Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016, 15(0): Available online at ScienceDirect

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1 Journl of Integrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): Aville online t SieneDiret RESEARCH ARTICLE Field performne of lternte wetting nd drying furrow irrigtion on tomto rop growth, yield, wter use effiieny, qulity nd profitility Khokn Kumer Srker 1*, M. A. R. Aknd 1, S. K. Bisws 1, D. K. Roy 1, A. Khtun 1, M. A. Goffr 2 1 Irrigtion nd Wter Mngement Division, Bngldesh Agriulturl Reserh Institute, Gzipur 1701, Bngldesh 2 Hortiulture Reserh Centre, Bngldesh Agriulturl Reserh Institute, Gzipur 1701, Bngldesh Astrt Sustinle irrigtion method is now essentil for dpttion nd doption in the res where wter resoures re limited. Therefore, field experiment ws onduted to test the performne of lternte wetting nd drying furrow irrigtion (AWDFI) on rop growth, yield, wter use effiieny (WUE), fruit qulity nd profitility nlysis of tomto. The experiment ws lid out in rndomized omplete lok design with six tretments replited thrie during the dry sesons of nd Irrigtion wter ws pplied through three wys of furrow: AWDFI, fixed wetting nd drying furrow irrigtion (FWDFI) nd trditionl (every) furrow irrigtion (TFI). Eh irrigtion method ws divided into two levels: irrigtion up to 100 nd 80% field pity (FC). Results showed tht plnt iomss (dry mtter) nd mrketle fruit yield of tomto did not differ signifintly etween the tretments of AWDFI nd TFI, ut signifint differene ws oserved in AWDFI nd TFI ompred to FWDFI t sme irrigtion level. AWDFI sved irrigtion wter y 35 to 38% for the irrigtion levels up to 80 nd 100% FC, ompred to the TFI, respetively. AWDFI improved WUE y round 37 to 40% ompred to TFI when irrigted with 100 nd 80% FC, respetively. Fruit qulity (totl solule solids nd pulp) were found greter in AWDFI thn TFI. Net return from AWDFI tehnique ws found nerly similr ompred to TFI nd more thn FWDFI. The enefit ost rtio ws viewed higher in AWDFI thn TFI nd FWDFI y 2.8, 8.7 nd 11, 10.4% when irrigtion wter ws pplied up to 100% nd 80% FC, respetively. Unit prodution ost ws otined lower in AWDFI ompred to TFI nd FWDFI. However, AWDFI is useful wter-sving furrow irrigtion tehnique whih my resolve s n lterntive hoie ompred with TFI in the res where ville wter nd supply methods re limited to irrigtion. Keywords: lternte furrow irrigtion, lternte drying proess, tomto yield, qulity, wter use, net return 1. Introdution Reeived 12 Jnury, 2016 Aepted 1 April, 2016 Correspondene Khokn Kumer Srker, E-mil: ksrkerwr@ gmil.om 2016, CAAS. All rights reserved. Pulished y Elsevier Ltd. doi: /S (16) The tomto is one of the most importnt vegetle nd ommeril rops, nd widely grown in the world (Alm et l. 2001; Sun et l. 2014) during dry environments where irrigtion wter is neessry for optimum yields (Mrjnovi et l. 2012). In Bngldesh, the ultivted re nd prodution quntity of tomto ws h nd tons in 2009 nd h nd tons in 2013 whih hve een

2 *** et l. Journl of Integrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): inresed y nd 66.53%, respetively from 2009 to 2013 (BBS 2013). Irrigtion re hs lso inresed round 34% for vegetle prodution from 2009 to 2012 (BBS 2013). Tomto prodution depends on severl ftors inluding wter mngement nd environmentl ftors, suh s rop vriety, soil type, soil moisture regime, temperture, humidity nd rinfll. Exess irrigtion wter inrese surfe runoff, deep peroltion, wter stgnnt nd dereses ertion (Rmln nd Nwokeoh 2000). Glol limte hnge, environmentl pollution nd industril wstewter re ommon phenomen tht my limit wter use for sustinle griulture prodution (Stiki et l. 2003). In Bngldesh, tomto is trditionlly grown in dry seson (Otoer-Mrh) under irrigted onditions. Generlly, frmers ultivte tomto y trditionl furrow irrigtion (TFI) or flood irrigtion method, therey the input ost is inresed nd net inome is redued. As irrigtion fility is limited to round 47% of the totl ropped re nd irrigtion ost is high, it is impertive to use irrigtion wter more effiiently nd mximize the profits (BBS 2013). During the dry seson, ville irrigtion wter is lwys limiting ftor for plnt growth nd desired rop yield in Bngldesh. Now, pumping groundwter nd wter pplition is restrited in drought prone res of Bngldesh y the government to protet quifers for urn users. And/or the rop grower re required to mintin presried irrigtion effiieny. Bngldesh government is stressing the importne of pproprite wter sving t frm level, whih is key issue for ensuring food seurity under hnging limte. For inresing rop yield, oth wter nd pitl re mjor hllenges in hieving the gol of food seurity (Keting et l. 2010). A minimum redution of irrigtion wter my led to sustntil sving of wter. So, sustinle irrigtion wter supply tehnique nd effetive wter mngement methods re urgent need tody with hnging limte. Wter sving tehnology in griulture is lso hllenging tsk under limte hnge for improving wter use effiient (WUE). Suitle irrigtion wter supply methods suh s sprinkler, drip-fertigtion, su-surfe