The U.S. beef industry

Transcription

1 CONTROL OF ESTRUS AND OVULATION IN BEEF HEIFERS AND COWS The U.S. beef industry Challenges Aging producer population A segmented industry steeped in tradition Rising input costs Declining inventory Increasing global competition Perceived lack of incentives DJ Patterson, JM Thomas, and MF Smith Division of Animal Sciences University of Missouri The U.S. beef industry Reasons Beef Producers in the U.S. Cite for not Using Reproductive Procedures (NAHMS, ) Opportunities.. On-the-shelf technology not being used (that works) Increasing domestic & global demand for high-quality beef Marketing incentives that will add value 3 % 1 Estrus synchronization Time/labor BEEF COW PROTOCOLS - HEAT DETECTION Select Synch BEEF HEIFER PROTOCOLS - HEAT DETECT & TIME (T) HEAT DETECTION Select Synch & T 1 Shot Heat detect and day to 1 and T all non-responders hr after with at T. 13 Heat detect and days to 3. Administer CIDR to non-responders and heat detect and days 9 to. Protocol may be used in heifers day CO-Synch + Perform T at ± hr after CIDR removal with at T. Two injections of ± hr apart are required for this protocol. -day CO-Synch + -day - Perform T at ± hr after CIDR removal with at T. Two injections of ± hr apart are required for this protocol. ± hr.. ± hr.. ± hr.. ± hr.. * The time listed for Fixed-time should be considered as the approximate average time of insemination. This should be based on the number of cows to inseminate, labor, and facilities. Approved ARSBC Beef Reproduction Task Force ± hr 3 Perform T at ± hr after with at T d ± hr 3 * The times listed for Fixed-time should be considered as the approximate average time of insemination. This should be based on the number of heifers to inseminate, labor, and facilities. Cystorelin, Factrel, Fertagyl, OvaCyst Cystorelin, Factrel, Fertagyl, OvaCyst estroplan, Estrumate, In-Synch, Lutalyse, ProstaMate... 1 d - ± hr.. ± hr.. 9 Perform T at ± hr after CIDR removal with at T. Two injections of ± hr apart are required for this protocol. Perform T at ± hr after with at T... ± hr.. 3 Heat detect & -day CO-Synch + 1 Long-term Protocols Perform T at ± hr after with at T. -day CO-Synch hr.. 3 FIXED-TIME (T)*.. - hr.. Heat detect and day 3 to and T all non-responders hrs after with at T. CIDR 1 d.. - hr.. 39 Heat detect & Short-term Protocols Perform T at to hr after with at T. Heat detect & 19 d Heat detect & for Bos Indicus cows only -day CO-Synch + 19 d day - & T hr Heat detect & FIXED-TIME (T)* FIXED-TIME (T)* 1 3 Heat detect & Heat detect & -day & T Heat detect & Beef Semen Sales.. - hr.. Heat detect and day to 3 and T all non-responders - hrs after with at T... - hr.. Heat detect & days to 3. Administer CIDR to non-responders & heat detect and days 9 to. T non-responders - hr after CIDR removal with at. Protocol may be used in heifers. Heat detect & Pregnancy diagnosis Other - & T Complicated Heat detect & -day - -day 1 Heat detect & Heat detect & Heat detect and day to 1 and T all non-responders - hr after with at T. Heat detect & Heat detect and day to 1 and T all non-responders - hr after with at T... - hr.. Select Synch + & T Cost Select Synch + & T 13 Heat detect & Select Synch + HEAT DETECT & TIME (T) Artificial insemination Approved estroplan, Estrumate, In-Synch, Lutalyse, ProstaMate Beef Reproduction Task Force 1

