UJJANI IRRIGATION PROJECT AND AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE

Transcription

1 57 CHAPTER III UJJANI IRRIGATION PROJECT AND AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE 3.1 Introduction With the introduction of irrigation facilities farmer is able to grow cash crops for gaining more benefits which bring about the changes in cropping pattern of the region. Irrigation responds the shift from seasonal cultivation to permanent and promotes more intensive cultivation. It motivates the multiplicity in cropping and secures high yields per unit area and thus attains optimum level of vertical expansion and output. The nature and intensity of land use is closely related to the irrigation. Extension of agricultural land with the help of irrigation may cause considerable changes in land use and cropping pattern. The present chapter proposes to investigate the land use and cropping pattern. An analysis of general land use, cropping pattern and irrigated cropping pattern and changes therein has been considered. An attempt has also been made to find out the intensity of cropping leading crops of increase and decrease and overall changes therein. In view of this, the study of the spatio-temporal aspects of land use and cropping pattern has been considered. The focus of this chapter is on the Ujjani Irrigation project which has been developed in last three decades. In the study, a co-relation between irrigated area and cropped area has also been attempted. 3.2 Irrigation Projects in Bhīma Basin The Government of Maharashtra has undertaken A Major Irrigation projects named Kukdi Pune, Bhima (Ujjani) Solapur, Dudhganga (Kolhapur), warna Sangli (Kolhapur) since The Bhima Ujjani Major Irrigation Projects is a boon for agricultural development of solapur district. The Bhima (Ujjani) dam has been constructed on the river Bhima at the Ujjani village and its construction was completed in the year 1986.

2 58 The Bhima Ujjani dam has the total Irrigation potential of 1.29, 440 hectares (I.C.A.) flow irrigation and 8500 hectares (I.C.A.) lift irrigation. The Eight tehsils such as Madha, Mohol, North Solapur, South Solapur, Malshiras, Pandharpur, Mangalwedha, Akkalkot, are benefiting area by left and right canals of the Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project. And Madha Karmala tehsils are benefiting area by back water on lift irrigation of the Ujjani irrigation project. The length of this dam is 2467 km and its height is 42,855 meter. The net work of the Ujjani dam has spread over 348 km.the Water shed area of the dam is Sqm which has capacity of 3114 million T.M.C. The cost of construction of the dam is RS340 crores including the development cost of the benefiting area The Bhima (Ujjani) irrigation project is one of largest irrigation projects in Bhima river Basin Table 3.1 and Fig-3.1 shows brief Information about the dams/projects in Bhima Basin. Table 3.1 Irrigation Projects in Bhima Basin Sr. Name of the Catchments Gross Live /Utilized Spillways Gats No. Project Area (Sq. Storage Storage(mm 3 ) No. of size meter km) (mm 3 ) 1 Yedgaon /12 x 5 2 Manikdoh /12 x 5 3 Dimbhe /12 x 5 4 Wadaj /12 x 5 5 Pimpalgaon Ghod /9.15x Pawana /12.19 x Warsgaon /12 x 5 9 Panshet /12.9X Khadakwasala /12.19 x BhatGhar /3.05x Veer /12.50x Bhima(Ujjani) /12 x 6.50 (Highest) 14 Vadivale Chakasman /12.5x Mulsi /12.2 x 4.26 Source: Ujjani Dam, Flood Control Bhima Patbandhare Department Pandharpur P

3 59 Under the catchment area of Bhima basin there are sixteen major and Minor Irrigation projects out of which the Bhima (Ujjani) Project is one of Major Project having sq.km. Catchment area and gross storage 3320 mm 3 water. Next to Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project. Ghod Project is one of medium Irrigation Project. The Ghod Project covered over 3587 sq.km. With water storage capacity of 216 mm 3. Veer and Bhatghar Projects are at third and fourth place having 278 mm 3 and 673 mm 3 water storage capacity. The remaining Yedgaon Manikdoh, Dimbhe Wadaj, Pimpalgaon, Pawana, warasgaon, Panshet Khadakvasala. Vadivale chakasman Mulsi Projects are the Minor Irrigation Projects under Bhima Basin. 3.3 Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project (At a Glance) The Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project is one of the Major Irrigation Project in Bhima Basin. Constructed on the Bhima River near village Ujjani in Madha Tehsil (Solapur District) which is 100 km away from Solapur city. (Plate 1) The table 3.2 shows highlight of the Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project at a glance (Fig-3.2) Table. 3.2 Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project (At a Glance) 1) Name of the Dam : Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project 2) Location : A) Village - Ujjani B) Taluka - Madha C) District - Solapur D) State - Maharashtra E) Toposheet No N/4 F) Latitude - 18 o N G) Longitude - 75 o E 3) River : Bhima Major tributary of Krishna

4 60 4) Access to Dam Site km from Pune A) Rail Route I) Nearest Railway Station Kurduwadi Station ii) Railway Section and Zone Solapur Section (C R) B) Access 2 km from N.H. 9 at 100 km from Solapur and 150 5) Administrative Approval A) Initial Approval : Rs Lakh (August 1964) B) Revised Approval : Rs lakh (April 1976) C) Second Revised Approval : Rs Lakh 6) Catchments Area (Jan. 2004) A) Gross : sq km. B) Free : 7966 sq km. 7) Submergence A) Total Area : Hectare B) Forest Land : 605 Hectare C) Private Land : 27,650 Hectare D) Govt. Land : 1,645 Hectare 8) Number of Villages under submergence Total 51 Village a. Solapur District 23 Villages b. Pune District : 25 Villages c. Ahmadnagar District 03 Villages a) Solapur District. i) Madha Tehsil 04 Villages 1 Ujjani 2 Shiral 3 Foot Jawalgaon 4 Surli