nd sustinle ville ground nd surfe wter resoures re limited to Bngldesh. Wter sving tehnologies nd produtivity per unit of wter re eoming of strtegi importne for Bngldesh like s mny ountries, nmely USA, Chin, Indi, Mlysi, et. Improved irrigtion method is essentil for voiding soil wter nd nutrient lehing s well s groundwter pollution (Linoln et l. 2009) nd plys n importnt role in hieving desired tomto yield (Pwr et l. 2013). There re two wter sving strtegies ould e onsidered: Firstly, defiit irrigtion (DI), perentge of evpotrnspirtion or prt of field pity is pplied to the entire root-zone. Seondly, prtil root-zone drying (PRD) tehnique, only one portion of the root-zone is pplied t eh irrigtion wter supply, while the remining portion keeps dry. The effiient DI method n mintin high rop yields nd sustntilly improve WUE, ut it requires knowledge or experiene on rop growth stges whih my diffiult to prtie in field onditions. In some ses, defiit irrigtions hve negtive effet on yield, lthough its hve some enefits of fruit qulity nd WUE (Pulupol et l. 1996). PRD or lternte furrow irrigtion (AFI) is n idel improvement of DI, whih is reltively esy to pply in the field onditions nd it is essentil in the res where wter resoures re limited (Sepskh nd Ahmdi 2010). The ide of PRD irrigtion might e first introdued y Grimes et l. (1968) nd lter on, some extensive studies were onduted y Sepskhh et l. (1976), Liu et l. (2003), Zege et l. (2004), Ad El-Hlim (2013), on vrious rops suh s otton, grpe, potto, mize nd tomto. The onept nd prtie of lternte wetting nd drying furrow irrigtion (AWDFI) is similr to the prtie of PRD proess, whih is essentil to dopt under field onditions for sustinle inresing WUE. AWDFI is wy of irrigtion tehnique tht wter is pplied in lternte furrows keeping the in-etween furrow dry. In susequent irrigtion, wter is llowed to the lternte furrows tht hd een kept dry on the previous osion. The soil su-surfe might e wetted fter irrigtion due to lterl movement. It is reported tht AFI tehnique n sve irrigtion wte y 25 to 35% ompred to TFI with the inrese or derese in rop yield to the extent of 2 to 16% (Reddi nd Reddy 2009). In the 21st entury, irrigted griulture in mny prts of the world should e more effetive, produtive, profitle nd sustinle under inresing glol pressures on limte vriility nd hnge, finnil investments, wter use nd other nturl resoures (Lenton 2015). Presently, the new thinking of lternte furrow irrigtion tehnology hs een mentioned nd ttrted onsiderle interest. And AWDFI is inexpensive nd n e used s n lterntive hoie ompred with expensive methods of irrigtion suh s sprinkler or drip irrigtion tehniques. There is still little reported on AWDFI tehnique for tomto prodution in field onditions under hnging limte. Thus, field experiment ws onduted to test the performne of AWDFI on rop growth, yield, WUE, fruit qulity nd profitility nlysis of tomto in response to irrigtion methods. The study would help frmers to develop suitle furrow irrigtion wys. And frmers need not to use huge irrigtion wter s well s lors. 2. Mterils nd methods 2.1. Study lotion The study ws onduted in the reserh field of Irrigtion

3 4 *** et l. Journl of Integrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): nd Wter Mngement (IWM) Division of Bngldesh Agriulturl Reserh Institute (BARI) in Gzipur, Bngldesh over two yers during the dry seson of Novemer 2013 to April 2014 nd Novemer 2014 to Mrh The oordintes of the study re were N nd E whih is loted t the elevtion of 10 meters ove se level. The soils were silt ly lom with n verge field pity (FC) of 28% (weight sis) nd men ulk density of 1.5 g/ m 3 over the 0 60 m soil profiles in 15 m soil inrement lyers (Tle 1). The wether prmeters were oserved in the study site throughout the rop growing period in the yers of nd (Tle 2). During the growing seson, rinflls re rre. The short-term wether indites the uneven distriution of rinfll nd sesonl drought of the study re. On verge (men vlues over two yers), men temperture, reltive humidity, sun-shine, nd pn evportion were C, 74.7%, 5.7 hours, nd 4.0 mm, respetively Crop mngement The stndrd gronomi prties were done s per requirements during the experimentl period. The unit plot size ws m 2 (4.8 m 6.6 m). The row to row (furrow to furrow enter) distne ws 0.6 m nd plnt to plnt sping ws 0.4 m. A populr vriety of tomto (BARI Tomto-14) ws used in this study, whih is high yield potentil nd resistne to teril wilt. Seedlings were trnsplnted on 16 Novemer 2013 nd 16 Novemer 2014, nd seedling ges were 30 dys in 2013 nd 32 dys in Seedlings were trnsplnted mnully y hnd. Light irrigtion ws followed to ensure seedling estlishment. Then, irrigtion tretments were done fter seedling plnt estlishment. The reommended dose of fertilizer ws N 253 P 90 K 125 S 22 Zn 1 B 2 kg/h nd pplied in the form of ure, triple supper phosphte, murite of potsh, gypsum, zin sulfte nd orx, respetively (FRG 2012). Deomposed ow dung ws pplied t rte of 5 t/h. Chisel, roto-tiller nd BARI tillge-um-rised ed former were