2 3 Heat detect & Perform T at to hr after with at T. 13 Heat detect & 13 Heat detect & Heat detect and days to 3. Administer CIDR to non-responders and heat detect and days 9 to. Protocol may be used in heifers. Approved hr Heat detect & Perform T at ± hr after CIDR removal with at T. Two injections of ± hr apart are required for this protocol. ± hr.. ± hr.. Heat detect and day to 1 and T all non-responders hr after with at T. Heat detect and day to 1 and T all non-responders - hr after with at T. 1 Heat detect & 3 Cystorelin, Factrel, Fertagyl, OvaCyst estroplan, Estrumate, In-Synch, Lutalyse, ProstaMate.. - hr hr.. 1 Heat detect & Heat detect & days to 3. Administer CIDR to non-responders & heat detect and days 9 to. T non-responders - hr after CIDR removal with at. Protocol may be used in heifers. Heat detect & Perform T at ± hr after CIDR removal with at T. Two injections of ± hr apart are required for this protocol hr.. Heat detect & ± hr.. ± hr d Heat detect & 13 Perform T at ± hr after with at T. Approved Heat detect & Perform T at ± hr after CIDR removal with at T. Two injections of ± hr apart are required for this protocol. 39 Heat detect &.. ± hr.. 9 ± hr.. ± hr.. Heat detect and day to 1 and T all non-responders - hr after with at T. 1 Heat detect and day to 3 and T all non-responders - hrs after with at T. 19 d Perform T at ± hr after with at T d Heat detect & Heat detect and day 3 to and T all non-responders hrs after with at T. 1 d 1 Perform T at ± hr after with at T. 19 d hr hr Heat detect & Heat detect & ± hr 3 ± hr 3 Cystorelin, Factrel, Fertagyl, OvaCyst estroplan, Estrumate, In-Synch, Lutalyse, ProstaMate BEEF COW PROTOCOLS - HEAT DETECTION HEAT DETECT & TIME (T) Select Synch Select Synch + -day FIXED-TIME (T)* FIXED-TIME (T)* for Bos Indicus cows only -day CO-Synch + -day CO-Synch + Beef Reproduction Task Force Select Synch & T Select Synch + & T -day & T -day CO-Synch + * The time listed for Fixed-time should be considered as the approximate average time of insemination. This should be based on the number of cows to inseminate, labor, and facilities. BEEF HEIFER PROTOCOLS - HEAT DETECTION HEAT DETECT & TIME (T) 1 Shot -day - - -day CO-Synch + Beef Reproduction Task Force Select Synch + & T - & T -day - & T.. - hr.. FIXED-TIME (T)* Short-term Protocols Long-term Protocols -day CO-Synch + -day - - * The times listed for Fixed-time should be considered as the approximate average time of insemination. This should be based on the number of heifers to inseminate, labor, and facilities. The next minutes.. Ø Management considerations related to FT Heifers and Cows Ø Overview of protocols Heifers and Cows Ø Questions and discussion - tonight Management Considerations Related to Estrus Synchronization & FIXED-TIME Do we know what to expect at calving from cows that conceive on the same day to the same sire? Location 1; Sire A (Angus) BW EPD -.3; CED = Range 1-9 Mean = Location 1; Sire B (Angus) Location 1; Sire C (Angus) BW EPD +3.; CED = + BW EPD -1.1; CED = Range -9 Mean = 1 1 Range - Mean = Consider the impact of estrus synchronization on calving distribution Location ; Sire D (Red 1 Angus) BW EPD +.3; CED = - Range 3-3 Mean = Location 3; Sire B (Angus) 1 BW EPD +3.; CED = + Range -9 Mean = Location ; Sire B (Angus) 1 BW EPD +3.; CED = + Range -9 Mean = ARSBC

3 Hughes, Opportunities for increasing profits lie in managing females from the later calving intervals forward toward the first and second calving intervals. High production herds see 1% of the calves born by day 1, % by day and 9% by day 3. % 3 1 Calving distribution for entire calving season Thompson (-), FSRC (, ); Greenley (-); MFA (-) Cumulative Calf % by: Day of calving season years; 11 herds; 111 calves day 1 = % day 1 = % day 3 = % day = 93% Percentage Cumulative calf crops (MU Thompson Research Center) for the first days over calving seasons Day of calving season Objective: Development of highly effective & economical estrus synchronization programs Replacement heifers & postpartum beef cows Cycling & non-cycling Excellent pregnancy rates Reduced period and/or fixed-time Natural Service (3 years; n = ) Estrus Detection & ( years; n = ) Fixed-time ( years; n = ) Heifer Management Considerations Related to Heifer Management Ø Heifers that conceive earlier during their first breeding season Ø Stay in the herd longer Ø Produce more pounds of beef over their lifetime ARSBC 3