5 61 ii) Karmala Tehsil 20 1 Dhokri 11 Ritewadi 2 Bitargaon (Wangi) 12 Ketur 3 Sangvi 13 Pomlwadi 4 Wangi 14 Khatgaon 5 Kandar 15 Goyagaon 6 Dhaigaon 16 Takli 7 Chikalthan 17 Kondarchincholi 8 Kugaon 18 Katraj 9 Songaon 19 Parewadi 10 Undargaon 2o Kavitgaon 9) Number of Villages land under submergence Total 82 Village a)solapur District 30 Villages b) Pune District: 38 Villages c) Ahmadnagar District 14 Villages a) Solapur District. i) Madha Tehsil 05 Villages 1 Ujjani 2 Shiras 2 Foot Jawalgaon 5 Surli 3 Akole (kh) ii) Karmala Tehsil 25 1 Dhokri 11 Ritewadi 2 Bitargaon (Wangi) 12 Ketur 3 Sangvi 13 Pomlwadi 4 Wangi 14 Khatgaon 5 Kandar 15 Goyagaon 6 Dhaigaon 16 Takli 7 Chikalthan 17 Kondarchincholi 8 Kugaon 18 Karjat 9 Songaon 19 Parewadi 10 Undargaon 2o Kavitgaon 21 Manjargaon 24 Kedgaon 22 Hingani 25 Umrad 23 Janti

6 62 10) Hydrology A) Average Annual Rainfall Near the dam site 500 mm B) Weighted Mean Annual Rainfall in the catchments 1) Maximum mm (At Lonawala) 2) Minimum mm (At Dound) 3) 75% dependable available at Ujjani dam site Total TMC U/S utilization TMC Net Available TMC 11) Annual Utilization on Planned : TMC 12) Storage 2359 mm 3 A) Gross TMC ( mm 3 ) B) Live TMC ( mm 3 ) C) Dead TMC ( mm 3) 13) Evaporation Losses A) Kharif 3.52 TMC B) Rabi 4.80 TMC C) Hot Water 7.68 TMC Total TMC 14) Controlling Levels of Dam (Meters) A) River Bed B) Outlets C) M.D.D.L D) F.R.L E) M.R.L F) T.B.L. i) Masonry ii) Earthen

7 63 15) Deepest Foundation Level (Meter) Masonry Earthen ) Maximum Height of the Dam (Meter) Masonry Earthen ) Length of the Dam (Meter) Masonry 914 Earthen 1626 Total ) Free Board (Meter) Masonry 3.42 Earthen ) Spilway A) Type - Ogee Shaped gate overflow section with Slotted roller Bucket type EDA B) Spilway Gates - 41 I) Size - 12 M (H) x 6.5 m (V) ii) Length m C) English Flood cum/sec. D) Design Flood cum/sec. E) Maximum Flood cum/sec. 20) Irrigation Outlet A) Location - Left Bank CH m to m B) Type of intake structure Conduits rectangular with slab on top. C) Outlet sill level m D) Operation Head i) Maximum m ii) Minimum m

8 64 E) Maximum design discharge 109 cum/sec. F) No. of Opening - 5 Nos. G) Size of Service gates cum/sec. H) Size of Emergency gate cum/sec. I) Type of operating arrangement - E.O.T.crane on the gantry J) Conduit - i) Type - Rectangular ii) Size x 3.50 m iii) Length m K) Type of emergency dissipation Arrangement Stilling Basin 21) Canals Length (Km) 1) Left Banks A) Main Bank (URBC) : 126 KM B) Branches : i) Begampur Branch 34 km ii) Kurul Branch 27 km iii) Mohol Branch 25 km iv) Karamba Branch 37 km C) Extension : i) Begampur 19 km ii) Kurul 38 km iii) Karamba 107 km 2) Right Banks A) Main Canal (URBC) : 112 km B) Branches : ---- C) Extension i) URBC - 23 km

9 65 22) Command Area - A) Flow Irrigation : hectares ULBLSBR URBCSBR TOTAL 1) Gross (G.C.A.) 1.33, ) Cultivated (CCA) 1.06,667 57, ) Irrigated B) Lift Irrigation : 34,883 hectare C) Actual Annual Irrigable : Cropped Area =Ica x Crop Coefficient + Lift Irrigation Cropped Area (Eight: Monthly cropped pattern) = = Hectares 23) Canal Details At a Canal Head At Ujjani Right Bank Canal A) Discharge 109 Cusecs Cusecs B) Bed width 24 meters meters C) Free Board 3.75 meters 3.25 meters D) Side Slope Bank 2:1 cutting in soil and soft strata 5:1 in rock 0.5:1 to0.25:1 E) Bed Slops 1 : 10,000 F) Value of N 0.02 (in situ concrete lining) 24) Total Revised Cost of the Project : Crore (Jan 2004) 25) Costs of Per Hector of ICA (Irrigated) : RS. 26) Ratio of Benefit cost of the Project : 1: 90 27) Additional Benefits A) Salopur city water supply 1.40 TMC B) Atomic Power Station 7.58 time C) Hydropower at Foot of Dam 12 MW D) Bhima Sina Link Canal Project 26 km (Underground Lenth:20.25km)