used for tilling nd rised ed formtion. Cowdung nd full dose of phosphorus, sulfur, zin nd oron were rodsted nd inorported during finl lnd preprtion. Nitrogen nd potssium were pplied s side dressing in three equl splits t 14, 29 nd 44 dys fter trnsplnting followed y irrigtion. Adequte plnt protetion mesures were tken t erly vegettive stges. A systemti insetiide (Admire-200), ontining the tive ingredient imidloprid ws spryed t 0.5 ml/l to ontrol the inset pests. Two mnul weeding were done t 27 nd 55 dys fter plnting Experimentl design nd tretments The field experiment ws lid out in rndomized omplete lok design (RCBD) with six tretments replited thrie. The tretments were onsisted of three furrow irrigtion methods nd two irrigtion levels. The tretment detils were:, AWDFI whih supplied lterntely furrow irrigtion up to 100% FC; AWDF, AWDFI whih supplied lterntely defiit irrigtion up to 80% FC;, FWDFI whih supplied fixed furrow irrigtion up to 100% FC; FWDF, FWDFI whih supplied defiit fixed furrow irrigtion mounting to 80% FC;, TFI whih supplied every furrow irrigtion t the level of 100% FC; TF, TFI whih supplied defiit every Tle 1 Soil physil properties of ulk density nd field pity t different soil depths in experimentl field Chrteristis Soil depth (m) Bulk density (g/m 3 ) Field pity (% ) Tle 2 Men monthly temperture, reltive humidity, sun shine hour, pn evportion nd totl monthly rinfll during the tomto growing period in nd Growing period Men temperture ( C) Reltive humidity (%) Sun shine (hr) Pn evportion (mm) Effetive rinfll (mm) Novemer Deemer, Jnury, Ferury, Mrh, April Novemer Deemer, Jnury, Ferury, Mrh

4 *** et l. Journl of Integrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): furrow irrigtion up to 80% FC. AWDFI indites tht one of the two neighoring furrows ws lterntely irrigted during onseutive wtering (Fig.1-A). FWDFI mens tht irrigtion ws fixed to one of the neighoring furrows (Fig.1-B) from first irrigtion to lst irrigtion. TFI ws the trditionl wy whih mens every furrow ws irrigted during irrigtion (Fig.1-C). The irrigtion frequeny ws every dys intervl depending on different growth stges (initil stge, vegettive stge, flowering stge, fruit setting, fruit development nd fruit ripening stges) (Alm et l. 2001; Reddi nd Reddy 2009) from plnt estlishment to efore finl hrvest. The quntity of irrigtion wter ws pplied in the experimentl plots t intervls depending on different growth stges ording to the soil wter ontent mesurement Soil wter ontent, irrigtion wter nd wter use effiieny Soil moisture efore eh irrigtion ws monitored. Grvimetri soil wter ontent ws determined efore eh irrigtion event. The soil smples were olleted with soil uger onsidering root zone depth of 30 m (initil stge), 45 m (vegettive stge) nd 60 m (flowering, fruiting nd up to lst irrigtion) two dy efore eh irrigtion event. The soil smples were tken from oth the enter of the rised ed nd ottom of the furrows in 15 m inrements, wellmixed together, susmpled, weighed, dried t 105 o C, nd reweighed to determine grvimetri moisture ontent. The irrigtion wter requirement ws lulted y the following formul (Mihel 1978; Mjumdr 2004): n Pw i As i D d i ir = (1) 100 i=1 Here, P W = FC RL Where, d ir is the depth of irrigtion wter to e pplied within one irrigtion yle (mm), As i is the pprent speifi grvity of the i th lyer of the soil, D i is the depth of the i th lyer of the soil within the root zone to e irrigted (mm), FC is men soil moisture ontent t field pity (%), RL is residul soil moisture level efore eh irrigtion in the i th lyer of soil profile (%), nd n is the numer of soil lyers in the root zone depth. The sme s elow. The mount of pplied irrigtion wter (Tle 3) ws the depth of wter needed to refill the soil profile (0 30, 45 or 60 m depending on growth stge) to different levels of field pity. FC ws determined y ponding wter method on the soil surfe whih suggested y Mihel (1978). The lulted mount of irrigtion wter ws mesured y volumetri method nd supplied to the experimentl plots using polythylene hose pipe. In this study, strem sizes with the rnge of liter/seond nd minimum furrow slope (0.05%) (Reddi nd Reddy 2009) were mintined for entering irrigtion wter into the furrows, where the inflow distriuted uniformly over the entire furrows. Eh lok ws seprted y distne of 1.5 m nd eh plot ws seprted y uffer of 1.5 m to prevent the lterl movement of wter from one to nother. Totl sesonl rop wter use (SCWU) ws lulted s the sum of irrigtion input etween first irrigtion to lst irrigtion, effetive rinfll, soil wter ontriution etween plnting to finl hrvest nd seedling estlishment wter whih expressed y the following eqution (Mihel 1978; Reddi nd Reddy 2009). SCWU (mm) =d ir +ERf+SWC+W s (2) Where, ERf is the effetive rinfll reeived during rop Fig. 1 Shemti lyout nd photogrphi view of irrigtion wter pplied to the experimentl plots using three wys of furrow. A, lternte wetting nd drying furrow irrigtion (AWDFI); B, fixed wetting nd drying furrow irrigtion (FWDFI); C, trditionl furrow irrigtion method(tfi).