4 Reproductive management prior to the first breeding season 1. Target weight. Reproductive tract scores (RTS) 3. Pelvic measurements. Estrous synchronization. Sire selection (BW or CE EPD) Reproductive Tract Scores RTS Cycling status Uterine horns Ovaries 1 infantile no tone non-cycling > 3 d to puberty 3 non-cycling < 3 d to puberty no tone slight tone cycling coiled no palpable mm -1 mm > 1 mm cycling distended corpus luteum present Reproductive Tract Scores Reproductive Tract Scores RTS Cycling status Uterine horns Ovaries 1 infantile no tone non-cycling > 3 d to puberty 3 non-cycling < 3 d to puberty no tone slight tone cycling coiled cycling distended no palpable mm -1 mm > 1 mm corpus luteum present RTS Cycling status Uterine horns Ovaries 1 infantile no tone non-cycling > 3 d to puberty 3 non-cycling < 3 d to puberty no tone slight tone cycling coiled cycling distended no palpable mm -1 mm > 1 mm corpus luteum present Reproductive Tract Scores RTS Cycling status Uterine horns Ovaries 1 infantile no tone non-cycling > 3 d to puberty 3 non-cycling < 3 d to puberty no tone slight tone cycling coiled cycling distended no palpable mm -1 mm > 1 mm corpus luteum present Neonatal exposure to progesterone and estradiol on reproductive tract in beef heifers Age at Treatment b Response a Birth Day 1 Day Control Uterocervical weight c (g) 113. d 3. d 11.3 d 13.9 e Myometrial area (mm ) 3. g 1. g g 1. h Endometrial area (mm ) 9.9 i 3. i 3. i. j Gland density (hits/mm ). d 3.3 e 3. e.9 f Uterine luminal protein (mg/flush). d.9 d.3 d.9 e ARSBC

5 Heifer Management Ø RTS: to weeks before breeding or weeks before estrous synchronization Why use estrous synchronization? Ø Begin synchronization when % of the heifers have RTS of or Why use estrous synchronization? Pregnancy rates of heifers in natural service versus synchronized and ed herds Ø More heifers will become pregnant early during the breeding season RTS 1 Exposed NS 1 (n) S (n) d pregnancy rate NS (%) S (%) 3 a a 31 a b Ø Progestin-based programs can induce estrous cyclicity in pre- or peripubertal heifers (, or CIDR) 3 Total 3 1, , 1 a a a a b b b 1 b 1, NS=natural service; S= synchronized and ed a, b P<. Adapted from Randle and Patterson, FIXED-TIME Short-term Protocols Long-term Protocols FIXED-TIME PROTOCOLS FOR HEIFERS -day CO-Synch +.. ± hr.. 9 -day d 3 ± hr -day CO-Synch + - ± hr.. ± hr d ± hr 3 ARSBC

6 FIXED-TIME How do the long-term protocols compare in heifers? Short-term Protocols -day CO-Synch +.. ± hr.. 9 Long-term Protocols -day d 3 ± hr -day CO-Synch + - ± hr.. ± hr d ± hr 3 - -d CIDR- protocol for heifers - was the preferred method of estrus synchronization in beef heifers (Brown et al., 19; Deutscher et al., ; Lamb et al., ). 1 1 to 19 days Treatment day 3 hr Treatment day Combining health & reproduction in a single management step. Treatments Estrous distribution after or CIDR 1 19 days 39 Heat detection and Estrus, % CIDR 1 days 3 3 Heat detection and Estrus, % NR Interval after progestin removal, treatment d -day CIDR- 1 Mallory, et al., NR Interval after progestin removal, treatment d ARSBC

