Checklist for sustainable breeding programmes Asko Mäki-Tanila MTT Agrifood Research Finland

Transcription

1 International policy framework for conservation and breeding Foulum 30 May 2007 Checklist for sustainable breeding programmes Asko Mäki-Tanila MTT Agrifood Research Finland

2 Outline for the talk: back-up variation for selection programmes sound selection profile genetic risks marketing checklist for sustainability FAO process Global Plan of Action

3 Plant vs animal genetic resources

4 variety selection crossing selection, cloning, ploidy changes, species crosses a r a b l e p l a n t s d o m e s t i c a t i o n

5 variety selection selection selection crossing selection, cloning, ploidy changes, species crosses selection d o m e s t i c a t i o n a r a b l e p l a n t s f a r m a n i m a l s

6 variety selection selection selection crossing public genebanks selection, cloning, ploidy changes, species crosses selection d o m e s t i c a t i o n a r a b l e p l a n t s f a r m a n i m a l s

7 variety selection selection crossing management selection of variation by breeders public genebanks selection, cloning, ploidy changes, species crosses selection d o m e s t i c a t i o n a r a b l e p l a n t s f a r m a n i m a l s

8 genetic variation of farm animals in production animals and in breeding programmes - profitable (sustainable) programmes likely to survive what factors are important - maintenance of genetic variation within populations -avoiding other genetic risks

9 Selection programmes utilise - and maintain genetic variation

10 Realisation of predicted change less certain in a small populationa keskiarvo (σ p ) mean (phenotypic sd) sukupolvi generation N e halved Strandén MTT

11 Software for management of genetic variation

12 SelAction (prediction) M. J. M. Rutten, P. Bijma, J. A. Woolliams, and J. A. M. van Arendonk SelAction: Software to Predict Selection Response and Rate of Inbreeding in Livestock Breeding Programs The Journal of Heredity 2002:93(6) Address correspondence to M. J. M. Rutten at the address above, or

13 software to control inbreeding (loss of variation within breeds) - P Berg et al at Foulum

14 operational tool TGRM Benefits to Beef Breeding The key features of TGRM are: delivering mate selection finding the optimal matings to maximize the genetic merit in the progeny given a desired level of coancestry minimising the average inbreeding of progeny avoids matings that result in progeny inbreeding above a defined level minimises the number of progeny that may lie outside a defined trait level maximises the use of resources in the purchase and use of semen and bulls Please contact Liam Cardile at beef@c2cbeef.com.au The people behind C2C feel TGRM will make our business more attractive to seedstock

15 operational tool Meuwissen, T. H. E GENCONT: An operational tool for controlling inbreeding in selection and conservation schemes. Proc. 7th World Congr. Genet. Applied to Livest. Prod., Montpellier, France. 33: requires 3 files : GENCONT.INP (contains lines such as constraint deltaf 0.01), a data and a pedigree file. - pedigree file contains a re-numbered pedigree of the animals, i.e. the animals are sequentially numbered starting with the oldest animals, in the format id_of_animal sire dam. - data file contains the selection candidates id_number, their availability, (multi-trait) BLUP-EBV, age and sex. output gives the proportion that each selection candidate contributes to offspring. Note the program does indicate with whom the candidate should get the desired number of offspring. - computing environment. An executable version of GENCONT is available for Windows PCs. - programme is not free

16 Good health status and high quality and welfare expectations

17 Health status extremely good in Nordic countries -schematic representation of pig diseases strict sanitary regulations for imports central testing possible

18 foetus milk health stress energy balance maintenance utilisation f e e d faeces urine

19 methane energy heat 37 % conversion losses energy into tissues feed total energy faecal energy 26% milk energy 24% urine energy

20 Limited metabolic resources in balanced use h e a t (conversion) m i l k dairy cattle selection stress reproduction faeces intensive selection on production leads to undesirable side effects problems could be avoided by more intensive feeding or by overall improvement of animals need for collecting information

21 Nordic breeding profile - overall improvement of animals (red dairy cattle) - narrowly selected dairy breeds are resorting to Nordic breeds heterosis in reproductive and health traits US, Australia, NZ, Ireland

22 genetic risks poor maintenance of variation resources for crossbreeding long-term dependence on importation unknown genetic values vertical integration giving goals harmful co-responses shortage of records for low h 2 traits focus on breed type traits use of false positive QTL or wrong parameters

23 M a r k e t i n g

24 OJANIITYN KIRSIKKA Synt Kotitila: Ojaniitty, M. Kavenius / Askola Isä: N. Verneri Emän i: K. Repo Jalostusarvo: +30 Testituotos305 pv: , , , ,2 Poikinut: sonni sonni, ks

25 Utilising fully the opportunities new methodology and information -e.g. genomics, management solutions conservation - potential for diversifying picture, production & livelihood - image of animal sector public awareness needs, prospects, transparency independent Nordic Holstein -better utlisation of existing resources marketing - red dairy cattle a very good product - use market experts

26 marketing major part of securing the future of a breeding programme

27 Summary of factors affecting sustainability of breeding schemes

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30 Checklist for sustainable breeding schemes transparent operations selection goal consumption trends agricultural policies genetic risks maintenance of variation need for crossbreeding dependence on importation resources funding research & development infrastructure recording & testing facilities organisational efficiency marketing monitoring expectations vs realisations changes in fitness traits profitability

31 Global Plan of Action for animal genetic resources

32 FAO process for animal genetic resources Country reports (state and priorities for further acitivities) World Report Special documents (diseases, molecular genetics, economics, conservation, legal framework, environmental effects, traditional animal keepers, biotechnology, exchange, emergency) Intergovernmental Technical Working Group, Rome Dec 2006 Strategic Priorities for Action - follow-up meeting: Global Plan of Action Upcoming discussions Commission on GR for Food and Agriculture, Rome June International Technical Conference (Interlaken), Interlaken Sep Interlaken Declaration

33 Priorities for action are grouped under four areas 1 - Inventory, monitoring and characterization 2 - Sustainable use and development 3 - Conservation of animal genetic resources 4 - Policies, institutions, capacity building Area on Sustainable use and development contains the following actions: 1 - Establish and strengthen national sustainable use policies 2 - Establish national species and breed development strategies and programmes Assess environmental and socio-economic trends Develop realistic scenarios for long-term planning and strategic breeding programmes. Strengthen breed development programmes towards needs of markets and consumption Develop organisational structures of breeding programmes Implement elements for the maintenance of genetic variation within breeds Collect information on other than production traits (health, welfare) to monitor the changes Include back-up storage as frozen semen or embryos 3 - Promote agro-ecosystems approaches to the management of animal genetic resources

34 Nordic project on Legal framework for the rights and exchange of animal genetic resources - members from breeding organisation, administration & research -topics: sustainable breeding and exchange, patents

35 Conclusions avoiding genetic risks who is doing low h 2 traits utilising all the selectiong potential marketing regular self-appraisal FAO process Global Plan of Action for animal breeding and conservation - better profile for the work - different from plants - sustainability incorporated