5 6 *** et l. Journl of Integrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): Tle 3 Numer of irrigtion event, mount of pplied irrigtion wter in eh event under different irrigtion levels nd methods during tomto growing seson of nd Irrigtion tretments 1) Irrigtion AWDFI FWDFI TFI AWDFI FWDFI TFI First Seond Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Totl pplied irrigtion wter (mm) First Seond Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Totl pplied irrigtion wter (mm) ) nd, the level of irrigtion wter ws pplied up to 100% nd 80% field pity (FC), respetively. AWDFI, lternte wetting nd drying furrow irrigtion; FWDFI, fixed wetting nd drying furrow irrigtion; TFI, trditionl furrow irrigtion. The sme s elow. seson (mm), SWC is toil wter ontriution in the i th lyer of the soil (mm), nd W s is totl depth of seedling nd plnt estlishment irrigtion wter (mm). Rinfll ws monitored nd reorded in the study re. Effetive rinfll (ERf) ws sed on the model of CROP- WAT 8.0 whih ws suggested Smith (1992). Soil wter ontriution (SWC) ws lulted y the following wy: n M M SWC= As D 100 (3) i= 1 i ei i i Where, M i is moisture perentge t the eginning of the seson in the i th lyer of the soil, M ei is moisture perentge t the end of the seson in the i th lyer of the soil, nd D i is the depth of the i th lyer of the soil within the root zone to e irrigted (mm). Wter sving ws lulted y the following wy (Chpgin nd Ymji 2010): Wter svings (%)= (4) Wter used in TFI wter used in AFWDI or FWDFI 100 Wter used in TFI 2.5. Plnt iomss Plnt iomss (dry mtter) ws mesured t different intervls during the rop growing seson. Plnt iomss of root nd shoot for eh tretment ws mesured on 29, 44, 60, 101 nd 143 dys fter plnting (DAP) during nd 29, 44, 60, 101 nd 133 DAP during The roots were olleted using ore smpler to depth of 0 15m from the smpling re of 20 m 20 m. The roots were lened nd wshed with len wter. The plnt iomss of root nd shoot smples exept tomto fruits were dried t 60 0 C to onstnt weight using the oven dry method nd expressed in g/m Yield, wter use effiieny nd qulity The yield ontriuting hrters were tken from the plnts during the experimentl period from eh row within the plot. Five plnts were rndomly hosen to mesure the yield omponents from eh tretment. Numer (no.) of mrketle fruit nd ull fruit, nd mrketle nd ull yield (t/h) ws estimted from fresh weight produed y the plnts hrvested from the seleted five rows of the eh plot. The tomto ws hrvested mnully 24 times in the first yer from 28 Jnury to 7 April 2014 nd 20 times in the seond yer from 3 Ferury to 29 Mrh WUE ws lulted s the rtio of mrketle yield nd totl sesonl wter use. Totl solule solids (TSS,%) nd vitmin C (mg/100g) were determined following the method desried y Rngnn (1986). ß-Crotene (µg/100g) ws estimted y the review of the method of Alslvr et l. (2005). Totl pulp reovery ws determined y oiling the tomto fruits nd sieved to seprte seeds, skin nd pulp. Pulp (%) ws lulted y the following wy: Weight of olleted pulp Pulp (%)= Weight of originl tomto fruit 100 (5)

6 *** et l. Journl of Integrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): Profitility nlysis The profitility nlysis ws done to evlute the omprtive dvntges of the AWDFI method for tomto prodution. The profitility nlysis ws rried out sed on vrile ost (VC) nd fixed ost (FC). Vrile ost ws estimted sed on the operting ost of lnd preprtion using mhinery, hemils, moo supporting, humn lors, fertilizers, nd irrigtion. In this study, rentl vlue of lnd ws onsidered s fixed ost of tomto prodution. The verge fixed ost per seson ws Tk 37193/h where Tk (TK) indites the urreny of Bngldesh (Rshid et l. 2015). Totl ost (TC) inluded ll types of VC nd FC items in the prodution proess. Gross return (GR) ws lulted y simply multiplying the totl mrketle yield nd it s per unit prie in the hrvesting period. Net return (NR) ws lulted y the sutrtion of totl osts from gross return. Benefit ost rtio (BCR) ws lulted s the gross return divided y the totl fixed ost of tomto prodution. The unit prodution ost (UPC) of the tretments ws lso lulted y the rtio of the totl ost per hetre to the totl mrketle yield per hetre. The following equtions were used for profitility nlysis: n = (6) VC X PI ij ij ij i = 1 TC = TVC + TFC (7) j j j GR = Y P (8) j j j NR = GR TC (9) j j j GR BCR = (10) TFC j j j 3. Results 3.1. Plnt iomss Fig. 2 shows the iomss (dry mtter) of the plnt growth influened y the tretments t different growth stges of tomto. Biomss of the tomto plnt ws not signifintly different (P<0.01) etween the tretments of AWDFI nd TFI t different growth stges of