10 Organization of Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project The work of Bhima project is being carried out through two project circles and one command Area Development Authority each headed by one superintending Engineer Each Circle/Authority has 4 to 5 Division under each and each division has 4 to 7 Sub divisions for carrying out the work. The work construction of Dam. Power House, Left Bank Canal and canal Designs is entrusted to Bhima Project Circle and that of Ujjani Right Bank canal to Bhima circle. Irrigation management, maintaince of dam and canal system is looked after by CADA wing i.e. Command Area Development Authority. The following table 3.3 shows the organization of the Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project. Table.3.3 Organization of Bhima (Ujjani) Project Bhima Project Circle Bhima Canal Circle Solapur Command Area Development Authority Solapur Executive Engineer Executive Engineer Executive Engineer 1) Ujjani Canal Dn. No. I Bhimanagar - 5 Sub Dns. 2) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.II Solapur 6 Sub Dns. 3) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.III Solapur 5 Sub Dns. 4) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.X Pandharpur is sub Dns. 1) Ujjani Canal Dn.No. V Pandharpur -5 sub Dns. 2) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.VI Pandharpur -6 Sub.Dns. 3) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.VII Solapur 6 Sub.Dns. 4) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.IX Managalwedha-6 Sub.Dns. 1) Bhima Development Division Solapur 4 sub Dns. 2) Bhima Development Division No. II Solapur 4 sub Dns. 3) Bhima Irrigation Division Pandharpur 7 sub Dns. 4)Divisonal soil conservation Officer (L.D.)Solapur 6 Sub.Dns. 5) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.XI Solapur 7 Sub Dns. 6) Bhima Canal Designs Dn. Solapur Source Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project a Note on scope and status of the project only. Chief engineer Irrigation Development Pune 2005, P-7

11 Present Situation of Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project The Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project envisages construction of a composite dam across river Bhima tributary of river Krishna along with canal system to cater for irrigation in drought prone area of Solapur District (Shinde 2007). As per Administratively approved Project of The project contemplates utilization of 1942 mm3 of water irrigate 1, 21,440 hectors (in which 1, 12,940 hectors by canal i.e. flow irrigation and 8500 hectors by lift irrigation from back water. The cropping pattern for this project was perennial crops. The Government of Maharashtra decided in 1986, to adopt eight monthly cropping patterns to extend the facility of irrigation over larger area in Solapur district. Accordingly it is now proposed to utilize 2,386 mm3 (84.28Tmc) of water cater for 1, hectors. Irrigable area 1, 47,800 hectors by flow canal irrigation and 34,883 by lift irrigation from back water. The additional area would be available by extending branches taking off from Ujjani Left Bank Canal (ULBC) and extending Ujjani Right Bank Canal (URBC). The original cost of the project was 43 crores (1965). The latest cost of the project including extension and establishment was 1, crores at the end of March The cost of the project increasing day-by-day. So on 17 the January 2004 Government of Maharashtra has given green signal for the revised budget of Rs. 1, crores for remaining of the work Bhima (Ujjani) Project. The present irrigation position of the Bhima (Ujjani) project is as under. The area under irrigation by canal is shown in table 3.4 with perennial and eight monthly cropping patterns.

12 68 Sr. No. Name of the Canal Table Irrigation by canal and lift Lenth (Km) By perennial pattern (Area hect) By eight monthly cropping length. km Pattern Area Hect. 1 Ujjani Left Canal Ujjani Right Canal Begampur (Branch) Kurul (Branch) Mohol --Karamba Canal 6 Lift irrigation (back water) Total Source Bhima Project, Salient Features Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Division Pandharpur District Solapur 2004 P 1 to 5 The Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation project has divided into five canals i.e. Ujjani left canal Ujjani Right Canal Begampur Branch Canal, Kurul Branch Canal and Mohol Karamba Branch Canal with total length of 375 km total Irrigation 1,12,940 hectors by perennial cropping pattern and with length of 548 km and total irrigation 1,47,800 hectors by eight monthly cropping pattern.table3.4 In 1986, the Government of Maharashtra decided to adopt eight monthly cropping patterns to extend the maximum irrigation facilities in the agriculture in the Solapur District. Taluka wise irrigated area by eight monthly cropping pattern of Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation project is shown in the table 3.5

13 69 Sr.No. Table.3.5 Tehsilwise Irrigated Area by Flow (Canal) System. Tehsils No.of Benefited Village Area under irrigated Hectors Percentage 1 Madha Pandharpur Mohol Mangalwedha Malshiras North-Solapur South Solapur Akkalkot Total % Source - A Note on scope and status of the Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation project irrigation Development Pune 2005, P- 01 In the Solapur district the maximum beneficiaries are from Pandharpur and Mohol Tehsils. i.e. 73 villages from Pandharpur Tehsil and 56 villages from Mohol Tehsil. Near about hectors irrigation facilities (49.47per cent) has been sucked-up by the Pandharpur and Mohol Tehsil. While remaining (50.53per cent) (74683 hectors) irrigation facilities shared by Madha, Malshiras, Mangalwedha, North Solapur, South Solapur and Akkalkot Tehsils. (Fig. 3.3 A) Tehsilwise list of Benefited villages in Solapur District under flow (Canal) as under irrigation. (Appendix 3.1)

14 70 Sr. No. Table. 3.6 Tehsilwise Area under Lift Irrigation (Back Water.) District Taluka No. of Benefited Village Area under irrigation Hect. Percentage 1 Solapur Madha Solapur Karmala Solapur Source Bhima Project, salient feature Bhima (Ujjani) irrigation Division Pandharpur District solapur 2004, p-1 Benefited villages of lift irrigation of reservoir (Back water) of Bhima (Ujjani) irrigation project in two taluka Benefited villages of the district are shown in the graph. Karmala and Madha Tehsils beneficiaries of the irrigation by lift irrigation through reservoir (Back water) of Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project. District Tehsilswise lift of the Benefited villages under lift irrigation (Appendix 3.2) It is very clear that Mohol (12.17per cent) Pandharpur (18.86per cent) and Mangalwedha (14.18per cent) have been benefited maximum by canal irrigation then South Solapur, North solapur, Akkalkot Malshiras and Madha Tehsils have been benefited on descending order. Back water irrigation is (11.11per cent) (18488 hect.) And the beneficiaries are Karmala, Madha tehsils(table- 3.6). Fig. 3.3 B shows the tehsil wise area under by lift (Backwater) of Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project. There is maximum shares of Karmala Taluka (Dist Solapur) in which the maximum share of (73.58per cent) Lift irrigation has been absorbed by Karmala Taluka. While very minimum share of madha tehsil is (26.41per cent) to the total lift irrigation of Bhiama (Ujjani) Irrigation Project. (Fig. 3.3 B) 3.6 Land Use Pattern And Changes Land is the most important natural resource of a country and the best base for agricultural production. The land surface is fixed and of this only a

