THE EFFECT OF DROUGHT STRESS AND TIME OF DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER (SPLIT APPLICATION) ON THE YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF GRAIN SORGHUM

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1 Indin Journl of Fundmentl nd Applied Life Sienes ISSN: (Online) An Open Aess, Online Interntionl Journl Aville t Vol.5 (S1), pp /Ndimpour nd Mojddm Reserh Artile THE EFFECT OF DROUGHT STRESS AND TIME OF DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER (SPLIT APPLICATION) ON THE YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF GRAIN SORGHUM Tollou Ndimpour nd *Mni Mojddm Deprtment of Agronomy, College of Agriulture, Ahvz rnh, Islmi Azd University, Ahvz, Irn *Author for Correspondene ABSTRACT In order to investigte the effet of drought stress nd the time of distriution of nitrogen fertilizer (Split pplition) on the yield nd yield omponents of grin sorghum, split plot experiment ws rried out in the form of rndomized omplete lok design with three replitions in the reserh field of Ahvz Islmi Azd University (summer 2013) in Veis wether onditions. The tretments inlude drought stress in three levels (75, 110,145) mm evportion from lss A evportion pn s the min ftor nd the distriution of nitrogen fertilizer (split pplition) in three levels (N1: 100% long with plnting, N2: 50% during the plnting time + 50% during the stem elongtion, nd N3: 25% during the plnting time, 50% during the stem elongtion + 25% during the spiking) s the su ftor. The results showed tht the inrese of drought stress levels signifintly deresed the grin yield nd the yield omponents (numer of grins per spike, numer of spikelet per spike, numer of grins per spikelet, 1000-grin weight) so tht the highest rte of grin yield ws otined t 75 mm evportion level (optiml irrigtion) while pproprite nd timely distriution of nitrogen fertilizer signifintly inresed the yield omponents of grin t 1% proility level, so tht the highest rte of grin yield nd yield omponents elonged to N3 tretment. Keywords: Grin Sorghum, Yield, Split Applition of Nitrogen, Growth Components, Drought Stress INTRODUCTION Sorghums elong to Poee (Grminee) fmily nd re tropil produts with Afrin origin. The rop ultivrs of sorghum elong to nnul grins. Sorghum is spring nnul tht grows in wrm nd dry limte with little wter nd hs good gronomi properties nd grows quikly. It yields in short time for 50 dys nd the temperture of out 27 C is good for its growth nd development. Drought nd shortge of wter re tngile relities in our ountry. Due to its speil geogrphil position, Irn is lwys fing flood, shortge of wter, nd drought. Therefore, in order to sve wter nd to hieve stisftory yield of rops, it is reommended to plnt rops tht require less wter. Grins suh sorghum require less wter thn other ommon grins nd forge like mize. Hjr (1997) reported tht plnts under stress would get shorter nd the weight of their roots nd stems would derese. Lewis et l., (1974) reported tht the most sensitive growth stge of sorghum to drought stress is during the flg lef swelling until the end of pollintion stge. Drought stress in this stge dropped the yield y 44% (while the potentil of soil wter ws _13 rs). The high sensitivity of this stge to drought stress n e ttriuted to disorder in the formtion of flower nd the order of pollintion whih on the whole will ffet the numer of grins per spike euse sorghum pollintion in spike nd in plnt popultion ours in short period of time. Bd environmentl onditions suh s drought nd high temperture, hve severs impt on pollintion nd onsequently on grin yield nd lk of moisture t the time of pollintion redues the grin potentil through the ortion of flower nd deth of pollen seeds (Fisher nd Wilson, 1975). Sine the min grin yield omponents tht is the numer of spike per re unit, numer of grins per spike, nd 1000-grin weight re determined during the reltively different stges of plnt growth the existing environmentl onditions t the eginning nd during the development of eh yield omponent will ffet the reltive shre of tht yield omponent. The redution in eh yield omponent due to improper environmentl ondition is remrkly ompensted for fter removing the stress onditions y the omponents tht re formed nd developed lter. However, the yield omponents Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Tehnology (CIBTeh) 5463