tomto plnt exept t initil growth stge of 29 DAP (Fig. 2-A). Fig. 2-A nd B indites tht dry mtter ws found insignifintly different, ut slightly higher in trditionl furrow irrigtion ompred to AWDFI nd FWDFI t the level of 100% FC. At defiit irrigtion, plnt iomss ws oserved signifintly different mong the irrigtion methods t different growth stges of tomto plnt when irrigtion wter ws pplied up to level of 80 % FC. Dry mtter ws not signifintly different ut otined slightly higher in TFI thn AWDFI nd FWDFI system when irrigting wter mounted to 100% FC t initil growth stge (29 DAP) during 2015 (Fig. 2-B). Although dry mtter ws not otined signifintly differ etween the tretments of TFI nd AWDFI, TFI produed slightly higher dry mtter thn the other pplition methods t the plnt growth stges of 44, 60, 101, 118 nd 133 DAP (Fig. 2-B) during FWDFI produed signifintly (P<0.05) lower iomss s ompred to the other tretments when irrigted with 100% nd 80% FC t oth growing sesons (Fig. 2) Yield omponents nd yield TC UPC j j = (11) Totl mrketle fruits yield Where, VC ij is the vrile ost (TK/h), TVC j is the totl vrile ost (TK/h), X ij is the quntity of inputs (kg/h), PI ij is the prie of inputs (TK/h), TFC ij is totl fixed ost (TK/ h), GR j is the gross return (TK/h), NR j is the net return (Tk/h), Y j is the quntity (kg/h) of yields reeived from the j th irrigtion tehniques, P j is the prie (Tk/h) of yields reeived y the j th irrigtion tehniques, UPC j is the unit prodution ost (Tk/kg of yield) y the j th irrigtion tehniques, n is the numer of inputs (i = 1, 2, n) nd j is the numer of irrigtion tehniques (j = 1, 2,..6) Sttistil nlysis Dt on yield ttriutes, yield of tomto, nd wter use effiieny were sttistilly nlyzed using R softwre version 3.1.2: The R-Foundtion for Sttistil Computing. The figures were drwn using Mirosoft Exel All the tretment mens were nlyzed following RCBD with three replitions nd ompred for ny signifint differenes using R-sttistil models t 5% proility level. Yield omponents of tomto were shown in Tle 4, whih were influened y irrigtion wter pplition methods nd irrigtion levels. The numer of mrketle fruit nd fruits weight per plnt vried insignifintly mong the furrow irrigtion methods when irrigtion wter ws pplied up to 100% FC (Tle 4). The weight of mrketle fruit per plnt vried signifintly mong the tretments when irrigtion wter ws pplied t the sme irrigtion levels. The level of irrigtion nd wy of wter pplition methods hd signifint effet on mrketle yield of tomto mong the tretments during 2014 nd Mrketle yield of tomto ws vried insignifintly etween the wter pplition method of AWDFI nd TFI when irrigtion ws pplied up to 100% FC. Mrketle yield in tretment TFI ws found slightly higher thn tht of AWDFI nd FWDFI when irrigted with 100% FC during On verge, mrketle yield ws greter in tretment TFI thn AWDFI y 4.12% t the irrigtion level of 100% FC, while AWDFI produed higher y 5.23% mrketle yield s ompred to TFI when irrigted with 80% FC during AWDFI otined higher mrketle yield y 1.68 nd 10.85% thn

7 8 *** et l. Journl of Integrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): A Biomss (g/m 2 ) * AWDFI1 FWDFI1 TFI1 AWDFI2 FWDFI2 TFI2 d Dys fter plnting (DAP) 2014 AWDFI1 FWDFI1 TFI1 AWDFI2 FWDFI2 TFI2 B Biomss (g m 2 ) * d d d d d Dys fter plnting (DAP) 2015 Fig. 2 Effet of irrigtion levels nd methods on plnt iomss (dry mtterđ) t different growth stges of tomto grown in (A) nd (B) TFI when irrigted with 100 nd 80% FC, respetively during 2015 (Tle 4). In the omined nlysis (men vlues over two growing seson), the yield ontriuting prmeters of tomto signifintly influened y irrigtion methods when irrigted with mounting to 100% ( ) nd 80% ( ) FC (Tle 4). The wys of furrow irrigtion method nd level of irrigtion hd signifintly effet on mrketle yield in the yer of On verge, mrketle yield of tomto ws lower only y 1.97% in AWDFI s ompred to tht in TFI when irrigting with 100% FC, while AWDFI produed higher mrketle yield y 7.86% s ompred to TFI when irrigtion wter ws pplied up to 80% FC Wter use effiieny The omponent of sesonl rop wter use nd WUE of tomto over two yers during 2014 nd 2015 is shown in Tle 5. Sesonl rop wter use nd WUE vried mong the tretments due to the vrition of wter sving tehnique. Wter use ws slightly different etween the tehnique of AWDFI nd FWDFI on ount of the vritions of soil wter ontriution t the sme irrigtion levels. Tle 5 shows tht AWDFI system gve nerly similr yield to TFI with up to 37% redution of the irrigtion wter mount when irrigted with 100% FC. On the other side, AWDFI system gve higher tomto yield ompred to TFI with up to 34% redution of the irrigtion mount when irrigted up to 80% FC during During 2015, AWDFI sved 38.9% sesonl wter use ompred to TFI when irrigted with 100% FC. On the other hnd, AWDFI redued 36% wter use ompred to TFI when irrigted with 80% FC (Tle 5) Qulity of fruits The qulity prmeters (Tle 6) for mrketle tomto t hrvest were tested. The qulity ws not so muh differed mong the tretments. The qulity prmeters on TSS, vitmin C nd pulp were reorded higher in AWDFI thn tht in TFI nd FWDFI when irrigted with 100% FC (Tle 6). But, ß-Crotene ws found higher in TFI thn tht of other methods t the sme irrigtion levels during The surprising result ws tht TFI tretment hs

