Integrated Pest Management of the exotic invasive pest Tuta absoluta

Transcription

1 Integrated Pest Management of the exotic invasive pest Tuta absoluta ABIM Luzern, Karel Bolckmans

2 Tuta absoluta : passport Name : Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Family : Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae, Leafmining moth Origin : Latin America Host plant range : Solanaceae Immigration year and country of entrance : 2007, Spain. Address : Mediterranean, North Africa, and conquering more territory Status : illegal immigrant, highly invasive, permanently established Control measure to be taken : Integrated Pest Management, develops quickly resistance to chemical pesticides

3 Leaf damage

4 Tuta absoluta Liriomyza spp. Mines of Liriomyza sp. Mine of Tuta absoluta

5 Damage on shoots and stems

6 Fruit damage Underneath the calix Contact point with shoot

7 Fruit damage

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9 Integrated Pest Management Prevention Predatory bugs : Nesidiocoris tenuis Macrolophus caliginosus Pheromone traps : Monitoring Trapping Parasitoids : Egg parasites (Trichogramma spp.) Larval parasites Bacillus thuringiensis Selective pesticides

10 Prevention Preventing is better than curing 1. Insect netting + double entrances 2. Removing old crop 3. Hygiene in and around the greenhouse : Old crop, Fruits 4. Weeds : Solanaceae! Solanum spp. (e.g. black nightshade) Datura spp. Nicotiana spp. Potatoes, peppers, eggplants,? 5. Packaging tomatoes from the Mediterranean next to a tomato greenhouse???? (Netherlands)

11 Monitoring : Pheromone Traps Deltatraps with Pherodis pheromone traps/ha in plant propagation 2 tot 3 traps/ha in greenhouse crop Check traps minimum 1x/week Replace dispensers every 4 to 6 weeks Act a.s.a.p

12 Predatory Mirid Bugs Already widely and successfully used against whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci) in tomatoes in combination with parasites (Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus spp.) Nesidiocoris tenuis (Mediterranean) Macrolophus pygmaeus (= M. caliginosus) (North Europe)

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15 Laboratory research : Suitability as prey for predatory bugs T= 25 ± 2ºC, RH = 60 ± 10%, Nº predated eggs Males aa Females ab bb ba bc ac bc ac Nº eggs offered L : D = 16:8 h 3,0 Nº predated larvae 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 a b c bc 0,0 L1 L2 L3 L4 Instars Urbaneja et al., J. Appl. Entomol. 133:

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17 Semi-field trials Greenhouse with 12 experimental cages Tomato 3 treatments : control, Nesidiocoris, Macrolophus 4 replicates CRBD Bemisia tabaci (29/4/ 08) Predatory Mirid Bugs, 2/m 2 (20/5 en 24/6/ 08) Tuta absoluta (11/7/ 08) Release Tuta absoluta adults after predators have established Óscar Mollá,, Helga Montón, n, Pilar Vanaclocha, Francisco Beitia, Joel González and Alberto Urbaneja, 2009, IOBC-WPRS Bulletin

18 28/07/ /08/ /07/ /08/ /07/ /08/ /05/ /05/ /06/ /06/ /07/ Control Nesidiocoris tenuis Macrolophus pygmaeus /05/ /05/ /06/ /06/ /07/ Control Nesidiocoris tenuis Macrolophus pygmaeus Bemisia tabaci adults / leaf Bemisia tabaci nymphs / leaf 28/07/ /08/ /05/ /05/ /06/ /06/ /07/ Control Macrolophus pygmaeus 2 Nesidiocoris tenuis 1 0 Semi-field trials 10 Control Macrolophus pygmaeus Nesidiocoris tenuis 0 13/05/ /05/ /06/ /06/ /07/2008 Mirid adults / leaf Mirid nymphs / leaf