2 Indin Journl of Fundmentl nd Applied Life Sienes ISSN: (Online) An Open Aess, Online Interntionl Journl Aville t Vol.5 (S1), pp /Ndimpour nd Mojddm Reserh Artile ompenstion is not often perfet nd depends on the plnt genotype nd the severity of the stress (Keisling, 1982). The yield omponents in sorghum ompenste for eh other quite well nd thus the severe redution of yield due to the redution of yield omponent is prevented (Blum et l., 1997). In n experiment, did Sntmri et l., (1990) study the effet of drought stress on 6 ultivrs of grin sorghum during the stges efore pollintion. The grin yield in ll 6 ultivrs redued ompred with the ontrol tretment, ut the redution in ultivrs with high osmoti djustment pility ws less thn the ultivrs with low osmoti djustment pility. Mousvi et l., (1984) investigted the effet of different levels of nitrogen (0 to 200 kgnh) on the grin yield nd onluded tht s the level of nitrogen inresed, the numer of grins, grin weight, nd grin yield inresed signifintly. The most importnt ojetives of the reserh re the following: 1. Investigting the effet of proper time of nitrogen fertilizer onsumption on growth indies 2. Investigting the effet of proper time of nitrogen fertilizer onsumption on yield nd yield omponents of grin sorghum 3. Investigting the intertive effets of split pplition of nitrogen fertilizer nd wter defiit stress on quntittive nd qulittive properties of grin sorghum MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimentl Lotion The experiment ws rried out in the summer of in the nk of the Krun River, t the reserh field of Islmi Azd University in Veis Region. The experimentl filed is loted in the northest prt of Ahvz t ltitude N nd longitude E nd 23 m ove the se level. It ws split plot experiment in the form of rndomized omplete lok design with 3 replitions. The irrigtion tretment (I) in the min plots inluded wter defiit stress in three levels (6-dy, 10-dy, nd 14-dy irrigtion intervls) nd the split pplition of nitrogen (N) in su plots inluded three levels (N1: 100% long with plnting, N2: 50% during the plnting time + 50% during the stem elongtion, nd N3: 25% during the plnting time, 50% during the stem elongtion + 25% during the spiking. Therefore, the pln inluded 27 experimentl units. The spe etween the min plots ws 2.25 in order to void wter penetrtion into the djent plots. The distne etween eh su plot from nother su plot ws s 1non-plnting line nd 2 non-plnting lines for the next plot nd the sme trend ws repeted gin. The plnt density ws onsidered s plnts per hetre. The finl hrvest re ws equl to 2 m 2. Chemil properties of the soil of tested lnd: Soil tissue Soil onstitutive prtiles (%) Silty slud Cl sn ly ge y d lom Asor le potssiu m K(A.V) (ppm) 152 Asor le phospho rus P(A.V) (ppm) 5.4 Orgn i Cro n %o Totl sturti on retion ph of pste 7.01 Eletri onduti vity E* Sturti on perent ge 46.7 Smpli ng depth Cm Soil depth 30 m The sorghum seed ultivted in this experiment is Kimi ultivr whih is post-mture ultivr with the growth period of dys whih is typil in the region nd in the provine. Fertilizer: in order to supply the phosphorus tht the plnt needs triple super phosphte fertilizer hs een used etween the first nd the seond disk intervl s 80 kg phosphorus per hetre. The required nitrogen hs een supplied from the ure soure (150 kg/h).in order to pply fertilizer tretments in the desired times, t first some grooves were mde in the irrigtion furrows in eh plot then the onsumed fertilizer ws pled evenly inside the grooves. Then they were overed y soil nd were immeditely irrigted. In this wy, the horizontl (surfe) displement of fertilizer ws prevented due to its soluility in wter. Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Tehnology (CIBTeh) 5464