7 Mean interval to estrus and variance for interval to estrus after or CIDR Distribution of estrus after Treatment - -day CIDR day CIDR- 3 Overall mean interval to estrus, h 13.3 ±. a 3. ± 11. b 1 Variance for interval to estrus 9 a 13 b a,b Means within rows with different superscripts differ (P <.1) Estrus, % NR Mallory, et al., 9 Interval after administration, h Mean interval to estrus and variance for interval to estrus after Conclusion Overall mean interval to estrus, h Variance for interval to estrus after Treatment - -day CIDR-. ±.. ±. a b When heifers were inseminated on the basis of observed estrus, there were no differences between treatments for synchronized conception or pregnancy rates, despite the improvement in synchrony of estrus after among CIDRtreated heifers (Mallory et al., 9). Pregnancy rates after FT, did not differ between treatments (Vraspir et al., 13). a,b Means within rows with different superscripts differ (P =.1) Mallory, et al., 9 CIDR ( d) CIDR ( d) The Multi-State CIDR Trial.. h Detect estrus &... h Detect estrus & Lamb et al., CIDR ( d) CIDR ( d)... h FT... h FT Lamb et al., ARSBC

8 Estrus / 1% Estrus 3/3 3% FT /1 3% /1 % FT 1/131 39% 9/3 % Multi-state CIDR Trial CIDR ( d) CIDR ( d) at CIDR insertion did not improve pregnancy rates after FT.. h Detect estrus & FT 9/ 9%...h Detect estrus & FT /31 3% at CIDR insertion did not alter the percentage of heifers detected in estrus or the distribution of estrus after A combination of detecting estrus and before cleanup enhanced pregnancy rates over FT CIDR ( d)... h CIDR ( d)... h Lamb et al., -d CO-Synch + CIDR -day CO-Synch + CIDR -d CO-Synch + CIDR FT at h CIDR (-d).. ± h..... ± h Bridges et al., Pregnancy rates after FT Experiment Comparisons N PR, % P value Ahmadzadeh et al., 1 -d CO-Synch + CIDR..9 -d CO-Synch + CIDR. -d CIDR Select Bridges & Lake, >.1 -d Select-Synch + CIDR 1. Sparks et al., -d Select Synch + CIDR 9.3 a <. -d Select Synch + CIDR 3.1 b Show-Me-Select TM Replacement Heifer Program Field data from Missouri Perry et al., Kasimanickam and Whittier, 13 unpublished -d CIDR d CO-Synch + CIDR. -d CIDR- 9. -d CO-Synch + CIDR 99. =.13 >.1 ARSBC

9 SHOW-ME-SELECT REPLACEMENT HEIFER PROGRAM Reproductive tract score and subsequent FT pregnancy rate SHOW-ME-SELECT REPLACEMENT HEIFER PROGRAM Reproductive tract score and subsequent FT pregnancy rate A summary of RTS and FT pregnancy rate for,1 heifers evaluated from Spring 1 - Spring. RTS 1 3 RTS and FT Pregnancy Rate FT Protocol 1 3 Total n pregnant n exposed FT PR 1% 3% a % b % c 3% d -Day CO- Synch + CIDR - -Day CIDR - /3 % /3 % / 11% 1/ % /9 % / % / 3% 9/1 3% 13/ % 11/ 1% 1/3 3% 199/3 % 11/ % 1/1 % /9 3% 1/ % 3/9 3% 1/ % Values within row with different superscripts differ at P. -Day CO-Synch + CIDR: n = - : n = 9 -Day CIDR - : n =, SHOW-ME-SELECT REPLACEMENT HEIFER PROGRAM Reproductive tract score and subsequent FT pregnancy rate SHOW-ME-SELECT REPLACEMENT HEIFER PROGRAM Reproductive tract score and subsequent FT pregnancy rate Pre-Breeding Cyclicity Status and FT Pregnancy Rate FT Protocol Non-Cycling Cycling Total Pre-Breeding Cyclicity Status and FT Pregnancy Rate FT Protocol Non-Cycling Cycling Total -Day CO- Synch + CIDR 9/ 3% a 3/ 3% c 1/ % x -Day CO- Synch + CIDR 9/ 3% a 3/ 3% c 1/ % x - 1/3 3% a / % c 3/9 3% x - 1/3 3% a / % c 3/9 3% x -Day CIDR - 1/1 % b /9 % d Values within columns with different superscripts differ at P. 3/1 % y -Day CIDR - 1/1 % b /9 % d Values within columns with different superscripts differ at P. 3/1 % y SHOW-ME-SELECT REPLACEMENT HEIFER PROGRAM Reproductive tract score and subsequent FT pregnancy rate -d CIDR- protocol for heifers Pre-Breeding Cyclicity Status and FT Pregnancy Rate FT Protocol Non-Cycling Cycling Total -Day CO- Synch + CIDR 9/ 3% a 3/ 3% c 1/ % x 3 hr Treatment day - 1/3 3% a / % c 3/9 3% x Combining health & reproduction in a single management step. -Day CIDR - 1/1 % b /9 % d 3/1 % y Values within columns with different superscripts differ at P. ARSBC 9