15 71 certain proportion is available for cultivation. It is necessary to ascertain the extent to which land, now lying waste can become available for cultivation (Gurjar 1987).Therefore land utilization is necessary for agricultural development and planning. Land use is a Geographical concept since it involves specific areas. The land use study in its spatial context is essential to understand the regionalization of the areas of optimum land use degraded areas etc. (Shinde, 1988). Efficient use of land depends on the capacity of man to utilize the land and manage it in proper perspective. Thus utilization of land for different purposes indicates an intimate relationship between prevailing ecological conditions and man. (Pawar, 1989). In many such schemes activity on the land has been the major criterion for the classifying land use which essentially a quantitative rather than quantitative variable (Phule 2002). Land classification is based largely on the use of land (Ali Mahamad, 1978). Census of India has classified land utilization in nine different categories, but in the present study they have been grouped into five major categories, as the percentage of area under individual categories is relatively insignificant. The land in the region has been divided into five major land use categories. Namely forest land not available for cultivation other uncultivated land, fallow land and net area sown. Table 3.7 Solapur District General Land use Pattern to Sr. No. I Land use Category Non Cultivable land Area in Hect Percentag Area in Hect Percentage Change 1) Forest ) Area Not Available for cultivation A) Land under non Agriculture use B) Barren and uncultivable land

16 72 II Cultivable Land 3) Net Area sown ) Fallow land A Current fallow B Other fallow ) Other uncultivated land A) Cultivable waste land B) Per meant pasture C) Others Source-Socio Economic Review and Statically Abstract Solapur District Forest This category includes all areas actually under forests whether state or private owned and classified or administrative as forests under any legal enactment dealing with the forests. The study region has very insignificant area under forest mostly arid and scrub patches are recorded. The forest area is noted in ranges and upland areas old as well newly planted forests fail in Malshiras, Sangola, South solapur, and North Solapur, Madha, Karmala, Barshi, Pandarpur and Mangalwedha tehsils. Forest occupies about 2.14 percent of the total geographical area in the district. This is less than the state average of per cent. There are remarkable variations at tehsil levels ranging from 0.00 percent in Akkalkot tehsil. To over 6.00 percent and 4 to 6 percent in Pandharpur, Mangalwedha and above 2 percent in Karmala, North Solapur has under forest. Fig. No The large scale variations marked in the pattern show that the region has under gone some changes in the forest cover. Varying from 0.02 to above 5 percent increase. The notable increase in forest cover has taken place only in Mangalwedha (5.50 percent) where as remarkable decrease in the forest is recorded in Sangola (over 3.94 per cent) Elsewhere no significant change is observed.

17 Land Not Available For Cultivation This category includes the land put to non agricultural use, barren land uncultivable land. Area under non agricultural uses comprises the area under settlements roads, railway, embarkments, canals tanks and burial cremation play camping etc. whereas Barren and uncultivable lands are those covered by barren out crops of rocky hills, swamps, silted lands old quarry pits, sand deserts, river beds, torrents ravines etc. in another words this is the land which can not be brought under cultivation 5.30 per cent area belongs to this category which is much less as compared to Maharashtra State average 9.47 per cent. There are notable variations in the distribution of land under this category. Mohol tehsil ranks first (12.27 per cent), Karmala (6.96 per cent). North Solapur and Pandharpur have substantial proportion above the region average of 5.74 per cent of area under this category which is followed by Sangola (9.25 per cent) Which is followed by Madha and Akkalkot have recorded less proportion of land (below 3 per cent) under this category (Table -3.7). No uniform pattern of change in land this category is observed in the distribution of area involved in change. High increase in area under this category has been found in Mohol, Sangola and South Solapur (over 2 per cent) Less than 2 per cent positive change is observed in Barshi, Pandharpur, Mangalwedha tehsils, to other end decrease under this category is confined to Malshiras (over 2 per cent) followed by Akkalkot (3.66). North Solapur (11.37), Malshiras (17.08) negligible change in area under this category is observed in Karmala, Pandharpur, Mangalwedha and Madha (Fig-3.5) Other Uncultivated Land (Excluding Fallow Land) This category of land consists of 1) culturable waste 2) Permant pasture and 3) Land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves. Culturable waste land includes the land which can be brought under cultivation for some times but which has been not cultivated successively for more than 5 years. The category of land under miscellaneous tree crops includes land under casuarina trees grass, bamboo bushes or other trees used for fuel. Actually this land is