3 Indin Journl of Fundmentl nd Applied Life Sienes ISSN: (Online) An Open Aess, Online Interntionl Journl Aville t Vol.5 (S1), pp /Ndimpour nd Mojddm Reserh Artile Irrigtion ws fully donefor ll tretments immeditely fter plnting until 4-lef stge. Eh plot inluded 7 rows of plnting line s long s 5 m. Mesuring the Studied Trits:The mesured trits inlude the numer of grins per spike, numer of spikelet per spike, 1000-grin weight, nd grin yield whih were mesured seprtely fter the finl hrvest of plnts from eh plot. The dt otined through the mesurement of trits were nlyzed using Mstt softwre nd the digrms were drwn using Exel softwre. The mens were ompred through the Dunn s Multi rnge test (DMRT) t 5% nd 1% proility levels. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Numer of Spikelet per Spike The ANOVA results in Tle (1) shows tht the numer of sorghum spikelet ws signifintly ffeted y drought stress nd split pplition of nitrogen t 1% proility level. The highest numer of spikelet y elonged to moderte drought stress nd the lowest numer y elonged to sever drought stress. As Ttei nd Dehghn (2012), Jn et l., (2012), Vojoodi et l., (2013) stted the yield omponents of sorghum derese signifintly s the drought stress inreses whih indites the lk of reltive stility of this omponent of grin yield. The highest numer of spikelet per spike elongs to N3 tretment y 46.2 nd the lowest numer elongs to N1tretment y Rihie nd Hnoi (1997) reported tht sine the ultimte numer of grin rows in er seems to e more thn the other omponents of grin there is no serious ompetition etween the other omponents to use photosynthesis mterils when determining the numer of grin rows per er nd onsequently the numer of rows per er hs reltive stility. The intertive effet of drought stress nd split pplition of nitrogen fertilizer ws not signifint. Numer of Grins per Spike The ANOVA results in Tle (1) shows tht the numer of grins per spike ws signifintly ffeted y three levels of drought stress t 5% level nd split pplition of nitrogen t 1% level. The intertive effet of drought stress nd split pplition of nitrogen ws not signifint. Among different levels of drought stress the highest nd the lowest numer of grins per spike y nd respetively elonged to optiml irrigtion nd severe drought stress. The results of the reserh seem to e onsistent with the findings of Alizdeh et l., (2007) nd Atium (2003) who stted tht drought stress deresed the numer of grins per spike due to impirment of fertiliztion nd the inrese of sterility nd ortion. The highest numer of grins per spike y ws relted to N3 tretment nd the lowest numer of grins per spike y 881 ws relted to N1 tretment. The inrese of the numer of grins per spike in N3 tretment indites more effiieny of nitrogen sorption nd vilility of suffiient nitrogen onurrent with the liner growth of plnt. In this regrd, Boyer nd M Pierson (1975) stted tht ny redution of nutrients prtiulrly nitrogen sine the liner growth stge of plnt is ritil with regrd to determining the grin prodution potentil. It seems like tht the vilility of nitrogen in the ritil period of grin formtion ffeted the numer of grins through the inrese of plnt growth rte in threestge pplition of nitrogen (N3) inluding 25% during the plnting stge, 50% during stem elongtion, nd 25% during the reprodutive stge Grin Weight The ANOVA results in Tle (1) shows tht weight of 1000-grin in sorghum ws signifintly ffeted y drought stress nd split pplition of nitrogen t 1% proility level. Among different levels of drought stress, the highest nd the lowest weight of 1000-grin y g nd 21.8 g respetively elonged to optiml irrigtion (I1) nd severe drought stress (I3). The derese of 1000-grin weight fter the drought stress is due to redution of wter nd minerl sorption y plnt nd onsequently redution of synthesizing ssimiltes nd moiliztion of ssimilte juie into grins (Pzoki, 2000). The derese of irrigtion intervl will inrese the weight of 1000-grin. Moreover, s the mount of wter inreses up to 80% evportion from lss A evportion pn, the weight of 1000-grin gets mximized. The highest weight of 1000-grin y g elonged to N3 tretment nd the lowest weight y g elonged to N1 tretment. The high weight of 1000-grin in Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Tehnology (CIBTeh) 5465