8 *** et l. Journl of Integrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): notly inresed the qulity prmeters of TSS, Vitmin C, ß-Crotene nd pulp when irrigted with defiit irrigtion t 80% FC during 2014 (Tle 6). TSS, ß-Crotene nd pulp were found higher in AWDFI thn TFI when irrigtion wter ws pplied up to 100% FC. TSS nd pulp ontent were found higher in AWDFI thn TFI when irrigtion wter ws pplied up to 80% FC, while the ontent of vitmin C ws oserved higher in TFI thn other methods t the sme irrigtion levels during 2015 (Tle 6) Profitility nlysis Tle 7 suggested tht irrigtion method hd effet on net return, enefit ost rtio (BCR) nd unit prodution ost (UPC) of tomto ultivtion. The vrile ost of irrigtion ws sved out 4.8% in AWDFI s ompred to TFI when irrigtion wter ws pplied up to 100% FC. Net return from AWDFI tehnique ws found similr trend, when irrigting with 100% FC, s ompred to TFI. Net return ws estimt- Tle 4 Effets of irrigtion levels nd methods on yield ttriutes nd yields of tomto during 2014 nd 2015 Tretments Irrigtion level Irrigtion method Mrketle fruit/plnt(no.) Mrketle fruit (kg/plnt) Mrketle yield (t/h) * AWDF FWDF TF d AWDF FWDF 35.6 d d TF 34.8 d Men vlue over two growing sesons AWDF FWDF d TF d *, Men vlues within the sme olumns y different letters (-d) re signifintly different t the level of 5% within tretments. Vlues re men of three replition of eh tretment. The sme s elow. Tle 5 Numer of irrigtion, sesonl rop wter use (SCWU) nd field wter use effiieny (WUE) of tomto prodution under different irrigtion levels nd methods during nd Irrigtion numers Irrigtion level Irrigtion method Effetive rinfll (mm) Seedling estlishment wter (mm) Plnt estlishment wter (mm) Totl irrigtion wter (mm) Soil wter ontriution (mm) Totl wter use (mm) Fruit yield (t/h) WUE ( t/h-mm) * AWDF FWDF TF AWDF FWDF d 0.27 TF

9 10 *** et l. Journl of Integrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): ed higher in AWDFI thn TFI nd FWDFI when irrigtion wter ws pplied up to 80% FC (Tle 7). The BCR of AWDFI ws viewed higher y 2.8% s ompred to TFI lthough the mrketle yield ws higher in TFI thn AWDFI. The lowest UPC (Tk 3.09 per kg of mrketle yield) ws otined from the tretment AWDFI where irrigtion wter ws pplied up to 100% FC. The minimum BCR (2.66) nd mximum UPC (Tk 3.76/kg) ws ttined t TFI when irrigtion with the level of 80% FC (Tle 7). BCR ws higher in AWDFI y 11 nd 10.4% thn TFI nd FWDFI system, respetively, when irrigted with 80% FC. The UPC of AWDFI ws oserved lower s ompred to TFI nd FWDFI y 2.8, 8.8 nd 11.2 nd 10.2% when the irrigtion wter ws pplied up to 100 nd 80% FC, respetively. 4. Disussion 4.1. Plnt iomss The plnt iomss produed y AWDFI tehnique ws nerly similr to TFI nd etter thn FWDFI t the sme irrigtion levels (Fig. 2). At the defiit irrigtion, when irrigtion wter ws hlved, similr differenes were visulized with AWDFI. The results indite tht AWFDI method my inrese rop growth nd reover the sensitivity of the plnt s roots to the drying soil (Kng et l. 1998). Crop growth ws not evenly estlished for FWDFI due to fixed drying soil during entire growing seson. On the other hnd, AFI explores tht plnt physiologil proess my modulte stomt swith nd vegettive growth (Cmpos et l. 2009). It my revel tht AWDFI tehnique promote root-to-shoot signl, produe sisi id (ABA) in xylem elements for modulting stomtl swith (Stoll et l. 2000). And this system redues lef trnspirtion whih ffets vegettive growth, enhnes genertive development nd prevents the drsti yield redution (Kmn et l. 2006). This tehnique my mintin high wter potentil s ompred to well-wtered plnts. Inresed ABA levels proly help to limit wter loss y reduing stomtl opening under wter stress onditions Tomto yield The results (Tle 4) showed tht AWDFI system hd the similr trend of mrketle tomto yield ompred to TFI. Totl numer of tomto fruit nd weight were not influened y fully wtered in every furrow irrigtion tretment, ut dry mtter ws signifintly