19 11/08/ /07/ /08/ Control 40 Macrolophus pygmaeus Nesidiocoris tenuis /05/ /05/ /06/ /06/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /08/2008 Nº infested leaftlets % Reduction leaf damage: N. tenuis = 97% M. pygmaeus = 76% 4 Control 3 Macrolophus pygmaeus Nesidiocoris tenuis Semi-Field Trials Nº infested fruits % Reduction fruit damage: N. tenuis = 100% M. pygmaeus = 56%

20 13/08/ /08/ /08/ /08/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /06/ /07/ /07/ /06/ CONTROL Bt 0,5 g/l Bt 1g/l Bt 2 g/l Mirid adult / leaf CONTROL Bt 0,5 g/l Bt 1g/l Bt 2 g/l 18/06/ CONTROL Bt 0,5 g/l Bt 1g/l Bt 2 g/l 04/06/2009 Mirid nymphs / leaf Infested leaflets / plant Field Trials : Integration with Bt 2 N. tenuis / m 2 Weekly Bt in 3 different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 g/l). 04/06/ /06/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /08/ /08/2009

21 2 g/l 2 g/l F 3, 11 = 5.866; P = g/l 1 g/l Control b F 3, 11 = 29.92; P < a a a 0.5 g/l 1 g/l a b b a Control Yield (g) / plant Nº infested fruits / plant

22 Nesidiocoris or Macrolophus = basis! Predatory Mirids Bugs are effective if Tuta absoluta infests the crop after the predators have build up a sufficiently high population. Predatory Mirids Bugs need time to build up a sufficiently high population. A. How to build up a population of Predatory Mirid Bugs faster??? 1. Release more : 1-2/m 2 2. Release timely 3. Feed with Ephestia eggs in the crop (winter crops, North Europe) 4. CO 2 concentration! B. How to bridge this period with other IPM techniques? 1. Trapping with pheromone traps 2. Bacillus thuringiensis 3. Parasites 4. Selective pesticides (spinosad, indoxacarb)

23 Trapping : Pheromone Traps Water traps Tutasan with Pherodis pheromone 30/ha in plant propagation 20-25/ha in crop 40-50/ha in open field crops Replace dispensers every 4 to 6 weeks Advantages of water traps compared to deltatraps : 3 to 4 times more effective More easy to maintain Very large trapping capacity Less sensitive for dust Long lifespan Important to add soap or oil to the water

24 Trapping : Light Traps Catch both males AND females Use in sensitive places such as near the entry doors Only use during sunset and sundown

25 Bridging the establishment period of Mirids 1. Pheromone Traps and Light Traps Very nice results 2. Egg parasites : Trichogramma spp. Large numbers need to be released frequently due to (1) short life span of Trichogramma s, (2) glandular trichomes of tomatoes Inundative biocontrol 3. Larval parasites : research Inoculative or even classical biocontrol 4. Bacillus thuringiensis Both neonates AND older stages can eat Bt Apply very regularly (weekly)! 5. Selective pesticides Tuta absoluta very quickly develops pesticide resistant populations! Spinosad, indoxacarb

26 Summary 1. Prevention: preventing is better than curing 2. Predatory Mirid Bugs are the basis but need time to establish a sufficiently high population. 3. Accelerate population build-up of Predatory Mirids : release more, release timely, feed Ephestia, CO 2, 4. Bridge population build-up period of Predatory Mirids : trapping with pheromone traps, Tricho s, Bt and selective pesticides 5. Research into new BCA s : Larval parasites Viruses Mating disruption

27 Thank you Thanks to : Alberto Urbaneja, Óscar Mollá, Helga Montón, Pilar Vanaclocha, Francisco Beitia, Joel González, IVIA, Valencia, Spain Javier Calvo and Dr. José Eduardo Belda, R&D Dept., Koppert Spain This research was funded by the Conselleria d Agricultura, Pesca i Alimentació (Generalitat Valenciana; Spain). In collaboration with Anecoop S. Coop.