Probiotics The scientific basis

Transcription

1 Probiotics

2 Probiotics The scientific basis Roy Fuller Springer-Science+Business Media, B. V.

3 First edition Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover Ist edition 1992 Typeset in 10/12 Melior by Falcon Typographic Art Ud, Edinburgh ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data available

4 Contents List of contributors Preface Abbreviations used for generic names ix xi xii 1 History and development of probiotics 1 Roy Fuller 1.1 Introduction History Composition of probiotic preparations 5 References 7 2 Bacterial interactions in the gut 9 Pierre Raibaud 2.1 Introduction Methods for studying bacterial interactions Main types of bacterial interactions in the gut Conclusions 23 References 24 3 Metabolic interactions in the gut 29 Ian R. Rowland 3.1 Introduction Mammalian intestinal metabolism Gut bacterial metabolism Conclusions 47 References 47

5 vi Contents 4 Translocation and the indigenous gut flora 55 Rodney D. Berg 4.1 Introduction Defence against bacterial translocation Bacterial translocation in animal models with multiple deficiencies in host defences Conclusion 76 References 80 5 Gut flora and disease resistance 87 David J. Hentges 5.1 Introduction Colonization resistance Suppression of the multiplication of pathogens by the intestinal micro flora Mechanisms responsible for suppression of pathogens Conclusions The probiotic concept 105 References Factors affecting the microecology of the gut 111 Rolf Freter 6.1 Introduction Definitions Use of one or a limited number of bacterial strains in probiotic preparations Ecological considerations Recommendations for future developments 137 References Probiotics and the immune state 146 Gabriela Perdig6n and Susana Alvarez 7.1 Introduction Effect of orally administered lactic acid bacteria on immunity: non-specific and specific immune response Effect of oral administration on the secretory immune system Effect on the protection against enteric infections 165 References Genetic manipulation of gut microorganisms 181 Gerald W. Tannock

6 Contents vii 8.1 Introduction Microbes of potential interest Molecular genetical studies Stability of genetic determinants Possible developments Release of genetically modified microbes Conclusions 201 References Selection of strains for probiotic use 209 Robert Havenaar, Bart Ten Brink and Jos H. J. Huis In't Veld 9.1 Introduction Aim of this chapter First steps in the choice of microbial strains Species and viability-qf probiotic microorganisms Processing of viable microorganisms to end-products Resistance to in vivo conditions Adherence and colonization Antimicrobial activity Gene technology Conclusion 221 References Probiotics for chickens 225 Paul A. Barrow 10.1 Introduction The normal intestinal flora of poultry Host-microbial flora interactions The application of probiosis to poultry Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics Competitive exclusion Immunity Bacteriophages Summary 251 References Probiotics for pigs 260 Eva Jonsson and Patricia Conway 11.1 Introduction Special features of pigs relevant to the use of probiotics 261

7 viii Contents 11.3 Current use of probiotics Efficacy Functional characteristics of potential probiotic strains General discussion 300 References Probiotics for ruminants 317 R. John Wallace and C. James Newbold 12.1 Introduction Probiotics for young ruminants Fungal feed additives for adult ruminants Bacterial probiotics for adult ruminants Future developments 343 References Probiotics for humans 355 Barry R. Goldin and Sherwood 1. Gorbach 13.1 Introduction Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract Current use of probiotics Nutritional benefits of probiotics Therapeutic benefits of probiotics More recent developments in the area of probiotics and health Properties required for probiotics to be effective in nutritional and therapeutic settings Future development of probiotics for human use Future applications of probiotics Techniques for probiotic modification 371 References Problems and prospects 377 Roy Fuller 14.1 Introduction Factors affecting the probiotic response Future developments Summary 385 References 385 Index 387

8 List of contributors Alvarez, S. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), Chacabuco 145, 4000 Tucuman, Argentina. Barrow, P. A. AFRC Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, PE17 2DA, UK. Berg, R. D. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Medical School, Louisiana State University Medical Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA. Conway, P. Department of General and Marine Microbiology, Gothenburg University, Carl Scottsbergs g. 22, S , Gothenburg, Sweden. Freter, R. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI , USA. Fuller, R. Intestinal Microecology Consultant, Russet House, Ryeish Green, Three Mile Cross, Reading RG7 les, UK. Goldin, B. R. Department of Community Health, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA. Gorbach, S. 1. Department of Community Health, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. Havenaar, R. Department of Biotechnology, Institute for Biotechnology and Chemistry, TNO-Food and Nutrition, PO Box 360,3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands. Hentges, D. J. Department of Microbiology, Texas Tech University, Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA. Huis In 't Veld, J. H. J. Department of Biotechnology, Institute for Biotechnology and Chemistry, TNO-Food and Nutrition, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands. Jonsson, E. Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7051, S Uppsala, Sweden. Newbold, C. J. Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, UK. Perdigon, G. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), Chacabuco 145,4000 Tucuman, Argentina.

9 x List of Contributors Raibaud, P. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire d'ecologie et de Physiologie du Systeme Digestif, Centre de Recherches de Jouy, Jouy-en-Josas Cedex France. Rowland, I. R. BIBRA, Woodmansterne Road, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 4DS, UK. Tannock, G. W. Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Ten Brink, B. Department of Biotechnology, Institute for Biotechnology and Chemistry, TNO-Food and Nutrition, PO Box 360,3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands. Wallace, R. J. Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, UK.

10 Preface In recent years the gastrointestinal microflora has featured strongly in scientific, veterinary and medical research. As a result it has become obvious that the gut microflora is an essential component of the healthy animal. Not only is it involved in digestion of food, it is essential for the optimal resistance to disease. The first part of this book records the research that has been done on the factors affecting colonization of the gut and the effect that the flora has on the host animal. The second part discusses the way in which this basic knowledge affects the choice of organism being used as a probiotic. The evidence for the involvement of the gut microflora in the health and well-being of the animal is incontrovertible, but the development of probiotics has been largely empirical, failing to capitalize on the relevant research data. The bringing together of the basic information on gut microecology and the development of probiotic preparations is long overdue. It is hoped that this exercise will result in a more scientific approach to probiotic development and the emergence of new and improved preparations for animals and man. The authors involved are all experts in their field and I am greatly indebted to them for their contributions to the book. R. Fuller

11 Abbreviations used for generic names A. Aspergillus B. Bacillus Bact. Bacteroides Bif. Bifidobacterium C. Clostridium Cam. Campylobacter Can. Candida Cor. Corynebacteri urn E. Escherichia Eb. Enterobacter Ent. Enterococcus F. Fusobacterium Fib. Fibrobacter K. Klebsiella 1. Lactobacillus Lact. Lactococcus N. Neocallimastix P. Propionibacterium Pro Proteus Ps. Pseudomonas R. Ruminococcus S. Streptococcus Sac. Saccharomyces Sal. Salmonella Ser. Serratia Sh. Shigella Staph. Staphylococcus V. Vibrio Generic names have been spelt out in full the first time they are used in each chapter. Thereafter, within the chapter, they have been abbreviated as above.