tranng, Feld day and cosmopoltans are dummy, whereas age of household, farm ncome and farm sze are contnuous varables that show statstcally sgnfcant at 1% and 5% sgnfcant level wth the adopton decson. Dfferently, educaton level, lvestock holdng, market dstance and labour avalablty, had not statstcally sgnfcant relaton wth the adopton decson. Summary of the overall descrptve results of ths study s presented n table 3 and 4 below. Varables Adopters (N=104) Table 3. Results of Descrptve Statstcs for Contnuous Varables. Non-adopters (N=46) Mean Standard devaton Mean Standard devaton t-value P- value Age of HH *** Educaton level Farm sze ** TLU Farm Income *** Labor Market dstance Source: own survey data, ***, **, Sgnfcant at 1 and 5 % probablty level respectvely Varables response Adopters (N=104) Table 4. Resultsof descrptve statstcs for Dummy Varables. Non-adopters (N=46) Frequency Percent Frequency Percent X 2 -value Credt avalablty Yes *** No Socal Organzaton Yes *** No Access to Extenson Yes *** No Partcpaton n Tranng Yes *** No Partcpaton n Feld day Yes *** No Cosmopoltans Frequently *** 0.00 Not frequently Source: own survey data, *** Sgnfcant at< 1 % probablty level respectvely P -value

6 Journal of Investment and Management 2018; 7(4): Econometrc Model Results An econometrc (Tobt) model was used to determne the nfluence of varous personal, demographc, soco-economc, nsttutonal and psychologcal varables on adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze producton varetes. The estmates of parameters of the varables expected to nfluence adopton of mproved hghland maze varetes are dsplayed on Table 5. Thrteen explanatory varables of whch 6 are dummy and 7 varables are contnuous were taken to the model for analyss. The mpact of these varables on the dependent varable s dscussed below. Age: found to be sgnfcant at 5 percent level wth negatve relatonshp. A year ncrease n the age of the respondent reduces probablty of adopton and ntensty of use by 0.7 percent. Ths mples that the older the respondent, the lower the probablty of adopton. Farm Sze: had statstcally sgnfcant nfluence at 1 percent level on adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze varetes whch means that an ncrease n farm sze by 1 ha ncreases the probablty and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze by 4.03 percent; that mples household wth larger land holdngs allocated more land to mproved hghland maze varetes producton. Market dstance: found to be negatvely and sgnfcantly assocated wth the probablty of adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze technology at less than 5 percent. The result ndcates that, as the house of the farmer s far by klometer from man market, the probablty of adopton and ntensty of use of hghland maze varetes decreases by 0.5 percent. The mplcaton of ths negatve relatonshp s that f the dstance between farmers lvng home and the market area s longer, the farmers wll be dscouraged from adoptng mproved hghland maze varetes. Contact wth extenson agents: found to be postve and statstcally sgnfcant varable n determnng adopton and ntensty of use at 5 percent level whch mples an ncrease n contact wth extenson agent ncreases probablty and Log lkelhood= Table 5. Maxmum Lkelhood Estmates of Tobt Model. Number of observaton = 150 Prob>ch2=0.000 LR ch2(13) = Pseudo R2= Varables Estmated Coef. Std. Err. t-rato P-Value ntensty of adopton of IHM varetes producton by 2.8 percent. Ths s due to the fact that, frequency of contacts wth extenson agents ncreases the probablty of acqurng up-to-date nformaton on the new agrcultural technologes. Access to credt Servces: found to bepostve and sgnfcant nfluence on the lkelhood of adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze technology at 1 percent sgnfcance level. The results computed ndcated that ncrease havng access to credt by 1 percent ncreases the probablty of adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze varetes by 3.98 percent respectvely. Ths s due to the fact that access to credt servce commands the farmers fnancal resources to buy nputs for mproved hghland maze producton. Wth the avalablty of credt a household can purchase mproved seed and hre extra labour. Partcpaton n Farmers Feld day: s postvely and sgnfcantly related to adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze producton technology at 1 percent level of sgnfcance. A margnal change n number of partcpaton n feld day vsts ncreases probablty of adopton and ntensty of adopton of mproved hghland maze by 2.4 percent. Feld day s an mportant method of extenson to pull farmers n acceptng technologes. Partcpaton n Tranng: s postvely and sgnfcantly related to adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze varety at 1 percent sgnfcant level. The margnal effect result ndcates that an ncrease n partcpatng tranng by 1 percent ncreases the probablty of adopton and ntensty of use of the varetes producton 2.8 percent respectvely whch mples farmers who partcpate n tranng wll be more lkely to adopt new technology than otherwse. Generally, the model results of ths study revealed that a unt ncrease n explanatory varable wll brng certan percent of change or ncrease on the probablty and ntensty of adopton of mproved hghland maze producton. Therefore, the current government nterventon has to gve more emphass to work on mprovng the affectng factors of mproved hghland maze producton. Change n probablty F( z) β f( z) X σ Constant AGEHH ** EDULEVEL FARMSIZ *** TLU INCHH E *** LABOR PARTORG MARKDIST ** CONTEXTA ** CREDIT *** PARTIFID ***