redued in FWDFI. It indited tht rewtering furrow irrigtion might tke the dvntge of the physiologil response nd mintin nerly the sme or more yield s ompred to TFI. There ws no signifint redution in mrketle yield using AWDFI s ginst the TFI. Redued yield in FWDFI ws ssoited with prolonged soil moisture stress of plnt, whih might ffet the fruit size, fruit moisture nd yield. Mny studies (Kird et l. 2004; Zege et l. 2004, 2006) reported tht tomto yield inresed for pplying the lternte root-zone drying proess, On the other hnd, some results (Thi et l. 2007; Topu et l. 2007) showed tht tomto yield deresed under the ultivtion Tle 6 Anlysis of qulittive prmeters of tomto t hrvest s influened y different irrigtion levels nd methods during nd Irrigtion tretments Level Method TSS 1) (Brix o ) Vitmin C (mg/100g) ß-Crotene (µg/100g) Pulp (%) * d d 3.80 d 10.0 d e AWDF 3.70 d 7.0 e d FWDF d TF d d e e 29.0 e AWDF FWDF e TF d Men vlues over two growing sesons AWDF FWDF TF

10 *** et l. Journl of Integrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): Tle 7 Comprison of omined profitility nlysis sed on men vlues over two growing sesons ( nd ) for tomto prodution ssoited with different tretments Tretment Prtiulrs (Tk/h ) 1) AWDF FWDF TF Lnd preprtion (Rototilling, rised ed) Chemils (Insetiides/Pestiides) Bmoos (150 Tk/Bmoo) Rope/Cord (80 Tk/kg) Humn lors (300 Tk/mn-dy) Tomto seedling (0.9 Tk/plnt) Fertilizers Irrigtion (15 hr/h; 120 Tk/hr) Totl vrile ost Totl fixed ost Totl ost Men mrketle yield of tomto (t/h) Gross return Net return (NR) Benefit ost rtio (BCR) Unit prodution ost (UPC) ) 1 US Dollr = 78 Bngldeshi Tk (Tk); Fertilizers, indite the totl mount of ll input fertilizer. of prtil root-zone drying system Wter use effiieny Judiil use of irrigtion wter is the most importnt ftor to plnt growth nd optimum yield. Severl reserhers (Kng nd Zhng 2004; Thind et l. 2010; Erhimin et l. 2012) hve reported tht lternte furrow irrigtion ws enefit from improving wter use effiieny nd reduing fertilizer losses. And it hd no signifint effet on yield nd reltively esy to pply s ompred with onventionl (every) furrow irrigtion. In this study, AWDFI hd signifint effet on WUE, whih ws shown in Tle 5. AWDFI hd the highest WUE mong the three methods t the sme levels of irrigtion owing to less wter use nd produe etter yield. The WUE of TFI ws the lowest (Tle 5), ut yield ws not high signifintly t the oth irrigtion levels. TFI sttes tht yield is sensitive to exess wter pplition nd irrigtion intervls. The tehnique of AWDFI mintined tomto yield when rewtering irrigtion ws pplied lterntively. As result, WUE ws sustntilly improved in AWDFI round 34.2 nd 37.4% higher thn tht in TFI when irrigted with 100% nd 80% FC, respetively during In 2015, WUE ws higher round 40 nd 43% in AWDFI system thn TFI when irrigted with 100% nd 80% FC, respetively. WUE ws lso found signifintly greter in AWDFI thn tht in FWDFI when irrigted with sme irrigtion levels, whih ws due to signifintly higher yield. Some studies in potto (Jovnovi et l. 2010; Yto et l. 2013), mize (Kng et l. 1998, 2000; Ad El-Hlim 2013), otton (Tng et l. 2005; Du et l. 2008) nd grpe ultivtion (Loveys et l. 2000) showed tht WUE sustntilly improved with the lternte root-zone drying system. Alternte root-zone drying proess n sve irrigtion wter up to 50% without signifint yield loss, nd the qulity of plnt ws improve (Sepskh nd Ahmdi 2010). The results revel tht AWDFI hve potentil to sve wter nd my e useful irrigtion wter pplition method where ville wter resoures re limited for rop prodution. The result lso signifies tht AWDFI tehnique n ring other enefits exept for wter sving nd my reple trditionl prties of irrigtion Fruits qulity Tomto fruit qulity ttriutes re importnt nd ould e improved y the pplition of lternte root drying proess. TSS nd pulp (%) were greter in the AWDFI system thn TFI t sme irrigtion levels in oth growing sesons (Tle 6), whih hve dvntges of proessing (Zege et l. 2004, 2006). Prtil root drying tehnique signifintly inresed the qulity ttriutes of tomto fruits suh s fruit juie onentrtions nd itri id (Sun et l. 2014). Tonetto et l. (2011) reported tht ABA ould ontrol lef trnspirtion rte nd mrked up the xylem onnetion to the fruits, thus inresing fruit nutrient uptke nd preventing lossom-end rot development in tomtoes. This implies tht lternte irrigtion tehnique with the sme fertilizer dose inresed TSS nd pulp ontent of tomtoes whih re importnt prmeters for tomto sweetness. This study lso suggests tht qulity nd post-hrvest loss ould e inresed with the inresed mount of wter use nd irrigtion levels, nd vie vers.