18 74 put to some agricultural use but the areal extent of it is not included in the category for net sown area. Total area under this land use category accounts to 5.09 per cent, in the district, Which is less than State overage of 7.99 per cent. Regional distribution under this category varies from less than 2 per cent to over 12 per cent. Malshiras has recorded highest percentage (12.76 per cent) of area under this category can be found in Northern tehsils of the district. Rests of tehsils have insignificant area under this category (Fig-3.6). Spatial distribution of volume of change in uncultivated land is largely uneven. Maximum increase in area involved in change is found in two tehsils i.e. Madha and Sangola(0.38, 3.43 per cent respectively) Rest of tehsils recorded decrease in area under this category amongst which Akkalkot, North Solapur, Malshiras, Barshi, Mohol and Karmala have very high negative change (over 2 per cent to above 4 percent) Fallow Land The tern fallow is applied to land not under plough at the time of reporting but which has been sown in the past. The span of period for which a land remains fallow is different in various parts of the district. Because of scarcity conditions in all aspects extent of fallow land various in respect to time and space. Two types of fallow lands viz. current fallow and other fallow are considered by the agricultural census in India. For the present study, these two categories of fallow land with on average of per cent of the total geographical area which is more than the state average of 7.39 per cent (Fig- 3.7). South Western part of the district recorded high percentage (over 15 per cent) of area under this category, where in Mengalwedha ranks first (over 16 percent). In eastern part of the study region Malshiras, Barshi, North Solapur, Pandharpur, South solapur Akkalkot record over 12 per cent land as fallow. Rest of the tehsils i.e. Madha, Karmala, Mohol and Sangola have higher proportion of fallow land that the state average. Percentage of fallow land in Solapur district decrease from Southwest to northeast.field work of the study

19 75 indicates that since the adoption of sturdy commercial fruit crops turns in to the best way of available resource optimization, farmers of the region have given up unprofitable dry land cropping i.e. Bajara, pulses and other cereal crops thinking it is better to keep fallow land instead of accepting risk. This has resulted in existence if fallow land in western low rainfall areas. During the period under review it is observed that substantial proportion of area is involved in change. Highest increase in the area under this category has been found in Madha, South Solapur and Akkalkot (over 4 per cent) followed by North Solapur, Malshiras (over 0-4 per cent) increase in area under this category. Low proportion of area under this category is found in Pandharpur, Karmala, Mohol, Barshi, Sangola decrease in area under fallow condition could well be attributed in the attitude of farmers to abend the cultivated land which is not at all productive Net Sown Area This category constitutes the extent of the cropped land in any region. This is of vital significance in studies relating to agricultural geography. The net area sown is the actual area under crops sown once in the same year. In Solapur district net sown area occupies the largest share i.e per cent of the regions. Geographical area which is more than state average per cent. River valleys of the district are well suited for agricultural practices. Although less productive, the land on plateau and hill slopes has also been brought under plough (Fig-3.8). The out standing proportion of this category is observed in two tehsils namely Akkalkot and Madha (over 80 per cent) other areas with higher percentage area in existence in Barshi, Mohol, South Soalpur, Pandharpur over 76 percent Low propitiation of this category (Below 68 percent) is found in Mangalwedha per cent. This is again less than state average. As discussed earlier, this low proportion of net sown area in this tehsils is the result of change in attitude of farmers pertaining to available water land

20 76 resource optimization. Therefore naturally the proportion of net sown area has been restricted at lowest level in the region. Region as whole except Mohol, Akkalkot, Mangalwedha, Madha, South Solapur tehsils experience decrease area under this category in significant increase (up to 0 per cent to 4 per cent) is found in Pandharpur and Barshi, Karmala, North Solapur, Malshiras, Sangola over 4 per cent. The proportion of cultivated area has increased by 3.1 per cent which is under fallow and systems decreased (0.42 per cent) during investigation period for going analysis reveals that through region has sound proportion (75.68 per cent) of cultivated area compared to state average the scarcity conditions have hampered the intensification and utilization of net sown area considerably. Regional variation in this category is the effect of total adversity condition. Ranks Land use and Ranking For the present study area under investigation has been divided into five major categories (Table 3.8) Table. 3.8 Land use pattern and Its Ranking in Solapur District. Forest A.N.A.C. O.U.L.E.F. Fallow N.S.A. % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of % No. of Tehsils Tehsils Tehsils Tehsils Tehsils 1 > 12 1 > 12 1 > 12 1 > 16 1 > < 3 5 < 3 4 < 3 4 < 4 - < 68 1 Source- Bureau of Economic and Studies Govt. of Maharashtra, Social economic review and District statistical abstracts of Solapur District pp Forest: On the total geographical area about 2.14 percent area belongs to this category. Mangalwadha tehsil recording 6.20 percent under this head ranks

21 77 first. This is due to the hilly nature and heavy rainfall of the area. tehsil ranks second with 5.84 percent area under forest. Next to Karmala, North Solapur ranks third sharing 2 to 4 percent area under forest. Madha, Barshi, Malshiras, South Solapur, sangola, mohol the Major tehsils were record the lowest percentage area under this head. 2. Area Not Available For Cultivation 5.30 percent of the geographical area in the district belongs to this category. Mohol ranks first with percent and Sangola second with 9.25 percent this head mainly because of higher percentage under barren and unculturable land. Karmala ranks third with 6.96 percent and (3 to 6 percent) under this fourth ranks in Barshi, North Solapur, Pandharpur, Malshiras, Manglwedha, Sangola tehsil. Akkalkot and Madha tehsils have less than 3 percent area under this category 3. Other Uncultivated Land Excluding Fallow Only 5.09 percent land in the study area belongs to this category. Through this is cultivable land, it is not cultivated because of physical constraints like deep rooted grass, erosive action of streams low fertility of soil etc. Malshiras tehsil with percent of the land area in this category ranks first. Sangola tehsil being second with percent (3 to 6 percent) under this fourth ranks in Karmala. Madha, Barshi, Mangalwedha and Akkalkot tehsils.elsewhere it is less than 3 percent. 4. Fallow land percent of the total geographical area in the district comes under this head. Mangalwedha ranks first with percent and south Solapur Akkalkot, Malshiras, Pandharpur, Barshi North Solapur tehsils share 12 to 16 percent in this category where rainfall is sufficient. Elsewhere it is less than 12 percent in Mohol Madha, Sangola, and Karmala tehsils 5. Net Sown Area Of all the categories of land use this category occupies the largest area viz percent with shows the dominance of agricultural activity in the

