Orchard Floor Management Options in Olive Orchards. Tom Lanini University of California, Davis

Transcription

1 Orchard Floor Management Options in Olive Orchards Tom Lanini University of California, Davis

2 Weed Control Options Mulches Cultivation Flaming Bio-control (animals) Herbicides

3 Mulches Act by blocking light Numerous organic and synthetic materials can be used for this purpose

4 Light (%) under various amounts of straw mulch Light (% of full light) Mulch (tons/acre)

5 March 9, 2004

6 March 9, 2004

7 May 17, 2005

8 Aug. 4, 2004

9 Nov. 11, 2004

10 May 17, 2005

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12 String trimmer damage?? Rodents???

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14 Cultivation Best when weeds are small < 4 in. Dry conditions after cultivation help to prevent re-rooting Shallow cultivation reduces the quantity of new seeds brought to the surface

15 Weed Seed Emergence relative to Depth (inches) Optimum depth Maximum depth Wild oat Shepherdspurse Lambsquarters Crabgrass Foxtail Chickweed King 1966

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21 Bezzerides Vineyard Berm Rake

22 Weed Badger

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24 Night Cultivation? Some studies have found that cultivation at night reduces weed germination GPS guided systems (?) Better results after repeat treatments At worst, you lose a little sleep

25 Cultivation Perennial Weeds Difficult to control! Don t let them get started! Cultivate 3-4 below the soil surface to reduce root carbohydrate Repeat cultivation at 2 to 3 week intervals during the growing season

26 Propane Flamers Kills weeds like a contact herbicide Treated leaves go from a glossy to a mat finish Fuel cost??

27 Just prior to flaming

28 5 minutes after flaming

29 0 minutes fter flaming

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37 Animal Biocontrol Sheep, goats, and geese all will graze on the weeds The animals can possibly be hired from a company that rents the animals for this purpose. E. coli?

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40 Organic Herbicides Registered for Food Use C-Cide Green Match O Matran EC Acetic Acid Weed Zap Green Match EX Not Registered for Food Use Racer Raps Scythe All are contact type herbicides no residual activity

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42 0.25% v/v Natural Wet 35 gallons per acre spray volume

43 16 Days after treatment

44 For Control of Annual and Broadleaf Weeds In Non-Crop Areas ACTIVE INGREDIENT: d-limonene 70% INERT INGREDIENTS: % Total...100% KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN CAUTION EPA Reg. No EPA Est. No GA-1 Manufactured by: Cutting Edge Formulations, Inc Bristol Industrial Way Buford, GA (866) 906-WEED DIRECTIONS FOR USE: It is a violation of Federal Law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. General information: GREENMATCH O is a broad spectrum weed killer that contains a citrus extract. It is non-selective and controls most annual weeds, both grasses and broadleaves. For best performance, complete coverage of target weeds is necessary. Spray until thoroughly wet. It is recommended for non-food areas such as borders, driveways, sidewalks, around mature trees and ornamentals, around buildings, in greenhouses and around flower beds.

45 0.25% v/v Natural Wet 35 gallons per acre spray volume

46 6 DAT 10% v/v 70 gallons per acre spray volume

47 6 DAT 17.5% v/v 70 gallons per acre spray volume

48 Matran EC EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE NO REENTRY INTERVAL Ingredients in this product meet the requirements of the USDA National Organic Program Active Ingredients: Clove Leaf Oil % Other Ingredients* % Total % *Wintergreen Oil, Butyl Lactate, and Lecithin

49 0.25% v/v Natural Wet 35 gallons per acre spray volume

50 Matran EC 14 DAT 5% v/v + 2.5% humasol 35 gallons per acre spray volume

51 Matran EC 14 DAT 10% v/v + 2.5% humasol 35 gallons per acre spray volume

52 Matran EC 10% 4-5 leaf mustard

53 Acetic Acid

54 Acetic Acid 14 DAT 10% v/v + 0.1% yucca extract 70 gallons per acre spray volume

55 cetic Acid 14 DAT 15% v/v + 0.1% yucca extract 70 gallons per acre spray volume

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58 0.25% v/v Natural Wet 35 gallons per acre spray volume

59 16 Days after treatment

60 Untreated

61 All the organic herbicides are weak on grasses

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63 Organic surfactants

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66 Racer

67 GreenMatch EX

68 GreenMatch EX

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70 GreenMatch EX 10% 70 GPA 1% NuFilm P

71 Racer 10% 35 GPA

72 Raps 15% 35 GPA 1% NuFilm P

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75 Raw Color Image Binary Image Eroded Image Spray Map Green=Cotton Blue=Protection Zone Red=Weed

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77 Raw Image Analyzed Image Robot Spray Results Computer Identified Weeds Marked with an X Spray Shown in BLUE

78 Organic Herbicides Good spray coverage is essential 70 GPA?? Organic surfactants improve weed control Treat when weeds are small Repeat applications?? Don t throw away the hoe

79 Herbicides Registered in Olives Herbicide PRE POST Tree age Diuron X bearing Flumioxazin X nonbearing Isoxaben X nonbearing Napropamide X nonbearing and bearing Oryzalin X nonbearing and bearing Oxyfluorfen X X nonbearing and bearing Simazine X bearing Trifluralin X nonbearing Shark X nonbearing and bearing Clethodim, Fluazifop, Sethoxydim X nonbearing Glyphosate X nonbearing and bearing Paraquat X nonbearing and bearing

80 Weed Susceptibility to PRE Herbicides Diuron Karmex Oryzalin Surflan Oxyfluorfen Goal Simazine Princep Napropamid Devrinol Flumioxazin Chateau-nb Bindweed N N N N N N Filaree C P C C C C Horseweed P N P C N C Malva P P C P P C Mustard C P C C P C Nutsedge N N N N N N Spurge N C N N N - Willowherb N P C N N C Bermuda grass N N N N N N

81 Weed Susceptibility to POST Herbicides Carfentrazone Glyphosate Paraquat Sethoxydim Shark Roundup Gramoxone Poast Bindweed P P N N Filaree - P P C Horseweed N C* P C Malva C P P P Mustard P C C C Nutsedge N P N N Spurge - C C N Willowherb - P N N Bermuda grass N C N N

82 Preemergence Herbicides Sprayed on the soil to control germinating weed seeds Do not control established perennials Must be incorporated 1-3 inches into soil by rain or irrigation water Can be effective for several weeks to a year Duration of weed control depends on several conditions soil properties yearly rainfall frequency and methods of irrigation weed species dosage applied

83 Postemergence Herbicides Used on established weeds Contact Herbicides (ex. Paraquat, carfentrazone) kill only the plant parts that are actually sprayed most effective when applied to young plants easier to get good coverage less material is needed Translocated Herbicides (ex. glyphosate) more effective on perennials than contact herbicides travel from the sprayed part to the rest of the weed Combination (pre-&post-emergence) treatments may be most effective

84 Watch for Phytotoxicity! Factors causing herbicides to harm nontarget plants: tendency of some materials to drift, volatize application rate of application is too high for the soil type (leaching) over-spray settles on trees through sloppy application thin bark of young trees is vulnerable especially watch glyphosate, oxyfluorfen, simazine

85 Prevention Avoid letting weeds go to seed Do not let weeds come in on equipment

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