10 Sent: Friday, October, : PM To: Patterson, David J. Subject: Bryansk Meat Company, Bryansk, Russia Dave, We completed the -day CIDR- program and insemination of about, heifers over roughly days. Things went really well except for some minor issues. We stayed on schedule the entire time. We did not mix groups which was also a huge concern with stockmen with little experience and groups of about 3 heifers to keep track of. We usually finished 3 minutes ahead of schedule using 3- inseminators. Placing heifers in head groups during the CIDR implantation period and then dividing them into groups of 3 at worked fine. We placed heat detection patches on different groups and consistently identified -% of the heifers responding by hours post injection. Take home points HEIFERS We have ultrasounded farms to date, about 1, heifers. So far the conception rate has consistently been -1% which I consider very acceptable considering the size of the project and using some inexperienced personnel. I have no reason to believe that the remaining farms will not have a similar conception rate. Thank you for your help and interest. Take Home Points The protocols work Choosing a protocol for use in synchronizing beef heifers prior to fixed-time should include consideration of the pre-treatment estrous cyclicity status of heifers to weeks before breeding. FIXED-TIME PROTOCOLS FOR COWS Careful attention to protocol compliance, specifically product administration and timing of insemination are critical determinants of success. CO-Synch + CIDR with FT at or h Does timing of insemination really matter? CIDR ( d)... h CIDR ( d)...h Treatment day ARSBC 1

11 Pregnancy rates to fixed-time Busch et al., Pregnancy rate Treatment No. % FT at hr / 1 x FT at hr / y x,y P =. Interval from to FT Busch et al., h h Mean.. SD.. Range.3 h.3 h Estrous response between treatments (Loc ) Busch et al., Treatment Estrous response No. % FT at h /1 x FT at h 1/1 y x,y P <.1 Pregnancy rate based on estrous response and time of (Location ) h h Estrous response Pregnancy rate Pregnancy rate Exhibited estrus 3/ % a /1 1% b,x DID NOT exhibit estrus Busch et al., /11 % 3/19 % y a,b P <. x,y P <.1 Summary More cows (P <.1) exhibited estrus prior to FT when was performed at h compared to h. FIXED-TIME for Cows -day CO-Synch hr.. 9 Cows that exhibited estrus prior to FT had higher (P <.1) pregnancy rates than cows that did not exhibit estrus. -day CO-Synch + ± hr.. ± hr.. ARSBC 11

12 -d and -d comparison Wilson et al., 1 How do the -d and -d CO-Synch + CIDR protocols compare on the basis of pregnancy rates resulting from fixed-time in postpartum beef cows? -d CO-Synch + CIDR h CIDR (-d)..h...h -d CO-Synch + CIDR h CIDR (-d).....h Fixed-time and final pregnancy rates Wilson et al., 1 Location Treatment Fixed-time Final No. % No % 1 -d 3/ / 9 -d 3/ / 9 Pregnancy rate between treatments and by estrous cyclicity status Wilson et al., 1 -d CO-Synch + CIDR -d CO-Synch + CIDR Estrous cycling Anestrus Estrous cycling Anestrus -d /1 99/1 99 -d 3/ 9/ 9 3 -d 3/ / 9 -d 9/9 9 /9 9 Combined -d /1 1/1 9 -d /9 /9 9 Location Proportion % Proportion % Proportion % Proportion % 1 3/ / 3/3 3/ 31/3 1/ /1 /1 3 /9 9 /1 /3 9 9/1 Combined / / 3 / /1 Pregnancy rates resulting from FT in cows 1 Treatment Time of Pregnancy rate -day CO-Synch + CIDR 9 hr 9/9 % a -day CO-Synch + CIDR hr /911 % b 1 Whittier et al., 13 Pregnancy rates resulting from FT in cows Treatment Time of Pregnancy rate -day CO-Synch + CIDR 1 hr 3/ -day CO-Synch + CIDR hr 13/19 1 Patterson et al., 9 Johnson et al., 1 a,b P<. ARSBC