22 78 region. Madha and Akkalkot tehsils rank first occupying more than 80 percent land under this category because of negligible area under forest and cultivable waste land. Barshi, Mohol, South Solapur tehsils were second ranks 76 to 80 percent under this head. Karmala North Solapur, Pandharpur, sangola tehsils with 72 to 76 percent land. Fig.3.9 Where as Malshiras and Mangalvedha tehsils have below 72 percent area under this category. 3.7 Cropping Pattern and Changes Cropping pattern is the proportion of area under various crops at a point of time (Kanwar, 1972). However, this dynamic concept indicates that no agricultural land use pattern is ideal and good for all times to come (Chavan, 1987). It undergoes certain changes with adoption of innovations. It is also guided by physical cultural and technological factors. Thus utilization of land for different purposes indicates an intimate relationship between prevailing ecological conditions and man. (Pawar, 1989). The cropping pattern depends on a number of inputs of which irrigation is an important one. Changes in cropping pattern refer to change in proportion of area under different crops at two different times. Such changes are governed by ecological situation. However, Social economic and technological factors also determine the choice of the feasible crops by the farmers. In case of irrigated crops, the choices are directly governed by the specific purpose for which the irrigated crops, the choices are directly governed by the specific purpose for which the irrigated crops are to be grown and these are also conditioned by the geographical factors and modified by the emergent, social and economic circumstances (Memoria 1979). The ensuring section therefore, deals with the cropping pattern and changes there in for individual crops in particular and irrigated crops in general in the region. The area under study grows a variety of crops, but they are generally, classified as food and non food crops as below: A) Food Crops 1. Food Grains Cereals and Pulses

23 79 2. Non Food Grains Sugarcane, Fruits and Vegetables (Cash Crops) condiments and species. B) Non Food Crops- 3. Oil Seeds 4. Fibers 5. Drugs and Medicine (Narcotics) 6. Fodders. In the study area food crops occupy the largest area ( hectares) which is about percent of the total cropped area. Among food grains (60.78%) is the largest crop following by Jowar. Other food grains occupy very small proportion of area. Among non food grains sugarcane has now attained significant proportion i.e. 74,407 hectares of cultivated area (6.33%). Among non-food crops Groundnut (1.87%), Sunflower (4.17%) and fodder (1.72%) occupy dominant place. Other non food crops occupy insignificant area in the cropping pattern. There are remarkable changes in the cropping pattern of the study region during the period under investigation. The total area involved change is 5.87 percent (Table.3.9) No Sr.. A Table 3.9 Cropping Pattern of the Solapur District Name of Type of Crop Percentage Percentage Volume of Change Cereals 1 Rice Wheat Jowar Bajara Maize Other Cereal Crops Total Cereal crops B Pulses 1 Gram Tur Other pulses Total pulses Total Good grains

24 80 C Cash Crops 1 Sugarcane Cotton Other Masala Crop Fruits &vegetables Other Cash Crops Total Cash Crops D Oil Seeds 1 Groundnut Sunflower NA NA Kardai NA NA - 4 Other Oil seeds Total oil seeds E Medicine & Drug 1 Tobacco crop NA NA - 2 Other Total Medicine & Drug Crop F Cattle Crops &Other crops G Total non food crops H Ground Total Irrigated under Different Crops Source Socio-economic review and statistical abstract of Solapur District ( to ) Wheat Wheat is a rabbi crop and requires winter temperature between 10 to 20 o C.It can also be grown in areas where rainfall is less than 500 mm. with the help of irrigation in the study region post monsoon rainfall is not sufficient for maximum production. The extent of irrigation provided to this crop determines its areal extent and yielding capacity. Wheat occupies only 4.33 per cent of the total cropped area of Solapur district. Which is in Pandharpur tehsil followed by Malshiras and North Solapur tehsils were irrigation facilities have been developed. Moderate proportion of area under these crops is observed in Karmala, South Solapur and Mohol also and low proportion of area under this crop Madha, Barshi, Sangola, Mangalwedha, Akkalkot (Fig-3.10). In case of wheat cultivation no major change is observed in the district. The analysis shows that hectare under wheat has increased from 4.18 percent to

25 per cent during the period under investigation. Noteworthy decrease can be found in Madha, Karmala, Mangalwedha and Mohol followed by Barshi. Trend of farmers in the region is to bring new irrigated land under sugarcane cultivation Jowar Jowar ranks first in the cropping pattern of the study region. It is grown as dry land and irrigated crop. Jowar is a staple food which is grown both Kharif and Rabbi Season crop. This also provides dry fodder. Due to extra ordinary quality Jowar of this region is famous as Barshi and Mangalwedha Jowar all over India. It shares high percentage above 65 percent of Madha and Mengalwedha of cropped area under this crop. Moderate proportion of area under this category is observed in 55 to 65 is Karmala, Barshi, North Solapur, Mohol, Malshiras, South Solapur, Akkalkot, and less than 55 per cent is observed to Pandharpur, Sangola cropped area under this crop. In case of Jowar cultivation no salient change is observed at regional level. But tehsil level analysis reveals considerable fluctuation. In the study region the area under Jowar has decreased from hectares (4.18) to ( hectares) (4.33) in total cropped area. Which is the case in Pandharpur, Karmala,Madha,Akkalkot, Barshi, North Solapur, Mangalwedha, Mohol tehsils. Actually these northern and eastern parts of the district are traditional Jowar growing tracts. Since development of irrigation facilities at present the farmers of these tehsils have switch over to cultivation of commercial crops. Striking increase in hectare under this crop (12.27 per cent) is found in Sangola followed by South Solapur (6.56 per cent). It is largely due to introduction of High Yield Variety Jowar seeds, which are gain drought registrant but Superior cereal crop (Fig-3.11).