7 131 Dawt Mlkas and Abduselam Abdulah: Determnants of Agrcultural Technology Adopton: The Case of Improved Hghland Maze Varetes n Toke Kutaye Dstrct, Oroma Regonal State, Ethopa Log lkelhood= Number of observaton = 150 Prob>ch2=0.000 LR ch2(13) = Pseudo R2= Varables Estmated Coef. Std. Err. t-rato P-Value Change n probablty F( z) β f( z) X σ PARTRAI *** COSMOP Obs. summary:46left-censored observatons at DV<=0 104uncensored observatons 0rght-censored observatons Source: Own estmaton result, ***, ** represents 1%, and 5% level of sgnfcance respectvely. 5. Conclusons and Polcy Implcatons 5.1. Conclusons Ths paper has provded estmates of adopton rates and the determnants of adopton for mproved hghland maze vertes n Toke Kutaye Dstrct, Oroma regonal state, Ethopa.The level of adopton observed s an ndcaton of the exstence of substantal potental to mprove smallholders productvty wth mnmum cost compared to the development and ntroducton of new technologes. As repeatedly stated mproved hghland maze varetes producton s mportant n solvng food securty and poverty problems n agrculturebased economes. Furthermore, the study has shown the exposure to mproved hghland maze varetes and ther adopton by farmers s nfluenced by farm sze, household ncome, access to credt, contact wth extenson agentsand partcpaton n farmer s tranng.smlarly, ths study argues thatthe role of nsttutonal support provded to the farmers, such mcrofnance servce, research and technology transfer was not to the expected level. The fndngs are ndcatve of relatvely large demand for mproved agrcultural technology n the study area suggestng that there s scope for ncreasng ther adopton ntensty Polcy Implcatons The adopton and ntensty of use of mproved hghland maze varetes affected by several household personal, demographc and soco-economc factors together wth postvely and sgnfcantly nfluenced study varables whch canconsequently affect theproducton and productvty of smallholder farmers. Therefore, polcy makers and government nterventon related wth agrcultural technology transfer should take sgnfcantly nfluenced varables nto consderaton. References [1] Abera, H.B, (2008). Adopton of Improved teff and Wheat Producton Technologes n Crop-Lvestock Mxed Systems n Northern Shewa Zones of Ethopa. Unpublshed PhDDssertaton, unversty of Pretora. about.com/od/global problems and ssues/a/green revoluton.htm.accessed 5 May [2] Afrcan Botechnology stakeholders Forum (ABSF), (2010). Maze Producton and Improvement n Sub-Saharan Afrca, frst publshed by the Afrcan Botechnology Narob, Kenya.Assessment of Evdence. EPDT Dscusson Paper No. 87, Internatonal Food Polcy Research Authorzaton of a New Plant Botechnology Derved Trat. A Consultancy Study for Crop Lfe. [3] Bandera, O., and I.Rasul, (2006). Socal Networks and Technology Adopton n Northern Mozambque. nb(2006). [4] Brney, A., (2015). Hstory and Development of Green Revoluton. Avalable at: Issues n Technology and Teacher Educaton [Onlne seral] 2(2). Retreved from Contemporary Issues n Technology and Teacher Educaton [Onlne seral] 2(2). Retreved from Cornell Unversty, Ithaca. [5] CSA (Central Statstcal Agency), (2011). Natonal Statstcs report abstract. Adds Ababa, Ethopa. [6] Demssew et al., (2013). Farmers Perceptons of Maze Producton Systems and Breedng Prortes, and Ther Implcatons for the Adopton of New Varetes n Selected Areas of the Hghland Agro-Ecology of Ethopa, Journal of Agrcultural Scence; Vol. 5, No. 11; 2013: ISSN E-ISSN : Publshed by Canadan Center of Scence and Educaton, Canada. [7] Dether, J.-J., and A. Effenberger, (2012). Agrculture and Development : A Bref Revew of the Dbba, L., S.C. [8] Falor, A. Dagne, and F. Nmoh, (2012). The Impact of NERICA Adopton on educatonal-technology.farmers n Mozambque. Staff Papers, Department of Appled Economcs and Management, Gettng-a-Botech-Crop-to-Market-Phllps- McDougall-Study.pdf. 2/ssue-2-02/general/the-path-to-teacher-leadershpneducatonalTechnology. 2/ssue-2-02/ general/the- path-to-teacher- leadershp-nn the Soybean Complex. Agrbusness 16 (1): Insttute, Washngton, DC. [9] Feder, G.R., Just R.E. & Zlberman, D., (1985). Adopton of Agrcultural nnovatons n developng countres : A survey data. Economc Development and Cultural Change, 33: [10] Maddala, G.S., (1992). Introducton to Econometrcs. Second Edton, New York. Macmllan Publshng Company. [11] Mcdonald, J.F., and R.A. Mofft, (1980). The uses of Tobt Analyss. Revew of Economcs and Statstcs 62(2): [12] Moshn, G., H.Lapan, and A. Sobolevsky, (2000). Roundup Ready Soybeans and Welfare Effects.nb(2000).

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