13 Take Home Points When considering a choice between the -d and -d protocols. Both protocols work effectively in postpartum beef cows, with evidence of up to a 3% advantage to the -d protocol. Beef producers must carefully consider the increased labor and treatment costs associated with the -d protocol. Take Home Points The protocols work Choosing a protocol for use in synchronizing beef cows prior to fixed-time should include consideration of the age of the cows, average number of days postpartum at treatment administration, and body condition. Careful attention to protocol compliance, specifically product administration and timing of insemination are critical determinants of success. Bridges et al., ; Wilson et al., 1; Whittier et al., 13 Estrous Expression Prior to Fixed-time Split-time Pregnancy rates Estrous expression Yes No Busch et al., % (3/1) % (1/) Nash et al., 3% (91/) % (99/) Martin, 9% (13/1) % (1/) Total (n=11) % (31/3) 9% (3/3) Estrous Expression Prior to Fixed-time Are differences in pregnancy rates bull dependent? Estrous Expression Prior to Fixed-time Are differences in pregnancy rates bull dependent? Sires A-D: Busch et al., Sires E-G: Martin, Sires A-D: Busch et al., Sires E-G: Martin, ARSBC 13

14 Split-time Trials Thomas et al., Experimental Aim: Development of a strategy that would optimize male fertility by better managing females that do not express estrus prior to FT Hypothesis: Delaying insemination of non-estrous females after would improve fertility by better aligning the window of sperm fertility with ovulation Split-time Trials Thomas et al., 1. Split-time to optimize the use of sexsorted semen. Split-time using conventional semen in heifers 3. Split-time using conventional semen in cows In each trial.. Cow Protocols ESTROTECT TM estrous detection aids were applied at administration Activation of estrous detection aid recorded at administration -Day CO-Synch + CIDR CIDR hr 1 Modification for non-estrous cows CIDR hr hr 1 11 Heifer Protocols Split-time Trials -d CIDR- (Heifers) CIDR hr 3 Modification for non-estrous heifers CIDR hr hr 3 3 Split-time increased pregnancy rates by 3% among non-estrous cows inseminated with sexsorted semen. Split-time increased pregnancy rates by 1% among non-estrous heifers using conventional semen. No significant improvement in pregnancy rates were observed with split-time using conventional semen in non-estrous cows. ARSBC

15 Acknowledgements Financial Support Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Faculty, Students, & Staff Faculty Research Specialists & Postdoctoral Fellows Students Regional Extension Livestock Specialists Mike Smith Matthew Lucy Mark Ellersieck Scott Poock Jill Abel Jon Bader Brianne Bishop Nicole Leitman Daniel Mallory Neal Martin Justin Nash Daniel Schafer Jacob Stegner Jordan Thomas Dallas Wilson Stacey Wood (Follis) Dan Busch Naoto (Freddie Kojima) Eldon Cole Roger Eakins Al Kennett MU Farms & Centers David McAtee Jon Schreffler Stoney Coffman Dennis Hamilton Randall Smoot MU Thompson Research Center Advisory Board Acknowledgements Cooperators Circle A Angus -M Ranch MFA, Inc. MU Thompson Research Center Genex (Stan Lock) Mason Knox Ranch Acknowledgements Product support Zoetis Merial Bayer Estrotect Sexing Technologies ARSBC Semen Support ABS Global Acclerated Genetics Genex Select Sires, Inc. 1