26 Bajara It is the most drought - resistant crop requiring less amount of rainfall (350 to 450 mm.) sustaining on shallow, black lighter soil or inferior land about 4.53 per cent of the total cropped area of the district is under Bajara. The principal Bajara growing zone falls to South-western. Western and North eastern part of the study region. However the area under Bajara has decreased from (6.09 per cent) to (4.53 per cent) during the period under investigation. It is more than 36.5 per cent in overall study region except Malshiras. Area under this crop has increased in Malshiras tehsil hect. (18.33 percent) and Sangola tehsil hect. (12.03 per cent) of Bajara and Karmala 7339 hect. (5.95 percent) areas. The resean lies in the introduction of H.Y.V. of Bajara grown on irrigated land. Except other tehsils hectarage under this crop in the region has decreased and also its share has lost. But at tehsil level of proportion exceeds percent in the Malshiras tehsil and Sangola, 9.06per cent Karmala 2.82per cent increased. Decreased in area under this crop is also observed in Akkalkot, South Solapur, Mohol and Mangalwedha is decreased in Bajara Cropping. It rest tehsils in significant change in area under this crop is observed (Fig-3.12) Sugarcane Sugarcane is a one of the important cash crops in the region. It occupies per cent of gross irrigated area and 6.33 per cent of gross cropped area. It ranks second among irrigated crops. First to Jowar major percentage of sugarcane. Cultivating area rests in north-west and central part of the district. Which at present is in Sangola (19.54 per cent), Pandharpur (13.89 per cent) North Soalpur (9.38 per cent) South Solapur (6.52 per cent) and Mohol (5.57per cent), Akkalkot (5.81 per cent) tehsils, where canal and lift irrigation facilities are developed (Fig-3.13). It was observed that a hectare under this crop has increased more than four times during the period under review. Note worthy increase in hectare (from above 4 percent) has taken place in Pandharpur, North Solapur, South

27 83 Solapur, Sangola, Mohol and Akkalkot is mainly due to increase in perennial water sources from Ujjani Canal for Pandharpur, Mohol, Karmala, Malshiras tehsil. The reason of which is the benefit from Ujjani Irrigation project Oil Seeds Oil seeds grown in the region include groundnut, sunflower, Kardai and other. Among that groundnut and sunflower is important oil seeds all together constitute about 7.91 percent to the total cropped area out of which sunflower shares 4.17 percent. It is cultivated as separate or inter crop with rain fed Jowar in rabbi season. South Solapur records highest proportion of the area under this crop (14.59 per cent) followed by Akkalkot (14.03 per cent) Karmala (13.37 per cent) and North Solapur (11.09 per cent) Groundnut is another important oil seed of the region. Occupies 1.87 percent to the total cropped area. North Solapur having top position records 5.12 per cent to the total cropped area followed by South Solapur (2.96 per cent), Akkalkot (2.15 percent) Mangalwedha (1.74 per cent), Mohol (1.75 per cent) and Barshi (1.65 percent). Remaining tehsils of region have negligible area under this crop (Fig-3.14). The area under oil seeds has been increased from (7.79 per cent) to (7.91 per cent) during the period under review. This increase in area under oils seeds is confined to South Solapur (6.28 per cent), North Solapur (5.31per cent), Akkalkot (4.62 per cent), Barshi (3.01 per cent), Mohol (0.02 per cent) and other tehsils were decreased area under this crop. In fact area under Sunflower which is the traditional oil seeds of the region has decreased. However, the farmers of these tehsils in declined to grow High Yielding Verities of sunflower and other oil seeds. Other oil seeds except sunflower and groundnut are cultivated in large scale. Therefore the hectare under other oil seeds has increased more than 1.68 times. The area under groundnut has decreased by 0.64 per cent during the period under review. Akkalkot (8.95per cent), South Solapur (8.92per cent) tehsils where under sunflower has total cropped area and moderate area Barshi (5per cent),

28 84 North Solapur (6.38 per cent), Malshiras (3.36per cent). Remaining tehsils of the region have negligible area under this crop. This increase has taken place largely because of Ujjani Irrigation Project. Since availability of assured irrigation facilities in Barshi, Mohol, South Solapur, Mangalwedha and Malshiras tehsils Pulses Pulses grown in the region include Tur, Gram, and Mug etc. Tur is an important pulse for live stock and human being as a nutritive food. It is also constitutes important Chain in rotation system of crops from the view point of soil management tur a Kharif crop is generally grown as rain fed crop and rarely supplemented by irrigation. It shares about 8.08 percent of the total cropped area. The principal growing areas of tur are the northeast and eastern parts of the region. During the period under investigation tur it has lost the hectare under it from hectares 4.86 percent hectares (2.75 per cent). Major decrease in the area under this crop has experienced in South Solapur, North Solapur, Akkalkot, Madha and Barshi. Which are traditional growing tehsils of tur. North Solapur and other tehsils negligible area under this crop Decrease in area under tur indicates. The changing tendency of farmers to grow other commercial along with Sugarcane (Fig-3.15). Gram is grown in rabbi and Kharif season. Occupy about hectares (2.69 percent) of total cropped area. These crop are sown as inter crop and largely rain fed. The regional variation in cultivation of gram pulses is largely influenced by agro climatic and edaphic condition. It varies from Barshi (5.60per cent), Sangola (4.54per cent), South Solapur (3.27per cent), Malshiras (2.63per cent), Mohol (2.58per cent), Mangalwedha (2.63per cent).in general proportion of area under these crops increases from west to east particularly Barshi is having highest area under these pulses in the district. The area under pulses has decreased from hectares (13.98 per cent) to hectares (8.08 per cent) during the period under investigation. It has been observed major decrease in area under traditional pulses like math,