11 12 *** et l. Journl of Integrtive Agriulture 2016, 15(0): Profitility nlysis Profitility nlysis of lternte irrigtion is exigent for mking n ttempt to fvorle tomto prodution. Most of the vrile osts were lso sme mong the tretments exept irrigtion nd lor osts (Tle 7). Usully, the net return nd BCR were influened y irrigtion tehniques, operting osts nd level of prodution (Shng nd Tisdell 1997). AWDFI did not derese the yield of tomto s ompred with TFI. But the net return, BCR nd unit prodution ost t the two levels of AWDFI (irrigtion up to 100% nd 80% FC) ws similr or more thn TFI prtie. This ould e due to deresing the irrigtion wter mount from intensive full to hlf, redueing humn lor nd operting time. This study indites tht tomto prodution under AWDFI is profitle. 5. Conlusions This study suggests tht the tehnique of AWDFI ws sustntilly sved wter thn TFI in field onditions y 35 to 38%, while AWDFI improved WUE y 37 to 40% without signifint redution in yields when irrigtion wter ws pplied up to 100% nd 80% field pity. Plnt iomss nd mrketle fruit yield of tomto were not otined signifint differene etween the tretments of AWDFI nd TFI when irrigting with 100% FC. The qulity of tomto fruits on the ontent of TSS nd pulp were found greter in AWDFI tehnique thn TFI nd FWDFI t the sme irrigtion level. Net return nd BCR from AWDFI tehnique were found nerly similr or more thn TFI nd FWDFI. The AWDFI tehnique produed lower unit prodution ost s ompred to TFI nd FWDFI system. In summry, this study tested the hypothesis tht AWDFI tehnique hd the potentil to inrese wter use effiieny nd qulity of fruits, whih my provide useful pproh to pply prtile method in the field of tomto prodution t res where irrigtion wter resoure re limited nd sre. Aknowledgements The uthors re thnkful to Bngldesh Agriulturl Reserh Institute (BARI), Ministry of Agriulture, Bngldesh for providing fund nd filities for sustinle irrigtion nd wter mngement prties. Referenes Ad El-Hlim A Impt of lternte furrow irrigtion with different irrigtion intervls on yield, wter use effiieny, nd eonomi return of orn. Chilin Journl of Agriulturl Reserh, 73, Alm M S, Islm M S, Mridh M A K, Rshid M H Effet of Irrigtion Applition Methods on the Yield of Tomto. Annul Reserh Report Irrigtion nd Wter Mngement (IWM) Division, Bngldesh Agriulturl Reserh Institute (BARI), Gzipur, Bngldesh. Alslvr J E, Al-Frsi M, Qunti P C, Shhidi F, Wiktorowiez R Effet of hili storge nd modified tmosphere pking (MAP) on ntioxidnt, phenolis nd sensory qulity of redy-to-et shredded ornge nd purple rrots. Food Chemistry, 89, BBS (Bngldesh Bureu of Sttistis) Bngldesh Bureu of Sttistis, Sttistil Yer Book Bngldesh. 33rd edition. Sttistis nd Informtis Division, Ministry of Plnning, Government of the People s Repuli of Bngldesh, Deemer, Cmpos H, Trejo C, Pen-Vldivi C B, Rmirez-Ayl C, Snhez-Gri P Effet of prtil root-zone drying on growth, gs exhnge, nd yield of tomto (Solnumlyopersium L.). Sienti Hortiulture, 120, Chpgin T, Ymji E The effets of irrigtion method, ge of seedling nd sping on rop performne, produtivity nd wter-wise rie prodution in Jpn. Pddy Wter Environment, 8, Du T S, Kng S, Zhng J, Li F Wter use nd yield responses of otton to lternte prtil root-zone drip irrigtion in the rid re of north-west Chin. Irrigtion Siene, 26, Erhimin H, Light A, Prsinejd M, Plyán E Distriution nd loss of wter nd nitrte under lternte nd onventionl furrow fertigtion. Spnish Journl of Agriulturl Reserh, 10, FGR (Fertilizer Reommendtion Guide) Fertilizer Reommendtion Guide. Bngldesh Agriulturl Reserh Counil, Frmgte, Dhk p Grimes D W, Wllhod V T, Dikens W L Alternte furrow irrigtion for Sn Joquin vlley otton, Cliforni Agriulture, 22, 4-6. Jovnovi Z, Stiki R, Vueli-Rdovi B, Pukovi M, Broi G, Rovnin S, Mojevi M Prtil root-zone drying inreses WUE, N nd ntioxidnt ontent in field pottoes. Europen Journl of Agronomy 33, Kmn H, Kird C, Cetin M, Topu S Slt Aumultion in the Root Zones of tomto nd Cotton irrigted with prtil root-drying tehniques irrigtion nd dringe. Irrigtion nd Dringe, 55, Kng S Z, Ling Z S, Hu W, Zhng J H Wter use effiieny of ontrolled lternte irrigtion on root-divided mize plnts. Agriulturl Wter Mngement, 38, Kng S Z, Ling Z S, Pn Y H, Shi P Z, Zhng J H Alternte furrow irrigtion for mize prodution in n rid re. Agriulturl Wter Mngement, 45, Kng S Z, Zhng J H Controlled lternte prtil rootzone irrigtion: Its physiologil onsequenes nd impt on wter use effiieny. Journl of Experimentl Botny, 55, Keting B A, Crerry P S, Bindrn P S, Asseng S, Meinke

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