4 Indin Journl of Fundmentl nd Applied Life Sienes ISSN: (Online) An Open Aess, Online Interntionl Journl Aville t Vol.5 (S1), pp /Ndimpour nd Mojddm Reserh Artile N3 tretment ompred with N1 nd N2 is the inresing sorption of ville nitrogen, the inrese of lef re index nd moiliztion of ssimiltes into grin. The result ws onsistent with the findings of Benziger et l., (2002) who reported tht pplition of nitrogen fertilizer in severl phses during the growth inresed the weight of 1000-grin due to the positive effet on the lef re ontinuity nd onsequently the inrese of grin filling period. Grin Yield The ANOVA results showed signifint differene for three levels of drought stress t 5% level nd split pplition of nitrogen t 1% level. The highest rte of grin yield of sorghum y g/m 2 elonged to optiml irrigtion (I1) nd the lowest rte y g/m 2 elonged to severe drought stress (I3). Ferere (1986) found tht due to drought stress, the lef re in sunflower deresed quikly nd hd negtive effet on grin yield. The min reson of derese of grin yield in drought stress ws the signifint derese of the numer of grins per spike nd the weight of grin. The highest rte of grin yield in sorghum elonged to N3 tretment y g/m 2 nd the lowest rte elonged to N1 y g/m 2. More nitrogen sorption in N3 tretment is followed y more prodution of lef re index nd lef re ontinuity s well s the inreses vilility of ssimiltes for prodution nd survivl of yield omponents. Therefore, the signifint inrese of the numer of grins per spike nd the inrese of 1000-grin weight in N3 tretment were the min resons of etter grin yield in this tretment thn the N1 tretment. The results were onsistent with the findings of Khlifeh (1973) who onluded tht the hnges of whet yield due to split pplition of nitrogen fertilizer resulted from the inrese of lef re index nd lef lifetime t the emergene of spike until the grin mturity. Sidt nd Fthi (2001) stted tht the effet of nitrogen fertilizer on grin yield depends on the rte of soil moisture so tht the higher the soil moisture is the greter the yield will e. However, when the nitrogen fertilizer is distriuted t different growth stges the effet of soil moisture redues. Tle 1: The ANOVA results of yield omponents (numer of grins per spike, numer of spikelet per spike, 1000-grin weight) nd grin yield of grin sorghum ording to the men of squres Grin yield 1000-grin Numer of Numer of Df Soures of vritions weight spikelet per grins per spike spike Replition 36757* ** 28.4** 94638* 2 Irrigtion(I) E 34766** ** ** ** 2 Split pplition of nitrogen (N) 18564* 0.693n.s 0.58n.s 1582n.s 4 Drought stress Split pplition of Nitrogen ( N* S( E ns, **, nd *: men squres of the tretments re respetively non-signifint nd signifint t 1% nd 5% proility level. Grin Yield The ANOVA results showed signifint differene for three levels of drought stress t 5% level nd split pplition of nitrogen t 1% level. The highest rte of grin yield of sorghum y g/m 2 elonged to optiml irrigtion (I1) nd the lowest rte y g/m 2 elonged to severe drought stress (I3). Ferere (1986) found tht due to drought stress, the lef re in sunflower deresed quikly nd hd negtive effet on grin yield. The min reson of derese of grin yield in drought stress ws the signifint derese of the numer of grins per spike nd the weight of grin. The highest rte of grin yield in sorghum elonged to N3 tretment y g/m 2 nd the lowest rte elonged to N1 y g/m 2. More nitrogen sorption in N3 tretment is followed y more prodution of lef re index nd Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Tehnology (CIBTeh) 5466