29 85 black gram is considerable. Major decrease in hectare under pulses is found in Madha (2.03 per cent), Karmala (1.16 per cent), Pandharpur (0.6 percent), and Akkalkot (0.56 per cent). It is largely due to shift towards crops like sugarcane, Jowar, Maize, fruits etc. 3.8 Irrigated Cropping Pattern and Changes Irrigation is one of the important basic inputs which support adoption of agricultural innovations such as H.Y.V. new commercial fruit crops machineries chemical fertilizers and overall development of agriculture as well. In case of Irrigated crops the choices are directly governed by specific purpose for which irrigated crops are to be grown. These are also conditioned by geographical factors and modified by the emergent social and economic circumstances (Memoria 1979) present section the irrigated cropping pattern and changes there in some important individual crops of the study region Jowar Jowar shares about percent of the irrigated land which is more than the state average of percent over 40 percent of irrigated land is covered under this crop in Mangalwedha and Barshi tehsil followed by Malshiras (35.24per cent), Karmala (31.61 per cent), Pandharpur (27.09per cent), Madha (28.27per cent) tehsil 15 to 25 percent of irrigated land shared by Jowar in North Solapur, Mohol and Sangola tehsil. Less than 15 per cent irrigated areas have been brought under Jowar in South Solapur tehsil.

30 86 Sr. No. Table Changing Irrigated Cropping Pattern in Solapur District. Name of Crops Area in hect % of GCA Area in hect. % of GCA Changes 1 Rice Wheat Jawar Bajara Other cereals NA NA - 6 Total cereals Gram Other pulses NA NA Total pulses Total Food Grains Sugarcane Cotton Masala crop Fruit &Vegetables Total cash crops Oil seed crops Groundnut Sunflower Total oil seeds Medicine and drug crops 21 Tobacco Total Medicine and Drug crop 23 Total Nonfood crops Grass Irrigated area % % - Source-Socio Economic Review and Statically Abstract Solapur District

31 Sugarcane Sugarcane grown on irrigated area occupies only per cent of total irrigated land and ranks second among the irrigated crops. Major percentage of irrigated land under sugarcane lies in the central belt extended from Malshiras to the west and Akkalkot to the east where Malshiras (50.09 per cent) and Pandharpur (30.04 per cent) tehsils ranking in respect of proportion of irrigated area followed by Akkalkot (28.42 per cent), North Solapur (27.47per cent), Mohol (26.72 per cent) and Karmala (19.80 per cent) tehsils (Table-3.10) Wheat Although wheat occupies only about 4.33 percent cropped area it shares per cent of the total irrigated area. Highest irrigated area under this crop lies into Malshiras (24.28 per cent) followed by Pandharpur (19.53 per cent), Karmala (14.66 per cent) and South Solapur (11.14 per cent). Rest of the tehsils of the region is using less than 10 per cent of total irrigated land for this crop Oil Seeds Oil seeds share per cent out of total irrigated area in the region where as Groundnut (5.75 per cent) and Sunflower (4.74 per cent) as major accompanied. Large area in this regard lies in south Solapur (Over 18 percent) followed by (19.27 percent) and Akkalkot (18.60 per cent) Moderate proportion is found in Madha (15.52 per cent), Barshi (15.43 per cent), Mangalwedha (14.25 per cent), North Solapur (16.61 per cent) where as less than 12 percent area is observed in central part of the region. Negligible area is observed in the tehsils situated at Mohol (11.34 per cent), Karmala (10.39 per cent), Pandharpur (2.68 per cent), Malshiras (5.48 per cent), Sangola (4.38 per cent), and Recent of this cropped area.

32 Cash Crops Fruit share hectares (4.94 percent) out of total irrigated area in this region and vegetables occupies about 0.10 per cent cropped area and it shares about hectares 4.54 per cent of the total irrigated area. 30 percent of area of fruit crop contributed by central and south western part of the region. Where as moderate proportion of irrigated area under these crops percent is observed in north eastern and eastern tehsils. Low proportion of irrigated area under fruit crop is noted in Pandharpur tehsil where as north western tehsils viz malshiras and Karmala show very low proportion of irrigated area under these crops (Table-3.10) Bajara 2.43 Percent of total irrigated area is shared by this crop along with 2.15 percent decrease in irrigated area during the period under investigation. The Major volume changes in this regard have occurred in Sangola (0.17 per cent) crop area increased Karmala (4.52 per cent),pandharpur (3.45 per cent),sangola (0.17 per cent).irrigated crop area decreased Malshiras (1.17per cent) It is largely due to introduction of H.Y.V. seeds and inclination of farmers to cultivate. Superior variety providing irrigation.. The area under Bajara cultivation has decreased from 4.33 to 2.43 percent during period under investigation. It is due to the tendency of farmer to switch over to commercial crop like Sugarcane from traditional cereal crops like Bajara and as soon as the land is irrigated Ujjani Irrigation Project from canal lift irrigation facilities developed. 3.9 Over All Changes in Agricultural Land Use A change in the agricultural land use implies a change in the proportion of area under different crops at two different times (Pawar, 1989). As such the amount of area involved in change for each areal unit (tehsil/taluka) is calculated for individual crop and the crops of leading increase and decrease are marked. In order to measure the quantitative change (weaver s Index 1954)