5 Indin Journl of Fundmentl nd Applied Life Sienes ISSN: (Online) An Open Aess, Online Interntionl Journl Aville t Vol.5 (S1), pp /Ndimpour nd Mojddm Reserh Artile lef re ontinuity s well s the inreses vilility of ssimiltes for prodution nd survivl of yield omponents. Therefore, the signifint inrese of the numer of grins per spike nd the inrese of 1000-grin weight in N3 tretment were the min resons of etter grin yield in this tretment thn the N1 tretment. The results were onsistent with the findings of Khlifeh (1973) who onluded tht the hnges of whet yield due to split pplition of nitrogen fertilizer resulted from the inrese of lef re index nd lef lifetime t the emergene of spike until the grin mturity. Sidt nd Fthi (2001) stted tht the effet of nitrogen fertilizer on grin yield depends on the rte of soil moisture so tht the higher the soil moisture is the greter the yield will e. However, when the nitrogen fertilizer is distriuted t different growth stges the effet of soil moisture redues. Tle 2: Men omprison of simple effets of different levels of drought stress nd split pplition of nitrogen on grin yield omponents (numer of spikelet per spike, numer of grins per spike, 1000-grin weight) nd grin yield in grin sorghum Grin yield )g/ m 2 ( grin weight (g) Numer of spikelet per spike Numer of grins per spike Tretment Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Tehnology (CIBTeh) Drought stress 75 mm evportion (I1) 110 mm evportion (I2) 145 mm evportion (I3) Nitrogen (kg/h) N1: 100% during plnting N2: 50% during plnting + 50% during stem elongtion N3: 25% during plnting + 50% during stem elongtion + 25% during spiking Aording to Dunn's test, the mens with similr letters in eh olumn re not signifintly different t5% proility level Conlusion The highest rte of yield elongs to drought stress tretment with 75 mm evportion (optiml irrigton). The effet of different methods of split pplition of nitrogen on the numer of grins per spike, numer of spikelet per spike, 1000-grin weight, nd grin yield ws signifint, so tht the highest yield elonged to split pplition of nitrogen t N3 (25% during plnting + 50% during stem elongtion + 25% during spiking). If suffiient wter is not ville nd plnt fes moderte drought stress during the growth, the proper distriution nd spilt pplition of nitrogen fertilizer t the right time when the plnt gretly needs this element suh s the optiml irrigtion tretment, n ompenste for the derese of grin yield to some extent in suh onditions. Under the severe drought stess onditions, if the distriution of nitrogen like optiml irrigtion onditions nd moderte drought stess is suh tht low perentge of nitrogen is used during plnting to prevent the wste of nitrogen, it n improve the positive effet of nitrogen on yield.

6 Indin Journl of Fundmentl nd Applied Life Sienes ISSN: (Online) An Open Aess, Online Interntionl Journl Aville t Vol.5 (S1), pp /Ndimpour nd Mojddm Reserh Artile REFERENCES Bnzigor M, Edmedes GO nd Lfitte HR (2002). Physiologil mehnisms ontriuting to the inresed N stress tolerne of tropil mize seleted for drought tolerne. Field Crops Reserh 75(23) Fisher KS nd Wilson GL (1975). Studies of grin prodution in sorghum iolor (L.Moenh), III. The reltive importne of ssimilte supply, grin growth pity nd trnsport system. Journl of Agriulture Reserh 26(2) Hjr AS, Khfgi OA nd Irhim SM (1997). Response of grin sorghum to wter defiit. Alexn. Journl of Agriulture Reserh 42(5) Keisling TC (1982). Clultion of the length of dy. Agronomy Journl 74(5) Khlif MA (1973). Effet of nitrogen on lef re index, lef re durtion, nd ssimiltion rte, nd yield of whet. Agronomy Journl. Nvpoor S (1994). Estimting geneti prmetes for grin yield nd other relted trits in sorghum. Mster s thesis, Fulty of Agriulture, Esfhn University of Tehnology. Srmdni Gh nd Kouhki A (1990). Crops Physiology (University Jihd Pulitions) Mshhd, 467. Ter ID nd Pit MM (1995). The Reltionship etween Wter nd Soil in Crops, trnslted y Kouhki A, Hosseini M, Nsiri Mhlti M (University Jihd Pulitions) Mshhd 560. Copyright 2014 Centre for Info Bio Tehnology (CIBTeh) 5468